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740:). The architects André and Jean Polak were responsible for the architectural transposition of the concept, drawing up numerous sketches to do so. The company received assistance from consulting engineers Artémy S. Joukoff and André Beckers, assisted by the design office V. Daniel. The foundations were launched in March 1956 and the building, erected by the Jambes-Namur Construction Workshops, was completed less than a month before the inauguration of Expo 58, on 17 April 1958.
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1049:(ARS). For example, SABAM issued a demand that a United States website remove all images of the Atomium from its pages. The website responded by replacing all such images with a warning not to take photographs of the Atomium, and that A.S.B.L. Atomium will sue any individual or group if they show the photographs to anyone. SABAM confirmed that permission is required.
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Since opening, only six of the nine spheres are accessible to the public, the three of the central axis and the three lower outer ones, each with two main floors and a lower floor reserved for service. Tubes of 3 metres (10 ft) diameter connect the spheres along the twelve edges of the cube and
1064:
to paint over the balls. SABAM responded that they would make an exception for 2008 and that people could publish private photographs for one year only on condition they were for non-commercial purposes. Anno Expo later announced they had censored part of their own report due to "complications" and
1011:
Of the six spheres accessible to the public: the bottom sphere is reserved for permanent exhibitions dedicated to the 1950s, Expo 58 and the building's construction; the second sphere hosts temporary exhibitions; the third and central spheres have flexible spaces that can be rented for events, such
806:
The three upper outer spheres lack vertical support and hence are not open to the public for safety reasons (to minimise foot traffic in the sphere). The original design called for no leg supports on the three lower outer spheres; the structure was simply to rest on the singular mid-bottom sphere.
815:
The
Atomium, designed to last six months, was not destined to survive the 1958 World's Fair, but its popularity and success made it a major element of Brussels' landscape. Its destruction was therefore postponed year after year, until the city's authorities decided to keep it. However, for thirty
944:
Though the
Atomium depicts an iron unit cell, the spheres were originally clad with aluminium. Following the 2004â2006 renovation, however, the aluminium was replaced with stainless steel, which is primarily iron. Likewise, while the subject of Atomium was chosen to depict the enthusiasm of the
1003:
The
Atomium, with over 600,000 visitors per year, is the most popular tourist attraction in Brussels, and acts as an international symbol of both the city and country. In addition to its heritage value, it is also a cultural place and an art centre. Over half of the building is dedicated to
1871:
In the precise and exclusive case of information articles related to the festivities of the fiftieth birthday of the
Atomium and of Expo 58, private pictures intended for non-commercial and non-promotional purposes, published in low resolution (max. 600 pixels wide / 72 dpi), are free from
1012:
as film showings, concerts, parties or conferences; the top sphere, in addition to the panorama, holds a restaurant; and the sixth sphere is the kids' sphere, intended for the organisation of workshops of urban pedagogy, allowing children from six to twelve years to spend the night there.
811:
tests proved that such a structure would have toppled in an 80 km/h (50 mph) wind, whilst up to 140 km/h (90 mph) winds have been recorded in
Belgium. Support columns were thus added under the three spheres in question to achieve enough resistance against overturning.
1693:
1744:"Such unlicensed reproduction and use of artwork on any Internet site with public access is considered in violation of the worldwide intellectual property rights of the rightsholders, including without limitation, copyright, trademark rights and moral rights"
1788:'Since its creation, the Atomium is a copyrighted monument and any reproduction of its image in a publication or on a website must be accompanied by a prior authorisation request to the rightholders or to Sabam,' a spokeswoman said.
936:
financed the other two thirds. To help finance the renovation, pieces of the old aluminium plates were sold to the public as souvenirs. One triangular piece about 2 metres (7 ft) long sold for âŹ1,000. In March 2006, a
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ideal to peacefully apply atomic research and other advancements in technology in order to improve lives and serve the betterment of mankind. The
Atomium's nine 18-metre-diameter (59 ft)
758:
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instructions on the
Atomium's website specific to "private pictures". The organisers of Belgian heritage, Anno Expo (planning the 50th anniversary celebrations of Expo 58), in the city of
1078:
In accordance with legislation, usage rights for the image of the
Atomium would naturally extend to 1 January 2076, in other words, the seventieth anniversary of André Waterkeyn's death.
