439:, Attakullkulla resolved to rescue his friend or die trying. He told his fellow Cherokee that he intended to go hunting and take his prisoner with him to eat venison. The distance to the frontier settlements was great. The expedition was necessary to prevent being overtaken by those in pursuit of the Cherokee. Nine days and nights they traveled through the wilderness until they fell in with a party of rangers sent out for protection of the frontier, who conducted them in safety to the settlements. Attakullakulla had a daughter named Rebecca "Nikiti" Carpenter with his first wife Nionne Ollie and another known as "Weena" with one of the survivors of the Loudon battle.
31:
435:, Attakullkulla realized that Capt. John Stuart, Superintendent of Indian Affairs under the colonial government, had escaped death. In order to save Stuart, Attakullakulla purchased him from the Cherokee who had taken him. Attakullakulla gave his rifle, clothes and all he could command to purchase Stuart. After this act, by Cherokee custom, Stuart was to be considered his eldest brother. Their lifelong friendship proved to be profitable to the English. The life of Capt. Stuart being again menaced, for refusing to aid in the mediated reduction of
306:
Cherokee who wished to honor their cultural obligation of "blood revenge" and sought social status. Throughout 1758 and 1759, Cherokee warriors launched retributive raids on the southern colonial frontier. Hoping that matters might be forgiven, Attakullakulla led a
Cherokee war party against the French Fort Massiac, and tried to negotiate peace with the British.
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In response, the
Cherokee launched an offensive against settlements on the southern frontier. Many Cherokee blamed Attakullakulla for the murders of the hostages. While he worked to try to bring about peace, later in 1760, British and South Carolina troops invaded the Cherokee Lower Towns and Middle
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Virginia frontiersmen killed some
Cherokee on their way home after these campaigns. Attakullakulla journeyed to Pennsylvania, to Williamsburg, and then to Charles Town, securing the promise of British trade goods as compensation for participation in fighting. But this was not enough to satisfy young
176:
While
Attakullakulla was "a man of remarkably small stature, he was noted for his maturity, wisdom, and graciousness." Attakullakulla knew some English but was not fluent. He was, however, considered the most gifted Cherokee orator from the 1760s to the 1770s. He first appeared in historic records
373:, Governor of South Carolina, and Attakullakulla, stated that there would âbe firm peace and friendship between all His Majesty's subjects of this province and the nation of Indians called the Cherokees, and then said Cherokees shall preserve peace with all his majesty's subjects whatsoeverâ.
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By the early 1750s, Attakullakulla, renowned for his oratorical skills, had been appointed a principal speaker for the
Cherokee tribes. In the 1750s and 1760s Attakullakulla dominated Cherokee diplomacy. Although he usually favored the British, he was a consummate diplomat, always hoping for a
340:
Attakullakulla again attempted to negotiate a peace, but this was not achieved until 1761, when the
British and South Carolina military conducted a punitive expedition against the Middle and Lower Towns. Attakullakulla signed peace terms in Charles Town on December 18, 1761. He was robbed and
213:
Contemporary Felix Walker also described
Attakullakulla by the following: just âas a white carpenter could make every notch and joint fit in wood, so he could bring all his views to fill and fit their places in the political machinery of his nationâ. He was known to excel at building houses.
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destroyed several
Cherokee Lower and Middle towns in the Carolinas. The Cherokee recalled Attakullakulla to the council to negotiate peace with the British. Attakulla also influenced the selection of John Stuart as Superintendent of Southern Indian Affairs.
