770:
816:
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676:
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859:
843:
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648:
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38:
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432:. It was a device that consisted of two straps. One was placed on top of the head and another was placed on the back of the head and stretched from ear to ear to support the cheeks. It was used by ancient musicians to play the aulos by allowing them to create noise through circular breathing and steady the instrument. It may have also been used to prevent the reeds of the instrument from falling down the throat of the player. Another potential use for the
769:
552:", or overweening pride, in that Marsyas thought he might win against a god. Strange and brutal as it is, this myth reflects a great many cultural tensions that the Greeks expressed in the opposition they often drew between the lyre and aulos: freedom vs. servility and tyranny, leisured amateurs vs. professionals, moderation (
1052:
system, therefore, the aulos should be classified as an oboe. It must be admitted that 'oboe-girl' is less evocative than the 'flute-girl' to which classicists have been accustomed, and that when it is a question of translating Greek poetry 'oboe' is likely to sound odd. For the latter case I favor 'pipe' or 'shawm.'
603:
to advance to. This accompaniment reduced the possibility of an opening in the formation of the blockage; the aulete had a fundamental role in ensuring the integrity of the phalanx. In this particular scene, the phalanx approaching from the left is unprepared and momentarily outnumbered four to five.
1051:
The single reed or clarinet mouthpiece was known to other ancient peoples, and I should not venture to assert that it was not known to the Greeks. But the evidence of both art and literature indicates that it was the double reed that was standard in the
Classical period. Under the Hornbostel-Sachs
475:
discusses fame with his pupil
Harmonides. Timotheus advises him to impress the experts within his profession rather than seek popular approval in big public venues. If leading musicians admire him, popular approval will follow. However, Lucian reports that Harmonides died from excessive blowing
815:
560:, or "Reason" (represented by the kithara) opposed to "Madness" (represented by the aulos). In the temple to Apollo at Delphi, there was also a shrine to Dionysus, and his Maenads are shown on drinking cups playing the aulos, but Dionysus is sometimes shown holding a
518:
to a musical contest, where the winner would be able to "do whatever he wanted" to the loser—Marsyas's expectation, typical of a satyr, was that this would be sexual in nature. But Apollo and his lyre beat
Marsyas and his aulos. And since the pure lord of
796:
604:
More soldiers can be seen running up to assist them from behind. Even though the front four are lacking a fifth soldier, they have the advantage because the aulete is there to bring the formation back together.
459:, after the later fifth century the aulos became chiefly associated with professional musicians, often slaves. Nevertheless, such musicians could achieve fame. The Romano-Greek writer
697:
to simulate the aulos sounds. Due to the complexity of this process the ASTRA project uses grid computing to model sounds on hundreds of computers throughout Europe simultaneously.
2511:
205:", the instrument was usually double-reeded, and its sound—described as "penetrating, insisting and exciting"—was more akin to that of modern woodwind instruments such as
385:, but it is more frequently depicted in other social settings. A normal flute would produce insufficient volume to be of any use in military application, where a
675:
2087:
842:
323:, single or double. The most common variety was a reed instrument. Archeological finds, surviving iconography and other evidence indicate that it was
693:
The sounds of the aulos are being digitally recreated by the
Ancient Instruments Sound/Timbre Reconstruction Application (ASTRA) project which uses
858:
389:
could be heard over larger distances, and over the clamour of marching whilst wearing armour. It was the standard accompaniment of the passionate
700:
The aulos is part of the Lost Sounds
Orchestra, alongside other ancient instruments which ASTRA have recreated the sounds of, including the
661:
1512:
393:. It also accompanied physical activities such as wrestling matches, the broad jump, the discus throw and to mark the rowing cadence on
2591:
2581:
1102:
1490:
934:
575:—which had no Bacchic or Korybantic cults to serve as contrast—the aulos was actually associated with Apollo, and accompanied the
2080:
963:
1588:
1261:
1234:
1207:
1180:
1153:
1126:
647:
1361:
Moore, Mary B. (2013). "Herakles Takes Aim: A Rare Attic Black-Figured Neck-Amphora
Attributed to the Princeton Painter".
523:'s mind worked in different ways from Marsyas's, he celebrated his victory by stringing his opponent up from a tree and
2073:
1521:
Ginsberg-Klar, Maria E. (February 1981). "The
Archaeology of Musical Instruments in Germany during the Roman Period".
1075:
1044:
45:
1396:
347:
2601:
959:
Arosemena-Ott, G. W. (2019). The aulos and tibia: Variation across the
Ancient Mediterranean’s principal woodwind.
