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interviews were conducted with individuals from
Darjeeling Hills, West Bengal. Respondents expressed their beliefs on the rise of love marriages within their village. Qualitative responses were collected and the study concluded that while villagers believed love marriages had better couple relationships, arranged marriages had far more positive benefits for the family as a whole. Respondents believed arranged marriages brought happiness to parents, strengthened women's ties with their natal families, upheld honor, and preserved caste cultures and traditions. While most respondents believed intercaste marriages should be accepted, many were troubled by how they could harm the quality of intergenerational relationships and damage caste-based customs. Allendorf concluded that the best marriage is a combination of both arranged marriage and love marriage as both have negative and positive characteristics.
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connection but opt for an arranged marriage framework to meet societal expectations and uphold family honor. Research conducted by Parul
Bhandari on the role of families in modern South Asian marriages reveals that while parents may not necessarily control their children's romantic relationships, they wield a significant influence over the outcomes of these relationships. Bhandari's findings suggest that self-arranged marriages in present-day South Asia involve substantial parental involvement, notably through traditions such as the ritual of "meeting the parents." During this ceremonial practice, individuals seeking to marry seek the approval of their intended spouse from their parents. While not exclusive to South Asian cultures, within the context of South Asian matchmaking, parental opinions carry considerable weight in the decision-making process for the marrying individuals.
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app, there is an explicit expectation of marriage and many users’ accounts are managed by parents or guardians. Shaadi.com allows users to limit their potential matches only to individuals from certain communities. There are two hundred of these communities offered for Hindu users. Still, in their search to find a “good match,” individuals and their families prioritzie a plethora of other characteristics that shape their marriage cognition. Some of these (beyond caste) include: class, ‘exposure’, and good looks. As long as these characteristics are compatible and the potential partner’s caste is close to one’s own, the matrimony is deemed as acceptable. However, marriage to someone of a substantially lower caste remains an unfeasible option.
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1418:... how did the bride and groom's families come to know of each other in the first place? Enter the matchmaker. At any given time, in history, around the world, matchmakers have been social busybodies, making it their business to know who is doing what with whom ... Some people, for example, assigned astrologers the dual role of serving as matchmakers... find themselves competing against websites ... When will gender bias in matchmaking end? When will boys be forced to wheel in the tea trolley when the girl's family pays a visit? ...
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863:... Gandharva marriage, which is also part of the orthodox system ... Dushyanta. This king's Gandharva marriage with Cakuntala, which is well-known especially through Kalidasa's drama, is a celebrated example ... only for warrior nobility according likewise to Manu ... Narada states without hesitation that this kind of marriage belongs to all castes alike ... 'survival from the time of promiscuity'; might well be understood from an "inter-ethnic" standpoint ...
515:, Sima Aunty arranges “marriages… between two families and not individuals”. Raghav's interpretation underscores Sima Taparia's role in navigating the expectations of modern millennials alongside the deeply rooted beliefs of their parents, representing two distinct perspectives. The show provides a platform to explore the complexities that arise when trying to reconcile these differing viewpoints within the context of arranged marriages.
1210:... Though arranged marriage remains the rule, parents have also shown increasing willingness to adjust to their children's romantic aspirations. Both boys and girls (boys more than girls) may be allowed a right of refusal of the partners ... with the legal age of marriage now 1 8 for girls and 2 1 for boys and the actual age of marriage rising steadily as well, a phase now exists between sexual maturity and marriage ...
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woman's family except the woman, who then makes a dramatic entrance dressed in fine clothes, often bringing tea and refreshments. This practice is sometimes called "seeing the girl" and has been attacked by some Indian and
Pakistani feminists as a classic instance of gender-bias and the objectification of women. During this visit, the man and woman are often encouraged to meet and talk by themselves in a separate room.
474:) follows. In urban areas, the future spouses are often expected to go out on dates and develop a romantic relationship in the period between their engagement and their wedding. In more conservative rural areas, a period of greater freedom in interaction, or even romantic courtship, between the man and woman follows. Though dating may not be socially permissible, nonetheless the couple may talk over the phone.
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decent job and consistent earnings. The initiation can occur when a parent or a relative (such as an aunt or an elder sister or sister-in-law) initiates a conversation on the topic or the son/daughter approaches the parent/relative and expresses the desire to be married. This relative effectively acts as a sponsor, taking responsibility to get the boy/girl married to a good partner.
433:) to follow. These items are usually returnable if the match does not proceed: In those scenarios, families customarily cooperate to eliminate any trace of a matchmaking conversation between them. The son/daughter reviews the information and photographs, with input from the family and friends, and shortlists a few for in-person meetings.
383:: The profession, financial position and the social status of the individual are also taken into account. This has a higher evaluation criteria in case of men. Also, in significantly high number of cases, there is obsession for Government Job in case of men since these are considered to be safer and offer more stability.