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On June 2, 1760, he left the fort and was expelled from the
Cherokee Council. He moved into the woods, finding it impolitic to be among either the ones who lost or the victors of the 1760 Cherokee War. In June 1761 a British expedition dispatched by General
361:
In the Treaty of Broad River (1756), Attakullakulla agreed to a
Cherokee land cession to the English, in exchange for their promise to build forts in Cherokee territory to protect their women and children while the men were fighting with the British in the
245:. He was captured as an infant during a raid in which his parents were killed, and brought south to Overhill territory, where he was adopted by a Cherokee family, and raised as Cherokee. Attakullakulla believed he was of Jewish descent. He married
353:
In the 1750â1760s, Attakullakulla dominated Cherokee diplomacy. Although he usually favored the British, he was a skilled diplomat, always looking for a peaceful resolution to problems but looking out for the best interests of the Cherokee. After
325:, with the hostages in tow, and arrived on December 9, 1759. Attakullakulla was forced to sign a treaty agreeing that the Cherokee would deliver suspected "murderers" in exchange for the nearly two dozen hostages confined at Fort Prince George.
332:
lured Lt. Richard Coytmore out of the fort by waving a bridle over his head. He incited Cherokee warriors hiding in the woods to shoot and kill Coytmore. The garrison in the fort retaliated and executed all the remaining Cherokee hostages.
341:
harassed by angry frontiersmen on his journey home. Throughout the 1760s, he would work in vain to stall white settlement in the western Carolinas and Overhill Territory, and was a frequent guest of colonial officials in Charles Town and
366:. He honored treaty promises to the English but was opposed by fellow Cherokee for doing so. He also played the colonies of South Carolina and Virginia against each other in order to secure fair trading practices for his people.
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described the chief as "a man of remarkable small stature, slender, and delicate frame." "...his ears were cut and banded with silver, hanging nearly down to his shoulders. He was mild-mannered, brilliant, and witty..."
205:, a verb that implies something long, leaning against some other object. His name "Little Carpenter" was related both to the English meaning of his Cherokee name and a reference to his physical stature. Naturalist
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Towns. They were forced to retreat, and the Overhill Cherokee besieged Fort Loudoun, gaining its surrender in August 1760. The Cherokee killed many of the garrison as they retreated to the East.
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Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, east and west Florida, the Cherokee country, the extensive territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the country of the Chactaws
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Connecotre (Old Hop), the headman of the Cherokee during the 1750s, was his maternal uncle. Attakullakulla's son Dragging Canoe led a resistance to the United States in the 1780s. His niece,
321:, seized the delegates as hostages until the Cherokee surrendered those men responsible for killing white settlers. Having raised an expeditionary force of 1,700 men, Lyttelton set out for
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During the Revolutionary War, Attakullakulla was one of a party of elder Cherokee leaders who ceded lands to Virginia, contrary to the wishes of younger warriors. Attakullakulla's son,
393:, an organization formed by Anglo-American settlers who wanted to create an independent community in what is now the upper eastern corner of Tennessee. In 1775 he favored the so-called
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began in North America, Cherokee warriors traveled to the Pennsylvania frontier to serve in British military campaigns against French and their Native American allies' strongholds.
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Attakullakulla is believed to have died between 1777 and 1780 in North Carolina, in territory that would later become Tennessee. He was succeeded as First Beloved Man of Chota by
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Attakullakulla returned to Fort Prince George in early 1760 to negotiate for the release of the hostages, but to no avail. As peaceful negotiations failed,
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268:. In 1736, he rejected the advances of the French, who had sent emissaries to the Overhill tribes. Three or four years later, he was captured by the
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Kimber, Isaac (ed.); Kimber, Edward (ed.).âLondon magazine, or, Gentleman's monthly intelligencer, 1747â1783; London Vol. 29â, (Mar 1760): 144â145.
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died, Attakullakulla, the diplomat and peace chief, and Oconostota, the war chief, shared power at Chota; they led the Cherokee for a generation.
181:, a British treaty commissioner, and six other Cherokee to England. He was one of the signatories of an early Cherokee treaty with Great Britain.
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and other elderly chiefs relinquished the sovereignty of the Cherokee Nation (now roughly the states of Kentucky and Tennessee) for ÂŁ10,000.
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Anderson, William; Rambo, Robert K. (2009). "Attakullakulla (Little Carpenter)". In Finkelman, Paul; Garrison, Tim Alan (eds.).