886:, the state of the building had deteriorated and a comprehensive renovation was sorely needed. Renovation of the Atomium, carried by Belgian construction companies Jacques Delens and
792:
1775:
746:
451:(in the central, vertical tube) to allow access to the six visitable spheres, which contain exhibit halls and other public spaces. The top sphere includes a restaurant with a
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was integrated. The LED application illuminates the bulbs at night. The lights can also flash simultaneously or in turns at each meridian, symbolising the range of an
2180:
932:, and on 18 February 2006, it opened again to the public. The renovation cost âŹ26 million. Brussels and the Atomium Association paid one-third of the costs, and the
890:, began in March 2004; it was closed to the public in October of that year, and remained closed until 18 February 2006. The renovation included replacing the faded
2010:
2165:
1094:
in
Belgium. The bill was enacted into law in June 2016, allowing pictures of the Atomium, and other public buildings under copyright, to be legally distributed.
1076:
This is the case where photographs are taken by private individuals and shown on private websites for no commercial purpose (the current trend for photo albums).
1365:
862:
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2395:
417:), where the exhibition took place. It is the city's most popular tourist attraction, and serves as a museum, an art centre and a cultural destination.
913:
On 21 December 2005, the
Atomium's new outdoor lighting was tested. The meridians of each sphere were covered with rectangular steel plates, in which
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years, little maintenance work was done. Still, the building continued serving as the backdrop for major events and competitions. In 1960, the
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1488:"@wielerman @_libu_ Masculin ET féminin comme un ou une aprÚs-midi ensoleillé(e) nous disons une Atomium mais chacun est libre #atomium"
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1805:
Even if you are an American and think you are protected by U.S. copyright law Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 120, you will still be sued.
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https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2005/10/07/andre-waterkeyn-concepteur-de-l-atomium-a-bruxelles_696852_3382.html
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announced a "cultural guerrilla strike" by asking people to send in their old photographs of the Atomium and requested 100
1988:
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From the Atomium's website, the current copyright restrictions exempt private individuals under the following conditions:
622:) is used both in the masculine and in the feminine, even if the monument's official team prefers the feminine. In Dutch,
405:
as a tribute to scientific progress, as well as to symbolise Belgian engineering skills at the time, it is located on the
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The construction of the Atomium was a technical feat. In January 1955, a first project was presented by the engineer
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The Atomium is shaped like a cube on its tip and represents an elementary iron crystal magnified 165 billion times.
791:
in Europe of the time with a speed of 5 m/s (20 ft/s), installed by the Belgian branch of the Swiss firm
803:
installed in the oblique tubes are also among the longest in Europe. The biggest is 35 metres (100 ft) long.
455:
view of Brussels. The building was completely renovated between 2004 and 2006 by the companies Jacques Delens and
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2410:
2359:
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1490:[Masculine AND feminine like one or a sunny afternoon we say an Atomium but everyone is free #atomium] (
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634:) is neuter. In English, it is usually referred to with the definite article 'the' in front:
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Le Monde.fr. 2005. André Waterkeyn, concepteur de l'Atomium à Bruxelles. Available at: <
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594:, the metal with which the spheres were initially covered. The Brussels-Capital Region is
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The Atomium was built as the main pavilion and icon of the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (
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copyrights. However, the copyright © Sabam 2008 â www.atomium.be must be mentioned.
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655:). In the 1950s, faith in scientific progress was great, and a structure depicting
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magnified 165 billion times. Steel tubes connecting the spheres enclose stairs,
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736:, the Federation of Companies in the Metal Fabricating Industry (now known as
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depicting the building was issued to celebrate the renovation and reopening.
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created lighting objects and installations for the interior of the building.
