583:
89:
621:
411:
599:"the miraculous inventiveness of man would not be dedicated to his death, but consecrated to his life." However, Eisenhower was not completely effective in his repurposing; Eisenhower himself approved the National Security Council (NSC) document which stated that only a massive atomic weapon base would deter violence from the Soviet Union. The belief that to avoid a nuclear war, the United States must stay on the offensive, ready to strike at any time, is the same reason that the Soviet Union would not give up its atomic weapons either. During Eisenhower's time in office the nuclear holdings of the US rose from 1,005 to 20,000 weapons.
607:
404:
422:
1026:
1093:
960:
633:
517:
27:
2446:
417:
603:
nations that already had atomic weapons kept their weapons and grew their supplies, very few other countries have developed similar weapons—in this sense, it has been very much contained. The "Atoms for Peace" program also created regulations for the use of nuclear power and through these regulations stopped other countries from developing weapons while allowing the technology to be used for positive means.
490:. Eisenhower's speech opened a media campaign that would last for years and that aimed at "emotion management", balancing fears of continuing nuclear armament with promises of peaceful use of uranium in future nuclear reactors. The speech was a tipping point for international focus on peaceful uses of atomic energy, even during the early stages of the Cold War. Eisenhower, with some influence from
1307:
598:
Eisenhower's speech was an important moment in political history as it brought the atomic issue which had been kept quiet for "national security" into the public eye, asking the world to support his solution. Eisenhower was determined to solve "the fearful atomic dilemma" by finding some way by which
533:
strategy from an emphasis on conventional weapons to cheaper nuclear weapons. Western
Europeans wanted reassurance that the U.S. did not intend to provoke a nuclear war in Europe, and the speech was designed primarily to create that sense of reassurance. Eisenhower later said that he knew the Soviets
463:", to enlighten the American public on the risks and hopes of a nuclear future. It was designed to shift public focus away from the military, a strategy that Eisenhower referred to as "psychological warfare." Both Operation Candor and Atoms for Peace were influenced by the January 1953 report of the
552:
It is with the book of history, and not with isolated pages, that the United States will ever wish to be identified. My country wants to be constructive, not destructive. It wants agreement, not wars, among nations. It wants itself to live in freedom, and in the confidence that the people of every
566:
To the making of these fateful decisions, the United States pledges before you—and therefore before the world its determination to help solve the fearful atomic dilemma—to devote its entire heart and mind to find the way by which the miraculous inventiveness of man shall not be dedicated to his
602:
The "Atoms for Peace" program opened up nuclear research to civilians and countries that had not previously possessed nuclear technology. Eisenhower argued for a nonproliferation agreement throughout the world and argued for a stop of the spread of military use of nuclear weapons. Although the
610:
At the rostrum of the Palais des
Nations' Assembly hall for the opening of the International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy. (Left to right) Max Petitpierre, President of the Swiss Confederation, U.N. Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold, Homi J. Bhabha of India, President of the
594:
of 1943 and thus not devoted to peaceful processes, but instead as a weapon to defend against other countries which were developing and using the same weaponry. With atomic development thus far under wraps, there were no safety protocols and no standards developed.
698:
Research by
Matthew Fuhrmann has linked civilian nuclear cooperation to nuclear weapons programs, as the technology, know-how and materials used and generated by civilian nuclear use reduced the costs of pursuing a nuclear weapons program.