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bought twenty million acres in present-day Kentucky and Middle Tennessee from the Cherokee. In May 1775, Attakullakulla,
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until 1748. Upon his return, he became one of the Cherokees' leading diplomats and an adviser to the Beloved Man of
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The seven Cherokee, including Attakullakulla, who traveled with Sir Alexander Cuming back to London, England in 1730
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captive adopted by his cousin's wife. The marriage was permissible because the individuals were from different
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In the 1750s, Attakullakulla worked to provide a steady supply of trade goods for his people. When the
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The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607â1890: A Political, Social, and Military History
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The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities.
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Carolina in Crisis: Cherokees, Colonists, and Slaves in the American Southeast, 1756â1763
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In 1730, Attakullakulla was a member of a delegation of Cherokee leaders who traveled to
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Walker, Felix. "Narrative of a Kentucky Adventure in 1775". Edited by Samuel R. Walker.
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peaceful resolution to problems but looking out for the best interests of the Cherokee.
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Early in his life, he was first known as Onkanacleah. According to anthropologist
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London magazine, or, Gentleman's monthly intelligencer, 1747â1783; London Vol. 35
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These efforts proved unsuccessful. In late 1759, some Cherokee leaders went to
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197:, Attakullakulla's Cherokee name could be translated as "leaning wood", from
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Kelly, James C. "Notable Persons in Cherokee History: Attakullakulla."
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Attakullakulla is believed to have been born in the territory of the
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15:3 (September 1937), pp. 253â270 (retrieved August 18, 2006).
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London magazine, or, Gentleman's monthly intelligencer, 1747â1783;
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London Magazine, or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer, 1747â1783;
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2098:
2013:
1950:
1337:
417:, was a âbeloved womanâ, who had the power to free war captives.
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by the English) (c. 1715 â c. 1777) was an influential
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1965:
1960:
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1263:
1258:
843:"5 Sep 1950, 9 - The Knoxville News-Sentinel at Newspapers.com"
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866:
The American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review (1817-1819);
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1955:
950:
The American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review (1817-1819)
934:. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. pp. 108â109.
2860:
1162:
258:
787:
Stolen Continents: Conquest and Resistance in the Americas
272:, who were allies of the French. They held him captive in
2697:
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939âpresent)
1084:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.
1073:
Spencer C. Tucker, James R. Arnold, and Roberta Wiener.
728:
Spencer C. Tucker, James R. Arnold, and Roberta Wiener.
553:
Spencer C. Tucker, James R. Arnold, and Roberta Wiener,
431:
After the Cherokee massacred much of the garrison from
253:. She was said to have been a Black, French speaking
759:
Encyclopedia of United States Indian Policy and Law,
932:
Encyclopedia of United States Indian Policy and Law
542:
Encyclopedia of United States Indian Policy and Law
1012:Cherokees of the Old South: A People in Transition
486:Bosse, Tom (13 July 2017). Pfingsten, Bill (ed.).
2872:
2597:Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839â1907)
2557:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824-present)
1002:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
952:. Vol. 4. New York. Dec 1818. p. 157.
165:, serving from 1761 to around 1775. His son was
555:The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars
369:The Treaty of Peace and Friendship, signed by
317:authorities for peace. The colonial governor,
234:, said that he was born to a sub-tribe of the
1178:
1057:"The Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation"
929:
639:Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
424:, the Chickamauga Cherokee leader during the
704:Peace and War on the Anglo-Cherokee Frontier
371:William Henry Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton
1124:Appletons' CyclopĂŠdia of American Biography
1041:Kimber, Isaac (ed.); Kimber, Edward (ed.).
389:In 1772 Attakullakulla leased lands to the
348:
280:, which had become the primary town of the
261:; he was Wolf Clan and she was Paint Clan.
2906:Native American people from North Carolina
1185:
1171:
770:Kimber, Isaac (ed.); Kimber, Edward (ed.)
