971:
120:
88:
102:
469:
402:, with their indigenous Mesopotamia on the west and western margins of the Urmia Plains, which they occupied in 2000 BCE prior to the arrival of the modern Iranians, to the east. In modern times, Assyrians largely only recognise Assyrian towns and cities immediately neighbouring the Tigris to the east as their indigenous territory, in addition to Mesopotamia, with the homeland only expanding beyond the borders due to the major centres of Assyrian civilisation, such as the cities of
1295:
1032:" religion. Thus Jacques de Vitry wrote of them in 1220/1 that "they denied that Mary was the Mother of God and claimed that Christ existed in two persons. They consecrated leavened bread and used the 'Chaldean' (Syriac) language". Until the second half of the 19th century the term "Chaldean" continued in general use for East Syriac Christians, whether "Nestorian" or Catholic: it was the West Syriacs who were reported as claiming descent from
959:. Yohannan was a member of the "Eliya line" family, but he opposed the last of that line to be elected in the normal way as patriarch, Ishoʿyahb (1778–1804), most of whose followers he won over to communion with Rome, after he himself was irregularly elected in 1780, as Sulaqa was in 1552. The "Shimun line" that in 1553 entered communion with Rome and broke it off in 1672 is now that of the church that in 1976 officially adopted the name "
5567:
283:
1155:
270:
257:
244:
645:
1228:
795:
819:
2056:
668:
119:
2199:
The
Assyrian-inhabited towns and villages on the Nineveh Plain form a concentration of those belonging to Syriac Christian traditions, and since this area is the ancient home of the Assyrian empire through which the Assyrian people trace their cultural heritage, the Nineveh Plain is the area on which
1315:
Following the concerted attacks on
Assyrian Christians in Iraq, especially highlighted by the Sunday, August 1, 2004, simultaneous bombing of six Churches (Baghdad and Mosul) and subsequent bombing of nearly thirty other churches throughout the country, Assyrian leadership, internally and externally,
1316:
began to regard the
Nineveh Plain as the location where security for Christians may be possible. Schools especially received much attention in this area and in Kurdish areas where Assyrian concentrated population lives. In addition, agriculture and medical clinics received financial help from the
1335:
and smaller towns more families turned northward to the extended family holdings in the
Nineveh Plain. This place of refuge remains underfunded and gravely lacking in infrastructure to aid the ever-increasing internally displaced people population. From 2012, it also began receiving influxes of
873:
by 605 BC Assyria remained an entity for over 1200 years under
Babylonian, Achamaenid Persian, Seleucid Greek, Parthian, Roman and Sassanid Persian rule. It was only after the Arab-Islamic conquest of the second half of the 7th century AD that Assyria as a named region was dissolved.
512:), which was the oldest and largest city of the ancient Assyrian empire, together with a number of other Assyrian cities, seem to have been established by 2600 BC. However it is likely that they were initially Sumerian-dominated administrative centres. In the late 26th century BC,
2218:
On
January 21, 2014, the Iraqi government had declared that Nineveh Plains would become a new province, which would serve as a safe haven for Assyrians. After the liberation of the Nineveh Plain from ISIL between 2016/17, all Assyrian political parties called on the
970:
2211:
adopted in March 2004 in
Baghdad, not only were provisions made for the preservation of Assyrian culture through education and media, but a provision for an administrative unit also was accepted. Article 125 in Iraq's Constitution states that:
753:
rebelled against its decisions. The
Patriarchate of Antioch was then divided between a Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian communion. The Chalcedonians were often labelled 'Melkites' (Emperor's Party), while their opponents were labelled as
3356:
Khosoreva, Anahit. "The
Assyrian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire and Adjacent Territories" in The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies. Ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2007, pp. 267–274.
2214:"This Constitution shall guarantee the administrative, political, cultural, and educational rights of the various nationalities, such as Turkomen, Chaldeans, Assyrians, and all other constituents, and this shall be regulated by law."
1208:
members, the
Chaldean Catholic Church became the largest non-Muslim religious denomination in Iraq, and some Assyrian Catholics later rose to power in the Ba'ath Party government, the most prominent being Deputy Prime Minister
2067:. There are no official statistics, and estimates vary greatly, between less than one million in the Assyrian homeland, and 3.3 million with the diaspora included, mostly due to the uncertainty of the number of Assyrians in
374:
forms a thin margin of the ancestral Assyrian homeland in the north-west, and the only section of the Assyrian homeland beyond the Mesopotamian region. The majority of Assyrians in Iran currently reside in the capital city,
947:
adopted a profession of faith that contradicted that of Rome, while he maintained his independence from the "Eliya line". Leadership of those who wished to be in communion with Rome passed to the Archbishop of Amid
2181:, and many have not returned, although a number are migrating back to the traditional Assyrian homeland in the Kurdish Autonomous region. Most Assyrians nowadays live in northern Iraq, with the community in
1166:
which reduced their numbers by up to two thirds. Subsequent to this, they entered the war on the side of the British and Russians. After World War I, the Assyrian homeland was divided between the
2208:
1371:. Upon entering the town, ISIS looted the homes, and removed the crosses and other religious objects from the churches. The Christian cemetery in the town was also later destroyed. Assyrian
1204:
community was less numerous and vociferous at the time of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia, and did not play a major role in the British rule of the country. However, with the exodus of
3964:
4056:
2095:
in significant but unknown numbers. The indigenous Assyrian homeland areas are "part of today's northern Iraq, southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran and northeastern Syria".
1379:
monuments and archaeological sites, as well as numerous Assyrian churches and monasteries have been systematically vandalized and destroyed by ISIL. These include the ruins of
3130:
Ainsworth, William (1841). "An Account of a Visit to the Chaldeans, Inhabiting Central Kurdistán; and of an Ascent of the Peak of Rowándiz (Ṭúr Sheïkhíwá) in Summer in 1840".
2059:
A map of Tur Abdin showing Syriac villages and monasteries. Operational monasteries are indicated by red crosses, and abandoned monasteries are indicated by orange crosses
1193:, though born into the line of Patriarchs at Qochanis, was educated in Britain. For a time he sought a homeland for the Assyrians in Iraq but was forced to take refuge in
882:
4244:
3330:
Akçam, Taner (2012). The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press. pp. xx–xxi.
2415:
2204:
has become concentrated. There have been calls by some politicians inside and outside Iraq to create an autonomous region for Assyrian Christians in this area.
