477:: that Russian society still maintained in its peasant communes and other institutions the basis for a unity and cohesion within and among classes that was lacking in western Europe, and that this social cohesion was founded on hierarchical and patriarchal lines that embraced every individual in Russia from tsar to peasant." Haxthausen's full account of the institutions of rural Russia was the first to bring the Russian commune into European social thought, and it was popular with both radicals (who found validation of the ideals of
503:) the nucleus of a better society. Although the peasant commune had been idealized before ... Haxthausen's praise was based on a detailed study of its social functions of regulating land redistribution and dispensing local justice. He saw in the commune a model for "free productive associations like those of the Saint-Simonians"; and the idea was born among Russians that a renovation of society on the model of the commune might be possible even if a political revolution were not.
36:
853:
225:. While this revolt has since been alleged to have been, "in some measure a rebuke to the dominant landed class", the Haxthausen family chose to support the rebellion, which they admired, "as an act of defiance by true Germans against conditions created by the foreign domination". This view strongly influenced the young August and inspired his participation in what are now known in the
481:) and conservatives (who approved of Haxthausen's emphasis on harmony within the framework of traditional society); it was well received everywhere but "liberal, industrial England, where it was met with skepticism, criticism, and outright derision." But its greatest impact was in Russia, where intellectuals of every political persuasion read and discussed the
498:
It is a measure of the
Russian aristocrats' alienation from their own peoples that they discovered the peasants not on their own estates but in books — above all in the three-volume study of Russian life by Baron Haxthausen.... On the basis of his study, Russian aristocrats suddenly professed to find
354:
in which he proposed repealing most of the
Bonapartist legislation passed since 1806 in order to prevent land from becoming nothing more than a commodity like other forms of capital. His sophisticated antirevolutionary proposals and evident mastery of the new scientific methods of study of economic
375:
As a result of his travels and researches, he proposed a series of reforms, urging the
Prussian government to reduce the role of the state bureaucracy and allow local forces to play a greater part in rural affairs, but opposition from civil servants, Lutherans, and Prussian nationalists prevented
367:
and offered him a stipend to conduct a similar analysis for all the provinces of
Prussia. For the next decade, he spent each summer traveling throughout Prussia researching the provincial legislation pertaining to land tenure. He was particularly intrigued by "what appeared to be survivals of
489:
and the other reforms of the early 1860s; Haxthausen wrote extensively on those reforms, corresponded with many
Russian leaders and intellectuals, and in 1865 published a study of the means of introducing a constitution to Russia without destroying the sovereignty of the tsar.
388:(Petr Kazimirovich Meiendorf, 1796–1863), Russian ambassador to Berlin from 1839 to 1850, had suggested that he continue his research on Slavic communal institutions in Russia, and this now became possible thanks to an essay on tsarist land legislation that reached tsar
376:
their acceptance, and after state support for his work was cut off in 1842, he returned to
Abbenburg. Fortunately, thanks to good management his domains had become some of the most lucrative in the region, so he no longer needed state support for financial security.
400:, who considered Haxthausen a potential threat to state security and had his activities monitored not only in Russia but after his return to Germany (fifteen years later he "was still being warned by his former hosts that he should break off his correspondence with
313:, which held that social processes could be described but not explained; "it required the student to seek the fundamental principles of a society in its historical and everyday existence. Under the influence of this school, legal scholars abandoned
768:
Wird RuĂźlands Kirche das
Papstthum anerkennen?: nach La Russie sera-t-elle catholique … ; nebst einem Auszug des Cardinal Baronius über den Ursprung der Russinen von Jean Gagarin. Mit einem Vorw. von August Freiherrn von
628:Über die Agrarverfassung in den Fürstenthümern Paderborn und Corvey und deren Conflicte in der gegenwärtigen Zeit nebst Vorschlägen, die den Grund und Boden belastenden Rechte und Verbindlichkeiten daselbst aufzulösen
659:
Ueber den
Ursprung und die Grundlagen der Verfassung in den ehemals slawischen Ländern Deutschlands im Allgemeinen und des Herzogthums Pommern im Besondern: Eine Einladungsschrift zur Erörterung und litterarischen
320:
In 1819 he returned to inherit one of his family's estates at Bökendorf, near
Abbenburg. He never married and continued collecting folklore and publishing folk songs. His niece, "Germany's greatest poetess"
372:, could mediate between classes and between the individual and society, thus allowing integration "by custom alone and not through the legal machinations of meddling bureaucrats and revolutionaries."