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If there is interest from both sides, the matchmaker passes the word to them. If the families are unfamiliar with each other or live in areas far apart, they will frequently launch inquiries through their social and kin networks, attempting to gather as much independent information as possible about
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is the practice of marrying within one’s own social group, or as it pertains to India, within one’s own caste. Caste-based endogamy typically involves rejecting members of other castes due to inequality (either superior or inferior in nature). Although Shaadi.com functions much like a
Western dating
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The families usually part after this initial meeting without any commitment made by either side and with the expectation that they will confer separately and send word through the matchmaker should they be interested in pursuing matters. These meetings are understood to be non-exclusive, i.e., both
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If the prospective partners express a desire to meet or if the families are enthusiastic about a potential match, it is customary for the prospective groom's family to visit the prospective bride's family. It is traditional for the man's family to arrive (with the man) and be seated with the entire
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The emerging trend of "self-arranged marriages" in South Asia represents a fusion of both arranged and love marriage dynamics, reflecting the enduring societal pressures to formalize family unions through matrimonial processes. In this contemporary approach, couples may independently initiate their
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With kinship groups being viewed a primary unit to which social loyalty was owed by individuals, marriage became an affair deeply impacting the entire family for Indian Hindus and
Muslims alike and key to "the formation or maintenance of family alliances." Sometimes, these arrangements were made at
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of the individual is taken into account in some cases, more so for women. Also, the height of the man is sought to be more than the one of the woman. Many Indian families are obsessed with fairness of the woman. Matrimonial advertisement often advertise skin pigmentation of the woman such as Fair,
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Arranged marriages vary widely by region and community across the Indian subcontinent. The marriage process usually begins with a realization in the family that a child is old enough to marry. For a girl, it is during her graduation or early twenties; for a boy, it is after he is 'settled', with a
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are also in steady decline and deemed unlawful in India (with legal age of marriage at 21 years for men and 18 years for women), so the term "arranged marriage" now increasingly refers to marriages between consenting adults well past the age of sexual maturity. Due to this, a strong distinction is
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Commonly in urban areas and increasingly in rural parts, parents now arrange for marriage-ready sons and daughters to meet with multiple potential spouses with an accepted right of refusal. These arranged marriages are effectively the result of a wide search by both the girl's family and the boy's
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The girl, who was also often given some prior knowledge about the man or was aware of their general reputation, would circulate the hall and indicate her choice by garlanding the man she wanted to marry. Sometimes the father of the bride would arrange for a competition among the suitors, such as a
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It is increasingly common in India for a couple that has met by themselves and are involved romantically to go through the process of an arranged marriage with that specific partner in mind. Since arranged marriages result in a deep meshing and unification of extended families and are believed to
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Another significant trend in arranged marriages is related to the loosening of traditional clan-bonds in India. Where potential spouses for sons and daughters were once identified through family and social relationships, they are increasingly being solicited through advertising because many urban
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In India's rapidly changing society, Ms Lahiri is one of a growing number of female private detectives who specialise in so-called "matrimonial investigations" ... In the past, families whose sons and daughters were about to have an arranged marriage would often know each other, or at least know
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In India, marriage is thought to be for life, and the divorce rate is extremely low. In 2021, India recorded the lowest divorce rate in the world at just 0.1 divorces per 1000 people. In contrast, the divorce rate in the United States was significantly higher, at 2.5 per 1000. The Indian figure,
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Once there is mutual agreement between the prospective bride and groom that they would like to marry, and no red flags have emerged about either party in the inquiries conducted formally or informally, the other prospective spouses are declined and their photographs and other documents returned.
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the prospective partner. Since urban Indian nuclear families often lack these extensive networks, many private detective agencies have begun to offer "matrimonial investigation services" since the 1980s, which investigate the personal and professional histories of a prospective spouse for a fee.
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As marital schemas have begun to change, a new designation of South Asian marriage has been established. The term “love marriage” is used to describe a marriage between two individuals without their families’ approval. In a 2013 study conducted by sociologist Keera
Allendorf, a set of thirty
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the man and woman are expected to similarly meet with other potential partners at this stage. There is an expectation of total confidentiality. Families do not usually disclose who else is being considered for their son/daughter and expect reciprocal confidentiality from the other party.
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societies. Commentators on both Hindu and
European Jewish communities (where early arranged marriages had also gained prevalence) have hypothesized that the system may have emerged because "the answer to the raging hormones associated with teenage sexuality was early, arranged marriage."
1047:... family and kinship groups are seen as the basic units of social organization. Marriage is therefore a matter which is of concern to the group generally ... involved in the formation or maintenance of family alliances ... 'contract between the two families and not two individuals' ...