428:, split with his father during this time.
29:
821:The American Revolution in Indian Country
757:Paul Finkelman & Tim Alan Garrison,
741:
739:
737:
604:
602:
540:Paul Finkelman & Tim Alan Garrison,
1019:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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610:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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868:New York, Vol. 4, Iss. 2, (Dec 1818):
783:
1166:
1006:Entry from the Tennessee Encyclopedia
971:. Philadelphia: James & Johnson.
917:
774:London Vol. 29, (Mar 1760): 144â145.
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599:
485:
2896:18th-century Native American leaders
1098:16 (February 1854), pp. 150â55.
1048:Klink, Karl, and James Talman, ed.
627:
2199:First Cherokee Female Seminary Site
1294:Cherokee Supplement (Unicode block)
1052:. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1970.
810:Kelly, "Attakullakulla", pp. 25â27.
408:
287:
13:
1848:Sequoyah Constitutional Convention
498:from the original on 23 April 2021
397:, by which North Carolina colonel
14:
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2901:People from Chota (Cherokee town)
2517:Cherokee Nation West (1810-1839)
2482:Cherokee Nation East (1794-1839)
1109:
790:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 200.
652:The Journal of Major John Norton,
624:London Vol. 35, (Feb 1766): p. 87
594:Narrative of a Kentucky Adventure
1672:Cherokee Preservation Foundation
1050:The Journal of Major John Norton
173:faction of the Cherokee tribes.
2652:Cherokee Nation (1975âpresent)
1017:Izumi Ishii, âAttakullakulla",
923:History of the American Indians
904:Kelly, "Attakullakulla", p. 27.
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641:. Retrieved: December 17, 2013.
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177:in 1730, noted as accompanying
2352:Hiwassee River Heritage Center
2279:Chief Vann House Historic Site
2189:Cherokee Removal Memorial Park
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1:
2289:Museum of the Cherokee People
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217:
78:
60:Overhill Cherokee settlements
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2891:18th-century Cherokee people
2377:Five Civilized Tribes Museum
2254:Red Clay State Historic Park
1866:Cherokee Towns (pre-Removal)
1192:
1026:American National Biography,
249:the daughter of his cousin,
7:
2861:Cherokee-language Knowledge
2681:Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith
1702:Cherokee Southwest Township
1687:Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
1619:Cherokee Nation (1794â1907)
1536:1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles
1355:Flag of the Cherokee Nation
1033:Journal of Cherokee Studies
832:American Indian Wars, p. 41
680:, pp. 57â58, 60, 63â64, 68.
10:
2922:
1822:Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt
1797:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1707:Oconaluftee Indian Village
1682:Original Keetoowah Society
1045:, (Feb 1766): p. 87.
911:
878:Greene, Don (2014-11-10).
568:Cherokees of the Old South
518:Cherokees of the Old South
492:Historical Marker Database
291:
169:, the first leader of the
16:Cherokee First Beloved Man
2856:
2395:
2234:Trail of Tears State Park
2184:Cherokee National Capitol
2174:
1856:
1761:
1659:
1590:Jackson and McMinn Treaty
1565:Treaty of Dewitt's Corner
1419:
1363:
1299:Cherokee Immersion School
1226:
1200:
1151:
1142:
1134:
965:Bartram, William (1791).
747:American Nation Biography
730:The Encyclopedia of North
530:American Nation Biography
381:and commanded by Colonel
313:to try to negotiate with
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120:
112:
104:
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2367:Fort Smith Historic Site
2135:Western Cherokee Nation
1734:Cherokee Central Schools
1519:Battle of Lindley's Fort
1289:Cherokee (Unicode block)
1118:"Atta-Culla-Culla"
1035:3:1 (Winter 1978), 2â34.
449:
349:Diplomatic contributions
188:
2726:Tahlonteeskee (warrior)
2712:Other notable Cherokee
1646:Jacob Brown Grant Deeds
1010:Henry Thompson Malone,
977:loc.rbc/General.02676.1
784:Wright, Ronald (2005).