1213:. The Assyrians of Dohuk boast one of the largest churches in the region named the Mar Marsi Cathedral, and is the center of an Eparchy. Tens of thousands of
4249:
1403:). ISIL destroyed a 3,000 year-old Ziggurat. ISIL destroyed Virgin Mary Church, in 2015 St. Markourkas Church was destroyed and the cemetery was bulldozed.
4917:
4217:
3935:
1028:
Previously, when there were as yet no Catholic Aramaic speakers of Mesopotamian origin, the term "Chaldean" was applied with explicit reference to their "
1286:
in danger in 2003, at which time the site was threatened by a looming large-scale dam project that would have submerged the ancient archaeological site.
869:
had an established structure of dioceses by AD 500 following the introduction of Christianity from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. After the fall of the
3604:
Buchanan, Rose Troup and Saul, Heather (25 February 2015) Isis burns thousands of books and rare manuscripts from Mosul's libraries The Independent
2587:
480:
meets a high official during a review of soldiers and war prisoners. He is accompanied by a parasol-bearer and is watched over by a winged deity (
1423:
Owing to its latitude and altitude, the Assyrian homeland is cooler and much wetter than most of Iraq. Most areas in the region fall within the
5540:
897:'s invasion from central Iraq. Its Christian inhabitants were little affected by the Ottoman conquests, however starting from the 19th century
735:
3456:
398:
on the eastern border of northern Mesopotamia. The territory that would encompass the Assyrian homeland was divided through the centre by the
4222:
2569:
2892:
The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers
2787:
The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers
3971:
1410:
Iraqi troops advanced on Tel Keppe, but the fighting continued into 2017. Iraqi forces recaptured the town from ISIS on 19 January 2017.
851:
influence. The Assyrians suffered a significant persecution with the religiously motivated large scale massacres conducted by the Muslim
2242:
and had participants extending from Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac organizations, including representatives from the Iraqi government and the
4864:
3995:
4060:
2696:
Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I By David Gaunt – p. 9, map p. 10.
2600:
5516:
2665:
Hill, Henry, ed (1988). Light from the East: A Symposium on the Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Churches. Toronto, Canada. pp. 108–109
3207:
4910:
4330:
3007:
A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament, Chiefly Founded on the Works of Gesenius and Fürst ...
5511:
5451:
4556:
2194:
137:
5238:
4478:
3527:
3251:, vol. III, Translated by H.S. Jarrett, Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press for the Asiatic Society of Bengal, pp. 25–27
5597:
4163:
3784:
3335:
3099:
3032:
2954:
2890:
2873:
2846:
2785:
2768:
2741:
2387:
1368:
5112:
4838:
4264:
2533:
1364:
1218:
3501:
1005:
and was still the normal name in the nineteenth century. Only in 1445 did it begin to be used to mean Aramaic speakers in
4903:
4509:
1310:
129:
3407:
567:
from around the 8th century BC, and these eastern dialects remained in wide use throughout Upper Mesopotamia during the
4713:
4693:
4539:
4035:
3800:
87:
5187:
4589:
3417:
3362:
3274:
2973:
A Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament: With an Introduction Giving a Short History of Hebrew Lexicography
2570:
Société des études arméniennes, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Association de la revue des études arméniennes (1989).
2495:
17:
3571:
3347:
Genocide Scholars Association Officially Recognizes Assyrian Greek Genocides. 16 December 2007. Retrieved 2010-02-02
2348:
5441:
5181:
5175:
3553:
2485:
2472:
Steven L. Danver, Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues, p. 517
5436:
5223:
5082:
4683:
2675:
841:
101:
3932:
5642:
5506:
5156:
4678:
4292:
2900:
2795:
1189:
for co-operating with the British during the years after World War I, and many fled to the West. The Patriarch
1167:
3711:
939:, who initiated what is called the "Shimun line". He and his early successors entered into communion with the
5647:
5421:
5016:
4781:
4688:
2467:
949:
4110:
1347:
In August 2014 nearly all of the non-Sunni inhabitants of the southern regions of the Plains, which include
943:, but in the course of over a century their link with Rome grew weak and was openly renounced in 1672, when
484:). He holds a bow and a pair of raised arrows, symbolising victory in battle. From the North-West Palace at
128:
had the greatest concentration of indigenous Assyrians in both their native land and the world prior to the
5617:
5150:
4708:
4698:
4673:
4551:
2295:
2247:
2046:
2468:
Joel J. Elias, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East
5632:
5622:
5523:
5340:
5199:
5097:
5091:
5061:
4703:
4234:
3022:
3021:
Coakley, J. F. (2011). Brock, Sebastian P.; Butts, Aaron M.; Kiraz, George A.; van Rompay, Lucas (eds.).
2440:
2290:
2263:
2147:
2143:
1263:
1205:
1126:
1025:, made in Aramaic, and which decreed that "nobody shall in future dare to call Chaldeans, Nestorians".
960:
936:
917:
732:
724:
692:
took hold amongst the Assyrians between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD with the founding in Assyria of the
1270:
in the 1980s, although some of its population later returned and their homes were subsequently rebuilt.
5627:
5612:
5167:
5067:
4974:
4822:
4372:
2239:
1111:
5602:
5142:
5030:
4949:
4764:
4362:
4156:
4081:
2135:
323:
306:
63:
3054:
863:
was abandoned by Assyrians, and Assyrians were reduced to a minority within their ancient homeland.
5592:
5380:
5244:
5038:
4458:
3951:
2259:
2255:
2159:
1137:
986:
964:
648:
42:
3228:
916:
renewed attacks on the region in the 1840s, killing tens of thousands of Assyrians in Barwari and
904:
sought to expand their territories at their expense. In the 1830s Muhammad Rawanduzi, the Emir of
5325:
5232:
4352:
3671:
2050:
1197:
in 1933, later moving to Chicago, Illinois, and finally settling near San Francisco, California.
1175:
890:
31:
3189:
5365:
5350:
5208:
4982:
4963:
4798:
4493:
4254:
2863:
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2185:
being completely decimated, and the ones in Tur Abdin and Urmia Plain are largely depopulated.
2163:
2119:
1407:
1239:
974:
803:
759:
5446:
3264:
2944:
2705:
2377:
719:. This split owed just as much to the politics of the day as it did to theological orthodoxy.
4601:
4568:
4519:
4436:
4282:
3774:
3246:
2717:
2511:
2201:
1424:
956:
822:
430:
169:
3639:
2836:
2731:
837:
Both Syriac Christianity and the Eastern Aramaic language came under pressure following the
5607:
5496:
5330:
5305:
4868:
4652:
4463:
4287:
4229:
4201:
4149:
3891:"Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey : Assyrians"
2150:
Mountains, which straddles the border of northern Iraq and Southern Turkey, as well as the
1179:
1048:
952:, recognized first by the Turkish civil authorities (1677) and then by Rome itself (1681).