582:
59:
The United States then launched an "Atoms for Peace" program that supplied equipment and information to schools, hospitals, and research institutions within the U.S. and throughout the world. The first nuclear reactors in
54:
I feel impelled to speak today in a language that in a sense is new—one which I, who have spent so much of my life in the military profession, would have preferred never to use. That new language is the language of atomic
528:
However, recent historians have tended to see the speech as a Cold War maneuver directed primarily at U.S. allies in Europe. Eisenhower wanted to make sure that the
European allies would go along with the shift in
1031:
1029:
439:
590:
Prior to
Eisenhower's speech, the state of atomic development in the world was under strict secrecy. The information and expertise needed for atomic development was bound by the secret
2101:
390:
421:
2160:
1627:
467:, which urged that the United States government practice less secrecy and more honesty toward the American people about the realities of the nuclear balance and the dangers of
1401:
1310:
1930:
1723:
1637:
1591:
814:
2185:
1914:
1622:
1839:
1806:
446:
1326:
464:
1948:
2521:
668:
1443:
1586:
1519:
1510:
192:
185:
135:
1075:
1353:
2516:
2506:
2205:
2190:
2128:
1596:
545:
for its nuclear actions—past, present, and future. This address laid down the rules of engagement for the new kind of warfare: the Cold War.
2055:
2050:
2045:
946:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Vol. 3. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 212.
365:
348:
1908:
1579:
1529:
205:
1617:
1524:
335:
200:
2501:
2096:
395:
2486:
2165:
2075:
2070:
1990:
1925:
1539:
1393:
938:
370:
358:
1423:
1413:
1374:
810:
125:
1241:
1206:
1187:
1168:
951:
672:
537:
Eisenhower's invoking of "those same great concepts of universal peace and human dignity which are so clearly etched in" the
2123:
2091:
432:
2153:
2065:
2060:
416:
88:
2481:
1977:
1752:
1505:
1346:
664:
180:
2113:
1873:
1851:
1428:
120:
1829:
1603:
330:
20:
2210:
1112:
Fuhrmann, Matthew (July 2009). "Spreading
Temptation: Proliferation and Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation Agreements".
1052:
2380:
1885:
1747:
1609:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1495:
1458:
1385:
1316:
520:
The Atoms for Peace symbol mounted over the door to the
American swimming pool reactor building during the 1955
2491:
2391:
2283:
1966:
1937:
1453:
1377:
471:, which triggered in Eisenhower a desire to seek a new and different approach to the threat of nuclear war in
279:
155:
1663:
2449:
2246:
2118:
1339:
385:
218:
1301:
Documents regarding
President Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace speech, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
815:"Address Before the General Assembly of the United Nations on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, New York City"
1488:
403:
69:
1300:
1273:
Schock, R (December 2003). Atoms for Peace After 50 Years: The New
Challenges and Opportunities (Report).
2403:
2526:
2476:
1656:
808:
644:
2170:
2040:
1890:
1817:
1706:
1473:
1448:
784:
620:
353:
249:
894:
Bernstein, Barton J. (Fall 1987). "Crossing the
Rubicon: A Missed Opportunity to Stop the H-Bomb?".
2511:
2471:
1995:
1920:
1879:
1856:
1812:
1684:
1674:
789:
296:
1015:
494:, may have been attempting to convey a spirit of comfort to a terrified world after the horror of
2262:
1844:
1788:
1668:
1478:
680:
472:
2496:
2238:
2133:
779:
230:
1141:
2397:
2333:
1902:
1834:
1782:
1483:
713:
688:
491:
160:
2363:
2321:
2180:
2138:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1954:
1822:
1694:
1362:
774:
764:
558:
542:
316:
311:
103:
43:
606:
8:
2345:
2143:
1800:
1645:
1468:
1433:
759:
754:
260:
47:
31:
2357:
1895:
1794:
1534:
1212:
1129:
919:
911:
856:
611:
Conference, and Walter G. Whitman from the United States, Conference Secretary General
499:
148:
679:
arms race. Under Atoms for Peace related programmes the U.S. exported over 25 tons of
2339:
2327:
2228:
2175:
2148:
2021:
1866:
1699:
1689:
1463:
1282:
1247:
1237:
1202:
1183:
1164:
1137:
947:
923:
876:
769:
749:
325:
235:
168:
143:
1133:
830:"The Eisenhower Administration and the Discovery of Dimona: March 1958–January 1961"
2315:
2303:
2291:
2254:
2200:
1942:
1274:
1229:
1121:
903:
868:
741:
708:
684:
591:
301:
1216:
586:"Atoms for Peace" 3 cent U.S. stamp presentation with President Eisenhower in 1955
513:, the international intrigue that subsequently kept the world at the edge of war.
