201:
civilization throughout the
Americas, including the Inca, the Maya and others. Since the publication of the work, these ideas have since been disputed by later archaeological research. However, the photographs, detailed descriptions of structures and inscriptions, meticulously prepared maps, and numerous photographs found in this work constitute an extremely valuable historical record of the site. Posnansky's ideas about Tiwanaku having been a full-fledged city with a large permanent population, rather than only a seasonally occupied ceremonial center, and its abandonment having been the result of prehistoric climatic change are widely accepted in principle. This book and his personal efforts also contributed significantly to the eventual preservation of the site at a time when it was being very badly damaged by neglect, stone-quarrying, and looting.
69:, on April 13, 1873. He helped his father in his business as a manufacturing chemist. At this time, he was deeply involved in cognate studies. His interest in cognate studies ended when his father suddenly died. After his father's death, Posnansky studied at the Imperial and Royal Academy of Pola (now Pula) for the position of Naval Military Engineer in the Austro-Hungarian Navy. During his time in the Imperial and Royal Academy of Pola, he made several extensive training voyages, including to the
154:
20:
132:
After being a refugee in Europe, Posnansky moved to
Bolivia to claim compensation for his services to this country. After finding that any substantial reward was unattainable because of the bankrupt state of the Bolivian treasury, he devoted his talents towards building private businesses involved in
200:
was published in 1945 (volumes I and II) and 1957 (volumes III and IV). In it, Posnansky argued that
Tiwanaku was constructed approximately 15,000 BC by American peoples, although not by the ancestors of those then living in the area, the Aymara. Posnansky also saw Tiwanaku as the origin point of
193:: Tiahuanaco or Tiahuanacu), suggesting that the city was built during the ice age, before the great flood. He came to this conclusions because there he found human skeletons very close to the remains of fish and fossils of aquatic plants that normally grow in the depths of the lake.
182:(7 volumes, 1897), about South American geography and ethnology. He also lectured about archaeological subjects in Berlin, Frankfort, Nuremberg, and Treptow, Germany. In recognition of his accomplishments, the German government conferred on him an honorary title of Professor in 1914.
121:. After being wounded and captured by Brazilian forces, he escaped and became a refugee in Europe. Because of his loyalty to and support of Bolivia in this conflict, he lost all of his properties in Brazil. His exploits during the Acre Campaign (1900-1901) are detailed in his book
161:
After settling in
Bolivia, Posnansky repeatedly traveled the Bolivian and Peruvian highlands in efforts to locate, describe, and study Inca and pre-Inca archaeological sites. He was especially interested in those found along the shoreline and on the islands of
136:
While his business ventures thrived, the
Bolivian Government recognized Posnansky's service during the Acre Campaign. For his sacrifices in support of the Bolivian government, it first granted him the honorific title of
145:) and full Bolivian citizenship. Later, it awarded him two gold medals, one in 1901, the other in 1903. In 1905, his government service continued when he was elected to La Paz City Council.
133:
mining and international trade. In time, he became a prosperous entrepreneur. During this time, Posnansky introduced the first car to
Bolivia. Posnansky died in La Paz, Bolivia in 1946.
97:. During these expeditions, he became an experienced navigator of it and its tributaries. He used his expertise to become the director of a river navigation company, which was called
248:
in W.H. Isbell and H. Silverman, eds., pp. 169-198. Andean
Archaeology I Variations in Sociopolitical Organization. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, New York. 394 pp.
174:. For such research, the Bolivian Senate awarded him a gold medal in 1905 and he later became Director of the National Museum. He also authored books, which included
33:(1873–1946), often called "Arturo", was an Austrian engineer, explorer, ship’s navigator, entrepreneur, La Paz city council member, and amateur
423:
37:. During his lifetime, Posnansky was known as a prolific writer and researcher and for his active participation in the defense and development of
438:
428:
448:
77:, as a part of his shipboard training. While on Easter Island, he made ethnological observations, which he later published as
292:(Translated into English by James F. Sheaver), J. J. Augustin, Publ., New York and Minister of Education, La Paz, Bolivia.
279:(Translated into English by James F. Sheaver), J. J. Augustin, Publ., New York and Minister of Education, La Paz, Bolivia.
433:
418:
443:
389:
413:
408:
8:
93:. At first, he participated in various expeditions, which explored upper reaches of the
453:
360:
Tiwanaku and Its
Hinterland: Archaeology and Paleoecology of an Andean Civilization
347:
Tiwanaku and Its
Hinterland: Archaeology and Paleoecology of an Andean Civilization
258:
190:
109:, Posnansky rescued the survivors of the Acre garrison during the Acre Campaign in
102:
70:
402:
259:"Arthur Posnansky's alternative theory on the origin of Tiahuanaco • Neperos"
163:
117:
and Brazil over 191,000 km (74,000 sq mi) of territory on the
90:
81:. Posnansky graduated from the Imperial and Royal Academy of Pola at age 18.
74:
34:
57:. Many, if not most, of his theories have been rejected by modern scholars.
94:
118:
232:, 2nd ed. The Hispanic Society of America. New York, New York. 332 pp.