775:
746:
671:
560:
4009:
1091:
8:
5571:
5545:
5400:
5385:
5345:
4926:
4817:
4668:
4640:
4633:
4546:
4446:
4441:
2251:
2224:
2111:
1275:
1018:
1014:
870:
844:
in the 7th century, and Assyrian Christians throughout the Middle Ages were subjected to
704:
689:
679:
656:
639:
564:
463:
217:
181:
3222:
2546:
J. A. Brinkman (2001). "Assyria". In Bruce Manning Metzger, Michael David Coogan (ed.).
2182:
770:
found itself caught between the two, but claims to have always remained faithful to the
5456:
5360:
5290:
5004:
4848:
4843:
4529:
4420:
4400:
4186:
3801:"Syria's Assyrians threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East"
3147:
3067:
3042:
2940:
2613:
2581:
2337:
The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great By Arther Ferrill – p. 70
2123:
2099:
2088:
1201:
1186:
978:
944:
932:
693:
580:
344:
3185:
Nineveh and its remains: an enquiry into the manners and arts of the ancient assyrians
3183:
2560:
Biblical Archaeology Review May/June 2001: Where Was Abraham's Ur? by Allan R. Millard
707:
occurred in the 5th century, when Upper Mesopotamian based Assyrian Christians of the
5265:
4940:
4736:
4645:
4453:
4313:
3989:
3780:
3413:
3376:
Native Christians Massacred: The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I
3358:
3331:
3321:
David Gaunt, "The Assyrian Genocide of 1915", Assyrian Genocide Research Center, 2009
3270:
3095:
3028:
2950:
2896:
2869:
2842:
2791:
2764:
2737:
2529:
2491:
2383:
2127:
2107:
2103:
2064:
1317:
1267:
1163:
1107:
1056:
908:, tried to forcibly add the region to his dominion pillaging many Assyrian villages.
866:
799:
697:
556:
347:
189:
3693:
3388:
2402:
Macuch, R. (1987). “ASSYRIANS IN IRAN i. The Assyrian community (Āšūrīān) in Iran.”
806:
of the mid-7th century, the region has been known by the traditional Arabic name of
30:
This article is about the modern region. For the ancient inhabited settlements, see
5390:
5315:
5121:
4997:
4934:
4623:
4325:
4259:
3139:
2916:
2811:
2243:
2174:
2084:
1341:
1190:
1090:. By the medieval Arabs, most of the plain was reckoned as part of the province of
1002:
723:, which was at the time the Sassanid capital, eventually became the capital of the
716:
572:
537:
473:
422:
418:
193:
185:
3297:
3087:
5637:
5483:
5466:
5461:
5285:
5280:
4957:
4872:
4776:
4754:
4731:
4606:
4584:
4563:
4534:
4524:
4514:
4196:
4191:
3939:
3825:
3483:
3089:
3005:
2988:
2971:
2617:
2300:
2266:. A position paper was signed by the remaining political organizations involved.
2227:
for the creation of an Assyrian self-administered province in the Nineveh Plain.
2131:
1171:
1010:
940:
811:
779:
771:
767:
763:
708:
599:
576:
438:
387:
383:
340:
229:
206:
93:
3890:
955:
A century and a half later, in 1830, headship of the Catholics was conferred on
5559:
5426:
5416:
5370:
5310:
5042:
5020:
4812:
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4596:
4367:
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3868:
3733:
3505:
3434:
2310:
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2220:
2167:
1303:
1283:
1262:
shortly after its independence in 1947. The region was heavily affected by the
1149:
1133:
1103:
1099:
1080:
1072:
1006:
935:: the established "Eliya line" of patriarchs was opposed by a rival patriarch,
898:
568:
434:
4031:
3776:
Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century
3661:
3614:
350:. The territory that forms the Assyrian homeland is, similarly to the rest of
5586:
5533:
5219:
5078:
4793:
4473:
4410:
4405:
4384:
4057:"Iraqi Christians ask EU to support the creation of a Nineveh Plain Province"
3866:
3114:
2098:
The Assyrian communities that are still left in the Assyrian homeland are in
1960:
1639:
1396:
1222:
1033:
963:", while a member of the "Eliya line" family is one of the patriarchs of the
921:
909:
905:
468:
133:
4136:
3849:
5375:
5335:
5295:
5053:
4759:
4415:
3224:
Narrative of a Visit to the Syrian [Jacobite] Church of Mesopotamia
2285:
2063:
Assyrian populations are distributed between the Assyrian homeland and the
1087:
1029:
852:
750:
611:
607:
426:
201:
3595:"ISIL video shows destruction of Mosul artefacts", Al Jazeera, 27 Feb 2015
2917:"Fred Aprim, "Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq""
2812:"Fred Aprim, "Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq""
5395:
4611:
4488:
4483:
4468:
4377:
4347:
4172:
3888:
3461:
3088:
Michael Angold; Frances Margaret Young; K. Scott Bowie (17 August 2006).
2986:
2640:
2151:
1083:
886:
848:
845:
755:
675:
627:
541:
525:
489:
481:
459:
371:
351:
141:
2416:"Assyrians: "3,000 Years of History, Yet the Internet is Our Only Home""
5320:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4803:
4769:
4239:
3208:"Histoire critique de la creance et des coûtumes des nations du Levant"
3151:
2155:
1372:
1210:
1095:
859:
in the 14th century AD. It was from this time that the ancient city of
712:
4895:
3166:
Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia
1294:
5275:
4786:
4342:
3952:
Dutch MP calls for autonomous Assyrian Christian region in north Iraq
3638:
Alkhshali, Hamdi; Smith-Spark, Laura; Lister, Tim (22 October 2016).
3091:
The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity
2990:
Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
2315:
2305:
2139:
1447:
1432:
1360:
1348:
1154:
894:
856:
830:
758:(those who believe in the one rather than two natures of Christ) and
720:
417:
Modern Assyrians are predominantly Christian, mostly adhering to the
3552:
Barnes, Julian E.; Sparshott, Jeffrey; Malas, Nour (8 August 2014).