720:
Transkaukasia: Andeutungen ĂĽber das
Familien- und Gemeindeleben und die socialen Verhältnisse einiger Völker zwischen dem Schwarzen und Kaspischen Meer – Reiseerinnerungen und gesammelte Notizen
793:
La question religieuse en Pologne: mémoire rédige en 1856 par feu le Baron Auguste de Haxthausen. Précédé d'une introduction et accompagné de notes par le Jean Gagarin, de la Compagnie de Jésus
325:
frequently stayed with the family and came to work closely with August. In particular, family documents he provided her gave her the impetus for writing her well-known novella
104:
408:
for six months of travel in the provinces, accompanied by his assistant, Dr. Heinrich Kosegarten, and a young Russian interpreter provided by the tsar. The group traveled to
334:
In 1843 he bought the neighboring castle of Thienhausen. Von Haxthausen died on New Year's Eve in 1866 at the home of his sister Anna Elisabeth von Arnswaldt (b. 1801) in
121:
368:
ancient but non-Germanic tradition of communal peasant organization in those eastern regions once occupied by Slavic peoples." Haxthausen argued that such communes, or
397:
923:
781:
Das constitutionelle Prinzip, seine geschichtliche Entwicklung und seine Wechselwirkungen mit den politischen und sozialen Verhältnissen der Staaten und Völker
202:
estate of his uncle, Baron von Kalenberg, to be reared; there he received a traditional Catholic Liberal arts education while living in rural surroundings.
448:, who had written a wittily hostile report on his visit to Russia a few years previously), he was received cordially by Russian society, including
883:
257:, which he collected from his fellow soldiers and hoped to publish (some selections from his planned collection were published posthumously).
738:
Zakavkazskii Krai: Zamietki o semeinoi i obshchestvennoi zhizni i otnosheniiakh narodov, obitaiushehikh mezhdu Chernym i Kaspiiskim moriami
392:, who invited him to travel to Russia to study the rural situation there. Though his voyage was supported by the crown, it was hindered by
198:
von Westphalen zu Heidelbeck (d. 1793), who also had nine daughters. Born on the family estate in Abbenburg, Haxthausen was sent to the
217:, where he studied until 1812. In that same year, the Haxthausen estates were affected by the peasant uprising against the Bonapartist
928:
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August von Haxthausen, a conservative reformer: proposals for administrative and social reform in Russia and Prussia 1829 - 1866
857:
918:
888:
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Issledovaniya vnutrennykh otnoshenii, narodnoi zhizni, i v osobennosti selskikh uchrezhdenii Rossii barona Gakstgauzena
814:
759:
711:
559:
529:
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Ueber die Agrarverfassung in den Fürstenthümern Paderborn und Corvey und deren Conflicte in der gegenwärtigen Zeit
130:
109:
206:
322:
908:
672:
Les forces militaires de la Russie sous les rapports historiques, statistiques, ethnographiques et politiques
152:
67:
913:
893:
666:
Die Kriegsmacht RuĂźlands in ihrer historischen, statistischen, ethnographischen und politischen Beziehung
486:
290:
740:. St. Petersburg: Tip. Glav. Shtaba Ego Imperatorskago Velichestva po Voenno-Uchebnym Zavedenīiam, 1857.
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Studien über die innern Zustände, das Volksleben und insbesondere die ländlichen Einrichtungen Russlands
461:
Studien über die innern Zustände, das Volksleben und insbesondere die ländlichen Einrichtungen Russlands
473:, in his introduction to a modern abridged translation, writes that "two themes resound throughout the
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310:
230:
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261:
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331:(The Jew's beech, 1842), based on accounts of a real 18th-century murder upon the Haxtausen estates.