566:Henry Thompson Malone,
516:Henry Thompson Malone,
488:"Cherokees in Kentucky"
319:William Henry Lyttelton
161:leader and the tribe's
2646:William Charles Rogers
2566:William Holland Thomas
2342:The Great Trading Path
1509:CherokeeâAmerican wars
1061:Chronicles of Oklahoma
426:Cherokee-American wars
2372:Port Royal State Park
1597:Transylvania Purchase
1570:Treaty of Hard Labour
1492:Siege of Fort Loudoun
1218:United Keetoowah Band
1070:(1900, reprint 1992).
1068:Myths of the Cherokee
395:Transylvania Purchase
364:French and Indian War
300:French and Indian War
2636:Samuel Houston Mayes
1813:The Cherokee Tobacco
1805:Worcester v. Georgia
1789:freedmen controversy
1749:Sequoyah High School
1739:Cherokee High School
1602:Chickamauga Cherokee
1560:Treaty of Turkeytown
1550:Treaty of New Echota
1526:Nickajack Expedition
1504:Cherokee War of 1776
282:Overhill settlements
201:meaning "wood", and
2244:Rattlesnake Springs
1829:Cherokee Commission
1514:Battle of Hightower
1401:KĂą'lanĂ» Ahkyeli'skĂŻ
1304:New Kituwah Academy
1269:Green Corn Ceremony
1105:(2005) p. 200.
1080:Tortora, Daniel J.
998:Calloway, Colin G.
391:Watauga Association
236:Algonquian-speaking
149:âTsalagiâ, (á áá«á§á·)
2436:Outacite of Keowee
2347:The Great War Path
2322:Oconaluftee valley
2307:Stick Ball Grounds
2229:Tellico Blockhouse
1634:Indian Removal Act
1580:Treaty of Hopewell
1575:Treaty of Lochaber
1531:American Civil War
1487:Anglo-Cherokee War
1371:Ani Hyuntikwalaski
1055:Litton, Gaston L.
881:Shawnee Heritage V
717:Carolina in Crisis
691:Carolina in Crisis
678:Carolina in Crisis
665:Carolina in Crisis
650:Klink and Talman,
633:Gerald Schroedl, "
323:Fort Prince George
294:AngloâCherokee War
241:in the North near
2868:
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2821:Clement V. Rogers
2691:Chuck Hoskin, Jr.
2641:Thomas Buffington
2406:Moytoy of Tellico
2327:Oconaluftee River
2259:Hair Conrad Cabin
2194:Chieftains Museum
1745:Sequoyah Schools
1607:Overhill Cherokee
1585:Treaty of Holston
1555:Treaty of Tellico
1545:Cherokee treaties
1316:Spiritual beliefs
1161:
1160:
1152:Succeeded by
1145:First Beloved Man
1103:Stolen Continents
891:978-1-312-66716-7
399:Richard Henderson
226:, in what is now
224:Overhill Cherokee
163:First Beloved Man
153:and often called
140:
139:
116:First Beloved Man
2913:
2791:Markwayne Mullin
2621:Dennis Bushyhead
2501:Charles R. Hicks
2426:Moytoy of Citico
2317:Tuckasegee River
2239:Brainerd Mission
2224:Sequoyah's Cabin
2131:Cherokee Nations
1769:Principal Chiefs
1762:Politics and law
1713:Unto These Hills
1677:Warriors Society
1639:Cherokee descent
1613:Cherokee Phoenix
1497:Battle of Echoee
1480:Battle of Taliwa
1459:skiagusta (rank)
1386:Moon-eyed people
1321:Moon-eyed people
1239:National holiday
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597:
590:
584:
577:
571:
564:
558:
551:
545:
538:
532:
528:James C. Kelly,
526:
520:
514:
508:
507:
505:
503:
483:
466:
460:
409:Family and death
288:Cherokee warrior
179:Alexander Cuming
155:Little Carpenter
108:Little Carpenter
105:Other names
83:
80:
56:
53:
48:("leaning wood")
33:
19:
18:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2852:
2841:Kimberly Teehee
2701:James L. Gordon
2686:Bill John Baker
2671:Wilma Mankiller
2611:William P. Ross
2586:Patrick Lambert
2431:Standing Turkey
2391:
2337:Sycamore Shoals
2312:Cullasaja River
2264:Nancy Ward Tomb
2214:John Ross House
2176:
2170:
2164:Qualla Boundary
2139:Cherokee Nation
1941:Hiwassee Island
1871:Amoyeligunahita
1858:
1852:
1757:
1724:Female Seminary
1697:Heritage groups
1667:Heritage Center
1655:
1651:Texas Cherokees
1464:outacite (rank)
1415:
1359:
1222:
1208:Cherokee Nation
1196:
1191:
1157:
1148:
1140:
1138:Standing Turkey
1115:
1112:
1066:Mooney, James.