3528:"'Isis has shattered the ancient ties that bound Iraq's minorities'"
3143:
2946:
Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text
1227:
1217:
and Assyrian Christian refugees live in the city as well due to the
5528:
5431:
5270:
3920:
3826:"مسؤول مسيحي : عدد المسيحيين في العراق تراجع الى ثلاثمائة الف"
3755:
3375:
2231:
2178:
2076:
1376:
1356:
1352:
1299:
1118:
615:
603:
513:
153:
3850:"Ishtar: Documenting The Crisis In The Assyrian Iranian Community"
5566:
5355:
3666:
3378:." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006.
1380:
1328:
1243:
1232:
1214:
1060:
1052:
878:
728:
644:
619:
552:
548:
529:
505:
477:
455:
403:
224:
108:
38:
5129:
4616:
2092:
1388:
1332:
1279:
1259:
1251:
1242:
existed in the region for thousands of years, living mainly in
1194:
1122:
1115:
1022:
998:
928:
913:
652:
532:" (Subartu being the Sumerian name for Assyria). Similarly, in
517:
485:
411:
399:
376:
359:
343:
within which Assyrian civilisation developed, located in their
288:
4141:
3457:"Militants Execute Civilians in Mosul; 101 Killed Across Iraq"
2834:
2729:
2188:
818:
334:
317:
71:
5489:
5300:
5133:
4131:
2275:
2115:
2080:
2072:
1768:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1337:
1324:
1271:
1247:
982:
860:
739:
667:
623:
587:
521:
509:
501:
407:
395:
391:
367:
275:
4137:
The League of Nations and the Quest for an Assyrian Homeland
4032:"Will a Province for Assyrians Stop Their Exodus From Iraq?"
3867:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2010-10-13).
3615:"Assyrian Militia in Iraq Battles Against ISIS for Homeland"
3525:
2055:
794:
2068:
1255:
1037:
990:
901:
838:
783:
683:
660:
493:
363:
355:
262:
249:
157:
4089:
3662:"Iraqi residents flee Islamic State-held town of Tel Keyf"
3637:
2177:
have fled to neighboring countries since the start of the
4111:"The Future of the Nineveh Plain - Government - Politics"
3298:"Ottoman Empire | Facts, History, & Map | Britannica"
3554:"Barack Obama Approves Airstrikes on Iraq, Airdrops Aid"
2230:
Between the 28th-30 June 2017, a conference was held in
394:, who developed independent civilisation in the city of
3245:
Abul Fazl-i-Ạllámí (1894), "Description of the Earth",
3132:
The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London
1017:, which accepted the profession of faith that Timothy,
3168:(London 1842), vol. II, p. 272, cited in John Joseph,
575:
periods, and survived through to the present day. The
55:
2126:, descend from refugees that arrived there after the
1102:. The plain was the site of the determination of the
3551:
2987:
Wilhelm Gesenius; Samuel Prideaux Tregelles (1859).
2835:
Wilhelm Baum; Dietmar W. Winkler (8 December 2003).
2730:
Wilhelm Baum; Dietmar W. Winkler (8 December 2003).
610:, gained semi-independence as one of a patchwork of
2618:"The Syriac Orient: A Third 'Lung' for the Church?"
1001:(c. 347 – 420), the term "Chaldean" indicated the
414:, being built on the banks of the Tigris itself.
4029:
3205:
2487:The sound system of modern Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic)
2114:(15,000–25,100). Most of the Assyrians living in
877:The mountainous region of the Assyrian homeland,
386:are indigenous Mesopotamians, descended from the
138:proposed borders for an autonomous Assyrian state
5584:
3712:"Tel Kaif, Ninawa Monthly Climate Average, Iraq"
3640:"ISIS kills hundreds in Mosul area, source says"
3526:Chulov, Martin; Hawramy, Fazel (9 August 2014).
3210:. Chez Frederic Arnaud – via Google Books.
3068:"Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence, 1431-49 A.D.
2603:, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854)
1136:in the 16th century, following the conquests of
889:), saw a mass migration of Nestorians after the
5141:
3889:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
3766:
3484:"Relief Projects - Assyrian Aid Society - Iraq"
3003:
2134:of the 1910s and 30s. Christian communities of
1132:Syria and Upper Mesopotamia became part of the
4030:BetBasoo, Peter; Nuri Kino (22 January 2014).
3545:
2641:"ASSYRIAN IDENTITY IN ANCIENT TIMES AND TODAY"
2545:
2083:in significant but unknown numbers. Since the
1162:During World War I the Assyrians suffered the
997:For many centuries, from at least the time of
4911:
4157:
3923:. UNPO (2008-03-25). Retrieved on 2013-12-08.
3027:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 93.
2371:
2369:
727:. During the Christian era Nuhadra became an
3818:
3748:
2969:
2861:
2756:
2586:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2375:
1221:invasion of Iraq in 2014 and the subsequent
1158:A traditional Christian Ceremony of "Oshana"
3844:
3842:
3206:Simon (oratorien), Richard (July 3, 1684).
3094:. Cambridge University Press. p. 527.
2949:. BRILL. pp. 123, 124, 126, 127, 139.
2632:
2333:
2331:
2189:Creation of an Assyrian autonomous province
2079:, Iraqi Assyrians have been displaced into
1238:In addition to the Assyrian population, an
1065:
5541:Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations
4918:
4904:
4164:
4150:
3450:
3448:
2554:
2366:
1264:Kurdish uprisings during the 1950s and 60s
749:in 451, many Syriac Christians within the
118:
3572:"Aiding the Assyrians Fight Against ISIS"
3220:
3129:
3117:The Church of the East: A Concise History
2939:
2838:The Church of the East: A Concise History
2733:The Church of the East: A Concise History
2464:For Assyrians as a Christian people, see
2154:, an area located on the western bank of
1756:Source: World Weather Online (2000-2012)
633:
614:kingdoms in Assyria, which also included
27:Areas historically inhabited by Assyrians
3839:
2539:
2483:
2328:
2054:
1293:
1289:
1226:
1153:
969:
920:before being ultimately defeated by the
817:
793:
666:
643:
606:rule in Assyria (c.160 BC to 250 AD) as
544:lists Subartu as paying tribute to him.
467:
354:, currently divided between present-day
5512:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
4925:
3772:
3454:
3445:
3244:
3170:The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East
3020:
2573:Revue des études arméniennes, Volume 21
2526:Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia
2404:Encyclopædia Iranica, II/8. pp. 817-822
2195:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
1266:and was largely depopulated during the
14:
5585:
5239:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
4012:. Iraqdemocracyproject.org. 2008-02-19
3994:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3933:Iraqi Christians hold critical meeting
3262:
3181:
2888:
2783:
2550:. Oxford University Press. p. 63.