2435:
2428:
2309:
2297:
2270:
2233:
2195:
2106:
1716:
1438:
468:
624:
The "Atoms for Peace" slogan still in use above the panel at a 2013 IAEA meeting
2351:
1728:
1266:
940:
Atoms for Peace and War, 1953–1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission
460:
267:
1251:
72:, a company more commonly known as a major manufacturer of bowling equipment.
2465:
2414:
1861:
1679:
1125:
880:
829:
240:
2409:
1765:
857:"Atoms for Peace, Scientific Internationalism, and Scientific Intelligence"
692:
663:
Atoms for Peace created the ideological background for the creation of the
510:
503:
1233:
1199:
Atomic Assistance: How 'Atoms for Peace' Programs Cause Nuclear Insecurity
1735:
733:
723:
516:
487:
272:
1224:
Pilat, Joseph F.; Pendley, Robert E.; Ebinger, Charles K., eds. (2019).
1073:
632:
459:
The speech was part of a carefully orchestrated media campaign, called "
26:
2385:
1650:
1331:
1286:
915:
553:
other nation enjoy equally the right of choosing their own way of life.
538:
479:
1076:
Civil HEU Watch: Tracking Inventories of Civil Highly Enriched Uranium
2000:
1317:"Atoms for Peace (speech) Dwight David Eisenhower – December 8, 1953"
1278:
495:
907:
872:
728:
718:
676:
483:
65:
61:
534:
would reject the specific proposal he offered in the speech.
522:
International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy
1741:
1306:
1074:
David Albright; Serena Kelleher-Vergantini (7 October 2015).
289:
1758:
530:
284:
1402:
Commander, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
1081:(Report). Institute for Science and International Security
1724:
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954
1180:
In Mortal Hands: A Cautionary History of the Nuclear Age
42:" was the title of a speech delivered by U.S. President
996:
984:
524:
in Geneva, often called the Atoms for Peace conference
1840:
Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954
1067:
972:
465:
State Department Panel of Consultants on Disarmament
1223:
1035:
2102:Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, gravesite
1915:President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
1479:Military Governor, U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany
669:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
34:of 1955 in allusion to the program Atoms for Peace
1807:U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
1050:
691:and terrorism risk. Under a similar program, the
2463:
1931:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
1949:Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act
1226:Atoms For Peace: An Analysis After Thirty Years
1046:
1044:
2191:Statue of Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S. Capitol)
2129:Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport
2046:Republican Party presidential primaries (1948
1347:
828:Cohen, Avner; Burr, William (15 April 2015).
440:
1041:
1909:People to People Student Ambassador Program
1685:Khrushchev, Eisenhower and De-Stalinization
937:Hewlett, Richard G.; Holl, Jack M. (1989).
936:
1354:
1340:
447:
433:
2522:December 1953 events in the United States
2071:United States Presidential election (1952
893:
827:
509:It presented an ostensible antithesis to
2166:Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center
1991:Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960
1361:
1196:
1111:
1099:
671:, but also gave political cover for the
619:
605:
581:
577:
515:
25:
1267:The enduring effects of Atoms for Peace
1158:
1002:
978:
966:
811:University of California, Santa Barbara
548:Two quotations from the speech follow:
2464:
1311:Full transcript and original recording
1272:
683:(HEU) to 30 countries, mostly to fuel
50:in New York City on December 8, 1953.
16:1953 speech by US President Eisenhower
1335:
1177:
1051:Jessica C. Varnum (23 January 2014).
990:
854:
2517:United States and the United Nations
2507:Nuclear history of the United States
2124:Eisenhower Executive Office Building
2061:Republican National Convention (1952
1496:Supreme Commander of NATO, 1951-1952
627:
2292:Mary "Mamie" Geneva Doud Eisenhower
1055:. Nuclear Engineering International
567:death, but consecrated to his life.