989:
987:
948:
942:
914:
909:
908:
903:
899:
892:
876:
872:
864:
860:
851:
849:
841:
840:
836:
831:
827:
818:
814:
809:
805:
798:
782:
778:
769:
765:
756:
752:
744:
735:
727:
723:
714:
710:
701:
697:
688:
684:
675:
671:
662:
658:
649:
645:
632:
628:
620:Kimber, Isaac.
619:
615:
607:
600:
591:
587:
578:
574:
565:
561:
552:
548:
539:
535:
527:
523:
515:
511:
501:
499:
484:
480:
475:
470:
469:
461:
457:
452:
411:
379:Jeffery Amherst
351:
296:
290:
220:
207:William Bartram
191:
125:Standing Turkey
90:
84:
81:
70:
68:British America
57:
54:
50:
49:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2919:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2866:
2865:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2836:Hastings Shade
2833:
2831:Durbin Feeling
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2811:Jenny McIntosh
2808:
2803:
2798:
2796:Yvette Herrell
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2776:Nunnahitsunega
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2746:Elias Boudinot
2743:
2738:
2733:
2731:Turtle-at-Home
2728:
2723:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2631:Johnson Harris
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2461:Dragging Canoe
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2411:Attakullakulla
2408:
2402:Early leaders
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2274:Bussell Island
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:Ross's Landing
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:Judaculla Rock
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2177:memorial sites
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2044:Spike Bucktown
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1834:Cherokee Strip
1826:
1818:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1629:Trail of Tears
1621:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1471:
1469:Raven of Chota
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1381:Horned Serpent
1378:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1111:
1110:External links
1108:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1096:DeBow's Review
1092:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1003:
996:
962:
946:
941:978-1933116983
940:
927:
925:. p. 148.
913:
910:
907:
906:
897:
890:
870:
858:
847:Newspapers.com
834:
825:
823:, pp. 182â212.
812:
803:
796:
776:
763:
750:
733:
721:
708:
695:
682:
669:
656:
643:
635:Attakullakulla
626:
613:
598:
592:Felix Walker,
585:
572:
559:
546:
533:
521:
509:
477:
476:
474:
471:
468:
467:
464:Attacullaculla
454:
453:
451:
448:
422:Dragging Canoe
410:
407:
350:
347:
315:South Carolina
292:Main article:
289:
286:
232:Turtle-at-Home
228:East Tennessee
219:
216:
190:
187:
167:Dragging Canoe
143:Attakullakulla
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
87:North Carolina
85:
76:
72:
71:
64:North Carolina
58:
44:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
23:Attakullakulla
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2918:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Redbird Smith
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Sam Sixkiller
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:Joel B. Mayes
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Lewis Downing
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2591:Richard Sneed
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:Gerard Parker
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:Tahlonteeskee
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:William Hicks
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Little Turkey
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2387:Cherokee Path
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2175:Landmarks and
2173:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:Eastern Band
2154:
2150:
2149:Tahlonteeskee
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Running Water
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
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1855:
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1802:
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1790:
1787:
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1777:
1775:
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1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Male Seminary
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:Organizations
1658:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
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1573:
1571:
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1563:
1561:
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1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
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1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
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1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
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1369:
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1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
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1336:
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1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1312:
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1231:
1229:
1225:
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1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1090:1-469-62122-3
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
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1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
986:
982:
978:
974:
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969:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
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933:
928:
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920:
916:
915:
901:
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887:
883:
882:
874:
867:
862:
848:
844:
838:
829:
822:
816:
807:
799:
793:
789:
788:
780:
773:
767:
760:
754:
748:
742:
740:
738:
731:
725:
719:, pp. 166â67.