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If the son/daughter has an identified love interest, the sponsor often takes it upon themselves to try to orchestrate a match with that individual. If no such person exists, the sponsor begins the process of identifying suitable candidates. This is usually done via an intermediary
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something about the family, through a close friend or relative. But with growing numbers of
Indians turning to the internet to find a partner, there is a new knowledge shortfall ... Does this young woman have a "good" reputation, does this young man have a drink problem
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who has a social reputation for maintaining discretion and brokering successful weddings. The sponsor approaches the matchmaker with a photograph and the child's horoscope. The matchmaker is often an elderly socialite who is liked and widely connected to many families.
895:... The Manusmriti tended to lower women's status and deprived her of her traditional status in a variety of ways ... subjected to the guardianship of the father during her childhood, of her husband during her youth, and of her sons after the death of her husband ...
335:) was a frequent go-between. To avoid social embarrassments, complete secrecy is often maintained for any marriage discussions. If no good matchmaker is accessible to the family, the family may resort to matrimonial advertising in newspapers or matrimonial websites.
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all contestants are interviewed with their parents. Parents often provide feedback on their child’s match. The show stresses the value of parental consent and approval within South Asian arranged marriages. As detailed by
Radhika Raghav in her analytical review of
365:: Usually, first preference is given to the same caste. The ancestry of the individual and the family's culture and traditions also play an important part. Usually, prospective spouses are looked for from families belonging to the same region and having the same
188:(where the brother of a deceased man is obligated to marry his widow) also became customary in some regions for all religious groups, partially to ensure that clan alliances and clan ownership of land rights remained intact even if the husband died.
1330:... distinction between arranged and love marriages is in fact becoming increasingly blurred, especially among the urban middle classes ... Parents or other kin may introduce the two, who then might spend some time getting to know each other ...
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The matchmaker identifies a set of potential matches and, based on mutual agreement between families, it is customary for an exchange of photographs and some documentation of the factors being considered (for instance, astrological charts or a
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contribute to marital stability, many couples orchestrate their marriages with each other through the processes of an arranged marriage. These marriages are often referred to as "self-arranged marriages" or "love-arranged marriages" in India.
655:... It was widely expected that the custom of "arranged marriage," so called, would decline as India modernized and as an individualistic ethos took root ... vast majority (over 90%) of marriages in all communities ... surprisingly robust ...
497:, the heavy involvement of parents within matrimonial decision-making is prominently displayed. The film revolves around an English man who, feeling pressured, decides to enter into an arranged marriage to fulfill his parents' expectations.
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The family expresses their criteria for a good match to the matchmaker, which is usually heavily influenced by family considerations but also includes the personal preferences of the son/daughter. These considerations vary but can include
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With the expanding social reform and female emancipation that accompanied economic and literacy growth after independence, many commentators predicted the gradual demise of arranged marriages in India, and the inexorable rise of so-called
1079:... Families often affirm and strengthen their bonds through marriage between first cousins, unions that are permissible in Islam and thus legal in the country. Marriages of most children are generally "arranged" by parents and elders ...
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however, appears to be rising. Opinion is mixed on the implications of this change: "for traditionalists the rising numbers portend the breakdown of society while, for some modernists, they speak of a healthy new empowerment for women."
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It is also speculated that parental control of marriage may have emerged during this period as a mechanism to prevent the intermixing of ethnic groups and castes. Early marriage, in which girls were married before they reached
1592:... They were open to arranged marriages because to them it meant not just the exchange of photos and biodata, but initial introductions and then the freedom to get to know the person for some time before making a decision ...
959:... Marriages in more traditional times tended to be arranged by parents, often before the girl reached puberty, and even the male partner did not always have a say in the selection. This pattern of early arranged marriage ...
1694:... doubts about her post-engagement late-night dinners. "But my mother told them it's all right." Adds Delhi's Komal Arora: "My parents would be really upset if I did not go out with my fiance for two days at a stretch ...
994:... Traditionally marriages are arranged between the families of the future spouses without the latter being consulted or even advised of the plans afoot. Preliminary talks would begin with a visit from the bridegroom's ...
134:), women were stripped of their traditional independence and placed permanently in male custodianship: first of their fathers in childhood, then of their husbands through married life, and finally of their sons in old age.
506:. The show’s main character is Sima Taparia, an Indian marriage consultant/matchmaker. Sima, fondly called Sima Aunty, collects information on individuals through a biodata sheet and creates matches accordingly. Within
39:
tradition lacks any official legal recognition or support, the institution has proved to be "surprisingly robust" in adapting to changed social circumstances and has defied predictions of decline as India modernized.
1716:... there was general consensus that after "sagai" (engagement) the boy and girl may be allowed to have pre-marital courtship. The situation is in no way comparable to the western notion of "engaged couple" ...