1474:
2586:
1448:
514:
had thrown it away because it caused her cheeks to puff out and ruined her beauty. In any case, he challenged
1983:
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694:
2310:
1297:
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183:
17:
556:) vs. excess, etc. Some of this is a result of 19th century AD "classical interpretation", i.e.
788:
751:
725:, wherein a character performs a solo in an amphitheatre. It is also visible in the 2007 movie
567:
This opposition is mostly an
Athenian one. It might be surmised that things were different at
564:
or lyre. So a modern interpretation can be a little more complicated than just simple duality.
530:
455:
Although aristocrats with sufficient leisure sometimes practiced aulos-playing as they did the
390:
374:
155:
2227:
1065:
1030:
245:
191:
299:
more commonly refers to a singer who sang the accompaniment to a piece played on the aulos.
2485:
2180:
1844:
1574:
831:
490:
2315:
1556:İkibeş, Samet (2021). Antik Yunan Enstrümanı Aulos ve Aulos'un Askeri Acıdan İncelenmesi.
354:(πλαγίαυλος, from πλάγιος "sideways"). A pipe with a bag to allow for continuous sound (a
8:
2162:
2003:
1894:
1634:
735:
713:
624:
468:
627:. Auletes can be seen playing in a procession going around on the neck of the amphora.
1684:
1538:
1378:
1343:
1335:
1008:
472:
57:
1884:
1719:
350:, from μόνος "single"). A single pipe held horizontally, as the modern flute, was the
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Marsyas's blood and the tears of the Muses formed the river
Marsyas in Asia Minor.
411:
307:
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resembling the aulos – called the cula diare or longari – is still played in the
568:
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37:
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attributed to the Hephaistos Painter, dating c. 450 – c. 425 BCE, depicting a
443:
2575:
2275:
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1988:
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1501:
1331:
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382:
218:
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1199:
Music and the Muses: The Culture of 'mousikē' in the Classical Athenian City
2560:
2417:
2008:
1797:
1709:
1629:
1477:, Art and Humanities Research Council (British Research Council), July 2012
1320:
Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
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was supposed to have invented the aulos, or else picked it up after
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214:
1491:"The Aulos and Drama: A Performer's Viewpoint," by Philip Neuman
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999:. Department of the Classics, Harvard University: 1–60.
596:
shows an aulos player setting a lyrical rhythm for the
548:
This tale was a warning against committing the sin of "
1496:"Ancient Greek Music – The Aulos, with sound examples"
494:
The competition between Marsyas and Apollo on a Roman
1318:
Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (2002). "Reading the Chigi Vase".
950:
The History of Musical Instruments, Curt Sachs, 1940
682:
Neck of Geryon side of Herakles' tenth labor amphora
440:
in place, taking some strain off of the lip muscles.
1529:(3, Archaeology and Musical Instruments): 313–320.
802:Actress singing, actor playing aulos, girl playing
758:and not double-reeded like the aulos of antiquity.
331:, but with a larger mouthpiece, like the surviving
864:A woman playing aulos. Southern theatre at Jerash.
848:A male figure playing aulos. Southern theatre at
688:
2573:
991:Howard, Albert A. (1893). "The Αὐλός or Tibia".
1172:Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience
541:showing a performer with an aulos and phorbeiá.
1226:Origins and Development of Musical Instruments
719:The aulos was also featured in the 2009 movie
607:
424:Players of the aulos used a tool known as the
2095:
2081:
1582:
1520:
1560:, 3 (1) , 73-88 . DOI: 10.47956/bmsd.878775
1516:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1195:
1596:
571:, which was a center of aulos-playing. At
2088:
2074:
1589:
1575:
1279:Performance Culture and Athenian Democracy
1277:Simon Goldhill; Ron Osborne, eds. (2004).
1148:. Cambridge University Press. p. 35.
1121:. Cambridge University Press. p. 44.
973:Based on archaeological remains found at
401:associates it with the ecstatic cults of
1500:
1281:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1270:
1202:. Oxford University Press. p. 201.
1196:Murray, Penelope; Wilson, Peter (2004).
1141:
986:
984:
982:
734:Modern evolutions of the aulos exist in
529:
489:
463:discusses aulos playing in his dialogue
442:
306:
1249:
1222:
1057:
240:) was the musician who performed on an
14:
2574:
1317:
1168:
1024:
1022:
993:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
990:
937:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
201:is often translated as "flute" or as "
2110:
2069:
1611:and sextuple reeds; does not include
1570:
1449:"Feature - The Lost Sounds Orchestra"
1360:
1354:
1114:
979:
654:Neck of Herakles' tenth labor amphora
1562:https://doi.org/10.47956/bmsd.878775
1028:
961:Conservatory Students Academic Work.