176:34th President of the United States
13:
1978:Student loans in the United States
1753:National Aeronautics and Space Act
1327:Original annotated draft of speech
1259:
1163:. Texas A&M University Press.
665:International Atomic Energy Agency
541:placed new emphasis upon the U.S.
137:Supreme Allied Commander in Europe
14:
2538:
2114:Eisenhower National Historic Site
1874:Federal Voting Assistance Program
1852:Air Pollution Control Act of 1955
1429:1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy
1294:
1036:Pilat, Pendley & Ebinger 2019
809:Gerhard Peters, John T. Woolley;
2502:Speeches by Dwight D. Eisenhower
2445:
2444:
1830:Excise Tax Reduction Act of 1954
1305:
631:
420:
415:
409:
402:
87:
68:were built under the program by
21:Atoms for Peace (disambiguation)
2487:1953 in international relations
2381:Eisenhower baseball controversy
1926:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
1886:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956
1748:EURATOM Cooperation Act of 1958
1459:People of Western Europe speech
1386:Supreme Allied Commander Europe
1105:
1008:
391:Presidential library and museum
1967:National Defense Education Act
1938:Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957
1454:June 6, 1944, order of the day
1444:European Theater of Operations
1378:President of the United States
930:
887:
848:
821:
802:
695:exported over 11 tons of HEU.
1:
2248:Backstairs at the White House
2119:Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial
1943:Little Rock Nine intervention
1835:Internal Revenue Code of 1954
1053:"60 Years of Atoms for Peace"
795:
687:, which is now regarded as a
673:U.S. nuclear weapons build-up
75:
2211:Other tributes and memorials
1489:European Advisory Commission
1201:. Cornell University Press.
1161:Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace
855:Krige, John (January 2006).
70:American Machine and Foundry
7:
2404:Introduction to Outer Space
2392:And I don't care what it is
2206:Places named for Eisenhower
1789:Outer Continental Shelf Act
1610:Military–industrial complex
836:. National Security Archive
702:
10:
2543:
1657:Korean Armistice Agreement
1628:Presidential Proclamations
1535:State of the Union Address
1394:Chief of Staff of the Army
1269:. Arms Control Association
1197:Fuhrmann, Matthew (2012).
1152:
675:, and the backdrop to the
18:
2482:1953 in American politics
2423:
2373:
2282:
2219:
2171:Eisenhower Medical Center
2084:
2041:Draft Eisenhower movement
2033:
2014:
1891:Interstate Highway System
1818:National Wool Act of 1954
1775:
1707:Atomic Energy Act of 1954
1669:"Chance for Peace" speech
1636:
1504:
1449:Allied invasion of Sicily
1412:
1369:
1178:Cooke, Stephanie (2009).
785:World Nuclear Association
615:
250:Interstate Highway System
2242:(1949 television series)
1996:Civil Rights Act of 1960
1921:Civil Rights Act of 1957
1880:Bank Holding Company Act
1857:Agricultural Act of 1956
1813:Agricultural Act of 1954
1664:1953 Iranian coup d'état
1265:Lavoy, Peter R. (2003).
1126:10.1162/isec.2009.34.1.7
790:World Nuclear University
478:"Atoms for Peace" was a
297:Civil Rights Act of 1957
96:This article is part of
2264:Ike: Countdown to D-Day
1845:Small Watershed Program
681:highly enriched uranium
473:international relations
2134:Eisenhower Fellowships
1114:International Security
896:International Security
780:Swords to ploughshares
719:Atoms for Peace Galaxy
625:
612:
587:
575:
563:
525:
396:Tributes and memorials
343:Presidential campaigns
57:
35:
2492:1953 in New York City
2398:Atoms for Peace Award
2334:Ida Stover Eisenhower
2330:(great-granddaughter)
1903:Fish and Wildlife Act
1783:Executive Order 10479
1592:Judicial appointments
1484:Disarmed Enemy Forces
1234:10.4324/9780429038327
1159:Chernus, Ira (2002).