1298:... Take, for example, the arranged marriage system. Once it relied on word-of- mouth. Today it is using matchmaking websites like shaadi.com (which claims to be the world's largest matrimonial service) ...
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Matching: Although not absolutely necessary, many communities of North and South India have a practice of matching
Horoscopes of men and women before the alliance. Match making based on Horoscopes involves
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In India, hiring a wedding detective such as Paliwal has become a common prenuptial ritual, as important as the heavy wedding gold and the multi-cuisine 10-course meal served on plates coated in rosebuds
826:... The swayamvara system of later times was, thus, foreshadowed in the Vedic times. 'The woman, gentle in nature and graceful in form, selects from among many, her own loved one as her husband.' ...
754:... a "love-cum-arranged marriage" ... In trying to better understand why most young, highly educated women I have known in Bhubaneswar continued to prefer arranged marriages over love marriages ...
927:... In the Muslim Middle East, bounded by Pakistan on the east, Turkey on the north, the Sudan on the south, and Morocco and Western Sahara on the west, early arranged marriage remains common ...
1175:... The arranged marriage is an institution which, in our society, has proved to be remarkably resilient. It has survived the potentially disruptive impact of various very powerful forces ...
491:
The modern-day arranged marriage phenomenon has found its way into Western media and pop culture, providing a nuanced portrayal of South Asian matrimonial decision-making. In the 2022 movie
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also became prevalent, though not universal, over time. This emergence of early arranged marriages in the Indian subcontinent was consistent with similar developments elsewhere, such as
1773:
680:... In ancient times, when the country was governed by Hindu kings, the Swayamvara system of marriage was very common. It is the system of free, choice by the maiden of a husband ...
1226:
802:... love-cum-arranged marriage, also known as "assisted" marriage, seeking to "combine" the best of both types ... addressing the false dichotomy of love and arranged marriage ...
201:" (i.e. where the initial contact with potential spouses does not involve the parents or family members). That has not yet come to pass and the institution proved to be "
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period), substantially displacing other alternatives that were once more prominent. In the urban culture of modern India, the differentiation between arranged and
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was presumed to exist. For instance, marriages between cousins is permissible in Islam (though not in most Hindu communities), and the girl's mother's sister (or
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the birth of the future husband and wife with promises exchanged between the two families. Where specific alliances were socially preferred, often an informal
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now drawn by sociologists and policymakers between arranged marriages (which involve consenting adults that have choice and unhindered rights of refusal) and
351:: Marriages are usually arranged between individuals belonging to the same religion. Same-religion marriages are the norm in arranged marriages among higher
245:
Shaadi.com, often perceived as a platform facilitating modern-day Indian arranged marriages, reflects the persistence of endogamy in this cultural context
92:, the girl's parents broadcast the intent of the girl to marry and invited all interested men to be present in a wedding hall on a specific date and time.
1261:... It is important to make a distinction between forced marriages and arranged marriages ... given a choice and freely consenting to the marriage ...
1111:... the watta-satta, exchange marriages we have – 'and in exchange she (his daughter) will have to be married to the brother of my brother's wife' ...
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In some regions, specific professions are associated with matchmaking. For instance, in many parts of North India and Pakistan, the local barber (or
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715:... Hindu traditions ... if a girl was not married by puberty, she would soon find a lover, no matter how closely her parents "protected" her ...
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1389:... In the past, the role of a matchmaker was performed by the family nai (barber). Marriage negotiations are conducted in complete secrecy ...
1015:... The answer to the raging hormones associated with teenage sexuality was early, arranged marriage, so that passion could have a socially ...
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100:, which involved simple mutual consent between a man and a woman based on mutual attraction and no rituals or witnesses. The marriage of
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The Indian subcontinent has historically been home to a wide variety of wedding systems. Some were unique to the region, such as
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184:) evolved where two families unite by exchanging women in two brother-sister pairs through marriage. As with other cultures,
1673:... The concept of sanjog (preordained relationship) plays an important role in the establishment of a marriage alliance ...
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64:" with the emergence of phenomena such as "self-arranged marriages" and free-choice on the part of the prospective spouses.
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John A. Ross, International Institute for the Study of Human Reproduction. Center for Population and Family Health (1982),
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It is not uncommon to find family-sponsored marriage advertisements. A parent or sibling acts as a sponsor and introduces
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130:" which, at best, were only suitable for small sections of society. Under the system they advocated (sometimes called
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Muslim laws, politics and society in modern nation states: dynamic legal pluralisms in England, Turkey, and Pakistan
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Families usually attempt to maintain a high level of cordiality in these interactions, often invoking the idea of
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Age: Most often, a man older than the woman is sought, ideally with no more than a 5-year difference in age.