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133:
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1930:"Belangrijk bericht aan de bezoekers / inzenders / photoshoppers / lezers"
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lined with continuous benches and a large step leading to the north-east.
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all eight vertices to the centre. The central tube contains the fastest
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510:, and opposite the Centenary Palace of the Brussels Exhibition Centre (
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The Atomium stands 102 metres (335 ft) tall, making it one of the
2059:(in French). Brussels: Dexia Banque â Fonds Mercator. pp. 48â50.
1803:. Glass Steel and Stone. Archived from the original on 13 March 2006.
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Closeup of the central sphere during the renovation (25 February 2005)
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The Atomium at the start of the 2004â2006 renovation (5 February 2004)
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passed in front of it on its inaugural stages. From 1960 to 1962, the
1933:
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1041:, Belgium's society for collecting copyrights, has claimed worldwide
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Construction of the supports, first tube and sphere (21 August 1957)
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1895:
1865:. Official blog of the Atomium & Expo 58. 2008. Archived from
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1801:"Atomium, The :: Boulevard du Centenaire, Brussels, Belgium"
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On 14 February 2006, the Atomium was officially reopened by then-
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was chosen to highlight humanity's advance in science, including
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679:. With the Atomium, Belgium wanted to highlight and promote the
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rights on all reproductions of the image via the United States
737:
688:
663:, which Belgium itself was an avid practitioner ever since the
429:
410:
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2078:(in French). Brussels: CFC Ăditions. pp. 89â95, 165â169.
1282:"Square de l'Atomium â Inventaire du patrimoine architectural"
799:). It allows 22 people to reach the summit in 23 seconds. The
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referred to a meeting they had with SABAM. Mechelen's mayor,
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around its core. In addition, the German industrial designer
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717:, the Atomium's engineer, in front of a model of his creation
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Atomium renovation and interior design by Conix Architects
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View of the main avenue towards the Atomium during Expo 58
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1776:"100 'photoshoppers' wanted to erase copyright building"
297:
1412:"Belgium pavilion to serve up 'belgitude' (with fries)"
1694:"Visit Atomium - Mini-Europe - Design Museum Brussels"
898:, as well as building a new reception pavilion with a
752:
The start of the erection of the frame (11 April 1957)
1954:
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A photograph of the Atomium, censored due to lack of
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Atomium : masculin ou féminin? / "de" of "het"?
1220:
598:; hence, both the monument's French and Dutch namesâ
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Bruxelles, sur les traces des ingénieurs bùtisseurs
1746:. Chillingeffects.org. 14 July 2003. Archived from
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347:
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329:
1667:. Veerle Pieters. 16 February 2006. Archived from
1349:
1347:
1345:
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1688:
1686:
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671:became the dominant source of material used for
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1830:
1519:"The forgotten mine that built the atomic bomb"
1340:
1082:In the summer of 2015, Belgian political party
902:-shaped roof. At the foot of the building, the
824:automobile race was organised not far from it.
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2181:
2040:(in French). Brussels: CIVA. pp. 47â48.
1773:
1069:, called the Atomium copyright rules absurd.
1015:
695:atoms in the shape of the body-centred cubic
646:
2035:
1989:"Selfies aan Atomium weldra helemaal legaal"
1590:(in German). structurae.de. 24 February 2006
1052:Ralf Ziegermann remarked on the complicated
949:, iron is not and cannot be used as fuel in
776:Completion of the upper spheres (early 1958)
675:, including that used for the world's first
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2197:Tallest buildings and structures in Belgium
1541:"Atomium: The Beginning of the Nuclear era"
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77:
2396:Buildings and structures completed in 1958
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1199:Restaurant above the main observation deck
1004:exhibitions with themes about Belgium and
424:. Its nine 18-metre-diameter (59 ft)
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725:, director of the economic department of
699:that could for example represent α-iron (
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1882:
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1300:
840:during the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (
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2036:Attas, David; Provost, Michel (2011).