714:Atoms for Peace Award
623:
609:
585:
578:Effects of the speech
564:
550:
519:
492:J. Robert Oppenheimer
52:
29:
2364:Milton S. Eisenhower
2322:Mary Jean Eisenhower
2181:Eisenhower Golf Club
2139:Eisenhower Institute
1985:Hawaii Admission Act
1973:Federal Perkins Loan
1961:Humane Slaughter Act
1955:Alaska Statehood Act
1823:Special Milk Program
1363:Dwight D. Eisenhower
813:(December 8, 1953).
775:Shippingport Reactor
765:Pro-nuclear movement
572:Dwight D. Eisenhower
559:Dwight D. Eisenhower
506:of the early 1950s.
308:Admission of states
156:Surrender of Germany
105:Dwight D. Eisenhower
44:Dwight D. Eisenhower
19:For other uses, see
2346:Edgar N. Eisenhower
2161:U.S. Postage stamps
2144:Eisenhower Monument
1801:Submerged Lands Act
1646:Eisenhower Doctrine
1469:Operation Veritable
1434:Louisiana Maneuvers
993:, pp. 106–132.
760:Operation Plowshare
755:Nuclear power plant
261:Eisenhower Doctrine
48:UN General Assembly
32:commemorative stamp
2358:Earl D. Eisenhower
2186:Eisenhower Theater
1896:Highway Trust Fund
1795:Refugee Relief Act
1695:1955 Geneva Summit
1618:Kennedy transition
1474:Berlin Declaration
1217:10.7591/j.cttn34vg
1016:"Quebec Agreement"
643:. You can help by
626:
613:
588:
526:
336:Kennedy transition
149:Operation Overlord
36:
2527:Science diplomacy
2477:Cold War speeches
2459:
2458:
2436:John F. Kennedy →
2429:← Harry S. Truman
2340:Arthur Eisenhower
2328:Jennie Eisenhower
2258:(1979 miniseries)
2250:(1979 miniseries)
2240:Crusade in Europe
2229:Eisenhower jacket
2176:Eisenhower Trophy
2149:Eisenhower dollar
2023:Crusade in Europe
2010:
2009:
1867:Soil Bank Program
1700:1960 U-2 incident
1530:1957 inauguration
1525:1953 inauguration
1464:Normandy landings
1243:978-0-429-03832-7
1208:978-0-8014-5090-7
1189:978-1-59691-617-3
1170:978-1-58544-220-1
1020:atomicarchive.com
1005:, pp. 53–65.
953:978-0-520-06018-0
834:nsarchive.gwu.edu
770:Science diplomacy
750:Nuclear fuel bank
685:research reactors
661:
660:
482:component of the
457:
456:
169:Crusade in Europe
113:
112:
2534:
2448:
2447:
2316:Susan Eisenhower
2304:David Eisenhower
2201:Mount Eisenhower
1634:
1633:
1623:Executive Orders
1604:Farewell address
1405:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1309:
1290:
1279:10.2172/15009747
1255:
1220:
1193:
1174:
1146:
1145:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1048:
1039:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
957:
945:
934:
928:
927:
891:
885:
884:
852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
825:
819:
818:
806:
709:Atomic gardening
656:
653:
635:
628:
592:Quebec Agreement
573:
561:
461:Operation Candor
449:
442:
435:
424:
419:
413:
412:
406:
331:Farewell Address
302:Little Rock Nine
138:
109:
108:
106:
99:
91:
84:
83:
80:
79:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2512:Nuclear history
2472:Atoms for Peace
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2419:
2369:
2324:(granddaughter)
2318:(granddaughter)
2312:(granddaughter)
2310:Anne Eisenhower
2298:John Eisenhower
2278:
2234:Eisenhower Tree
2221:
2215:
2196:Fort Eisenhower
2080:
2029:
2006:
1776:Domestic policy
1771:
1717:Restricted Data
1712:Atoms for Peace
1690:New Look policy
1632:
1508:
1500:
1439:Operation Torch
1424:Military career
1415:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1319:
1315:
1297:
1262:
1260:Further reading
1244:
1209:
1190:
1171:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
977:
973:
965:
961:
954:
943:
935:
931:
908:10.2307/2538857
892:
888:
853:
849:
839:
837:
826:
822:
807:
803:
798:
705:
657:
651:
648:
641:needs expansion
618:
580:
574:
571:
562:
557:
469:nuclear warfare
453:
410:
407:
400:
382:
381:Post-Presidency
379:
378:
377:
344:
340:
257:
254:
224:Atoms for Peace
215:
212:
177:
174:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:Military Career
104:
102:
101:
100:
97:
95:
78:
40:Atoms for Peace
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2540:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2352:Roy Eisenhower
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:Food for Peace
1721:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1638:Foreign policy
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1313:
1303:
1296:
1295:External links
1293:
1292:
1291:
1270:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1242:
1221:
1207:
1194:
1188:
1182:. Bloomsbury.