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Arranged marriages are believed to have initially risen to prominence in the Indian subcontinent when the
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As the Vedic religion evolved into classical orthodox Hinduism (ca. 500BC), the social ideas advanced by
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Another example of arranged marriages within film and television is the 2020 reality television series,
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http://www.ynet.co.il/english/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3275463,00.html
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based predictions and evaluates compatibilities of the two individuals. In north India it is called
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Matrimonial websites frequently use some of these factors to enable prospective matches.
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The Demographic dimension in Indonesian developmentEast Asian social science monographs
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https://www.thestar.com.my/data/archives/2013/06/21/09/20/spying-a-lucrative-business/
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Southern California Sociological Society, University of Southern California (1988),
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word for wedding), which claims to be the largest matrimonial service in the world.
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parents no longer have the social reach that was a given before the rise of
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feat of strength, to help in the selection process. Another variant was the
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Great Britain: Parliament: Joint Committee on Human Rights (6 March 2008),
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Personal law reforms and gender empowerment: a debate on Uniform Civil Code
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gained prominence, and large sections of Indian society moved towards
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Uberoi, Patricia (2000). Family, Kinship, and Marriage in India. in:
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Freedom and destiny: gender, family, and popular culture in India
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1432:"What are 36 Gunas in Hindu Marriage | – Times of India"
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Women, Family, and Child Care in India: A World in Transition
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Exchange of photographs/information with prospective matches
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No shame for the sun: lives of professional Pakistani women
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Wheatish etc. Fair tones are considered to be advantageous.
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is "wholly celebrated" in both Indian mass media (such as
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The B'nai B'rith international Jewish monthly, Volume 111
1529:"Getting married the snappy, global way – Express India"
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The wisdom of arranged marriages, Rabbi Levi Brackman, {
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Finding a match is easier than finding a parking space,
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An advertisement for an online partner finding company,
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Marriage customs of the world: from henna to honeymoons
1631:"India's female detectives track down Internet cheats"
1607:"In Thriving India, Wedding Sleuths Find Their Niche"
1572:
1488:
An alternative to the traditional marriage broker –
1406:
477:
191:
1790:"Divorce Rates in the World [Updated 2024]"
1660:, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1994,
1622:
911:International encyclopedia of population, Volume 1
843:
628:
3296:
971:
270:
1691:, Thomson Living Media India Ltd., 1994, 1994,
1628:
1598:
1190:
1155:
635:. New Delhi: Encyclopaedia Britannica (India).
586:
467:") to defuse any sense of rancor or rejection.
1402:
1400:
1398:
1278:
436:
47:gradually gave way to classical Hinduism (the
2602:
2161:
1870:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1186:
1184:
1059:
734:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
695:
624:
622:
1940:Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent
1349:, University of Southern California., 1988,
1091:
1027:
839:
837:
835:
812:
810:
764:
762:
691:
689:
667:
665:
663:
1707:Indian Anthropological Association (1974),
1395:
1124:Nandini Chavan, Qutub Jehan Kidwai (2006),
939:
875:
592:
2616:
2609:
2595:
2168:
2154:
1877:
1863:
1700:
1679:
1647:
1566:
1553:Examples of Religious Matrimony Service –
1370:Sewa Singh Kalsi, Martin E. Marty (2009),
1358:
1336:
1304:
1267:
1235:
1181:
1149:
1117:
1085:
1053:
1021:
1000:
965:
933:
901:
619:
257:
180:(exchange marriages, which occur in rural
167:) to "claim" the girl as for her son (the
163:) was considered to have the first right (
1820:Students' Britannica India: Select Essays
1653:
1604:
869:
832:
807:
759:
721:
686:
660:
629:Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000).
3206:Social impact of Indian television drama
1766:
1764:
1346:Sociology and social research, Volume 73
850:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1989,
593:Shakespeare, Keisha (15 February 2005).
2175:
1884:
1733:
1526:Getting married the snappy, global way
768:
727:
279:
3297:
1407:Farah Zahidi Moazzam (21 April 2010),
1311:Diane P. Mines, Sarah E. Lamb (2010),
2590:
2149:
1858:
1771:Divorce soars in India's middle class
1761:
1742:"Comparison of Divorce Rate in India"
1629:Andrew Buncombe (25 September 2008),
486:
1688:India today, Volume 19, Issues 13–18
1555:Christian Matrimony Service Provider
677:, M.C. Alasingaperumal, 1900, 1900,
21:societies of the Indian subcontinent
1098:, Syracuse University Press, 2002,
817:Bhanwarlal Nathuram Luniya (1967),
775:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
13:
1811:
1317:, Indiana University Press, 2010,
1066:, Indiana University Press, 2006,
1034:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005,
769:Pauwels, Heidi Rika Maria (2008),
14:
3326:
1836:
1197:, Oxford University Press, 2006,
1130:, Hope India Publications, 2006,
946:, Oxford University Press, 1987,
823:, Lakshini Narain Agarwal, 1967,
728:Seymour, Susan Christine (1999).