668:Geryon side of Herakles' tenth labor
397:, as well as sacrifices and dramas.
1169:Hanson, Victor Davis (2002-11-01).
1145:Music and Image in Classical Athens
1019:
582:
291:-player, who may also be called an
24:
1451:. 2 September 2009. Archived from
1425:. 5 September 2015. Archived from
742:, specifically, a double non-free
273:is sometimes used by analogy with
25:
2613:
2592:Ancient Roman musical instruments
2582:Ancient Greek musical instruments
1551:(is) an instrument of the Romans.
1484:
1063:
623:in the process of completing his
1253:Music in Ancient Greece and Rome
1142:Bundrick, Sheramy (2005-10-17).
1115:Moore, Timothy J. (2012-04-19).
1029:West, Martin L. (January 1992).
857:
841:
814:
795:
768:
674:
660:
646:
632:
479:
311:Drawing of the mouthpiece of an
36:
1467:
1441:
1415:
1389:
1311:
1285:
1250:Landels, John G. (2002-01-31).
1243:
1229:. Scarecrow Press. p. 75.
1216:
1189:
1162:
1135:
1108:
1399:. 27 June 2015. Archived from
1223:Montagu, Jeremy (2007-10-29).
1091:
1064:Flood, William Henry Grattan.
967:
953:
944:
928:
921:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
908:
689:Modern use and popular culture
13:
1:
1558:Balkan Müzik ve Sanat Dergisi
1535:10.1080/00438243.1981.9979806
901:
613:
587:
302:
27:Ancient Greek wind instrument
319:There were several kinds of
236:
7:
1397:"The ASTRA Project website"
1363:Metropolitan Museum Journal
869:
787:for two men holding lyres,
695:physical modeling synthesis
608:Herakles in his tenth labor
10:
2618:
1650:Cor anglais (English horn)
1607:(also includes those with
1298:World History Encyclopedia
761:
483:
338:. A single pipe without a
230:
164:
159:
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2390:
2334:
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2198:
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2128:
2103:
2097:Greek musical instruments
2042:
1961:
1837:
1811:
1728:
1620:
1605:
1087:– via Google Books.
415:but permitting it in his
63:
56:
44:
35:
1332:10.2972/hesp.2002.71.1.1
1067:The story of the bagpipe
754:. These instruments are
592:The battle scene on the
534:Theatrical scene from a
246:ancient Roman equivalent
2602:Double-reed instruments
1513:Encyclopædia Britannica
939:A Greek-English Lexicon
783:playing the aulos at a
821:Aulist performing for
789:Eskenazi Museum of Art
752:Albanian iso-polyphony
558:Apollo versus Dionysus
542:
499:
452:
409:, banning it from his
375:Great Highland Bagpipe
316:
2587:Ancient Greek theatre
1118:Music in Roman Comedy
825:in funerary art from
533:
493:
446:
362:(ἀσκαυλός from ἀσκός
310:
190:and also attested by
2043:American traditional
1962:European traditional
1423:"iSGTW | iSGTW"
832:Royal Ontario Museum
806:. Antique fresco in
750:region to accompany
640:Herakles tenth labor
186:, often depicted in
1812:African traditional
1635:Piccolo heckelphone
1455:on 2 September 2009
1429:on 5 September 2015
1032:Ancient Greek Music
736:Southeastern Europe
476:during practicing.
469:Alexander the Great
58:Related instruments
32:
1729:European classical
1685:Semi-contrabassoon
1621:European classical
924:. Merriam-Webster.
543:
500:
453:
381:has been used for
327:, like the modern
317:
258:), from the Latin
30:
2569:
2568:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2406:
2405:
2259:
2258:
2194:
2193:
2063:
2062:
1838:Asian traditional
1523:World Archaeology
1263:978-1-134-70486-6
1236:978-0-8108-7770-2
1209:978-0-19-924239-9
1182:978-1-134-96190-0
1155:978-0-521-84806-0
1128:978-1-107-00648-5
1070:. Рипол Классик.
