Assyrians in Iraq - Knowledge

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massacred by Kurds in 1843. In 1915 Kurds massacred more than 27,000 Assyrians in Urmia region alone and destroyed more than 100 villages Assyrian villages in March 1915 alone. In 1916 Kurds and Turks massacred Assyrians in Bohtan region. Both Kurdish and Turkish nationalists deny the fact that Assyrians were the original inhabitants of south-eastern Turkey and northern Iraq. The Assyrian population was so small in the aftermath of the genocide that the region called Assyria in ancient times came to be known as "Kurdistan". The Kurds and Turks cynically resisted Assyrian and Armenian efforts to attain statehood after World War II. While the Kurdish population doubled from two million in 1970 to four million in 2002, the Christian population decreased.

903:, for having written articles on the Internet critical of the KDP. He was sentenced to 30 years in prison. Some activists have claimed that membership in Kurdish parties is necessary to obtain "employment and educational opportunities" in Iraqi Kurdistan. The US State department report said that "Kurdish authorities abused and discriminated against minorities in the North, including Turcomen, Arabs, Christians, and Shabak", and that Kurdish authorities "denied services to some villages, arrested minorities without due process and took them to undisclosed locations for detention, and pressured minority schools to teach in the Kurdish language". Christian minorities in Kirkuk also "charged that Kurdish security forces targeted Arabs and Turcomen". 460:

Assyrians residing at the Thuma region have been massacred...." British writer William Eagleton said that "in 1843 and 1846, Bedirhan started a massacre and booting campaign against the Christian Assyrians (Nestorians) he was anxious about whose getting stronger and independent through becoming able to rule themselves. It was intolerable for Bedirhan to see the Assyrians living on his own territories getting stronger. Thus he killed ten thousand Assyrians. Even though Bedirhan was a feudal tribal leader, he was expressing the aspirations of Kurdish nationalism." Kurdish and Arab attacks on Assyrians continued, culminating in the August 1933 Simele massacres. About 3000 Assyrians were killed in that single month alone.

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Kurdish political parties "encouraged and supported resettlement of Kurds in Kirkuk outside the framework of the IPCC". However Arabs remained "in antagonistic and extremely poor conditions, facing pressure from Kurdish authorities to leave the province". In 2015 elections, many of the mostly Christian residents in the Nineveh Plain were unable to vote, "polling places did not open, ballot boxes were not delivered, and incidents of voter fraud and intimidation occurred". Kurdish militia refused to "allow ballot boxes to pass to predominantly Christian villages". The KRG also reportedly "pressured NGOs into hiring only Kurds and dismissing non-Kurds on security grounds"."

955:, said most young Syriacs were trying to get out of Iraq. "Most of our young people are trying to get out of Iraq and Syria. They find it difficult to stay in Iraq, because they have lost confidence in their government, they have faced so much persecution. More than 60,000 Syriacs were forced to leave the Nineveh Plain in one night. In total, more than 120,000 Christians were obliged to flee to Kurdistan, and from there they have been going to the west. A good number returned home, and that is a good sign, because we have a mission in this part of the Middle East. But many families are still trying to get out." 649:

freedom of speech, religion, movement, and press are strongly restricted throughout Iraq, these freedoms do exist to a certain extent in parts of the Kurd-controlled area "(USDOS 25 Feb. 2000). However, reports regarding isolated human rights abuses continued in 1999. The US State government reported that in 1999 Assyrian Christian Helena Aloun Sawa was murdered, and according to AINA, "the murder resembles a well-established pattern of complicity by Kurdish authorities in attacks against Assyrian Christians in the north". The murder was investigated by a commission appointed by the

4165: 444:"rose in revolt against the "atheist government of Ankara" and demanded autonomy, the restoration of religious laws and of the sultanate". In 1932 Iraqi forces commanded by Kurdish general Bakr Sidki killed 600 Assyrians at Simel, near Mosul. Kurds committed the slaughter "in which 65 Nestorian villages in northern Iraq were plundered and burned down, priests were tortured and Christians were forced to renounce their religion while others in Dohuk were deported and about a 100 were shot". In 1843 Nestorians in the Tauris region refused to pay Kurds the 4154: 91: 1145: 530: 490: 2446:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 2005. March 8, 2006. "The Kurdish parties also control "the pursuit of formal education and the granting of academic positions". In 2015 Kurdish security forces in Bartalah reportedly broke up a peaceful demonstration by Shabak people, thereby assaulting several demonstrators. The US State department reported on allegations that the KRG discriminated against Christian minorities. Christians living in areas north of 5474: 5484: 4176: 5078: 98: 636:. Aramaic was also to be taught at intermediate and secondary schools in which the majority of students spoke that language in addition to Arabic, but it never happened. Special Assyrian programs were to be broadcast on public radio and television and three Syriac-language magazines were planned to be published in the capital. An Association of Syriac-Speaking Authors and Writers had also been established. 5066: 27: 936:

targeted in a series of bombings in Erbil in 1998 to 1999, and Assyrian groups have criticized the KRG for the lack of investigation. According to the US Department of State the KDP blockaded Assyrian villages in 1999 and "later entered the villages and beat villagers". However, after invervention by the International Committee of the Red Cross the KDP left the villages again.

715:". This process became an object of controversy, cited by some critics as the biggest American mistake made in the immediate aftermath of the Invasion of Iraq, and as one of the main causes in the deteriorating security situation throughout Iraq. Social unrest and chaos resulted in the unprovoked persecution of Assyrians in Iraq mostly by 667:

sources "regional Kurdish authorities refused to allow the classes to begin." However, details of this practice were not available, and Kurdish authorities denied the accusations. In 1999, the Kurdistan Observer claimed that "the Central Government had warned the administration in the Kurdish region against allowing

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Beginning in August 1933 Iraqi soldiers and Kurdish militia killed thousands of Assyrias in Simele (Iraq). The massacre had a big influence on Raphael Lemkin, the jurist who coined the word "genocide. The Simmele Massacre is also commemorated yearly with the official Assyrian Martyrs Day on 7 August.