2379:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
2346:
2340:
2246:. The conference was boycotted by the
2238:. The conference was organised by the
1323:As attacks on Christians increased in
1086:") who inhabited the territory around
1043:
4899:
4145:
3455:Griffis, Margaret (19 January 2017).
3182:Layard, Austen Henry (July 3, 1850).
2612:
1431:), with areas to the southwest being
563:was adopted by the population of the
4010:"Iraq Sustainable Democracy Project"
3405:
3266:A short history of Syriac literature
3238:
2170:, an area located in Northern Iraq.
1365:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
1185:Assyrians faced reprisals under the
327:
310:
56:
3221:Southgate, Horatio (July 3, 1844).
3115:Wilhelm Braun, Dietmar W. Winkler,
2638:
2441:"The Issue of An Assyrian Homeland"
1311:2008 attacks on Christians in Mosul
24:
4036:Assyrian International News Agency
3909:The Assyrians and Their Neighbours
3607:
3432:
2528:. Oxford University Press. p. 94.
2349:"Canada and the Future of Assyria"
2347:Odisho, Devi (February 12, 2016).
2142:, an area in Southeastern Turkey,
1240:Aramaic speaking Jewish population
1013:, on the basis of a decree of the
540:the king of the Sumerian state of
177:Recognised regional languages
165:Recognised national languages
25:
5659:
5517:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
5188:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
4125:
3502:"Assyrian Aid Society of America"
3409:The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar
2548:The Oxford companion to the Bible
2236:The Future for Christians in Iraq
449:
339:), refers to the homeland of the
5565:
5182:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
5176:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
1406:Soon after the beginning of the
1143:
281:
268:
255:
242:
100:
86:
4171:
4103:
4074:
4049:
4023:
4002:
3957:
3945:
3926:
3914:
3901:
3882:
3860:
3793:
3726:
3704:
3698:Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation
3686:
3674:from the original on 2021-12-19
3654:
3631:
3598:
3589:
3564:
3519:
3494:
3476:
3433:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
3426:
3406:Khan, Geoffrey (16 June 2018).
3399:
3381:
3368:
3350:
3341:
3324:
3315:
3290:
3256:
3214:
3199:
3175:
3158:
3123:
3108:
3081:
3072:
3061:
3014:
2997:
2980:
2963:
2933:
2909:
2882:
2855:
2828:
2804:
2777:
2750:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2690:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2622:Orientalia Christiana Periodica
2606:
2594:
2563:
2518:
2209:Transitional Administrative Law
2040:
842:Islamic conquest of Mesopotamia
551:-speaking, descending from pre-
265:(margin in western Urmia Plain)
5507:Assyrian independence movement
5157:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
3779:. Edinburgh University Press.
3231:– via Internet Archive.
3192:– via Internet Archive.
2862:Eckart Frahm (24 March 2017).
2757:Eckart Frahm (24 March 2017).
2504:
2477:
2458:
2433:
2408:
2396:
1258:either left or were exiled to
1254:. However, all of the Barwari
1231:A Chaldean Catholic church in
1168:British Mandate of Mesopotamia
1129:cathedral in the 8th century.
981:church located in the city of
789:
13:
1:
4430:Eastern and Southeastern Asia
4132:Nineveh, Assyria (Bet-Nahren)
3869:"Iran: Last of the Assyrians"
3338:. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
3119:(RoutledgeCurzon 2003), p. 83
2889:Joseph, John (July 3, 2000).
2784:Joseph, John (July 3, 2000).
2718:A modern history of the Kurds
2321:
802:in medieval times. Since the
711:were separated from those in
433:languages, most common being
233:Syrian, Syriac (historically)
5598:Geography of the Middle East
3670:. Reuters. 10 January 2017.
2514:. Max Mallowan. 9 July 2023.
2296:List of Assyrian settlements
2248:Assyrian Democratic Movement
2047:List of Assyrian settlements
1413:
1369:2014 Northern Iraq offensive
590:was named Nohadra (and also
335:
318:
72:
37:For the ancient empire, see
7:
5524:Terms for Syriac Christians
5341:Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa
5200:Assyrian Church of the East
5098:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
5092:Assyrian Evangelical Church
5062:Assyrian Church of the East
3560:– via online.wsj.com.
2269:
2264:Assyrian Church of the East
1889:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1819:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1712:Average precipitation days
1568:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1498:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1206:Assyrian Church of the East
1021:of the Aramaic speakers in
961:Assyrian Church of the East
733:Assyrian Church of the East
703:The first division between
586:During the Assyrian period
583:during the 5th century BC.
536:the early 25th century BC,
10:
5664:
5068:Ancient Church of the East
4503:Central and Eastern Europe
3389:"Mar Narsi church – Dhouk"
3269:. Adam and Charles Black.
2656:Fuller, 1864, pp. 200–201.
2382:. Routledge. p. 149.
2202:autonomous Assyrian entity
2192:
2183:Northern (Turkish) Hakkari
2044:
2032:
1766:
1755:
1445:
1418:
1308:
1147:
774:and in communion with the
637:
453:
444:
36:
29:
5554:
5476:
5409:
5258:
5218:
5197:
5166:
5126:(active 1st century–1601)
5111:
5077:
5052:
5029:
4996:
4973:
4948:
4933:
4865:Border changes since 1914
4857:
4831:
4747:
4724:
4661:
4577:
4502:
4429:
4393:
4301:
4275:
4210:
4179:
3907:Rev. W.A. Wigram (1929).
3422:– via Google Books.
3233:southgate papal chaldean.
3172:(BRILL 2000), pp. 2 and 4
2905:– via Google Books.
2800:– via Google Books.
2524:Bertman, Stephen (2003).
2484:Y Odisho, George (1998).
2136:Oriental Orthodox Syriacs
2091:have been displaced into
1958:
1888:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1711:
1637:
1567:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1170:, which would become the
736:metropolitanate of Ḥadyab
237:
223:
213:
200:
175:
163:
149:
117:
82:
50:
5381:Dionysius of Vattasseril
5245:Believers Eastern Church
5039:Chaldean Catholic Church
4540:unification with Moldova
4223:Turks and Caicos Islands
3773:Donabed, Sargon (2015).
3435:"Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat)"
3263:Wright, William (1894).
3004:Benjamin Davies (1876).
2841:. Routledge. p. 4.
2736:. Routledge. p. 4.
2536:. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
2490:. Harrowitz. p. 8.