876:The Reading Aulos
775:Attic red-figure
287:) to refer to an
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
2609:
2597:Cult of Dionysus
2546:Greek folk music
2466:
2465:
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2295:
2289:
2288:
2126:
2125:
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2107:
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1700:Contrabassophone
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619:–530 BC depicts
618:
615:
612:An amphora from
583:Depiction in art
436:was holding the
239:
233:
232:
217:and (modulated)
197:Though the word
167:
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161:
40:
33:
29:
21:
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2616:
2612:
2611:
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2551:Byzantine music
2541:Music of Greece
2521:
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2457:
2402:
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2321:Macedonian lyra
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2222:
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2124:
2099:
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2064:
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2038:
1957:
1833:
1807:
1730:
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1705:Reed contrabass
1670:Contrabass oboe
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1403:on 27 June 2015
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1037:Clarendon Press
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342:was called the
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180:wind instrument
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2469:Membranophones
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2326:Calabrian lira
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2313:
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2271:Byzantine lyra
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2055:Trompeta china
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1504:, ed. (1911).
1502:Chisholm, Hugh
1498:
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1486:
1485:External links
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:"Vocal Iso(n)"
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1989:Catalan shawm
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1507:"Aulos"
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1256:. Routledge.
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1099:The Histories
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1077:9781176344228
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579:into battle.
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480:Mythic origin
477:
474:
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447:Drawing of a
445:
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431:
427:
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383:martial music
380:
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326:
325:double-reeded
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156:Ancient Greek
153:
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135:
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127:
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55:
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49:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2561:Greek dances
2418:Askomandoura
2207:
1968:
1953:Zurna/Surnai
1798:Rauschpfeife
1743:Baroque oboe
1737:
1731:(historical)
1710:Sarrusophone
1645:Oboe d'amore
1630:Piccolo oboe
1557:
1548:
1546:
1526:
1522:
1511:
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1453:the original
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:the original
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:the original
1391:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1302:. Retrieved
1296:
1287:
1278:
1272:
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1225:
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1198:
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1171:
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1144:
1137:
1117:
1110:
1105:, on Perseus
1098:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1066:
1059:
1050:
1031:
996:
992:
969:
960:
955:
946:
941:, on Perseus
938:
930:
919:
910:
896:Triple pipes
829:
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727:
721:
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464:
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225:
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203:double flute
198:
196:
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169:
150:
149:
144:
143:
141:
129:
121:
113:
105:
97:
85:
77:
69:
2311:Pontic lyra
2306:Cretan lyra
2246:Water organ
1943:Taepyeongso
1695:Contraforte
1660:Heckelphone
1600:instruments
1598:Double reed
1326:(1): 1–22.
1097:Herodotus,
827:Roman Egypt
808:Herculaneum
625:tenth labor
527:him alive.
496:sarcophagus
467:, in which
387:double-reed
295:; however,
192:archaeology
51:Double reed
2576:Categories
2495:Idiophones
2476:Tambourine
2462:Percussion
2228:Percussion
2034:Surma-horn
1900:Nadaswaram
1885:Kèn đám ma
1748:Bassanello
1473:Eno Koço,
1304:2018-01-30
902:References
834:, Toronto)
617: 540
594:Chigi vase
588:Chigi vase
554:sophrosyne
471:'s aulete
465:Harmonides
449:plagiaulos
407:Korybantes
358:) was the
352:plagiaulos
303:Background
2556:Nisiotika
2502:Koudounia
2481:Toubeleki
2428:Tsampouna
2377:Tambouras
2213:Pan flute
2171:Epigonion
1865:Hichiriki
1753:Cornamuse
1715:Rothphone
1655:Bass oboe
1609:quadruple
1383:191490792
1369:: 37–58.
