131:
587:, who also acts as a go-between for ministers and the opposition to keep parliamentary business moving. The first officeholder, Charles Harris, was appointed privately in 1919 to assist Lord Edmund Talbot, the Conservative chief whip. He was retained by successive Conservative chief whips on a private basis, serving as their secretary during periods when the party was in government (1922β23, 1924β29 and 1935 onwards) until 1939, when the post formally became part of the civil service (as Assistant to the Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury) and Harris was appointed into it, with a salary of Β£850. He retired in 1961 and was succeeded by Freddie Warren; all subsequent appointees have been permanent civil servants.
1438:
404:, the importance of a vote is indicated by underlining items on the "whip", which is the name of the letter the Chief Whip sends to all the MPs in their party at the start of the week. This letter informs them of the schedule for the days ahead and includes the sentence "Your attendance is absolutely essential" next to each debate in which there will be a vote. This sentence is underlined once, twice, or three times depending on the consequences that will be suffered if they do not turn up, hence the origin of the terms
1432:
36:
517:", because they can be taken for granted. The consequences for a back-bencher can include the lack of future promotion to a government post, a reduction of party campaigning effort in his or her constituency during the next election, deselection by his or her local party activists, or, in extreme circumstances, "withdrawal of the whip" and expulsion from the party.
465:
are still
Conservative MPs. This was also the only time when MPs who were being whipped were cooperating with the opposite side's whips. In most cases, the 'pairing' system enables one from each side to cancel out the other's vote if absent simultaneously. Despite the whip, individuals are entitled
441:
If the party has a large
Commons majority, it can make allowances for MPs who are away on important business, or whose political circumstances require them to take a particular issue very seriously. Theoretically at least, expulsion from the party is an automatic consequence of defying a three-line
469:
There are some cases in which the whip is removed because an issue is a matter of conscience. These include adoption, religion and equal opportunities. The impact of a whip being imposed on a matter of conscience can be damaging for a party leader. One such case was that of Iain Duncan Smith, who
505:, "How do we know that he is alive?" So, he leaned forward, turned the knob on the heart machine, the green light went around, and he said, "There, you've lostβit's 311." That is an absolutely true story. It is the sort of nonsense that used to happen. No one believes it, but it is true.
624:. Usually, that person directs the party members to stick to the party's stand on certain issues and directs them to vote as per the direction of senior party members. However, there are some cases, such as Indian presidential election, where no whip can be issued to direct
497:, the then-Member for St. Helens. We had a tied vote, and he was brought to the House in an ambulance having suffered a severe heart attack. The two Whips went out to look in the ambulance and there was Leslie Spriggs lying there as though he was dead. I believe that
437:
The consequences of defying the party whip depend on the circumstances and are usually negotiated with the party whip in advance. The party whip's job is to ensure the outcome of the vote. The party in the majority can always win a vote if its members obey the whip.
347:, if men, and Baronesses in Waiting, if women. As well as their duties as whips, Lords whips speak in the chamber (unlike Commons whips) to support departmental ministers, or act as a spokesperson for government departments with no minister in the Lords.
1321:
762:
513:
who defies the whip is generally dismissed from their job immediately, if they have not already resigned, and returns to being a backbencher. Sometimes their votes in
Parliament are called the "
1499:
304:
The
Government Chief Whip is assisted by the Deputy Chief Whip, other whips, and assistant whips. In order to provide the whip with a salary, the government whips are appointed to positions in
620:, the concept of the whip was inherited from colonial British rule. Every major political party appoints a whip who is responsible for the party's discipline and behaviour on the floor of the
388:
to ensure that his "whippers-in" were personally loyal. According to the Oxford
English Dictionary, the use of the term "whippers-in" was first recorded in the parliamentary sense in the
961:
365:
and the party leadership. Ultimately, if backbenchers are unhappy with the leadership's position, they can threaten to revolt during a vote and force the leadership to compromise.