1175:
1169:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1104:
1092:
1066:
1040:
1025:
1007:
995:
983:
971:
959:
952:
929:
886:
873:10.1086/507140
867:(1): 161–181.
847:
820:
800:
799:
797:
794:
793:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
739:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
704:
701:
659:
658:
638:
636:
617:
614:
579:
576:
569:
555:
543:responsibility
455:
454:
452:
451:
444:
437:
429:
426:
425:
401:
399:
398:
393:
388:
380:
376:
375:
374:
373:
363:
362:
361:
356:
354:Draft movement
345:
342:
341:
339:
338:
333:
328:
322:
321:
320:
319:
314:
305:
304:
299:
293:
292:
287:
282:
276:
275:
270:
268:Sputnik crisis
264:
263:
255:
253:
252:
246:
245:
244:
243:
238:
227:
226:
221:
213:
211:
210:
209:
208:
203:
197:Inaugurations
195:
190:
189:
188:
175:
173:
172:
164:
163:
158:
152:
151:
146:
134:
131:
129:
128:
123:
115:
114:
111:
110:
98:a series about
94:
92:
77:
74:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2539:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:1953 speeches
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2452:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2415:Kay Summersby
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2154:commemorative
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:Soil Bank Act
1860:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Domino theory
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:Supreme Court
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1100:Fuhrmann 2012
1096:
1077:
1070:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1004:
999:
992:
987:
981:, p. 51.
980:
975:
968:
963:
955:
949:
942:
941:
933:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
890:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
835:
831:
824:
816:
812:
805:
801:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
745:
740:
738:
737:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
700:
696:
694:
690:
689:proliferation
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
655:
652:February 2014
646:
642:
639:This section
637:
634:
630:
629:
622:
608:
604:
600:
596:
593:
584:
568:
560:
554:
549:
546:
544:
540:
535:
532:
523:
518:
514:
512:
507:
505:
504:nuclear tests
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
450:
445:
443:
438:
436:
431:
430:
428:
427:
423:
418:
414:
405:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
372:
369:
368:
367:
366:1956 campaign
364:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
350:
349:1952 campaign
347:
346:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
307:
306:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
262:
259:
258:
251:
248:
247:
242:
241:Domino theory
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
196:
194:
191:
187:
184:
183:
182:
179:
178:
171:
170:
166:
165:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
139:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:
107:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
81:
73:
71:
67:
63:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
33:
28:
22:
2443:
2434:
2427:
2410:Eddie Slovik
2402:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2107:Boyhood home
2092:Bibliography
2022:
1766:Operation 40
1711:
1225:
1198:
1179:
1160:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1019:
1010:
1003:Chernus 2002
998:
986:
979:Chernus 2002
974:
967:Chernus 2002
962:
939:
932:
899:
895:
889:
864:
860:
850:
838:. Retrieved
833:
823:
804:
743:
735:
697:
693:Soviet Union
662:
649:
645:adding to it
640:
601:
597:
589:
565:
551:
547:
536:
527:
521:
511:brinkmanship
508:
486:strategy of
477:
458:
408:
326:U-2 incident
223:
167:
132:World War II
58:
53:
39:
37:
2274:(2014 play)
2266:(2004 film)
1736:Suez Crisis
1404:(1943–1945)
1396:(1945–1948)
1388:(1951–1952)
1380:(1953–1961)
1120:(1): 7–41.