478:Low incidence of divorce in India
338:
226:in India. With the advent of the
192:Developments in the modern period
108:was an example of this marriage.
2240:Arunachal Pradesh (Panchai baja)
1842:
1060:Farhat Moazam (31 August 2006),
304:
288:
3030:Proposed states and territories
1782:
1722:
1547:
1520:
1501:
1482:
1456:
1438:
1424:
1409:"Matchmaking in the modern era"
1248:, The Stationery Office, 2008,
1216:
975:Pentecost: an island in Vanuatu
1605:Emily Wax (23 February 2008),
1573:Karen Isaksen Leonard (1997),
1446:"Matrimonial News – The Hindu"
1092:Shahla Haeri (November 2002),
398:while in South it is known as
1:
1729:India Has Lowest Divorce Rate
1376:, Infobase Publishing, 2005,
1162:, Sterling Publishers, 1990,
579:
494:What’s Love Got to Do With It
453:
271:The arranged marriage process
146:, various Muslim regions and
48:
1507:Spying a lucrative business
1490:Matrimonial Service Provider
1012:, B'nai B'rith, 1996, 1996,
595:"Love vs arranged marriages"
465:marriages are made in heaven
7:
2794:Water supply and sanitation
1314:Everyday Life in South Asia
844:Johann Jakob Meyer (1971),
518:
437:Meeting prospective spouses
58:is increasingly seen as a "
10:
3331:
2681:Public distribution system
1654:Jean Holm (January 1994),
1285:, World Scientific, 2008,
632:Students' Britannica India
67:
3219:
3196:Films about social issues
3174:
3121:
3058:
3020:
2987:
2914:
2863:
2807:
2764:
2741:
2624:
2553:
2467:
2391:
2355:
2329:
2293:
2232:
2181:
2122:
2101:
2015:
1984:
1953:
1932:
1911:
1890:
1824:Encyclopædia Britannica.
1713:, The Association, 1974,
1579:, Greenwood Press, 1997,
1576:The South Asian Americans
972:Genevieve Mescam (1989),
674:The Brahmavadin, Volume 5
78:historical Vedic religion
76:(which was rooted in the
45:historical Vedic religion
1229:27 December 2022 at the
1191:Patricia Uberoi (2006),
1156:Gita Aravamudan (1990),
882:, APH Publishing, 2003,
35:) and folklore, and the
27:. Despite the fact that
2664:National Pension System
2260:Kerala (Kettu Kalyanam)
1961:Bengali wedding customs
1776:4 February 2009 at the
1495:27 October 2016 at the
1279:Sanjeev Sanyal (2008),
526:Child marriage in India
258:Self-arranged marriages
3002:Caste-related violence
2718:Universal basic income
2618:Social issues in India
2114:Polygamy in Bangladesh
1739:Divorce Rate in India
696:George Monger (2004),
157:right of first refusal
19:is a tradition in the
3201:Freedom of expression
1758:Divorce Rate in India
1560:20 April 2020 at the
1514:14 April 2018 at the
1028:Ihsan Yilmaz (2005),
531:Dowry system in India
3315:Marriage in Pakistan
3050:Separatist movements
2424:Gaye holud (Bengali)
2404:Balle Mallarada Puje
2321:Sri Lanka (Buddhist)
2233:By region or culture
1891:Bangladeshi marriage
1851:at Wikimedia Commons
940:Graeme Hugo (1987),
914:, Free Press, 1982,
876:Anjani Kant (2003),
546:Inter-caste marriage
409:Physical appearances
280:Finding a matchmaker
203:remarkably resilient
3088:Illegal immigration
2733:Widening income gap
2176:South Asian wedding
2073:Lehenga-style saree
1885:Bangladeshi wedding
1611:The Washington Post
607:on 17 February 2005
508:Indian Matchmaking,
25:Indian subcontinent
3040:Religious violence
2901:Female infanticide
2886:Child prostitution
2703:Standard of living
1912:In other religions
1535:on 10 October 2012
1159:Voices in my blood
702:, ABC-CLIO, 2004,
558:Arranged marriages
541:Hindu joint family
513:Indian Matchmaking
503:Indian Matchmaking
487:In popular culture
186:levirate marriages
98:Gandharva marriage
3310:Marriage in India
3305:Arranged marriage
3292:
3291:
3078:Human trafficking
2891:Child trafficking
2820:Domestic violence
2789:Natural disasters
2784:Manual scavenging
2644:Farmers' suicides
2584:
2583:
2143:
2142:
1847:Media related to
1667:978-1-85567-102-7
1586:978-0-313-29788-5
1452:. Chennai, India.