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In 2009, the Kurdistan Regional Government reported that more than 40,000 Christians had moved from Baghdad, Basra and Mosul to the Iraqi Kurdistan cities. The reports also stated that the number of Christian families moving to Iraqi Kurdistan is growing and they were providing support and financial

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describing them as a blood-thirsty savage population which is used to plundering and a nomadic life. Kurds also played a major part in the Ottoman army, also through the Hamidiye. The Kurdish chieftain Bedr Khan during his rise to power massacred about 10,000 Assyrians in 1842. Nestorian tribes were

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Global Catholic Network; after being informed about the deteriorating situation of the Assyrians; President Bush was quoted as saying "This is a Muslim government that has failed to protect the Christians. In fact, it discriminates against them....It's time to order U.S. troops to protect Christian

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in Mosul. Iskander's church as well as several other churches placed 30 large posters around the city to distance themselves from the Pope's words. The relatives of the Christian priest who was beheaded three days later in Mosul, have said that his Muslim captors had demanded his church condemn the

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have criticized that while Kurds are very well funded, the Assyrian Christians receive almost no funding for their schools. Assyrians have also said that Kurds have modified and falsified school textbooks (kurdification) and changed traditional Christian names to Kurdish names. In textbooks it was

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Reports from various sources "indicate a better human rights situation overall in the Kurdish-controlled areas of Northern Iraq than exists elsewhere in the country" (AI 2000, 135; U.K. Immigration & Nationality Directorate Sept. 1999; USDOS 25 Feb. 2000) Also, according to the reports, "while

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Leaders of Iraq's Christian community estimate that over two-thirds of the country's Christian population may have fled the country or been internally displaced since the US-led invasion in 2003. While exact numbers are unknown, reports suggest that whole neighborhoods of Christians have left the

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Education in any language other than Arabic and Kurdish was prohibited by the government in Baghdad. Therefore, Assyrians were not permitted to attend classes in Syriac. In the Kurdish-controlled northern areas, classes in Syriac have been permitted since 1991. However, according to some Assyrian

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and Armenian people and ordered to massacre and annihilate them". Kurdish writers have recounted that "the Kurdish troops attacked the Assyrians and started slaughters. Consequently, a few Assyrians were killed, their villages were destroyed and set into fire... For the second time, in 1846, the

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The US State government also reported that in Kurdish controlled areas Assyrian schools and classes Syriac were not permitted or prevented in some cases. There were also incidents of mob violence by Kurdistan Workers party (KWP) against Christians in northern Iraq. Christian Assyrians were also

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In 2011, Islamist extremists assassinated Christians randomly using sniper rifles. Two months before the incident, two Christians had been shot for unknown reasons in Baghdad and two other Christians had been shot by Jihadis in Mosul. Human rights organizations have recorded 66 assault cases on

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According to the UK Immigration & Nationality Directorate, "the Central Government has engaged various abuses against the Assyrian Christians, and has often suspected them of 'collaborating' with Kurds" (Sept. 1999). According to a report by The World Directory of Minorities "Assyrians were

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said that the KRG seized their property without compensation and that the KRG began building Kurdish settlements on their land. Assyrian Christians also said that the "KDP-dominated judiciary routinely discriminated against non-Muslims and legal judgments in their favor were not enforced". The

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were targeted by car bombs, killing 13-year-old worshipper Fadi Raad Elias. No militants claimed to be retaliating for the pictures, nor was this the first time Iraqi churches have been bombed; but the bishop of the church stated "The church blasts were a reaction to the cartoons published in

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in 1993 is "allowed to walk around freely" in Kurdistan. The impunity for those who attacked or killed Assyrians in the Kurdistan region was criticized. Assyrian Christian David Jindo was one of many murdered Christian politicians. Other prominent Assyrian leaders who were killed by Kurdish

448:, and "by way of reprisal 4350 Nestroians were slaughtered, about 400 women and children were reduced to slavery and all their houses and churches destroyed". Historians have noted that in "Kurdistan Jews, Nestorians and Armenians were subject to tallage and corvees at whim of authorities". 1019:

stating, "Expel the (Assyrian) Crusaders and infidels from the streets, schools, and institutions because they have offended the person of the prophet." It has been reported that Muslim students beat up a Christian student at Mosul University in response to the fatwa on the same day.

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to protect Assyrian towns, villages and regions in the north. In 2008 the Assyrian Archbishop Paulos Faraj Rahho of the Chaldean Catholic Church in Mosul was assassinated by some Kurds while some have claimed assassins were hired by local Arab tribes. Rahho was a defender of Assyrian

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in 2013 by General Aref al-Zebari and his brother Habib al-Hares Zabari, reportedly by Kurdish peshmerga soldiers. It has been reported that many Assyrian girls are forced into prostitution by Kurdish criminal organizations, and the families of these girls have also been threatened.

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but no results of the investigation were reported by year's end. There were also incidents of mob violence by Muslims against Christians in northern Iraq. Christian Assyrians were also targeted in a series of bombings in Erbil in 1998 to 1999, and Assyrian groups have criticized the

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The bill turned out to be a failure. The radio stations created as the result of this decree were closed after a few months. While the two magazines were allowed to be published, only 10 percent of their material was in Aramaic. No school was allowed to teach in Aramaic either.

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In 2008, the charity Barnabas conducted research into 250 Iraqi Christian IDPs who had fled to the north of the country (Iraqi Kurdistan) to seek refugee status and found nearly half had witnessed attacks on churches or Christians, or been personally targeted by violence.

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Iraqi Christians have been victims of executions, forced displacement campaigns, torture, violence and the target of Islamist groups like al-Qaeda and ISIS. Since the 2003 Iraq War, Iraqi Christians have fled from the country and their population has collapsed under the

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on 30 September 2005 led to an increase in violence against the Assyrian community. At first, the cartoons did not get much attention, but when the Egyptian media picked up on the publication in late December 2005, violence and protests erupted around the world.

587:. After engaging in several unsuccessful clashes with armed Assyrian tribesmen, on 11 August 1933, Sidqi permitted his men to attack and kill about 3,000 unarmed Assyrian civilian villagers, including women, children and the elderly, at the Assyrian villages of 658:

for the lack of investigation. According to the AINA, the KDP blockaded Assyrian villages in 1999 and "later entered the villages and beat villagers". However, after invervention by the International Committee of the Red Cross the KDP left the villages again.

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Boy Scout Battalions) threatened to kill all Christians in Iraq if the Pope does not apologize to Muhammad within three days. Christian leaders in Iraq asked their parishioners not to leave their homes, after two Assyrians were stabbed and killed in Baghdad.

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Kurdish and Turkish militia began attacking Christians, plundering Assyrian villages. In 1915 Kurds and Turks plundered villages, about 7000 Assyrians were killed. In 1915 Turkish troops "with Kurdish detachments" committed mass slaughters of Assyrians in

807:(ISIS) ordered all Christians in the area of its control, where the Iraqi Army had collapsed, to pay a special tax of approximately $ 470 per family, convert to Islam, or be killed. Many of them took refuge in nearby Kurdish-controlled regions of Iraq. 595:. Having scapegoated the Assyrians as dangerous national traitors, this massacre of unarmed civilians became a symbol of national pride, and enhanced Sidqi's prestige. The British, though represented by a powerful military presence as provided by the 906:

Assyrians have criticized the kurdification of the school curricula, and have complained about the confiscation and occupation of Assyrian lands, and "that the Kurds invent new and impossible laws when the legitimate owners ask for their lands".