718:
712:
705:
699:
692:
686:
679:
673:
666:
660:
653:
647:
640:
636:
630:
623:
617:
611:
608:Izumi Ishii,
605:
603:
596:, pp. 150â51.
595:
589:
582:
576:
569:
563:
556:
550:
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
513:
497:
493:
489:
482:
478:
465:
462:also spelled
459:
455:
447:
445:
440:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
418:
416:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
384:
380:
374:
372:
367:
365:
359:
357:
346:
344:
338:
334:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
303:
301:
295:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:Nionne Ollie,
244:
243:Lake Superior
240:
237:
233:
229:
225:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
186:
182:
180:
174:
172:
168:
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93:
88:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2886:1770s deaths
2881:1700s births
2858:
2846:Shawna Baker
2781:Ned Christie
2706:John W. Hair
2666:Ross Swimmer
2661:W. W. Keeler
2416:Amouskositte
2410:
2362:Tuckaleechee
2332:Abrams Creek
2294:Untokiasdiyi
2269:Blythe Ferry
1820:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1711:
1611:
1476:Tribal Wars
1350:Booger dance
1213:Eastern Band
1143:
1122:
1095:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1049:
1042:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
999:
988:. Retrieved
967:
949:
931:
922:
919:Adair, James
900:
884:. Lulu.com.
880:
873:
865:
861:
850:. Retrieved
846:
837:
828:
820:
815:
806:
786:
779:
771:
766:
758:
753:
746:
729:
724:
716:
711:
703:
698:
693:, pp. 77â80.
690:
685:
677:
672:
667:, pp. 17â22.
664:
659:
651:
646:
638:
629:
621:
616:
609:
593:
588:
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575:
567:
562:
554:
549:
541:
536:
529:
524:
517:
512:
500:. Retrieved
491:
481:
463:
458:
441:
430:
419:
412:
388:
375:
368:
360:
352:
343:Williamsburg
339:
335:
327:
308:
304:
297:
263:
246:
221:
212:
202:
198:
195:James Mooney
192:
183:
175:
154:
150:
142:
141:
45:
2806:Major Ridge
2786:John Martin
2766:Joseph Vann
2656:J. B. Milam
2581:Joyce Dugan
2551:John Rogers
2546:John Looney
2541:Sam Houston
2471:Incalatanga
2284:Mantle Rock
2209:Long Island
1946:Island town
1784:1842 revolt
1692:Youth Choir
1391:Nun'Yunu'Wi
1345:Stomp dance
1333:Black drink
1328:Ethnobotany
706:, pp. 72â78
437:Fort George
433:Fort Loudon
383:James Grant
171:Chickamauga
121:Predecessor
95:Nationality
82: 1777
55: 1715
46:Onkanacleah
2875:Categories
2859:See also:
2761:David Vann
2756:James Vann
2751:Wauhatchie
2741:Goingsnake
2716:Nancy Ward
2536:John Jolly
2491:Pathkiller
2451:Old Tassel
2441:Oconostota
2109:Turtletown