991:
1509:
649:
1127:
783:
481:
party and the MP's agent. There have been cases where sick MPs were wheeled into the House from far afield to vote for the government on a crucial vote. Former MP
130:
1504:
1331:
691:
336:
420:
has been rung). Neither these instructions, which are visible to everyone in the chamber, nor the "whip" letter at the start of the week, are recorded in
1028:
1601:
218:
416:. The actual vote they are to make is communicated to them in the chamber by hand signals during the division when the time comes (usually after the
470:
imposed a three-line whip against the adoption of children by unmarried couples which, at the time, meant gay couples could never adopt. Several
316:. The whips are not fully active in either of these departments, though they do undertake a number of responsibilities. The Deputy Chief Whip is
477:
Whips often employ a mixture of promises, cajoling and persuasion to force an unpopular vote. A whip should know major figures in an MP's local
1534:
1101:
46:
1289:
948:
282:
The Chief Whip can wield great power over their party's MPs, including cabinet ministers, being seen to speak at all times on behalf of the
890:
1201:
149:
1227:
states that he was "Secretary to the
Government Chief Whip" between 1958 and 1979, but Sir Charles Harris did not retire until 1961 and
1123:
1065:
983:
242:
1519:
787:
358:
in addition to their parliamentary salary, because their additional responsibilities will make them unable to hold down another job.
351:
1196:
1371:
385:
377:
1257:
767:
1469:
932:
548:
301:
chose to criticise his own government and Prime
Minister. Whips in the House of Commons do not, by convention, speak in debates.
264:
260:
173:
1421:
1218:
1565:
1457:
449:'s government was when nine Conservative MPs had the whip removed after voting against the government on its stance on the
283:
144:
343:. Other whips, who are fewer in number due to the decreased importance of party discipline in the Lords, are appointed as
730:
163:
453:, becoming known as Eurosceptics. In practice they remained Conservative MPs supporting the government on other issues.
1570:
1481:
822:
629:
502:
340:
293:
The role of the Chief Whip is regarded as secretive, as the Whip is concerned with the discipline of their own party's
168:
739:
561:
325:
80:
748:
1491:
753:
178:
1524:
1004:... Since 1965, provision has been made for the payment of a salary to the Opposition Chief Whip ...
918:
677:
672:
297:, never appearing on television or radio in their capacity as whip. An exception occurred on 1 April 2019 when
256:
235:
188:
17:
1017:
1580:
1550:
1514:
810:
779:
268:
466:
to vote according to their own beliefs, particularly when there is a "free vote" on a matter of conscience.
1364:
1141:
536:
321:
193:
1464:
1231:
reported only in that year that Warren succeeded him as
Secretary ("Presentation to Sir Charles Harris",
1192:
584:
1452:
541:
317:
1262:
604:
369:
298:
228:
203:
1091:
1606:
744:
153:
62:
1296:
1155:
Piper, J. Richard (May 1991). "British
Backbench Rebellion and Government Appointments, 1945-87".
1357:
1314:
1206:
716:
566:
526:
471:
431:
381:
373:
332:. Assistant whips, and whips of opposition parties, generally do not receive such appointments.
1290:"leaders and chief whips of recognised parties and groups in parliament (facilities) act, 1998"
663:
658:
1560:
1555:
1529:
1057:
735:
706:
654:
645:
510:
498:
462:
726:
721:
702:
625:
294:
8:
711:
687:
621:
389:
329:
1250:
1326:
1267:
1172:
912:
796:
774:
758:
668:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1223:
1135:
792:
696:
682:
617:
531:
450:
287:
272:
350:
Outside the government, the
Official Opposition Chief Whip in the Commons, like the
54:
1394:
1164:
895:
458:
401:
276:
158:
430:. Any explicit direction to an MP as to how they should vote would be a breach of
208:
828:
570:
486:
445:
Other such offences include betraying party loyalties. An example of this during
427:
344:
309:
183:
106:
98:
58:
1437:
1380:
494:
474:
MPs voted against the official party line, and Smith's authority was weakened.
1431:
1595:
1087:
866:
598:
454:
417:
361:
The whips, although superficially dictatorial, act as communicators between
1096:
816:
514:
478:
313:
842:
362:
305:
110:
339:, while the Government Deputy Chief Whip in the Lords holds the role of
951:
Julian Smith: The beleaguered Chief Whip with a long record of mistakes
482:
446:
335:
The Government Chief Whip in the House of Lords also holds the role of
102:
1176:
1575:
557:
1322:"Issuing whips to MPs, MLAs in Presidential poll is an offence: EC"
1168:
368:
While the whip was formally introduced to British politics by the
1349:
891:"Who else lives in Downing Street apart from the prime minister?"
862:
422:
355:
271:
position. The Government Chief Whip has an official residence at
578:
45:
deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a
290:
was known for using her Chief Whip as a "cabinet enforcer".