1102:, p. .
1038:, p. .
969:, p. .
817:. ucsb.edu.
724:Baruch Plan
502:and of the
488:containment
273:Missile gap
256:Second Term
2466:Categories
2386:Camp David
2306:(grandson)
2097:Birthplace
1651:Korean War
1520:Transition
1506:Presidency
1252:1090001300
1059:1 February
991:Cooke 2009
902:(2): 156.
796:References
539:UN Charter
480:propaganda
219:Korean War
214:First Term
193:Transition
181:Presidency
121:Early Life
76:Philosophy
2366:(brother)
2360:(brother)
2354:(brother)
2348:(brother)
2342:(brother)
2034:Elections
2001:Sikes Act
924:154778522
881:0369-7827
744:Otto Hahn
496:Hiroshima
30:American
2450:Category
2336:(mother)
2272:Pressure
1675:Cold War
1511:timeline
1414:Military
1287:15009747
1134:54182294
840:17 April
736:Savannah
734:NS
729:Gammator
703:See also
677:Cold War
667:and the
570:—
556:—
500:Nagasaki
484:Cold War
371:Election
359:Election
236:New Look
231:Cold War
186:Timeline
66:Pakistan
55:warfare.
2374:Related
2222:culture
2220:Popular
1587:Cabinet
1153:Sources
1142:1356091
1085:29 June
916:2538857
46:to the
2294:(wife)
2284:Family
2085:Legacy
2025:(1948)
2003:(1960)
1987:(1959)
1971:1958;
1963:(1958)
1957:(1958)
1951:(1957)
1945:(1957)
1917:(1956)
1911:(1956)
1905:(1956)
1882:(1956)
1876:(1955)
1809:(1953)
1803:(1953)
1797:(1953)
1791:(1953)
1785:(1953)
1768:(1960)
1757:1958;
1744:(1958)
1738:(1956)
1671:(1953)
1655:1953;
1416:career
1285:
1250:
1240:
1215:
1205:
1186:
1167:
1140:
1132:
950:
922:
914:
879:
861:Osiris
616:Legacy
386:Legacy
317:Hawaii
312:Alaska
206:second
161:VE-Day
62:Israel
2300:(son)
2076:1956)
2066:1956)
2056:1956)
2015:Books
1742:DARPA
1320:(PDF)
1213:JSTOR
1130:S2CID
1079:(PDF)
944:(PDF)
920:S2CID
912:JSTOR
290:DARPA
201:first
144:D-Day
2051:1952
1759:NASA
1580:1961
1575:1960
1570:1959
1565:1958
1560:1957
1555:1956
1550:1955
1545:1955
1540:1953
1375:34th
1283:OSTI
1248:OCLC
1238:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1138:SSRN
1087:2020
1061:2014
948:ISBN
877:ISSN
842:2015
531:NATO
498:and
285:NASA
280:NDEA
64:and
2256:Ike
1275:doi
1230:doi
1122:doi
904:doi
869:doi
742:NS
647:.
2468::
1281:.
1246:.
1236:.
1228:.
1211:.
1136:.
1128:.
1118:34
1116:.
1043:^
1028:^
1018:.
918:.
910:.
900:14
898:.
875:.
865:21
863:.
859:.
832:.
475:.
2394:"
2390:"
1612:"
1608:"
1513:)
1509:(
1355:e
1348:t
1341:v
1322:.
1289:.
1277::
1254:.
1232::
1219:.
1192:.
1173:.
1144:.
1124::
1089:.
1063:.
1022:.
956:.
926:.
906::
883:.
871::
844:.
654:)
650:(
448:e
441:t
434:v
38:"
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)