2011:"Moniteur Belge â Belgisch Staatsblad"
1955:Christophe Callewaert (9 April 2008).
1271:
16:Landmark building in Brussels, Belgium
2169:
2055:Devos, Rika; De Kooning, Mil (2006).
1324:RĂ©gion de Bruxelles-Capitale (2018).
1239:List of tallest structures in Belgium
868:Cyclists pass the Atomium during the
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617:
377:
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2406:World's fair architecture in Belgium
2386:Buildings and structures in Brussels
1877:
993:after renovation (11 September 2007)
1637:"Lichtdesigner Ingo Maurer ist tot"
1634:
1628:
1389:from the original on 6 October 2022
13:
2057:L'architecture moderne Ă l'Expo 58
1831:Ralf Ziegermann (5 January 2008).
1635:Hof, Elisa von (22 October 2019).
1588:"Atomium (1958) | Structurae"
1022:Freedom of panorama § Belgium
14:
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2416:Modernist architecture in Belgium
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1111:The Atomium during civil twilight
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432:are connected in the shape of a
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2391:Tourist attractions in Brussels
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2003:
1981:
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1894:. 10 April 2008. Archived from
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1774:Simon Aughton (21 April 2008).
1736:
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1602:
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1211:Interior stairs to ground level
707:, magnified 165 billion times.
462:The building is located on the
2345:Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp
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1371:
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1187:Exterior (emergency) staircase
1:
1486:@atomium (28 November 2013).
1259:
474:, at the intersection of the
422:tallest structures in Belgium
2360:St Martin's Cathedral, Ypres
2074:Tribot, Pierre-Jean (2008).
1264:
1090:, proposed a bill to enable
795:(subsequently taken over by
397:). Designed by the engineer
7:
1610:"Restauration de l'Atomium"
1216:
894:sheets on the spheres with
516:Heysel/Heizel metro station
35:General view of the Atomium
10:
2437:
2350:Church of Our Lady, Bruges
2076:Bruxelles 58 année-lumiÚre
1991:. demorgen.be. 10 May 2016
1978:, retrieved 26 March 2010.
1932:(in Dutch). Archived from
1286:monument.heritage.brussels
1097:
1086:, part of the then-ruling
1019:
1016:Worldwide copyright claims
647:Inception and construction
641:
610:âare official. In French,
274:: Lines 3, 7, 9, 51 and 93
2322:
2291:Mechelen-Zuid water tower
2283:
2210:
1816:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
989:Illuminated spheres with
939:2 euro commemorative coin
822:Brussels Motor Grand Prix
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2296:Sint-Pieters-Leeuw Tower
2159:2 September 2011 at the
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436:that could represent an
196:102 m (335 ft)
2365:St. Rumbold's Cathedral
2335:Brussels Justice Palace
2126:18 January 2013 at the
2013:. ejustice.just.fgov.be
1888:"The balls of Brussels"
477:Boulevard du Centenaire
201:Design and construction
2421:Copyright infringement
2411:Modernist architecture
2154:Atomium's architecture
2149:Atomium: virtual visit
1833:"Atomium and Expo '58"
1665:"The Atomium restored"
1244:Design Museum Brussels
1163:connecting the spheres
1080:
1047:Artists Rights Society
1035:
878:Renovation (2004â2006)
718:
624:
612:
606:
600:
413:(northern part of the
1379:"The Atomium's Shape"
1328:(in French). Brussels
1074:
1043:intellectual property
1029:
1020:Further information:
782:Expo 58 and posterity
713:
631:[aËËtoËmijÉm]
407:Heysel/Heizel Plateau
379:[aËËtoËmijÉm]
247:Public transit access
2301:VRT Zendstation Egem
2108:at Wikimedia Commons
1976:Atomium.be copyright
1898:on 5 September 2008.
1671:on 23 September 2017
1568:. Atomium Foundation
1475:– via YouTube.