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Kurdish-Christian Armenian relations were bitter at the turn of the 19th century and land conflicts were a major problem. Many Christians and Europeans regarded the Kurds as barbarians and a major threat, the French consul at

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also took part in the liberation of the key oil cities of Kirkuk and Mosul in the north, the Assyrians were not invited to join the steering committee that was charged with defining Iraq's future. The ethnic make-up of the

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regime initially tried to change the suppression of Assyrians in Iraq through different laws that were passed. On 20 February 1972, the government passed the law to recognize the cultural rights of Assyrians by allowing

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expressed his "closeness to Christians", whom he called "brothers" in the face of this "attack that changed their joy to sadness and anxiety". Two days later, on 8 January, two more churches were bombed in the city of

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According to the UK Immigration & Nationality Directorate "despite Tariq Aziz's lofty position in the Baghdad regime, Christians have little political influence in the Ba'ath government" (Sept. 1999).

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http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geusM03GBKm5MAw7VXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTByMDhrMzdqBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDNQRjb2xvA2FjMgR2dGlkAw--/SIG=12dpb27io/EXP=1247948212/**http://www.iraqslogger.com/downloads/Iraqis_in_Jordan.pdf

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unable to avoid the Kurdish conflict. As with the Kurds, some supported the government, others allied themselves with the Kurdish nationalist movement" (Minority Rights Group International 1997, 346).

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http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuyrT32BK5qIAHqhXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTBybnZlZnRlBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMQRjb2xvA2FjMgR2dGlkAw--/SIG=12cuifo46/EXP=1247949139/**http://www3.brookings.edu/fp/projects/idp/200706iraq.pdf

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In 2006, an Orthodox priest, Boulos Iskander, was snatched off the streets of Mosul by a Sunni Arab group that demanded a ransom. His body was later found, with his arms and legs having been cut off.

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Kurdish KDP security forces have been criticized for human rights abuses, abuses "ranged from threats and intimidation to detention in undisclosed locations without due process." In 2015, the local

841:. By early August 2004 this persecution included church bombings, and fundamentalist groups' enforcement of Muslim codes of behavior upon Christians, e.g., banning alcohol, forcing women to wear 5363: 768:

in southern Baghdad, with some Sunni extremists accusing the Christians of being allies of the Americans. A total number of 239 similar cases were registered by police between 2007 and 2009.

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There have been reports of writing on Assyrian church doors stating "If the Pope does not apologise, we will bomb all churches, kill more Christians and steal their property and money."

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In 2008, a priest called Ragheed Ganni, was shot dead in his church along with three of his companions. In the same year, there were reports that Christian students were being harassed.

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The Assyrian repression marked the entrance of the military into Iraqi politics, a pattern that has periodically re-emerged since 1958, and offered an excuse for enlarging conscription.

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took place during the Sunday evening Mass in churches in Baghdad and Mosul, killing and wounding a large number of Christians. The Jordanian jihadist and 1st emir of Al-Qaeda in Iraq

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Eric Davis, Memories of State (Los Angeles: University of California Press 2005): 62; Records of Iraq, v. 7, Consul Mon ypenny to Mr. Ogilvie- Forbes, 21 Aug. 1933, 580. Cited

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priest with Saint Peter's Church in Baghdad's Karada neighbourhood, was killed by gunmen while travelling in a car on 5 April 2008. On 11 April, President Bush was interviewed by

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Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached.

2533: 1734:"Twelfth periodic reports of States parties due in 1993: Iraq. 14/06/96, Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (the Iraqi government's point of view)" 1530: 436:". In these places "the system of persecutions and extorsions became intolerable to populations who had become accustomed to their slavery". According to Cambon, the 5368: 5343: 5258: 5238: 5188: 5158: 5148: 1660: 5454: 5333: 5328: 5208: 3086: 5398: 5348: 5303: 5283: 5273: 5173: 5373: 5288: 5153: 1008:

in Iraq now feel like "Westerners should not give wild statements everyone can attack us " and "Today I'm afraid to walk the streets, because I'm Christian."

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self-administration. Some observers have claimed that Kurdish KDP forces often used to practice their shooting on important Assyrian cultural heritage sites.

5418: 5253: 5183: 5168: 5163: 4986: 2848: 932:(one of the first female Peshmerga) and Francis Shabo. Many of these figures were killed "in spite of their attempts to engage with, or work under, Kurds". 5459: 5378: 5313: 5293: 5228: 5203: 5193: 5178: 1979: 1081:

The Iraqi militia Jaish al-Mujahedin (Holy Warriors' Army) announced its intention to "destroy their cross in the heart of Rome… and to hit the Vatican."

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registered protest against what they said was an insulting mischaracterization of Islam, contained in the quotation by the Pope of the following passage:

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Despite the Pope's comments dying down in the media, attacks on Assyrian Christians continued and on 9 October Islamic extremist group kidnapped priest

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churches and monasteries until 2012, as well as about 200 kidnappings. On 30 May 2011, a Christian man was beheaded by a Salafi extremist in Mosul.

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refused reforms and persisted in "maintaining a veritable regime of terror, arrests, assassinations and rape.". In 1924 the Muslim Kurds around

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was one of the smaller political parties that emerged in the social chaos of the occupation. Its officials say that while armed members of the

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Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide by Bat Yeʼor. see in hommaire de hell, voyage en turquie 2:22-24, where it is recounted

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a Syrian Catholic church in Baghdad during Sunday evening Mass on 31 October, killing more than 60 and wounding 78 Iraqi Christians.

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Forgotten Genocides: Oblivion, Denial, and Memory herausgegeben, Rene Lemarchand. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011 Chapter 7.

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On 2 August 2011 a Catholic church was bombed by Sunni extremists in the Turkmen area of Kirkuk, wounding more than 23 Christians.

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Arabic and its Alternatives: Religious Minorities and their Languages in the Emerging Nation States of the Middle East (1920-1950)

3113: 1508: 5388: 4311: 2519: 1919: 1267: 3596:"Minorities in Iraq: National Legal Framework, Political Participation, and the Future of Citizenship Given the Current Changes" 2966: 884:. This led some Assyrians and Iraqi and foreign politicians to call for an Assyrian Christian autonomous region in those areas. 4626: 4620: 1707:

Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century, Sargon Donabed Edinburgh University Press, 2015

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even claimed that some biblical figures were Kurdish. It was reported that the man accused of killing the Christian politician

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During July 1933, about 800 armed Assyrians headed for the Syrian border, where they were turned back by the French. While

5408: 4961: 3059: 1308: 918: 139: 1545:""""THE SIMELE MASSACRE AS A CAUSE OF IRAQI NATIONALISM: HOW AN ASSYRIAN GENOCIDE CREATED IRAQI MARTIAL NATIONALISM """" 4638: 3854: 2763: 2354: 1102: 1657:"The Assyrian Genocide, 1914 to 1923 and 1933 up to the present | Rutgers–Newark Colleges of Arts & Sciences" 3786: 66: 4164: 3313:"They that Remain: Syrian and Iraqi Christian Communities amid the Syria Conflict and the Rise of the Islamic State" 1410: 1208:

numbers report on Iraq estimated 98,000 Chaldeans, 30,000 Nestorians, 25,000 Syriac Catholics and 12,000 Jacobites.