1348:190736363
1293:"Hoplite"
881:Launeddas
785:symposium
744:aerophone
702:epigonion
536:Pompeiian
502:In myth,
498:(290–300)
473:Timotheus
430:Capistrum
373:Like the
285:citharede
281:citharode
268:neologism
256:tibicines
162:, plural
118:Tsampouna
66:Launeddas
2534:See also
2453:Souravli
2438:Karamuza
2433:Floghera
2398:Santouri
2382:Thaboura
2372:Psaltery
2362:Mandolin
2342:Bouzouki
2264:Medieval
2241:Crotalum
2236:Cochilia
2186:Trigonon
2153:Phorminx
2138:Barbiton
2050:Chirimía
2024:Tárogató
1994:Dulzaina
1948:Tangmuri
1778:Kortholt
1763:Crumhorn
1758:Cromorne
1720:Tromboon
1675:Tenoroon
1665:Lupophon
1623:(modern)
1613:bagpipes
1459:21 April
1433:21 April
1407:21 April
1083:21 April
886:Zampogna
870:See also
756:woodwind
712:and the
710:barbiton
621:Herakles
577:hoplites
434:phrobeia
426:Phorbeia
412:Republic
405:and the
403:Dionysus
395:triremes
368:wineskin
360:askaulos
348:μόναυλος
344:monaulos
333:Armenian
276:rhapsode
254:(plural
248:was the
211:bagpipes
178:) was a
148:(plural
110:Zampogna
2512:Trigono
2486:Tympano
2448:Mantura
2443:Lalitsa
2357:Mandola
2335:Plucked
2276:Organon
2251:Sistrum
2218:Salpinx
2181:Sambuca
2176:Magadis
2148:Kithara
2120:Pandura
2104:Ancient
2014:Piffero
2009:Musette
1984:Bombard
1979:Birbynė
1924:Sundari
1920:Shehnai
1880:Kèn bầu
1860:Gyaling
1845:Balaban
1819:Algaita
1793:Rackett
1768:Dulcian
1680:Bassoon
1340:3182058
975:Pompeii
916:"aulos"
804:cithara
781:hetaira
762:Gallery
748:Labëria
740:Albania
706:salpinx
601:phalanx
598:hoplite
562:kithara
525:flaying
504:Marsyas
486:Marsyas
428:or the
356:bagpipe
266:." The
262:"pipe,
251:tibicen
237:aulētēs
231:αὐλητής
215:chanter
213:with a
18:Auletes
2507:Stamna
2391:Struck
2367:Oudola
2352:Laouto
2347:Guitar
2292:String
2285:Modern
2143:Chelys
2112:String
2019:Sopila
2004:Gralla
1999:Graïle
1974:Bifora
1933:Sralai
1895:Mizmar
1890:Kuzhal
1824:Rhaita
1788:Pommer
1549:tibiae
1543:124243
1541:
1381:
1346:
1338:
1260:
1233:
1206:
1179:
1152:
1125:
1103:1.17.1
1074:
1043:
1013:310399
1011:
891:Arghul
850:Jerash
714:syrinx
708:, the
704:, the
573:Sparta
569:Thebes
550:hubris
539:mosaic
521:Delphi
516:Apollo
512:Athena
461:Lucian
377:, the
297:aulode
293:aulist
271:aulode
260:tibia,
244:. The
226:aulete
130:·
128:
122:·
120:
114:·
112:
106:·
104:
98:·
96:
94:Sopila
86:·
84:
82:Rhaita
78:·
76:
70:·
68:
2517:Zilia
2423:Gaida
2299:Bowed
2208:Aulos
2029:Zurna
1969:Aulos
1938:Suona
1928:Sorna
1850:Duduk
1829:Zukra
1803:Shawm
1738:Aulos
1539:JSTOR
1379:S2CID
1344:S2CID
1336:JSTOR
1009:JSTOR
935:αὐλός
722:Agora
508:satyr
399:Plato
379:aulos
364:askos
336:duduk
321:aulos
313:aulos
289:aulos
264:aulos
242:aulos
219:drone
207:oboes
199:aulos
176:Latin
171:tibia
168:) or
165:αὐλοί
160:αὐλός
151:auloi
145:aulos
134:Zurna
132:
126:Tulum
124:
116:
108:
102:Shawm
100:
90:Suona
88:
80:
74:Sorna
72:
31:Aulos
2411:Wind
2200:Wind
2163:Harp
2130:Lyre
1915:Piri
1905:Ottu
1855:Guan
1640:Oboe
1547:The
1461:2021
1435:2021
1409:2021
1258:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1085:2021
1072:ISBN
1041:ISBN
823:Isis
506:the
457:lyre
438:lips
418:Laws
370:").
340:reed
329:oboe
279:and
1875:Kèn
1870:Hne
1531:doi
1371:doi
1328:doi
1001:doi
728:300
224:An
209:or
188:art
182:in
142:An
2578::
1910:Pi
1545:.
1537:.
1527:12
1525:.
1510:.
1377:.
1367:48
1365:.
1342:.
1334:.
1324:71
1322:.
1295:.
1101:,
1049:.
1035:.
1021:^
1007:.
995:.
981:^
918:.
731:.
716:.
614:c.
421:.
234:,
221:.
194:.
158::
154:;
2089:e
2082:t
2075:v
1615:)
1590:e
1583:t
1576:v
1533::
1463:.
1437:.
1411:.
1385:.
1373::
1350:.
1330::
1307:.
1266:.
1239:.
1212:.
1185:.
1158:.
1131:.
1015:.
1003::
997:4
852:.
836:.
830:(
451:.
366:"
346:(
315:.
283:(
228:(
174:(
20:)
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