631:
809:. Tr. Eleanore L.M. Schmidt; ed. and intro. S. Frederick Starr. University of Chicago Press, 1972:
706:. Tr. Eleanore L.M. Schmidt; ed. and intro. S. Frederick Starr. University of Chicago Press, 1972:
279:
210:
898:
163:
829:
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Etudes sur la situation intérieure, la vie nationale et les institutions rurales de la Russie
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von Haxthausen (1744-1823), "a typical prosperous backwater planter," and the Baroness Luise
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in 1810. He completed his studies under the Bökendorf priest and at the mining school at
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Transcaucasia: Sketches of the Nations and Races between the Black Sea and the Caspian
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755:
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707:
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Die ländliche Verfassung in der Provinz Pommern im amtl. Auftr. von Alexander Padberg
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297:), not just their political or intellectual activities. Most importantly, he studied
456:. Haxthausen returned to Germany in the spring of 1844 to write up his impressions.
444:, and Moscow. After some hesitation (caused partly by a feeling of betrayal by the
413:
401:
250:
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who met at Schloss Bökerhoff at this time are recorded by his closest friends, the
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Die ländliche Verfassung in den einzelnen Provinzen der preußischen Monarchie
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485:, which played a significant role in establishing the framework of the
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237:. His literary activities as part of the poets and writers devoted to
732:
The Tribes of the Caucasus, with an Account of Schamyl and the Murids
694:. Tr. Robert Farie. Chapman and Hall, 1856; repr. London: Cass, 1968.
478:
463:(1847-1852, translated into English in drastically shortened form as
417:
175:
167:
775:
Ein Briefwechsel im Hintergrund der russischen Bauernbefreiung 1861
746:. Tr. John Edward Taylor; ed. and intro. Pietro A. Shakarian; fwd.
429:
409:
191:
23:
359:) attracted the attention of the then Crown Prince and later King
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to the study of human beings in their total physical environment (
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In 1829 Haxthausen published a slim volume on land tenure called
335:
199:
160:
156:
93:
85:
644:
Die ländliche Verfassung in den Provinzen Ost- und West-Preussen
630:. Berlin: Reimer, 1829; reprint Bökendorf: Bökerhof-Ges., 1992.
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The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretive History of Russian Culture
852:
433:
405:
364:
179:
171:
425:
404:"). However, after the spring thaw in 1843, Haxthausen left
520:
S. Frederick Starr, "Introduction," August von Haxthausen,
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734:. Tr. John Edward Taylor. London: Chapman and Hall, 1855.
728:. Tr. John Edward Taylor. London: Chapman and Hall, 1854.
722:. Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1856; repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1985.
692:
The Russian Empire: Its People, Institutions and Resources
466:
The Russian Empire: Its People, Institutions and Resources
305:, now a professor who also lectured upon the teachings of
145:
August Franz Ludwig Maria, Baron von Haxthausen-Abbenburg
190:August was the last of eight sons of Werner Adolf,
924:German military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
865:
828:Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879).
436:; later in the summer he turned north again to
338:. He is buried in the cemetery of Bellersen in
178:, best known for his account of conditions in
831:"Haxthausen, Franz Ludwig Marie August"
384:Some years before, Haxthausen's friend Count
824:. University Microfilms International, 1979.
744:Transcaucasia and the Tribes of the Caucasus
827:
494:summarized his influence on Russians thus:
34:
16:German agricultural scientist and writer
40:August von Haxthausen in armour with a
884:People from the Province of Westphalia
866:
560:Anna Elisabeth, Baroness von HĂĽlshoff
524:(University of Chicago Press, 1972:
379:
264:from 1814 to 1818. There he studied
245:, with whom he shared a passion in
13:
787:Die ländliche Verfassung Russlands
345:
14:
940:
845:
807:Studies on the Interior of Russia
704:Studies on the Interior of Russia
700:. Tr. L.I. Ragozin. Moscow, 1870.
522:Studies On the Interior of Russia
851:
428:, and across the steppes to the
355:and social institutions (called
260:He continued his studies at the
799:
646:. Königsberg: Bornträger, 1839.