5020: 3132: 2852: 1389: 4306: 4080: 2216: 2132:"Religious minorities in the Arab world between terrorism and crises of fragile States: Observation and Analysis" 700: 696: 5518: 5198: 4701: 4686: 4668: 4644: 4549: 4374: 2512:"Syria Comment » Archives "The Assyrians of Syria: History and Prospets" by Mardean Isaac - Syria Comment" 1944: 1695:

The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone, Janet Klein Stanford University Press, 2011

1257: 820: 455:(also known as Bedirhan) called the Kurdish Muslims to fight a sacred war against Christian Syriac, Nestorian, 2791: 845:. The violence against the community has led to the exodus of perhaps as much as half of the community. While 5513: 4555: 4516: 4430: 4301: 3847: 3834: 2557: 1733: 1148: 888: 655: 3424:"Ethnic and Religious Factors of Chaldo-Assyrian Identity in an Interface with the Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan" 2331: 5040: 5015: 4951: 4715: 2142: 1272: 823:

briefly (September 2003 – June 2004) guiding Iraq after the invasion included a single Assyrian Christian,

815: 811: 783: 5025: 4971: 4834: 4532: 4251: 4226: 4220: 4143: 4025: 3925: 1366:"Erasing the Legacy of Khabour: Destruction of Assyrian Cultural Heritage in the Khabour Region of Syria" 2317: 2275: 1783: 541: 501: 5508: 5035: 4257: 3913: 3908: 3664: 3503:"Assyrian Christians in Iraq, the League of Nations and Transnational Christian Advocacy (1920s–1940s)" 1247: 896: 751: 650: 596: 3251:"Arabic and the Syriac Christians in Iraq: Three Levels of Loyalty to the Arabist Project (1920-1950)" 2434:

HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT ON ASSYRIANS IN IRAQ 2013, by Assyria Council of Europe and the Assyria Foundation

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In 2007, there were reports of a push to drive Christians out of the historically Christian suburb of

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Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War

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Islam controversy arose from a lecture delivered on 12 September 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI at the

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with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans

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In-Between Spaces: Christian and Muslim Minorities in Transition in Europe and the Middle East

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Assyrians, Kurds, and Ottomans: Intercommunal Relations on the Periphery of the Ottoman Empire

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in Mosul and Baghdad were coordinately attacked with multiple car bombs. Iraqi vice-president

4424: 4400: 3641: 3595: 2937: 2493: 2443: 2001: 1223: 827:, a leader of the Assyrian Democratic Movement and an opponent of Saddam Hussein since 1979. 688: 441: 196: 2911: 1319:اشبال) as meaning "lion cub; a capable young man, brave youth, young athlete." Compare with 1237:

has determined the Assyrian population of Iraq to be at a total of 142,105 in October 2022.

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European papers. But Christians are not responsible for what is published in Europe." Many

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https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=akron1464911392&disposition=inline

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A large number of Assyrians have found refuge in ancient Assyrian Christian villages in

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almost 1000 people were beheaded and 5000 Assyrian women were taken to Kurdish harems.

336: 296: 2494:"Murderers of Iraqi Kurdistan MP Francis Yousif Shabo lives in KDP controlled regions" 5483: 5213: 4976: 4946: 4773: 4710: 4561: 4364: 3983: 3806: 3751: 3734: 3701: 3649: 3626: 3603: 3580: 3559: 3536: 3510: 3487: 3477: 3445: 3431: 3408: 3385: 3362: 3341: 3320: 3297: 3280: 3266: 3235: 2541: 2304: 2262: 2189: 2052: 2023: 1770: 1618: 1568:

The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies Richard G. Hovannisian (2011).

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be taught schools in which the majority of pupils spoke that language in addition to

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elsewhere. A significant number have emigrated to the United States, notably to the

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of the "Assyrian problem". This policy was implemented by an Iraqi-Kurd, General

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Middle Eastern Christians and Europe: Historical Legacies and Present Challenges

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From a Child's Perspective: Detroit Metropolitan Census 2000 Fact Sheets Series

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Arab, Chaldean, and Middle Eastern Children and Families in the Tri-County Area

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Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century

3262: 3036: 2777: 2759: 2674: 5502: 5477: 4573: 4180: 4158: 4040: 4003: 3886: 3778: 3765: 3225: 1913:"Coalition Provisional Authority Order 1 De-ba'athification of Iraqi Society" 1320: 1188: 1048: 925: 824: 804: 765: 692: 437: 230: 4839: 3744:"Fleeing ISIS: Aramaic-speaking Christians in the Niniveh Plains after ISIS" 3683: 3250: 2989:"AKI - Adnkronos international Iraq: Vice-president condemns church attacks" 2358: 618: 575:

had briefly left the country for medical reasons, the Minister of Interior,

409: 4597: 4030: 3998: 3290:"Safeguarding the Cross: Emergence of Christian Militias in Iraq and Syria" 1497:. Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2004. p. 2/32. Retrieved on November 8, 2013. 1226:

when doing censuses of Chaldean Catholic diocese in Iraq in 2012 and 2013,

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On 15 August 2011 a church was bombed by al-Qaeda in the center of Kirkuk.

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assistance for 11,000 of those families, and some are employed by the KRG.

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under their command to do so, and indeed helped whitewash the event at the

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Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket

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Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future

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thought of the Assyrians as foreigners and as allies of colonial Britain.

382:, one of the oldest civilizations in the world, dating back to 2500 BC in 5487: 4844: 4482: 4476: 4113: 3976: 3961: 2817: 2332:"Worthy Christian News » Iraqi Christians speed exodus to Kurdistan" 2221: 1063:, several churches were bombed by insurgent groups. A previously unknown 425: 252: 3448:(1974). "Religious Communities in Late Sasanian and Early Muslim Iraq". 2792:"Violence against Christians grows in Iraq, Ekklesia, 29 September 2006" 2760:"Christian Killed in Iraq in Response to Pope's Speech: Islamic Website" 2476:"Kurden und Christen: Ein Krieg um Schulbücher bestimmt Syriens Zukunft" 1887: 707:

military, security, and intelligence infrastructure of former President

529: 489: 4810: 4805: 4603: 3839: 3711:"Christians in Iraq: The Transition from Religious to Secular Identity" 3692: 3665:"Christians in Iraq: An Analysis of Some Recent Political Developments" 3529:"Chaldeans and Assyrians: The Church of the East in the Ottoman Period" 3469: 3319:. Vol. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 453–488. 1060: 830:

Assyrians in post-Saddam Iraq have faced a high rate of persecution by

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The massacre was carried out by the Iraqi Army, led by Kurdish General

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Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide by Bat Yeʼor. 116-18

1219:, the number of Christians in Iraq was estimated at over 1.5 million. 432:

regiments as "the official organization for pillage at the expense of

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and Chicago; a sizeable community is also found in Sydney, Australia.