1123:The Atomium by night
586:combining the words
403:André and Jean Polak
210:André and Jean Polak
150:Construction started
134:50.89472°N 4.34111°E
2284:Radio and TV towers
2255:North Galaxy Towers
1957:"Sabam in het nauw"
1418:. 24 September 2020
1249:History of Brussels
1092:freedom of panorama
1088:Michel I Government
1032:freedom of panorama
882:By the turn of the
870:47th Tour de France
818:47th Tour de France
514:). It is served by
489:Avenue de l'Atomium
465:Square de l'Atomium
401:and the architects
234:Jacques Delens and
130: /
73:Square de l'Atomium
58:Architectural style
45:General information
2340:Brussels Town Hall
2311:Zendmast Ruiselede
2270:World Trade Center
1254:Culture of Belgium
1036:
1034:rights at the time
934:Belgian Government
719:
501:Avenue de Bouchout
2373:
2372:
2306:Wavre transmitter
2250:Madou Plaza Tower
2104:Media related to
2085:978-2-930018-91-1
2066:978-90-6153-642-0
2047:978-2-930391-39-7
1962:Indymedia Belgium
1863:"Copyright photo"
951:nuclear reactions
619:[atÉmjÉm]
370:[atÉmjÉm]
314:
313:
242:Other information
139:50.89472; 4.34111
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2114:Official website
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1839:. Archived from
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2230:Belgacom Towers
2220:Artevelde Tower
2206:
2199:
2194:
2161:Wayback Machine
2128:Wayback Machine
2112:
2111:
2096:
2086:
2067:
2048:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2008:
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1994:
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1982:
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1953:
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1939:
1937:
1928:
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1147:Several spheres
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930:Prince Philippe
896:stainless steel
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774:
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762:
753:
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729:
723:André Waterkeyn
715:André Waterkeyn
685:stainless steel
677:nuclear weapons
673:nuclear fission
661:nuclear physics
649:
644:
576:
543:
539:
532:
426:stainless steel
399:André Waterkeyn
374:
365:
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325:
321:
296:
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231:Renovating firm
226:Renovating team
220:André Waterkeyn
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2355:Pont de Wandre
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2151:
2146:
2144:Webcam Atomium
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2109:
2095:
2094:External links
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2091:
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2071:
2065:
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2025:
2024:
2002:
1980:
1968:
1947:
1936:on 14 May 2008
1921:
1901:
1876:
1854:
1843:on 12 May 2012
1837:The Cartoonist
1823:
1792:
1761:
1735:
1710:
1698:Visit Brussels
1682:
1656:
1627:
1601:
1579:
1557:
1532:
1517:Swain, Frank.
1509:
1478:
1454:
1442:visit.brussels
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1135:Central sphere
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2240:Finance Tower
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2012:
2006:
1990:
1984:
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1545:bie-paris.org
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1494:) (in French)
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1062:photoshoppers
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665:Belgian Congo
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512:Brussels Expo
483:Eeuwfeestlaan
471:Atomiumsquare
460:
458:
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260:Heysel/Heizel
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193:Antenna spire
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79:Atomiumsquare
70:
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63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2329:
2313:
2260:Rogier Tower
2136:
2075:
2056:
2037:
2030:Bibliography
2015:. Retrieved
2005:
1993:. Retrieved
1983:
1971:
1960:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1934:the original
1924:
1904:
1896:the original
1891:
1870:
1867:the original
1857:
1847:16 September
1845:. Retrieved
1841:the original
1836:
1826:
1804:
1795:
1787:
1784:the original
1780:MacUser News
1779:
1752:. Retrieved
1748:the original
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1722:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:the original
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1640:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1613:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1544:
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1512:
1502:– via
1496:. Retrieved
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1463:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1415:
1406:
1398:
1391:. Retrieved
1382:
1373:
1360:
1330:. Retrieved
1290:. Retrieved
1285:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1051:
1037:
1010:
1006:digital arts
1002:
991:LED lighting
943:
927:
915:LED lighting
912:
881:
838:gondola lift
814:
805:
785:
720:
691:depict nine
650:
635:
628:(pronounced
616:(pronounced
538:(pronounced
535:
533:
507:Boechoutlaan
461:
419:
389:building in
317:
315:
277:
269:
253:
206:Architect(s)
87:Town or city
18:
2314:(destroyed)
2265:South Tower
2225:Astro Tower
2212:Skyscrapers
1965:(in Dutch).