1383:978-0-7910-8356-7
1324:978-0-253-22194-0
1292:978-981-281-877-5
1255:978-0-10-401240-6
1204:978-0-19-567991-5
1137:978-81-7871-079-2
1105:978-0-8156-2979-5
1073:978-0-253-34782-4
1041:978-0-7546-4389-0
988:978-982-02-0052-4
953:978-0-19-582699-9
921:978-0-02-927430-9
889:978-81-7648-456-5
879:Women and the law
857:978-81-208-0638-2
782:978-0-19-970857-4
709:978-1-57607-987-4
125:from the time of
37:arranged marriage
17:Arranged marriage
3322:
3284:Police brutality
3073:Groom kidnapping
3035:Ethnic relations
2896:Female foeticide
2611:
2604:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2016:Items and outfit
1879:
1872:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1846:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1786:
1780:
1768:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1748:on 12 April 2014
1744:. Archived from
1737:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1657:Rites of passage
1651:
1645:
1644:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1570:
1564:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1531:. Archived from
1524:
1518:
1505:
1499:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1404:
1393:
1392:
1367:
1356:
1355:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1239:
1233:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1004:
998:
997:
969:
963:
962:
937:
931:
930:
905:
899:
898:
873:
867:
866:
841:
830:
829:
814:
805:
804:
799:
797:
766:
757:
756:
725:
719:
718:
693:
684:
683:
669:
658:
657:
626:
617:
616:
614:
612:
603:. Archived from
590:
308:
292:
224:nuclear families
216:forced marriages
174:Systems such as
53:
50:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3215:
3170:
3117:
3098:Organised crime
3083:Illegal housing
3054:
3016:
2983:
2959:Menstrual taboo
2910:
2906:Street children
2859:
2830:Family planning
2803:
2760:
2737:
2620:
2615:
2585:
2580:
2549:
2540:Wedding mandapa
2463:
2454:Shakunamanojaya
2434:Mangala Ashtaka
2429:Kankana Dharane
2387:
2351:
2325:
2289:
2245:Bengal (Muslim)
2228:
2177:
2174:
2144:
2139:
2118:
2097:
2011:
1980:
1949:
1928:
1907:
1886:
1883:
1849:Brides of India
1839:
1814:
1812:Further reading
1809:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1778:Wayback Machine
1769:
1762:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1705:
1701:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1668:
1652:
1648:
1635:The Independent
1627:
1623:
1603:
1599:
1587:
1571:
1567:
1562:Wayback Machine
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1516:Wayback Machine
1506:
1502:
1497:Wayback Machine
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1470:. 20 March 2015
1468:Hindustan Times
1462:
1461:
1457:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1405:
1396:
1384:
1368:
1359:
1341:
1337:
1325:
1309:
1305:
1293:
1277:
1268:
1256:
1240:
1236:
1231:Wayback Machine
1221:
1217:
1205:
1189:
1182:
1170:
1154:
1150:
1138:
1122:
1118:
1106:
1090:
1086:
1074:
1058:
1054:
1042:
1026:
1022:
1006:
1005:
1001:
989:
970:
966:
954:
938:
934:
922:
906:
902:
890:
874:
870:
858:
842:
833:
815:
808:
795:
793:
783:
767:
760:
742:
726:
722:
710:
694:
687:
671:
670:
661:
643:
627:
620:
610:
608:
591:
587:
582:
577:
573:Marriage market
521:
489:
480:
456:
439:
422:
341:
320:
319:
318:
317:
316:
309:
301:
300:
293:
282:
273:
260:
211:Child marriages
194:
70:
61:false dichotomy
51:
12:
11:
5:
3328:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:Illegal mining
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2997:Caste politics
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2949:Women's health
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2881:Child marriage
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2845:Nuclear family
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2799:Water disputes
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2779:Climate change
2776:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2708:Street vendors
2705:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2634:Communications
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2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2409:Vadhu Pravesha
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2383:Stealing shoes
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2275:Sikkim (Limbu)
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2250:Bengal (Hindu)
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2109:Nuclear family
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2093:Pagri (turban)
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1976:Stealing shoes
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
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1936:
1934:
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1929:
1927:
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1915:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
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1838:
1837:External links
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339:Match criteria
337:
313:Chennai, India
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199:love marriages
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56:love marriages
52: 500 BCE
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3274:Superstitions
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3252:Homosexuality
3250:
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189:
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169:khalazad bhai
166:
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158:
152:
149:
148:South Pacific
145:
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118:
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29:romantic love
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3264:Human rights
3220:Other issues
3166:Tuberculosis
3151:Malnutrition
2989:Caste system
2964:Prostitution
2876:Child labour
2835:Joint family
2825:Dowry system
2815:Cohabitation
2774:Conservation
2728:Unemployment
2723:Urbanisation
2659:Debt bondage
2654:Land reforms
2545:Wedding sari
2373:Mahr (dower)
2336:
2280:Tamil (Iyer)
2130:Wedding card
2048:Wedding shoe
1939:
1818:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:
1784:
1752:15 September
1750:. Retrieved
1746:the original
1735:
1724:
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1467:
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605:the original
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164:
160:
153:
136:
131:
124:
110:
94:
89:
71:
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42:
16:
15:
3269:Prohibition
3108:Vigilantism
3022:Communalism
3012:Reservation
2944:Eve teasing
2939:Dowry death
2924:Acid attack
2840:Infertility
2766:Environment
2686:Remittances
2566:Photography
2342:Inter-caste
2311:Nepal (Ihi)
2224:Zoroastrian
2182:By religion
1794:divorce.com
796:11 November
611:12 November
600:The Gleaner
568:Matchmaking
536:Dowry death
371:food habits
177:watta satta
127:promiscuity
3299:Categories
3279:Disability
3184:Censorship
3113:Cybercrime
3068:Corruption
3045:Secularism
2356:Traditions
2301:Bangladesh
2294:By country
2007:Mala badal
1997:Gaye holud
1954:Traditions
1637:, London,
580:References
454:Engagement
400:Nakshatram
377:Profession
325:matchmaker
240:Hindustani
232:shaadi.com
117:patriarchy
106:Shakuntala
90:swayamvara
74:Swayamvara
3242:Sexuality
3232:Feudalism
3227:Colourism
3211:Fake news
3136:Epidemics
3103:Terrorism
2850:Polyandry
2743:Education
2713:Transport
2696:Clearance
2530:Upanayana
2495:Nose ring
2459:Upanayana
2444:Saptapadi
2439:Parikrama
2414:Bou Bhaat
2399:Kanyadana
2199:Christian
1992:Bou Bhaat
1919:Christian
1450:The Hindu
791:268653474
392:Astrology
387:Horoscope
297:Hyderabad
165:pehla haq
144:Indonesia
102:Dushyanta
33:Bollywood
3237:Gambling
3189:Internet
3141:HIV/AIDS
3131:Diabetes
2954:Feminism
2934:Devadasi
2871:Abortion
2864:Children
2855:Polygyny
2751:Literacy
2576:Websites
2535:Varamala
2449:Satphere
2337:Arranged
2316:Pakistan
2194:Buddhist
2083:Sherwani
2038:Churidar
1924:Buddhist
1799:13 April
1774:Archived
1558:Archived
1539:20 April
1512:Archived
1493:Archived
1227:Archived
981:, 1989,
750:39235763
651:45086947
552:General:
519:See also
367:language
355:people.
349:Religion
299:, India.
247:Endogamy
228:internet
209:family.
88:). In a
3161:Suicide
3156:Obesity
3146:Leprosy
2756:Ragging
2669:Poverty
2626:Economy
2480:Bangles
2392:Rituals
2270:Punjabi
2209:Islamic
2058:Lehenga
2033:Bangles
2023:Jamdani
1985:Rituals
1898:Islamic
1474:28 June
1373:Sikhism
431:biodata
396:Kundali
363:culture
238:is the
140:puberty
132:Manuvad
68:History
3123:Health
2979:Sexism
2808:Family
2649:Labour
2639:Famine
2515:Sindur
2363:Baraat
2285:Telugu
2255:Hajong
2214:Jewish
2189:Bahá'í
2102:Family
2063:Mehndi
2002:Walima
1828:
1664:
1583:
1380:
1321:
1289:
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649:
639:
461:sanjog
427:resume
381:status
236:shaadi
182:Punjab
3257:Hijra
3176:Media
3060:Crime
3007:Dalit
2916:Women
2691:Slums
2571:Songs
2554:Other
2525:Topor
2520:Tiara
2510:Sehra
2505:Pheta
2500:Palki
2485:Henna
2468:Items
2419:Gauna
2378:Nikah
2330:Types
2204:Hindu
2123:Other
2088:Topor
2078:Sehra
2068:Kurta
2043:Henna
2028:Palki
1966:Dowry
1933:Types
1903:Hindu
359:Caste
353:caste
161:khala
121:caste
3247:LGBT
2974:Sati
2969:Rape
2561:Card
2475:Alta
2347:Love
2265:Odia
2219:Sikh
2053:Jota
1971:Mahr
1826:ISBN
1801:2024
1754:2008
1662:ISBN
1581:ISBN
1541:2009
1476:2020
1413:Dawn
1378:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1100:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1036:ISBN
983:ISBN
948:ISBN
916:ISBN
884:ISBN
852:ISBN
798:2020
787:OCLC
777:ISBN
746:OCLC
736:ISBN
704:ISBN
647:OCLC
637:ISBN
613:2020
472:roka
379:and
369:and
361:and
119:and
113:Manu
104:and
86:Sita
84:and
82:Rama
2674:BPL
333:nai
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