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The Gospel of Rutba: War, Peace, and the Good Samaritan Story in Iraq

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Maar Afram Church, wounding three bystanders. Since the start of the

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Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day

3461: 3196: 2778:"Second Assyrian Christian Killed in Retaliation for Pope's Remarks" 1343: 311:

who are of Iraqi-Assyrian heritage. They share a common history and

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Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide by Bat Yeʼor. 188

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Persecution of Assyrians has a long and bitter history. In 1895 in

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Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide by Bat Yeʼor. 40

5077: 4470: 4392: 4272: 4035: 4018: 4013: 3971: 1431: 1165: 1068: 1064: 1044: 996: 978: 866: 736: 473: 361: 170: 2675:"Iraq Islamic Group Asks Christians to Stop Prayers in Churches" 1432:"Assyria: Growing Number of Diaspora Reconnecting with Homeland" 5050: 4854: 4783: 4756: 4739: 4008: 3966: 3748:

Beyond ISIS: History and Future of Religious Minorities in Iraq

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Beyond ISIS: History and Future of Religious Minorities in Iraq

3600:

Beyond ISIS: History and Future of Religious Minorities in Iraq

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http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/1999/feb22_1999.html

1130:, there have been at least 46 churches and monasteries bombed. 1119: 1089:

pope's recent comments about Islam and pay a $ 350,000 ransom.

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An example of Kurdification is the attack on the Assyrian town

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Scholars have said that Kurds also fought against the Assyrian

288: 179: 2355:"Displaced Mosul Christians celebrate Easter in Nineveh Plain" 2139:

Geneva Center for Human Rights Advancement and Global Dialogue

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or their European allies could take control of the area. Both

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Ashbāl has been mistranslated in the media as Boy Scout. The

1016: 1012: 858: 842: 724: 445: 402: 398: 175: 116: 1862: 1617:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 2002. p. 102. 1192: 1123: 992: 850: 720: 704: 120: 97: 2614: 2612: 2073:"The status of Christians in the Kurdistan Region in Iraq" 1463: 3064: 1526:

Margins of empire. S.l.: Stanford University Press., and

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Also on 29 January, a Muslim Cleric in the Iraqi city of

899:

security forces arrested and detained political activist

619:

Recognition of the Syriac language by the Ba'thist regime

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Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

3179:"Current Chaldean Dioceses [Catholic-Hierarchy]" 2912:"In 20 years, there will be no more Christians in Iraq" 2609: 3171: 2382:"TIMMERMAN: Iraqi Christians to Congress: Please help" 1092: 1030: 1639:"The Assyrians in the Christian Asia Minor Holocaust" 1109:) five Assyrian churches, one Armenian church, and a 3401:"Changing Demography: Christians in Iraq since 1991" 2407:"Christian Security Forces Growing Stronger In Iraq" 1937: 1059:

After the Pope's comments were known throughout the

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In 2008 the Assyrians formed their own militia, the