2420:www.culturalsurvival.org
2260:Chaldean Catholic Church
2256:Assyrian Patriotic Party
1138:Suleiman the Magnificent
1114:during the reign of the
987:West Azerbaijan Province
965:Chaldean Catholic Church
881:, which was part of the
649:Rabban Hormizd Monastery
43:Assyria (disambiguation)
5572:Christianity portal
5326:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
5233:Mar Thoma Syrian Church
5113:Saint Thomas Christians
4590:unification with Kosovo
3488:www.assyrianaidiraq.org
3227:. D. Appleton. p.
2868:. Wiley. p. 1132.
2763:. Wiley. p. 1132.
2240:European People's Party
2051:List of Assyrian tribes
1363:were driven out by the
1178:which would become the
1176:French Mandate of Syria
1063:as located west of the
883:diocese of Beth Nuhadra
814:: الجزيرة "the island")
709:Sassanid Persian Empire
32:List of Assyrian tribes
5366:Ignatius Andrew Akijan
5351:Gregorios Abdal Jaleel
5209:Chaldean Syrian Church
4983:Syriac Orthodox Church
4964:Syriac Catholic Church
4799:Greater Germanic Reich
4597:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3714:. World Weather Online
3194:Chaldaeans Nestorians.
3164:William F. Ainsworth,
2941:Gallagher, Edmon Louis
2865:A Companion to Assyria
2760:A Companion to Assyria
2706:Islamic desk reference
2353:Foreign Policy Journal
2122:in villages along the
2120:Al Hasakah Governorate
2060:
1306:
1235:
1159:
1076:
1066:
994:
834:
815:
804:early Muslim conquests
686:
664:
634:Early Christian period
547:Assyrians are eastern
497:
41:. For other uses, see
5643:Eastern Mediterranean
4787:Annexation of Austria
3078:Braun-Winkler, p. 112
2970:Julius Fürst (1867).
2376:Carl Skutsch (2013).
2200:an effort to form an
2058:
2045:Further information:
1425:Mediterranean climate
1298:The Assyrian city of
1297:
1290:Attacks on Christians
1230:
1157:
973:
827:The Saffron Monastery
823:Mor Hananyo Monastery
821:
797:
670:
647:
598:), where, during the
471:
209:(historical majority)
130:2014 invasion of Iraq
5648:Assyrian irredentism
5497:Assyrian nationalism
5442:Koy Sanjaq Christian
5427:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
5417:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
5331:Dionysius bar Salibi
5306:Philoxenus of Mabbug
5159:(West Syriac) (1932)
5153:(East Syriac) (1665)
4447:annexation of Taiwan
4082:"christians-in-iraq"
2576:. pp. 303, 309.
1180:Syrian Arab Republic
1094:, the "abode of the
1036:, the second son of
931:occurred within the
747:Council of Chalcedon
674:in Assyrian village
672:Mar Mattai Monastery
561:Old Aramaic language
528:, mentions "smiting
520:, then the dominant
425:liturgical rites of
5618:Geography of Turkey
5546:Syriac sacral music
5401:Baselios Paulose II
5386:Geevarghese Ivanios
5346:Abraham of Angamaly
5151:Syro-Malabar Church
4927:Syriac Christianity
3942:, The Kurdish Globe
3576:The Huffington Post
3558:Wall Street Journal
3374:Travis, Hannibal. "
2614:Brock, Sebastian P.
2252:Sons of Mesopotamia
2225:UN Security Council
2144:Nestorian Assyrians
1276:Saladin Governorate
1077:Troglodytae Persiae
1044:Early modern period
1015:Council of Florence
871:Neo Assyrian Empire
690:Syriac Christianity
640:Syriac Christianity
565:Neo-Assyrian Empire
496:), about 865-860 BC
464:Neo Assyrian Empire
218:Syriac Christianity
182:Mesopotamian Arabic
5633:Historical regions
5623:Geography of Syria
5422:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
5361:Abraham Koorilos I
5291:Severus of Antioch
5224:Eastern Protestant
5083:Eastern Protestant
5011:"Nestorian Church"
5005:Church of the East
4331:Western Azerbaijan
4265:Dominican Republic
4086:christians-in-iraq
3938:2011-07-04 at the
3302:www.britannica.com
3188:. Murray. p.
2708:, E. J. van Donzel
2676:"History of Ashur"
2173:More than half of
2061:
1307:
1274:, which is in the
1236:
1202:Chaldean Christian
1187:Hashemite monarchy
1160:
995:
945:Shimun XIII Dinkha
933:Church of the East
835:
816:
725:Church of the East
694:Church of the East
687:
665:
581:Achaemenid Assyria
498:
202:Ethnic groups
5628:Geography of Iran
5613:Geography of Iraq
5580:
5579:
5502:Assyrian homeland
5490:Assyrian genocide
5266:Ephrem the Syrian
5254:
5253:
5168:Oriental Orthodox
5107:
5106:
4992:
4991:
4975:Oriental Orthodox
4941:Church of Antioch
4893:
4892:
4860:Related concepts:
3786:978-0-7486-8605-6
3336:978-1-4008-4184-4
3101:978-0-521-81113-2
3034:978-1-59333-714-8
2956:978-90-04-22802-3
2943:(23 March 2012).
2875:978-1-118-32523-0
2848:978-1-134-43019-2
2770:978-1-118-32523-0
2743:978-1-134-43019-2
2389:978-1-135-19388-1
2128:Assyrian genocide
2075:. Since the 2003
2065:Assyrian diaspora
2037:
2036:
1767:Climate data for
1760:
1759:
1446:Climate data for
1318:Assyrian diaspora
1268:Al-Anfal campaign
1174:in 1932, and the
1164:Assyrian genocide
1125:boasted a famous
1067:Trogoditi. Persi.