166:. The results of these investigations were published in books such as
308:; Vols. III–IV, La Paz, Bolivia: Minister of Education, vol. 2, p. 91
320:
Exploring
Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy
186:
153:
114:
66:
38:
377:
Biografia Intelectual de un Pionero. La Paz: Producciones "CIMA"
306:, vol. I–II, James F. Sheaver transl, New York: JJ Augustin
123:
Campaña del Acre: la lancha "Iris"; aventuras y peregrinaciones
110:
25:
Campaña del Acre: la lancha "Iris"; aventuras y peregrinaciones
19:
101:. As captain and owner of the shallow-draught steamer and
362:, vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
349:, vol. 1. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
336:
Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 256 pp.
290:
Tihuanacu, the Cradle of American Man, Vols. II - IV.
172:
Rasas y monumentos prehistoricos del Altiplano Andino
55:
Razas y Monumentos Prehistóricos del Altiplano Andino
277:
Tihuanacu, the Cradle of American Man, Vols. I - II.
113:. This military campaign involved a dispute between
157:
Arthur Posnansky with archaeologist Wendell Bennett
322:, New York: Springer Science+Business, p. 460
79:Die Osterinsel und ihre praehistorischen Monumente
51:Die Osterinsel und ihre praehistorischen Monumente
400:
185:During the 1940s, Posnansky studied the site of
311:
282:
269:
240:
238:
375:
334:Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization.
224:
222:
220:
218:
216:
214:
99:La Empresa de Navegacao dos rios Purus e Acre
374:Ponce Sangines, C. (1999) Arthur Posnansky:
317:
295:
41:. He is well known for his books, including
352:
235:
196:Posnansky's final and most important book,
339:
326:
211:
176:Os Indios Paumaris e Ipurinas no rio Purus
89:At age 23 in 1896, Posnansky emigrated to
16:Viennese-born Bolivian explorer and writer
301:
424:Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Brazil
369:
152:
18:
401:
198:Tihuanacu, the Cradle of American Man,
304:Tihuanacu, the Cradle of American Man
246:Chapter 6 Tiwanaku Political Economy.
43:Tihuanacu, the Cradle of American Man
439:20th-century Bolivian businesspeople
23:Photograph of Arthur Posnansky from
392:Tihuanaco Cuan Del Hombre Americano
318:Kelley, D.H.; Milone, E.F. (2002),
13:
127:
14:
465:
382:
168:The Islands of Titicaca and Koati
84:
47:Campana de Acre, La Lancha "Iris"
429:20th-century Bolivian historians
395:(Vol. 1, Spanish & English.)
449:Engineers from Austria-Hungary
251:
1:
204:
60:
7:
148:
10:
470:
434:Bolivian archaeologists
139:Benemerito de la Patria
65:He was born in Vienna,
376:
158:
27:
419:Engineers from Vienna
370:Additional references
302:Posnansky, A (1945),
288:Posnansky, A. (1957)
275:Posnansky, A. (1945)
156:
22:
388:Posnansky, A. 1945.
358:Kolata, A.L. (2003)
345:Kolata, A.L. (1996)
332:Kolata, A.L. (1993)
228:Parker, W.B. (1922)
143:Worthy of the Nation
244:Stanish, C. (2002)
230:Bolivians of To-Day
159:
28:
180:Mapa del rio Acre
461:
379:
363:
356:
350:
343:
337:
330:
324:
323:
315:
309:
307:
299:
293:
286:
280:
273:
267:
266:
255:
249:
242:
233:
226:
31:Arthur Posnansky
469:
468:
464:
463:
462:
460:
459:
458:
444:Andean scholars
399:
398:
385:
372:
367:
366:
357:
353:
344:
340:
331:
327:
316:
312:
300:
296:
287:
283:
274:
270:
257:
256:
252:
243:
236:
227:
212:
207:
151:
130:
128:Life in Bolivia
103:blockade runner
87:
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
467:
457:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
397:
396:
384:
383:External links
381:
371:
368:
365:
364:
351:
338:
325:
310:
294:
281:
268:
250:
234:
209:
208:
206:
203:
150:
147:
129:
126:
86:
85:Life in Brazil
83:
71:Easter Islands
62:
59:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
466:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
404:
394:
393:
387:
386:
380:
378:
361:
355:
348:
342:
335:
329:
321:
314:
305:
298:
291:
285:
278:
272:
264:
260:
254:
247:
241:
239:
231:
225:
223:
221:
219:
217:
215:
210:
202:
199:
194:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:Lake Titicaca
155:
146:
144:
140:
134:
125:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:South America
82:
80:
76:
75:Pacific Ocean
73:in the South
72:
68:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
35:archaeologist
32:
26:
21:
391:
373:
359:
354:
346:
341:
333:
328:
319:
313:
303:
297:
289:
284:
276:
271:
262:
253:
245:
229:
197:
195:
184:
179:
175:
171:
167:
160:
142:
138:
135:
131:
122:
106:
98:
95:Amazon River
88:
78:
64:
54:
50:
46:
42:
30:
29:
24:
414:1946 deaths
409:1873 births
263:Neperos.com
178:(1898) and
403:Categories
205:References
119:Acre River
61:Early life
454:Acre War
187:Tiwanaku
149:Research
191:Spanish
115:Bolivia
67:Austria
39:Bolivia
111:Brazil
53:, and
170:and
107:Iris
405::
390:|
261:.
237:^
213:^
105:,
49:,
45:,
265:.
189:(
141:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.