599:, failed to intervene or allow the well-disciplined 3558:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 237–284. 3509:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 253–304. 2642:تفجيرات الكنائس العراقية على علاقة برسومات الدنمارك 1963: 1863:"Refworld | The Leader in Refugee Decision Support" 1558:? accession=akron1464911392&disposition=inline 1408: 307:residing in the country of Iraq, or members of the 3769: 3523: 3340:(3rd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 3133:"Journalist Asks Bush to Protect Iraqi Christians" 2620:"Iraq Christians on edge as cartoon row escalates" 3750:. London: Transnational Press. pp. 125–150. 3625:. London: Transnational Press. pp. 113–124. 3011:"AFP: Car bombings target churches in north Iraq" 1945:"Mullen's Plain Talk About U.S. Mistakes in Iraq" 1683:"The 1933 Massacre of Assyrians in Simmele, Iraq" 1615:Islam and Dhimmitude: where civilizations collide 1384: 1382: 5500: 3155:"National Intelligence Survey: Iraq: Section 43" 3060:"Iraq's Christians Remain Displaced This Easter" 2938:"عاجل سلسلة تفجيرات تطال كنائس في بغداد والموصل" 2851:. Aljazeera.net. 12 October 2006. Archived from 2504: 1861:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 1800:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 1506: 1067:-based group, Kataab Ashbal Al-Islam Al-Salafi ( 3602:. London: Transnational Press. pp. 11–32. 3535:. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 146–164. 2577:"2000 County Reports on Human Rights Practices" 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 3087:"Population 'under attack', Radio Free Europe" 2536:. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. 2214: 1437:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 1426: 1424: 1379: 1105:, released in summer 2007. On 6 January 2008 ( 520: 5109: 4088: 3855: 3486:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 3384:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 294–304. 3130: 2835:"Growing violence against Christians in Iraq" 2430: 2428: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1288:Persecution of Assyrians by the Islamic State 1175: 4112:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the 3549: 2963:"Churches, monastery bombed in Iraq: Police" 2813:"Vatikan verschärft Sicherheitsvorkehrungen" 2571: 2569: 2567: 2166: 1841: 1411:"The Plight of the Middle East's Christians" 1023:On 6 February, leaflets were distributed in 853:population before the war, according to the 370:The Assyrians are typically Syriac-speaking 3715:International Journal of Asian Christianity 3616: 2462:"The Genocide of Assyrians -- then and Now" 1795: 1793: 1421: 1122:; the Chaldean Cathedral of Kirkuk and the 5116: 5102: 4095: 4081: 3862: 3848: 3287: 3257:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 143–170. 2849:"2006 Iraq priest killed over pope speech" 2425: 2190:"Analysis: Iraq's Christians under attack" 1710: 1698: 106: 3835:Assyrian Council of Europe Press Releases 3691: 3361:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 3333: 2564: 2379: 1453:"Iraqi Assyrians: Barometer of Pluralism" 1049:Islamic politicians and religious leaders 810:After Saddam Hussein's fall in 2003, the 67:Learn how and when to remove this message 3869: 3799:United States Government Printing Office 3764: 3741: 3147: 2909: 2645:(in Arabic). Elaph.com. 29 January 2006. 2635: 2633: 2169:"Iraq church bombing wounds at least 20" 2106:"Baghdad Church Attack Hits Iraq's Core" 1790: 1469: 1222:According to statistics gathered by the 1143: 1133: 3648:. Brussel: Peter Lang. pp. 45–57. 3593: 3407:. London: Routledge. pp. 783–796. 3354: 3114:"Christian priest shot dead in Baghdad" 2724: 2722: 2468: 2129: 2044: 1556:https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file 1268:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq 849:made up only just over 5% of the total 5501: 3572: 3500: 3476: 3444: 3398: 3310: 3296:. Wien: LIT Verlag. pp. 217–238. 3248: 3224: 2965:. Business.maktoob.com. Archived from 2886: 2217:"Iraqi Christians celebrate Christmas" 2103: 1982:. Human Rights Watch. 10 November 2009 1888:"U.S. Department of State | Home Page" 1802:"Refworld | Iraq: Chaldean Christians" 1301: 750:On 1 August 2004 a series of car bomb 5123: 5097: 4680: 4076: 3843: 3708: 3662: 3639: 3421: 3375: 3111: 3057: 3051: 2630: 1475: 1450: 1151:: The church was used as a prison by 682: 3579:. Leominster: Gracewing Publishing. 3430:. Cham: Springer. pp. 213–257. 3037:"Church Bombings in Iraq Since 2004" 2719: 1860: 1799: 643: 524: 484: 276: 153:Regions with significant populations 20: 4102: 2734:, last accessed September 17, 2006" 2589: 2380:Timmerman, Kenneth (1 March 2011). 2215:Qais al-Bashir (25 December 2006). 2104:Shadid, Anthony (1 November 2010). 2024:"Leaders condemn Iraq church bombs" 1409:Walter Russell Mead (15 May 2015). 1309:Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic 1093:Massacres and harassment since 2003 1031:Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy 991:On 29 January, six churches in the 623:In the early 1970s, the secularist 613: 284: 136:150,000 - 200,000 (2020 estimate) 13: 2837:. Ianpaisley.org. 26 October 2006. 2764:Assyrian International News Agency 2699:In quotes: Muslim reaction to Pope 1516:. The University of Chicago Press. 1451:Lewis, Jonathan Eric (June 2003). 1103:Assyrian International News Agency 560: 480: 355: 14: 5535: 3828: 3787:United States Library of Congress 3771:"The Society and Its Environment" 2910:Lattimer, Mark (6 October 2006). 2701:last accessed September 17, 2006" 2352: 2334:. Worthynews.com. 8 February 2011 1230:in Iraq numbered 230,071 people. 5482: 5473: 5472: 5076: 5064: 5021:Assyrian Democratic Organisation 4174: 4163: 4152: 3013:. 9 January 2008. Archived from 2732:Pope sorry for offending Muslims 1233:A population project run by the 591:(Simele) district, and later at 528: 488: 96: 89: 25: 3288:BarAbraham, Abdulmesih (2018). 3189: 3131:Cliff Kincaid (11 April 2008). 3124: 3105: 3079: 3029: 3003: 2981: 2955: 2930: 2903: 2880: 2859: 2841: 2827: 2806: 2784: 2770: 2752: 2689: 2667: 2649: 2583: 2526: 2486: 2454: 2437: 2399: 2373: 2346: 2324: 2282: 2240: 2208: 2182: 2160: 2123: 2097: 2065: 2038: 2016: 1994: 1972: 1905: 1880: 1819: 1748: 1726: 1689: 1675: 1649: 1631: 1607: 1598: 1589: 1580: 1571: 1562: 1548: 1539: 1520: 1344:"The Shlama Population Project" 951:, bishop Jules Boutros, of the 782:In 2010, Sunni Islamist groups 701:Coalition Provisional Authority 5440:British Indian Ocean Territory 4687:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 4550:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 3556:The Christian Heritage of Iraq 3533:The Christian Heritage of Iraq 3483:Iraq After the Muslim Conquest 2780:. Aina.org. 17 September 2006. 1969:Henderson & Tucker, p. 19. 1500: 1444: 1402: 1336: 1258:Assyrian independence movement 821:Iraq Interim Governing Council 579:, adopted a policy aimed at a 1: 4431:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 3337:Historical Dictionary of Iraq 3058:Arraf, Jane (31 March 2018). 2991:. Adnkronos.com. 7 April 2003 1330: 1211:According to a report by the 1199: 1149:Church of Saint Thomas, Mosul 889:Qaraqosh Protection Committee 424:In 1894, the French diplomat 417:. In the Assyrian village of 350: 133: 115:(Akitu) celebration in 2019, 5041:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon) 5016:Assyrian Democratic Movement 3709:Teule, Herman G. B. (2018). 3663:Teule, Herman G. B. (2012). 3640:Teule, Herman G. B. (2009). 3617:Schmidinger, Thomas (2019). 3399:Hunter, Erica C. D. (2019). 