1057:Roman geographers
975:Saint Mary Church
867:Upper Mesopotamia
800:Upper Mesopotamia
705:Syriac Christians
698:Syriac literature
557:Upper Mesopotamia
348:Upper Mesopotamia
333:
316:
299:Assyrian homeland
295:
294:
126:Assyrian Triangle
18:Assyrian Homeland
16:(Redirected from
5655:
5603:Cultural regions
5570:
5569:
5457:Syriac Malayalam
5391:Coorilos Paulose
5316:Isaac the Syrian
5143:Eastern Catholic
5139:
5138:
5122:Malankara Church
5031:Eastern Catholic
5027:
5026:
4950:Eastern Catholic
4946:
4945:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4897:
4896:
4844:Papua New Guinea
4166:
4159:
4152:
4143:
4142:
4119:
4118:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4088:. Archived from
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4059:. Archived from
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3993:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3970:. Archived from
3969:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3846:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3734:"Climate: zakho"
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3504:. Archived from
3498:
3492:
3491:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3393:www.ishtartv.com
3385:
3379:
3372:
3366:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3339:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3248:The Áin I Akbarí
3242:
3236:
3235:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3179:
3173:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3127:
3121:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3038:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2727:
2721:
2720:, David McDowall
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2577:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2543:
2537:
2534:978-019-518364-1
2522:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2481:
2475:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2175:Iraqi Christians
2164:Syriac Catholics
2089:Syrian Assyrians
2085:Syrian Civil War
1764:
1763:
1443:
1442:
1191:Shimun XXI Eshai
1069:
1003:Aramaic language
957:Yohannan Hormizd
717:Nestorian Schism
538:Lugal-Anne-Mundu
474:Ashurnasirpal II
338:
332:romanized:
331:
329:
324:Classical Syriac
321:
315:romanized:
314:
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21:
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5593:Regions of Iraq
5583:
5582:
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5576:
5564:
5558:* Defunct with
5550:
5484:Assyrian people
5472:
5405:
5286:Jacob of Serugh
5281:Jacob Baradaeus
5250:
5214:
5193:
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5127:
5125:
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4958:Maronite Church
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4894:
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4853:
4827:
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4725:Northern Europe
4720:
4694:Italian Grisons
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4624:North Macedonia
4578:Southern Europe
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3965:"Archived copy"
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3940:Wayback Machine
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3756:"UNPO: Assyria"
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2639:Parpola, Simo.
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2422:. 30 March 2022
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2197:
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2132:Simele massacre
2087:began in 2011,
2053:
2043:
2038:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
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1982:
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1408:Battle of Mosul
1336:Assyrians from
1313:
1292:
1172:Kingdom of Iraq
1152:
1146:
1053:inhabited world
1049:Peutinger's map
1046:
1011:Catholic Church
941:Catholic Church
891:fall of Baghdad
792:
772:Catholic Church
768:Maronite Church
764:Jacob Baradaeus
642:
636:
577:Syriac language
555:inhabitants of
478:Assyrian Empire
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370:. In Iran, the
341:Assyrian people
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5371:Cyril VI Tanas
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4126:External links
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3900:
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3736:. Climate-Data
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3439:whc.unesco.org
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3138:. e.g. p. 36.
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2281:Nineveh Plains
2278:
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2268:
2221:European Union
2193:Main article:
2190:
2187:
2168:Nineveh Plains
2118:today, in the
2110:(20,000), and
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2019:
2014:
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1309:Main article:
1304:Nineveh Plains
1291:
1288:
1284:World Heritage
1150:Nineveh Plains
1145:
1142:
1134:Ottoman Empire
1045:
1042:
791:
788:
696:together with
638:Main article:
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450:Ancient period
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5535:
5534:Phoenicianism
5532:
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5527:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5515:
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5510:
5508:
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4873:Reunification
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4794:Pan-Germanism
4792:
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4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:Southern Asia
4392:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
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4310:
4307:
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4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:South America
4274:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4240:United States
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:North America
4209:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4092:on 2018-08-29
4091:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4063:on 2020-11-17
4062:
4058:
4052:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4011:
4005:
3997:
3991:
3977:on 2014-10-14
3973:
3966:
3960:
3953:
3948:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3922:
3917:
3910:
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3699:
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3689:
3673:
3669:
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3663:
3657:
3641:
3634:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3508:on 2016-03-04
3507:
3503:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3419:9789004167650
3415:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3377:
3371:
3364:
3363:1-4128-0619-4
3360:
3353:
3344:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3318:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3278:
3276:9780837076799
3272:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3241:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3153:
3149:
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3141:
3137:
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3126:
3120:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3075:
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3064:
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3036:
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3026:
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3017:
3009:
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2983:
2975:
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2966:
2958:
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2877:
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2813:
2807:
2799:
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2780:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2693:
2677:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2602:
2597:
2589:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2557:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2499:
2497:3-447-02744-4
2493:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2446:
2442:
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2317:
2314:
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2307:
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2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2166:lived in the
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:lived in the
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2031:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1961:precipitation
1957:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1640:precipitation
1636:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1397:Dur-Sharrukin
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1340:owing to the
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1278:, was put on
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1223:Fall of Mosul
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1151:
1144:Modern period
1141:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1055:known to the
1054:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
984:
980:
977:: an ancient
976:
972:
968:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:Bedr Khan Beg
907:
903:
900:
896:
892:
888:
885:(current day
884:
880:
875:
872:
868:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
843:
840:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
465:
461:
457:
442:
440:
436:
432:
429:. They speak
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:
342:
337:
325:
320:
308:
304:
300:
291:(Mesopotamia)
290:
278:(Mesopotamia)
277:
264:
252:(Mesopotamia)
251:
240:
238:Today part of
236:
231:
228:
226:
222:
219:
216:
212:
208:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:
174:
171:
168:
162:
159:
155:
152:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
121:
116:
110:
103:
95:
89:
81:
74:
65:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5501:
5469:(Liturgical)
5376:Elias Mellus
5336:Bar Hebraeus
5296:Paul the Jew
5120:
5010:
5003:
4937:, legacy of
4869:Partitionism
4863:
4862:
4859:
4416:Pashtunistan
4320:
4302:Western Asia
4235:Saint Martin
4202:South Africa
4114:
4105:
4094:. Retrieved
4090:the original
4085:
4076:
4065:. Retrieved
4061:the original
4051:
4039:. Retrieved
4025:
4014:. Retrieved
4004:
3979:. Retrieved
3972:the original
3959:
3947:
3928:
3916:
3908:
3903:
3894:
3884:
3873:. Retrieved
3862:
3853:
3829:. Retrieved
3820:
3808:. Retrieved
3804:
3795:
3775:
3768:
3760:www.unpo.org
3759:
3750:
3738:. Retrieved
3728:
3716:. Retrieved
3706:
3697:
3688:
3676:. Retrieved
3665:
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3633:
3622:. Retrieved
3619:www.aina.org
3618:
3609:
3600:
3591:
3580:. Retrieved
3578:. 2015-04-15
3575:
3566:
3557:
3547:
3535:. Retrieved
3532:The Guardian
3531:
3521:
3510:. Retrieved
3506:the original
3496:
3487:
3478:
3466:. Retrieved
3460:
3438:
3428:
3408:
3401:
3392:
3383:
3370:
3352:
3343:
3326:
3317:
3306:. Retrieved
3304:. 2023-07-03
3301:
3292:
3280:. Retrieved
3265:
3258:
3247:
3240:
3232:
3223:
3216:
3201:
3193:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3116:
3110:
3090:
3083:
3074:
3063:
3023:
3016:
3006:
2999:
2989:
2982:
2976:. Tauchnitz.