601:Starr, "Introduction," p. xxxi.
592:Starr, "Introduction," p. xxiv.
550:Starr, "Introduction," p. xiii.
182:as revealed by his 1843 visit.
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595:
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583:Starr, "Introduction," p. xix.
577:
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553:
544:
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459:The results were published in
44:. Painting by Hugo Denz, 1860.
1:
929:People from Höxter (district)
777:. Paderborn: Schöningh, 1975.
574:Starr, "Introduction," p. xv.
541:Starr, "Introduction," p. ix.
317:speculations for fieldwork."
153:Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn
68:Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn
682:. Hanover: Hahn, 1847–1852.
282:, and was introduced by the
105:Werner Adolph von Haxthausen
7:
919:19th-century German lawyers
783:. Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1864.
323:Annette von Droste-HĂĽlshoff
291:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
174:, writer, and collector of
10:
945:
614:(Knopf, 1966), pp. 374-75.
311:Friedrich Carl von Savigny
889:Collectors of fairy tales
771:MĂĽnster: Theissing, 1857.
688:. Hanover: Hahn, 1847–53.
564:The Catholic Encyclopedia
117:
100:
74:
49:
33:
21:
621:
507:
499:in the peasant commune (
155:– December 31, 1866, in
837:The American Cyclopædia
805:August von Haxthausen,
662:. Berlin: Krause, 1842.
487:liberation of the serfs
280:Georg Friedrich Benecke
262:University of Göttingen
211:Corps Guestphalia Halle
185:
668:. Berlin: Behr, 1852.
505:
396:, head of the Russian
394:Count von Benckendorff
209:, where he joined the
205:Haxthausen studied in
164:agricultural scientist
147:(February 3, 1792, in
858:August von Haxthausen
795:. Berlin: Behr, 1877.
610:James H. Billington,
496:
363:, who invited him to
223:Kingdom of Westphalia
28:August von Haxthausen
909:Writers about Russia
860:at Wikimedia Commons
386:Peter von Meyendorff
361:Friedrich Wilhelm IV
914:German male writers
492:James H. Billington
235:First French Empire
207:University of Halle
90:Province of Hanover
894:German agronomists
471:S. Frederick Starr
450:Konstantin Aksakov
446:Marquis de Custine
270:Middle High German
239:German Romanticism
231:Wars of Liberation
856:Media related to
820:Bettina K. Beer,
752:Gomidas Institute
380:Journey to Russia
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78:December 31, 1866
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653:. Stettin, 1861.
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307:Edmund Burke
295:Totalhabitus
294:
284:physiologist
259:
233:against the
219:client state
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144:
143:
80:(1866-12-31)
879:1866 deaths
874:1792 births
769:Haxthausen.
660:Besprechung
632:Online text
532:), p. viii.
303:Jacob Grimm
277:philologist
273:epic poetry
255:fairy tales
125: [
108: [
868:Categories
750:. London:
390:Nicholas I
299:German law
275:under the
176:folk songs
122:Haxthausen
56:1792-02-03
501:obshchina
479:socialism
469:, 1856).
418:Yaroslavl
370:Gemeinden
357:Statistik
251:mythology
215:Clausthal
168:economist
149:Bökendorf
64:Bökendorf
754:, 2016:
649:Vol. 2:
642:Vol. 1:
430:Caucasus
420:region,
414:Vladimir
410:Novgorod
315:a priori
196:Marianne
192:Freiherr
159:) was a
24:Freiherr
789:, 1866.
483:Studies
475:Studies
336:Hanover
229:as the
200:Warburg
157:Hanover
94:Prussia
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412:, the
406:Moscow
365:Berlin
340:Brakel
253:, and
221:, the
180:Russia
172:lawyer
161:German
118:Family
101:Father
622:Works
508:Notes
426:Kazan
137:]
112:]
811:ISBN
756:ISBN
708:ISBN
526:ISBN
442:Tula
438:Kiev
432:and
309:and
286:and
268:and
186:Life
75:Died
50:Born
266:Old
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639:.
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