3334:Dougherty, Beth K. (2019) . 2887:Bandow, Doug (2 July 2007). 2657:"Sotaliraq.com - صوت العراق" 1273:List of Assyrian settlements 1155:insurgents until the city's 816:Assyrian Democratic Movement 812:Assyrian Democratic Movement 801:2014 Northern Iraq offensive 758:was blamed for the attacks. 7: 5026:Assyrian Universal Alliance 4252:Assyrian Church of the East 4227:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 4221:Assyrian Evangelical Church 4144:Terms for Syriac Christians 3355:Donabed, Sargon G. (2015). 3112:Gamel, Kim (6 April 2008). 3089:. Rferl.org. Archived from 2677:. Aina.org. 6 February 2006 2592:"Hope for Syriac Catholics" 1240: 837:since the beginning of the 521:Independent Kingdom of Iraq 451:Historians have noted that 144:800,000 - 1.5 million (pre- 10: 5540: 5036:Syriac Union Party (Syria) 4258:Ancient Church of the East 4041:Turkmens/Turkomans (Turks) 3742:Youkhana, Emanuel (2019). 3550:O'Mahony, Anthony (2009). 3525:Murre van den Berg, Heleen 3501:Müller, Hannelore (2018). 3249:Baarda, Tijmen C. (2020). 3234:. Amherst: Cambria Press. 3217: 3183:www.catholic-hierarchy.org 2051:(in Arabic). Orbis Books. 2004:. U.S. Department of State 1829:. U.S. Department of State 1248:Assyrian elections in Iraq 1176:Religious official targets 1137: 597:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 564: 428:described the creation of 359: 5468: 5427: 5387: 5129: 5059: 5006: 4877: 4709: 4700: 4613: 4542: 4449: 4390: 4373: 4330: 4271: 4236: 4199: 4188: 4150: 4121: 4110: 4049: 3954: 3877: 3791:Federal Research Division 3727:10.1163/25424246-00101002 3422:Lalik, Krzysztof (2018). 3263:10.1163/9789004423220_007 2549:Cite uses generic title ( 1507:A. Leo Oppenheim (1964). 1373:Assyrian Policy Institute 1213:Assyrian Policy Institute 1196:churches and believers." 1140:Assyrian exodus from Iraq 949:Aid to the Church in Need 735:aimed at Assyrians & 393:because they feared that 243: 238: 218: 213: 195: 190: 157: 152: 132: 127: 105: 87: 5189:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4556:Muslim conquest of Syria 4246:Chaldean Catholic Church 3785:. Area Handbook Series. 3317:Christianity and Freedom 3311:Barber, Matthew (2016). 2641: 1294: 1041:University of Regensburg 711:and began a process of " 39:may need to be rewritten 5450:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5083:Christianity portal 5046:Syriac Military Council 4645:Massacres of Diyarbekir 4580:Principality of Antioch 4533:Byzantine–Sasanian wars 4340:Assyrian folk/pop music 3777:. In Curtis, Glenn E.; 3684:10.1515/islam-2011-0010 1415:The Wall Street Journal 138:300,000 - 400,000 (pre 4801:Al-Hasakah Governorate 4639:Massacres of Badr Khan 4413:Middle Assyrian Empire 4215:Syriac Catholic Church 4209:Syriac Orthodox Church 3594:Salloum, Saad (2019). 3376:Habbi, Joseph (1998). 2590:ACN (18 August 2022). 2556:CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2045:Barrett, Greg (2012). 1980:"On Vulnerable Ground" 1495:Wayne State University 1160: 1057: 953:Syriac Catholic Church 339:, as well as with the 303:. They are defined as 5519:Ethnic groups in Iraq 4669:Independence movement 4425:Post-imperial Assyria 4401:Early Assyrian period 4031:Kawliya/Zott/Ghorbati 3783:Iran: A Country Study 3573:Rassam, Suha (2005). 3160:. CIA. Archived from 2889:"Thrown to the Lions" 1949:National Public Radio 1457:Middle East Quarterly 1323:(Saddam's Lion Cubs). 1224:Roman Catholic Church 1147: 1134:Threats on population 1107:the Feast of Epiphany 1053: 947:In an interview with 917:nationalists include 805:Islamic State of Iraq 689:2003 Invasion of Iraq 239:Related ethnic groups 5514:Demographics of Iraq 5364:United Arab Emirates 4345:Music of Mesopotamia 4292:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 4287:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 3871:Demographics of Iraq 3619:"Christians in Iraq" 3378:"Christians in Iraq" 3197:"Population Project" 2867:"Incipient Genocide" 2855:on 12 November 2006. 2821:, 16 September 2006 2766:. 16 September 2006. 2522:on 24 December 2015. 2516:www.joshualandis.com 2386:The Washington Times 1263:Christianity in Iraq 914:Francis Yousif Shabo 799:In 2014, during the 756:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 729:Kurdish nationalists 325:religious traditions 5391:limited recognition 4651:Rise of nationalism 4592:Jalayirid Sultanate 4419:Neo-Assyrian Empire 4407:Old Assyrian period 4350:Syriac sacral music 4170:Aramean-Syriac flag 4129:Assyrian continuity 3167:on 23 January 2017. 3093:on 7 September 2012 2740:. 17 September 2006 2707:. 16 September 2006 1510:Ancient Mesopotamia 1472:, pp. 100–101. 1398:. 24 December 2011. 966:The publication of 733:Dohuk Riots of 2011 675:minority schools." 434:Armenian Christians 384:ancient Mesopotamia 366:Neo-Assyrian Empire 315:, rooted in shared 227:Syriac Christianity 208:Mesopotamian Arabic 84: 5071:History portal 4513:Church of the East 4302:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic 4139:Chaldean Catholics 3478:Morony, Michael G. 3446:Morony, Michael G. 2969:on 10 January 2008 2626:. 3 February 2006. 2167:Mohammed Tawfeeq. 2148:on 10 October 2017 2110:The New York Times 2085:on 10 January 2017 1663:on 7 February 2018 1533:2017-01-05 at the 1278:Minorities in Iraq 1161: 968:satirical cartoons 745:Government of Iraq 717:Islamic extremists 683:Post-invasion Iraq 540:. You can help by 500:. You can help by 140:2014 Isis invasion 82: 5509:Assyrians in Iraq 5496: 5495: 5433:other territories 5124:Assyrians in Asia 5091: 5090: 5002: 5001: 4718: 4696: 4695: 4663:Assyrian genocide 4562:Abbasid Caliphate 4384: 4267: 4266: 4134:Assyrian diaspora 4070: 4069: 4050:Foreign nationals 3919:Roman Catholicism 3914:Oriental Orthodox 3812:978-0-8444-1187-3 3757:978-1-912997-15-2 3655:978-90-5201-565-1 3632:978-1-912997-15-2 3609:978-1-912997-15-2 3586:978-0-85244-633-1 3565:978-1-60724-111-9 3542:978-1-60724-111-9 3516:978-1-4632-0730-4 3493:978-0-691-05395-0 3437:978-3-319-93088-6 3414:978-1-138-89901-8 3391:978-0-19-829388-0 3368:978-0-7486-8605-6 3347:978-1-5381-2005-7 3326:978-1-107-56188-5 3303:978-3-643-91023-3 3272:978-90-04-38269-5 3241:978-1-60497-583-3 3201:Shlama Foundation 2596:ACN International 2312:Missing or empty 2270:Missing or empty 2058:978-1-60833-113-0 1778:Missing or empty 1624:978-0-8386-3942-9 1253:Assyrian genocide 1235:Shlama Foundation 1037:Pope Benedict XVI 962:Muhammad cartoons 713:de-Baathification 644:Pre-invasion Iraq 605:League of Nations 558: 557: 518: 517: 341:Assyrian diaspora 329:Assyrians in Iran 309:Assyrian diaspora 301:Upper Mesopotamia 266: 265: 234: 167:Erbil Governorate 163:Dohuk Governorate 113:Assyrian New Year 77: 76: 69: 49:lead layout guide 5531: 5486: 5476: 5475: 5445:Christmas Island 5131:Sovereign states 5118: 5111: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5081: 5080: 5069: 5068: 5067: 4714: 4707: 4706: 4681:Post-Saddam Iraq 4507:Nestorian schism 4501:Christianization 4473:(132 BCE–244 CE) 4467:(247 BCE–224 CE) 4427:(609 BCE–240 CE) 4388: 4387: 4378: 4238:East Syriac Rite 4201:West Syriac Rite 4197: 4196: 4178: 4167: 4156: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4074: 4073: 3864: 3857: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3795:Washington, D.C. 3793:(5th ed.). 3776: 3773: 3761: 3738: 3705: 3695: 3669: 3659: 3636: 3613: 3590: 3569: 3546: 3520: 3497: 3473: 3441: 3418: 3405:The Syriac World 3395: 3372: 3351: 3330: 3307: 3284: 3245: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3159: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2895:. 