2104:Turkeytown
2094:Tuckasegee
2029:Oostanaula
1976:Long Swamp
1971:Kulsetsiyi
1720:Education
1454:Ani-kutani
1411:Tsul 'Kalu
1376:Deer Woman
1155:Oconostota
1149:1761â1775
985:rc01002676
958:B00A0FDA2A
852:2022-06-18
819:Calloway,
797:0618492402
702:Oliphant,
473:References
444:Oconostota
415:Nancy Ward
403:Oconostota
356:Connecorte
330:Oconostota
311:Charleston
251:Oconostota
218:Early life
135:Oconostota
2771:Bob Benge
2736:Junaluska
2571:Tsaladihi
2561:Yonaguska
2511:John Ross
2496:Big Tiger
2476:Tagwadihi
2466:Kunokeski
2446:Savanukah
2382:Tlanusiyi
2249:Fort Cass
2144:Tahlequah
2124:Titsohili
2089:Tsatanugi
2004:Nickajack
1991:Nantahala
1986:Nacoochee
1916:Dirt town
1896:Conasauga
1886:Chilhowee
1876:Brasstown
1857:Towns and
1839:in Kansas
1774:Blood Law
1406:U'tlun'ta
1284:syllabary
715:Tortora,
689:Tortora,
676:Tortora,
663:Tortora,
579:Bartram,
502:3 January
239:Nipissing
151:Atagukalu
131:Successor
2676:Joe Byrd
2616:Utselata
2606:Degataga
2526:Degadoga
2521:The Bowl
2299:Standing
2159:Cherokee
2114:Tuskegee
2074:Tomotley
2069:Tomassee
2034:Red Clay
1981:Mialoquo
1936:Hiwassee
1931:Frogtown
1921:Ducktown
1911:Crowtown
1859:villages
1444:Treaties
1437:military
1432:timeline
1396:Nûñnë'hï
1274:Language
1244:Calendar
1194:Cherokee
921:(1775).
581:Travels,
496:Archived
159:Cherokee
147:Cherokee
99:Cherokee
2801:Sequoya
2421:Old Hop
2357:Chatata
2099:Tugaloo
2084:Toxoway
2064:Tellico
2054:Talulah
2039:Settico
2014:Nununyi
2009:Nikwasi
1951:Isunigu
1906:Coyotee
1881:Chatuga
1779:Slavery
1624:Removal
1427:History
1420:History
1364:Legends
1338:Kanuchi
1311:Marbles
1279:history
1234:Society
1227:Culture
1127:. 1900.
1077:, 2011.
1021:, 2004.
1014:, 1956.
990:2 March
912:Sources
583:p. 485.
557:, p. 41
266:England
255:Natchez
203:gulkalu
2396:People
2059:Tanasi
2049:Talisi
2024:Oconee
1999:Echota
1966:Kituwa
1961:Keowee
1926:Etowah
1825:(2005)
1817:(1871)
1808:(1832)
1800:(1831)
1449:Kituwa
1264:Ghigau
1259:Gadugi
1254:Chiefs
1201:Tribes
1088:
983:
956:
938:
888:
794:
544:, p. 2
274:Quebec
270:Ottawa
89:, U.S.
2721:Tsali
2486:Enola
2302:Stone
2079:Toqua
2019:Ocoee
1956:Joara
1901:Cowee
1891:Chota
1473:Wars
1249:Clans
1028:1999.
654:p. 42
570:, p.4
450:Notes
278:Chota
259:clans
189:Names
113:Title
1815:case
1086:ISBN
992:2023
981:LCCN
954:ASIN
936:ISBN
886:ISBN
792:ISBN
761:p. 2
504:2022
75:Died
41:Born
1996:New
973:hdl
637:,"
199:ada
2877::
1121:.
1059:,
979:.
845:.
736:^
601:^
494:.
490:.
446:.
345:.
284:.
79:c.
66:,
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52:c.
1186:e
1179:t
1172:v
994:.
975::
960:.
944:.
894:.
855:.
800:.
506:.
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