1235:, 21 July 1961, p. 8; "Chief Whip Appoints New Secretary",
1282:
1465:
Second Lord of the Treasury (Chancellor of the Exchequer)
984:"Salaries of Leader of Opposition and Opposition Whips"
808:
British Chief Whips have appeared in TV series such as
933:"Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury (Chief Whip)"
1016:
Walpole, Jennifer; Kelly, Richard (10 October 2008).
692:
Minister of State at the Department of the Taoiseach
640:
There are also Chief Whips or similar positions in:
337:
Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms
97:is a political leader whose task is to enforce the
1258:"Derek O'Brien is TMC's Chief Whip in Rajya Sabha"
1092:"Tory leader fends off gay adoption policy revolt"
947:
583:The Government Chief Whip's office is headed by a
426:, as they are considered a matter internal to the
1018:"The Whip's Office β Standard Note β SN/PC/02829"
861:An example of this could be a vote to bring back
547:For a list of former Government Chief Whips, see
1593:
520:
1051:
1049:
259:, the Chief Whip of the governing party in the
1209:, September 2004). Retrieved 20 November 2019.
1056:Tingary, Paeony; Durrant, Tim (6 March 2019).
1055:
1365:
579:Principal Private Secretary to the Chief Whip
236:
43:The examples and perspective in this article
1046:
1015:
976:
1202:The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
395:
1372:
1358:
1126:. Column 507, Paragraph 20. 14 July 1997.
1009:
243:
229:
1602:Ministerial offices in the United Kingdom
1295:. Rajya Sabha Secretariat. Archived from
1243:gives 1961 to 1978 ("Sir Alfred Warren."
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
1239:, 2 August 1961, p. 7). His obituary in
485:recalled a case from the latter days of
1470:Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury
945:
763:Deputy Chair of the Parliamentary Group
549:Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury
275:, however their offices are located at
265:Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury
14:
1594:
174:Parliamentary under-secretary of state
124:Political offices in the UK government
1353:
1188:
1186:
1154:
994:from the original on 9 September 2021
635:
1197:"Harris, Sir Charles Joseph William"
1163:(2). Washington University: 219β38.
1104:from the original on 16 October 2021
1086:
964:from the original on 12 January 2022
113:as the party leadership prescribes.
29:
1474:
1399:
988:Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice
731:Minister for Parliamentary Business
330:Lords Commissioners of the Treasury
24:
1482:Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office
1379:
1183:
1068:from the original on 21 April 2022
788:Senate Majority and Minority Whips
630:Member of the Legislative Assembly
594:1961β1978: Sir Freddie Warren, CBE
591:1939β1961: Sir Charles Harris, KBE
341:Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard
129:
25:
1618:
1566:Prime Minister's New Year Message
1130:from the original on 19 May 2001.
784:House Majority and Minority Whips
116:
1436:
1430:
1034:from the original on 4 July 2021
946:Cappuro, Daniel (1 April 2019).
782:β several equivalent positions:
749:Chief Whip of the Majority Party
326:Vice-Chamberlain of HM Household
34:
1505:Parliamentary Private Secretary
1266:. 2 August 2012. Archived from
1212:
1148:
179:Parliamentary private secretary
1330:. 10 July 2012. Archived from
1116:
1080:
939:
925:
883:
855:
493:I remember the famous case of
189:Leader of the House of Commons
134:Arms of the British Government
13:
1:
1581:Portrait of Margaret Thatcher
1551:Downing Street Christmas Tree
1157:Legislative Studies Quarterly
1025:Parliament Research Briefings
876:
803:
554:Other Chief Whips since 2024
521:Lists of chief whips by party
314:Lord Steward of the Household
263:is usually also appointed as
1058:"Whips: what is their role?"
537:Liberal Democrats Chief Whip
194:Leader of the House of Lords
101:, which aims to ensure that
7:
1500:Principal Private Secretary
835:
650:Jefe de Bancada (Argentina)
585:Principal Private Secretary
322:Comptroller of HM Household
57:, discuss the issue on the
10:
1623:
1520:Director of Communications
1453:First Lord of the Treasury
917:: CS1 maint: url-status (
542:Ulster Unionist Chief Whip
376:in the 1880s, in 1846 the
328:. The remaining whips are
1543:
1490:
1445:
1428:
1387:
370:Irish Parliamentary Party
320:, the next two whips are
318:Treasurer of HM Household
219:List of political offices
1140:: CS1 maint: location (
1062:Institute for Government
848:
611:
396:The Whip as a Party Line
352:Leader of the Opposition
1492:Prime Minister's Office
1247:, 15 May 1990, p. 14.).