2972:
2965:
2945:
2935:
2923:. Retrieved
2911:
2891:
2884:
2864:
2857:
2837:
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2806:
2786:
2779:
2759:
2752:
2732:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2692:
2680:. Retrieved
2670:
2661:
2652:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2608:
2596:
2572:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2541:
2525:
2520:
2506:
2486:
2479:
2460:
2449:. Retrieved
2447:. 2020-03-06
2444:
2435:
2424:. Retrieved
2419:
2410:
2403:
2398:
2378:
2356:. Retrieved
2352:
2342:
2286:Beth Nahrain
2235:
2229:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2172:
2124:Khabur river
2097:
2062:
2041:Demographics
1963:mm (inches)
1642:mm (inches)
1436:
1428:
1422:
1405:
1346:
1322:
1314:
1237:
1199:
1184:
1161:
1131:
1108:al-Khwārizmī
1092:Diyār Rabīʿa
1088:Mount Sinjar
1064:
1047:
1027:
1019:metropolitan
996:
954:
926:
893:in 1258 and
876:
865:
853:Turco-Mongol
836:
826:
807:
756:Monophysites
751:Roman Empire
744:
702:
688:
612:Neo-Assyrian
608:Beth Nuhadra
595:
592:Bit Nuhadra'
591:
585:
546:
533:
508:(modern-day
500:The city of
499:
492:(modern-day
427:Christianity
416:
400:Tigris River
381:
302:
298:
296:
150:Largest city
125:
5608:Mesopotamia
5396:Thoma Darmo
5259:Key figures
5198:Nestorian (
5000:, legacy of
4998:East Syriac
4935:West Syriac
4881:Revisionism
4823:Switzerland
4818:Netherlands
4479:Philippines
4378:Pan-Turkism
4173:Irredentism
3831:18 February
3810:18 February
3462:Antiwar.com
3282:23 December
3051:|work=
2925:October 12,
2820:October 12,
2445:Seyfocenter
2152:Urmia Plain
2106:(300,000),
2102:(400,000),
1367:during the
1282:'s List of
1112:astronomers
1084:troglodytes
927:In 1552, a
849:superstrate
790:Middle Ages
731:within the
628:Beth Garmai
579:evolved in
526:Mesopotamia
490:Mesopotamia
460:Mesopotamia
431:Neo-Aramaic
423:West Syriac
372:Urmia Plain
352:Mesopotamia
336:Bêth Nahrin
170:Neo-Aramaic
142:World War I
5587:Categories
5321:John Maron
5220:Protestant
5079:Protestant
4885:Rump state
4877:Revanchism
4804:Lebensraum
4653:Yugoslavia
4421:Tamil Nadu
4401:Bangladesh
4326:Azerbaijan
4187:Mauritania
4096:2017-09-10
4067:2017-07-12
4041:6 December
4016:2012-08-17
3981:2017-07-12
3875:2013-09-18
3871:. Refworld
3805:Al-Monitor
3740:21 January
3718:22 January
3694:"Shaqlawa"
3678:12 January
3646:22 October
3624:2017-04-17
3582:2016-05-02
3512:2017-07-12
3468:20 January
3308:2023-08-13
2993:. Bagster.
2902:9004116419
2797:9004116419
2678:. Assur.de
2451:2022-11-06
2426:2022-11-06
2322:References
2156:Lake Urmia
1373:Bronze Age
1211:Tariq Aziz
1148:See also:
1110:and other
745:After the
713:The Levant
345:indigenous
328:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ
225:Demonym(s)
140:following
5410:Languages
5276:Nestorius
5117:legacy of
5054:Nestorian
4839:Australia
4454:Indonesia
4343:Kurdistan
4283:Argentina
4250:Greenland
3911:. London.
3537:11 August
3412:. BRILL.
3053:ignored (
3043:cite book
3024:Chaldeans
2895:. BRILL.
2790:. BRILL.
2582:cite book
2512:"Nineveh"
2316:Kurdistan
2311:Asōristān
2306:Tur Abdin
2140:Tur Abdin
2138:lived in
2033:Source:
1448:Tel Keppe
1433:semi-arid
1414:Geography
1361:Karamlesh
1349:Tel Keppe
1342:civil war
1302:, in the
1182:in 1944.
1030:Nestorian
1009:with the
1007:communion
895:Timurlane
857:Tamurlane
846:Arabizing
831:Tur Abdin
808:al-Jazira
798:A map of
760:Jacobites
721:Ctesiphon
715:over the
524:ruler in
392:Sumerians
388:Akkadians
384:Assyrians
214:Religion
5529:Arameans
5486:/Syriac
5477:See also
5437:Hertevin
5432:Garshuni
5271:Aphrahat
4770:Wallonia
4684:Dalmatia
4602:Bulgaria
4564:Slovenia
4484:Thailand
4474:Mongolia
4469:Malaysia
4437:Cambodia
4293:Colombia
3990:cite web
3936:Archived
3895:Refworld
3854:aina.org
3672:Archived
3010:A. Cohn.
2616:(2005).
2358:June 22,
2270:See also
2234:dubbed,
2232:Brussels
2179:Iraq War
2160:Chaldean
2077:Iraq War
1959:Average
1859:(104.0)
1854:(104.7)
1638:Average
1377:Iron Age
1357:Bartella
1353:Bakhdida
1300:Bakhdida
1127:Assyrian
1119:al-Mamun
1059:depicts
979:Assyrian
950:Joseph I
922:Ottomans
616:Adiabene
604:Sassanid
600:Parthian
522:Sumerian
514:Eannatum
230:Assyrian
154:Qaraqosh
107:Star of
5356:Thoma I
4832:Oceania
4813:Ireland
4782:Austria
4777:Germany
4760:Celtics
4755:Belgium
4737:Karelia
4732:Finland
4679:Corsica
4646:Galicia
4607:Croatia
4585:Albania
4569:Ukraine
4557:Ukraine
4535:Romania
4525:Moldova
4520:Hungary
4510:Belarus
4494:Vietnam
4321:Assyria
4314:Artsakh
4309:Armenia
4197:Somalia
4192:Morocco
3921:Assyria
3667:YouTube
3152:1797632
2682:12 June
2628:: 5–20.
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