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4465:Parthian Empire 4459:Seleucid Empire 4451: 4445: 4441:Assyrian tribes 4409:(2025–1364 BCE) 4403:(2600–2025 BCE) 4382: 4380: 4377: 4369: 4326: 4279: 4263: 4232: 4191: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4148: 4117: 4106: 4104:Assyrian people 4101: 4071: 4066: 4045: 3950: 3873: 3868: 3831: 3826: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3774: 3758: 3667: 3656: 3633: 3610: 3587: 3566: 3543: 3517: 3494: 3462:10.2307/3596328 3438: 3415: 3392: 3369: 3348: 3327: 3304: 3273: 3242: 3220: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3129: 3125: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3017:on 24 July 2012 3009: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2946: 2944: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2908: 2904: 2899:on 5 July 2007. 2885: 2881: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2776: 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1926: 1922: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1871: 1869: 1859: 1842: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1798: 1791: 1779: 1777: 1768: 1767: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1711: 1706: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1666: 1664: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1625: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1535:Wayback Machine 1525: 1521: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1480: 1476: 1470:Hooglund (2008) 1468: 1464: 1449: 1445: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1407: 1403: 1395:TheGuardian.com 1388: 1387: 1380: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1327: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1283:Simele massacre 1243: 1202: 1185:Syriac Orthodox 1178: 1142: 1136: 1095: 1086:Paulos Iskander 1033: 984:Jyllands-Posten 972:Islamic prophet 964: 960:Jyllands-Posten 930:Margaret George 685: 671:, Assyrian, or 646: 621: 616: 601:Assyrian Levies 577:Hikmat Sulayman 569: 567:Simele massacre 563: 561:Simele massacre 554: 548: 545: 538:needs expansion 523: 514: 508: 505: 498:needs expansion 483: 481:British Mandate 380:Ancient Assyria 368: 358: 356:Ancient history 353: 313:ethnic identity 291:and linguistic 269:Iraqi Assyrians 262: 223: 206: 199: 182: 174: 146:Assyrian exodus 123: 95: 88: 83:Iraqi Assyrians 80: 73: 62: 56: 53: 42: 30: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5537: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5480: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5098: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5073: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4979: 4977:United Kingdom 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4883: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4730:Nineveh Plains 4721: 4719: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4657:Adana massacre 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4633:Schism of 1552 4630: 4627:Ottoman Empire 4624: 4621:Safavid Empire 4617: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4568:Emirs of Mosul 4565: 4559: 4553: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4455: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4415:(1363–912 BCE) 4410: 4404: 4397: 4395: 4385: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4242: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4205: 4203: 4194: 4186: 4185: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4100: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4077: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3964: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3883: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3867: 3866: 3859: 3852: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3830: 3829:External links 3827: 3825: 3824: 3811: 3779:Hooglund, Eric 3766:Hooglund, Eric 3762: 3756: 3739: 3706: 3678:(1): 179–198. 3660: 3654: 3637: 3631: 3614: 3608: 3591: 3585: 3570: 3564: 3547: 3541: 3521: 3515: 3498: 3492: 3474: 3456:(2): 113–135. 3442: 3436: 3419: 3413: 3396: 3390: 3373: 3367: 3352: 3346: 3331: 3325: 3308: 3302: 3285: 3271: 3246: 3240: 3226:Aboona, Hirmis 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3188: 3170: 3146: 3123: 3104: 3078: 3050: 3028: 3002: 2980: 2954: 2942:www.ankawa.com 2929: 2902: 2879: 2858: 2840: 2826: 2805: 2783: 2769: 2751: 2718: 2697:"BBC Article. 2688: 2666: 2648: 2629: 2608: 2582: 2563: 2525: 2503: 2485: 2482:. 20 May 2016. 2467: 2453: 2436: 2424: 2398: 2372: 2353:Rizan, Ahmed. 2345: 2323: 2281: 2239: 2207: 2181: 2159: 2122: 2096: 2064: 2057: 2037: 2015: 1993: 1971: 1962: 1936: 1904: 1879: 1840: 1818: 1789: 1747: 1725: 1709: 1697: 1688: 1674: 1648: 1630: 1623: 1606: 1597: 1588: 1579: 1570: 1561: 1547: 1538: 1519: 1499: 1474: 1462: 1443: 1440:. 28 May 2019. 1420: 1401: 1378: 1357: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1299: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1201: 1198: 1177: 1174: 1138:Main article: 1135: 1132: 1094: 1091: 1032: 1029: 963: 957: 878:Nineveh Plains 855:United Nations 832:fundamentalist 709:Saddam Hussein 703:disbanded the 684: 681: 645: 642: 620: 617: 615: 612: 581:final solution 565:Main article: 562: 559: 556: 555: 535: 533: 522: 519: 516: 515: 495: 493: 482: 479: 453:Bedir Khan Beg 357: 354: 352: 349: 293:minority group 264: 263: 261: 260: 255: 250: 244: 241: 240: 236: 235: 216: 215: 211: 210: 193: 192: 188: 187: 159:Nineveh Plains 155: 154: 150: 149: 130: 129: 125: 124: 111: 103: 102: 78: 75: 74: 34:The article's 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5536: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5479: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5414:South Ossetia 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 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4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4389: 4386: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4322:Syriac script 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4187: 4182: 4181:Chaldean flag 4177: 4171: 4166: 4160: 4159:Assyrian flag 4155: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4093: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955:Ethnic groups 3953: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 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2025: 2019: 2003: 1997: 1981: 1975: 1966: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1925:on 9 May 2008 1921: 1914: 1908: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1868: 1864: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1828: 1822: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1785: 1772: 1757: 1751: 1735: 1729: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1704: 1702: 1692: 1684: 1678: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1644: 1643:www.atour.com 1640: 1634: 1626: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1601: 1592: 1583: 1574: 1565: 1557: 1551: 1542: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1512: 1511: 1503: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1471: 1466: 1458: 1454: 1447: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1427: 1425: 1416: 1412: 1405: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1385: 1383: 1374: 1367: 1361: 1345: 1339: 1335: 1322: 1321:Ashbal Saddam 1318: 1314: 1310: 1304: 1300: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1238: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1189:Cliff Kincaid 1186: 1182: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1158: 1154: 1153:Islamic State 1150: 1146: 1141: 1131: 1129: 1125: 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