1207:Oxford University Press
567:Scottish National Party
527:Conservative Chief Whip
432:parliamentary privilege
374:Charles Stewart Parnell
659:party whip (Australia)
507:
135:
1561:Number 10 Policy Unit
1556:Ministerial Broadcast
1535:Official Spokesperson
1475:Government Chief Whip
899:. London. 5 July 2024
740:Chief Government Whip
673:Chief Government Whip
499:John Stradling Thomas
491:
463:Sir Iain Duncan Smith
295:Members of Parliament
150:Deputy Prime Minister
133:
105:who are members of a
1422:Privy Council Office
626:Member of Parliament
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
1571:Press Briefing Room
1510:Political Secretary
1400:Chief Whip's Office
1334:on 5 September 2013
1090:(2 November 2002).
754:Trinidad and Tobago
109:attend and vote on
27:Government position
1530:Director of Policy
1327:The Times of India
1270:on 14 October 2013
636:In other countries
382:Conservative Party
378:Duke of Wellington
164:Secretary of State
159:Treasury ministers
136:
1589:
1588:
1417:12 Downing Street
1412:11 Downing Street
1407:10 Downing Street
1124:"Hansard Commons"
823:The New Statesman
632:on whom to vote.
532:Labour Chief Whip
451:Maastricht Treaty
288:Margaret Thatcher
273:12 Downing Street
253:
252:
169:Minister of state
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
1614:
1440:
1434:
1395:9 Downing Street
1374:
1367:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1254:
1248:
1216:
1210:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1131:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1022:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1001:
999:
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
955:
943:
937:
936:
935:. 30 April 2023.
929:
923:
922:
916:
908:
906:
904:
887:
870:
859:
771:
459:Sir John Redwood
402:House of Commons
380:advised the new
345:Lords in Waiting
277:9 Downing Street
261:House of Commons
257:British politics
245:
238:
231:
121:
120:
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
38:
37:
30:
21:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1607:Political whips
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1539:
1525:Press Secretary
1486:
1441:
1435:
1426:
1383:
1378:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1217:
1213:
1191:
1184:
1153:
1149:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1054:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1020:
1014:
1010:
997:
995:
982:
981:
977:
967:
965:
944:
940:
931:
930:
926:
910:
909:
902:
900:
889:
888:
884:
879:
874:
873:
860:
856:
851:
838:
829:The Thick of It
806:
801:
765:
638:
614:
603:2000β2021: Sir
597:1978β2000: Sir
581:
571:Kirsty Blackman
523:
489:'s government:
487:James Callaghan
428:political party
414:three-line whip
398:
390:Annual Register
310:Royal Household
249:
213:
184:Lord Chancellor
154:First Secretary
119:
107:political party
99:whipping system
87:
76:
70:
67:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1620:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:Chief of Staff
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1458:Prime Minister
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:Downing Street
1377:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1313:
1302:on 8 July 2014
1281:
1249:
1211:
1182:
1169:10.2307/439979
1147:
1115:
1088:Watt, Nicholas
1079:
1045:
1008:
990:. 2019. 4.43.
975:
938:
924:
881:
880:
878:
875:
872:
871:
853:
852:
850:
847:
846:
845:
837:
834:
811:House of Cards
805:
802:
800:
799:
790:
777:
772:
756:
751:
742:
733:
724:
719:
714:
709:
700:
694:
685:
680:
678:Czech Republic
675:
666:
661:
652:
642:
637:
634:
613:
610:
609:
608:
601:
595:
592:
580:
577:
576:
575:
574:
573:
564:
552:
544:
539:
534:
529:
522:
519:
495:Leslie Spriggs
397:
394:
284:Prime Minister
251:
250:
248:
247:
240:
233:
225:
222:
221:
215:
214:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
147:
145:Prime Minister
141:
138:
137:
126:
125:
118:
117:United Kingdom
115:
89:
88:
49:of the subject
47:worldwide view
42:
40:
33:
26:
18:Assistant whip
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1619:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:Miscellaneous
1542:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1263:Outlook India
1259:
1253:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1205:(online ed.,