1728:25 November
1703:14 November
1645:(in German)
1642:Der Spiegel
1616:(in French)
1467:(in French)
1447:20 November
1332:29 December
1292:20 November
1288:(in French)
1159:One of the
1067:Bart Somers
923:Ingo Maurer
809:wind tunnel
730: [
636:the Atomium
625:het Atomium
607:het Atomium
584:portmanteau
495:Atomiumlaan
137: /
112:Coordinates
24:The Atomium
2380:Categories
2138:Structurae
1918:(in Dutch)
1912:.anno-expo
1723:atomium.be
1649:22 October
1620:14 January
1422:14 January
1383:Atomium.be
1260:References
1161:escalators
947:Atomic Age
904:roundabout
884:millennium
801:escalators
727:Fabrimétal
445:escalators
306:References
122:50°53âČ41âłN
2245:KBC Tower
1719:"Atomium"
1566:"History"
1438:"Atomium"
1326:"Atomium"
1265:Citations
1175:Stairwell
1054:copyright
908:esplanade
900:boomerang
892:aluminium
807:However,
797:Schindler
793:Schlieren
697:unit cell
613:l'Atomium
601:l'Atomium
596:bilingual
592:aluminium
534:The name
486:with the
453:panoramic
434:unit cell
387:modernist
282:: Line 83
183:2004â2006
180:Renovated
165:Completed
125:4°20âČ28âłE
62:Modernism
2235:Brusilia
2157:Archived
2124:Archived
2017:27 March
1995:27 March
1812:cite web
1387:Archived
1217:See also
1084:Open Vld
1058:Mechelen
919:electron
789:elevator
681:post-war
498:and the
449:elevator
391:Brussels
384:landmark
216:Engineer
2401:Expo 58
2330:Atomium
2133:Atomium
2106:Atomium
1754:20 June
1675:20 June
1614:Beliris
1572:29 July
1550:20 July
1525:20 July
1504:Twitter
1498:9 April
1471:9 April
1393:9 March
1368:> .
1098:Gallery
842:Expo 58
705:crystal
701:ferrite
689:spheres
669:uranium
653:Expo 58
642:History
582:) is a
579:-mee-Ém
536:Atomium
522:of the
447:and an
441:crystal
430:spheres
395:Expo 58
382:) is a
366:French:
361:-mee-Ém
318:Atomium
290:Website
170: (
155: (
106:Belgium
103:Country
68:Address
2082:
2063:
2044:
1940:28 May
1594:5 July
738:Agoria
530:Naming
520:line 6
411:Laeken
375:Dutch:
262:(line
188:Height
92:Laeken
50:Status
2323:Other
1521:. BBC
1492:Tweet
1039:SABAM
999:Usage
888:BESIX
734:]
687:clad
657:atoms
457:BESIX
428:clad
255:Metro
236:BESIX
90:1020
2080:ISBN
2061:ISBN
2042:ISBN
2019:2017
1997:2017
1942:2008
1892:embe
1849:2013
1818:link
1756:2015
1730:2018
1705:2023
1677:2015
1651:2019
1622:2021
1596:2012
1574:2016
1552:2022
1527:2022
1500:2022
1473:2022
1449:2021
1424:2021
1416:MEED
1395:2023
1334:2023
1294:2021
693:iron
604:and
590:and
588:atom
438:iron
316:The
271:Tram
172:1958
168:1958
157:1956
153:1956
53:Open
2135:at
1914:.eu
1910:www
667:'s
577:TOH
518:on
409:in
359:TOH
279:Bus
2382::
1959:.
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1810:{{
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