1204:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
993:
989:
985:
979:
963:
959:
958:The Telegraph
954:
952:
942:
934:
928:
920:
914:
898:
897:
892:
886:
882:
868:
867:death penalty
864:
858:
854:
844:
840:
839:
833:
831:
830:
825:
824:
819:
818:
813:
812:
798:
794:
791:
789:
785:
781:
780:United States
778:
776:
773:
769:
764:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
746:
743:
741:
737:
734:
732:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
704:
701:
698:
695:
693:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
656:
653:
651:
647:
644:
643:
641:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
606:
602:
600:
599:Murdo Maclean
596:
593:
590:
589:
588:
586:
572:
568:
565:
563:
559:
556:
555:
553:
551:
550:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
518:
516:
512:
506:
504:
500:
496:
490:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
467:
464:
460:
456:
455:Sir Bill Cash
452:
448:
443:
439:
435:
433:
429:
425:
424:
419:
418:division bell
415:
411:
410:two-line whip
407:
406:one-line whip
403:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
359:
357:
354:, receives a
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
246:
241:
239:
234:
232:
227:
226:
224:
223:
220:
217:
216:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
140:
139:
132:
128:
127:
123:
122:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
85:
82:
74:
64:
60:
56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1336:. Retrieved
1332:the original
1325:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1297:the original
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1268:the original
1261:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1200:
1193:David Butler
1160:
1156:
1150:
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1097:The Guardian
1095:
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1061:
1036:. Retrieved
1024:
1011:
1003:
996:. Retrieved
987:
978:
966:. Retrieved
957:
950:
941:
927:
901:. Retrieved
896:The Standard
894:
885:
857:
827:
821:
817:Yes Minister
815:
809:
807:
745:South Africa
639:
615:
582:
562:Lee Anderson
546:
515:payroll vote
508:
492:
479:constituency
476:
472:Conservative
468:
444:
440:
436:
421:
413:
409:
405:
399:
386:Lord Stanley
367:
363:backbenchers
360:
349:
334:
303:
299:Julian Smith
292:
281:
254:
204:Law officers
198:
94:
92:
77:
68:
44:
1224:Who Was Who
843:Public Whip
766: [
717:New Zealand
699:β See above
308:and in the
306:HM Treasury
111:legislation
103:legislators
1596:Categories
877:References
804:In fiction
797:Chief Whip
707:Chief Whip
664:Bangladesh
503:Joe Harper
483:Joe Ashton
447:John Major
400:In the UK
312:under the
95:Chief Whip
1576:Partygate
1446:Residence
1388:Buildings
1245:The Times
1241:The Times
1237:The Times
1233:The Times
1229:The Times
1219:His entry
1108:15 August
1072:15 August
1038:15 August
998:15 August
913:cite news
736:Sri Lanka
655:Australia
646:Argentina
605:Roy Stone
558:Reform UK
392:of 1772.
209:Sinecures
59:talk page
1338:3 August
1306:3 August
1274:3 August
1136:cite web
1128:Archived
1102:Archived
1066:Archived
1029:Archived
992:Archived
962:Archived
836:See also
786:and the
727:Scotland
722:Pakistan
703:Malaysia
511:minister
501:said to
71:May 2020
53:You may
968:1 April
903:10 July
863:hanging
712:Namibia
688:Ireland
423:Hansard
384:leader
356:stipend
269:Cabinet
1177:439979
1175:
775:Uganda
759:Turkey
669:Canada
442:whip.
372:under
1300:(PDF)
1293:(PDF)
1173:JSTOR
1032:(PDF)
1021:(PDF)
865:as a
849:Notes
826:and
793:Wales
770:]
697:India
683:Ghana
622:house
618:India
612:India
607:, CBE
199:Whips
61:, or
1340:2012
1308:2012
1276:2012
1142:link
1110:2022
1074:2022
1040:2022
1000:2022
970:2019
919:link
905:2024
841:The
461:and
412:and
324:and
267:, a
93:The
1221:in
1165:doi
628:or
616:In
255:In
1598::
1324:.
1260:.
1199:,
1195:,
1185:^
1171:.
1161:16
1159:.
1138:}}
1134:{{
1100:.
1094:.
1064:.
1060:.
1048:^
1027:.
1023:.
1002:.
986:.
960:.
956:.
915:}}
911:{{
893:.
832:.
820:,
814:,
795:β
768:tr
761:β
747:β
738:β
729:β
705:β
690:β
671:β
657:β
648:β
569::
560::
509:A
457:,
434:.
408:,
286:.
279:.
152:/
1373:e
1366:t
1359:v
1342:.
1310:.
1278:.
1179:.
1167::
1144:)
1112:.
1076:.
1042:.
972:.
953:"
949:"
921:)
907:.
869:.
244:e
237:t
230:v
84:)
78:(
73:)
69:(
51:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_(Tudor_Crown).svg)