Syrian Armed Forces

1757: 1654: 248: 1781:

worn camouflage uniforms. Air force officers had two uniforms for each season: a khaki and a light gray for summer and a dark blue and a light gray in winter. Naval officers wore white in summer and navy blue in winter while lower ranks wear the traditional bell bottoms and white blouse. The uniform for naval chief petty officers was a buttoned jacket, similar to that worn by American chief petty officers. Officers had a variety of headgear, including a service cap, garrison cap, and beret (linen in summer and wool in winter). The color of the beret varied by season and according to the officer's unit.

226: 396: 1048:, human rights groups say that the majority of abuses have been committed by the Syrian government's forces, and UN investigations have concluded that the government's abuses are the greatest in both gravity and scale. The branches of the Syrian Armed Forces that have committed war crimes include at least the Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Air Force and the Syrian Military Intelligence. However the Syrian authorities deny these accusations and claim that irregular armed groups with foreign support are behind the atrocities, including Al Qaeda linked Insurgents. 61: 1816:

standard, although the highest is the equivalent of lieutenant general, a rank held in 1986 only by the commander in chief and the minister of defence. Navy officer rank insignia were gold stripes worn on the lower sleeve. The highest-ranking officer in Syria's navy is the equivalent of lieutenant general. Army and air force rank for warrant officers were indicated by gold stars on an olive green shield worn on the upper left arm. Lower noncommissioned ranks were indicated by upright and inverted chevrons worn on the upper left arm.

1553:, the Air Defence Command, within the Army Command but also composed of Air Force personnel, numbered approximately 60,000. In 1987 units included 20 air defense brigades (with approximately 95 SAM batteries) and two air defense regiments. The Air Defence Command had command access to interceptor aircraft and radar facilities. Air defenses included SA-5 long-range SAM batteries around Damascus and Aleppo, with additional SA-6 and SA-8 mobile SAM units deployed along Syria's side of the Lebanese border and in eastern Lebanon. 1345: 1181: 73: 1253:

retention system for those in compulsory service (conscript retention into service after the specified period has passed) and enacted new regulations, with citizens who have completed mandatory conscription being called up for reserve duty. By 2020, with the Syrian government regaining control over a large portion of Syrian territory, the General Staff of the Army and Armed Forces issued several demobilization decisions from service (retention and reserve) in batches.

420: 988: 456: 384: 504: 5652: 372: 360: 492: 5040: 202: 712:. By the end of 1945 the army numbered about 5,000 and the gendarmerie some 3,500. In April 1946 the last French officers were forced to leave Syria due to sustained resistance offensives; the Levantine Forces then became the regular armed forces of the newly independent state and grew rapidly to about 12,000 by the time of the 1948 Arab−Israeli War, the first of four Arab−Israeli wars involving Syria between 1948 and 1986. 468: 480: 432: 408: 759:—two military camps—seize control of the 70th Armored Brigade at al-Kiswah, the Military Academy in the city of Homs and the Damascus radio station. While the conspirators of the Military Committee were all young, their aim was not out of reach; the sitting regime had been slowly disintegrating and the traditional elite had lost effective political power over the country. A small group of military officers, including 444: 1694: 1859: 1272:, where males are called (exclusively) to serve in the army when they reach the age of eighteen and until they reach the age of forty-two, but they are exempted from service as long as they are single to their mothers, or do not have another brother capable of taking care of their parents or have an obstacle, a health condition prevents them from performing the service. 4357: 880:(1975–90). Eventually the Syrians brought most of the nation under their control as part of a power struggle with Israel, which had occupied areas of southern Lebanon in 1978. In 1985, Israel began to withdraw from Lebanon, as a result of domestic opposition in Israel and international pressure. In the aftermath of this withdrawal, the 1368:(SAA) was the dominant military service, and as such controlled the senior-most posts in the armed forces and had the most manpower, approximately 80% of the combined services. In 1987 Joshua Sinai wrote that the major development in structural organization was the establishment of an additional divisional framework based on the 631:, reaching between 178,000 and 220,000 soldiers in the army, in addition to 80,000 to 100,000 irregular forces. By 2023, the number of active soldiers in the Syrian military increased to 170,000. Also in 2023, the number of active paramilitary and reserve forces in the Syrian military may have decreased by as much as 50,000. 1218:, the Syrian military consists of air, ground and naval forces. Active personnel were estimated as 295,000 in 2011, with an additional 314,000 reserves. Paramilitary forces were estimated at 108,000 in 2011. Estimates of the declining size of the armed forces over time include 141,400 as of June 2019. 917:

against Iraq. The 9th Armored Division served as the Arab Joint Forces Command North reserve and saw little action. Syria's force numbered ~20,000 in strength (the sixth-largest contingent) and its involvement was justified domestically as an effort to defend Saudi Arabia. Syria's initial involvement

1780:

style, although army combat clothing followed the older British model. Each uniform had two coats: a long one for dress and a short jacket for informal wear. Army officer uniforms were khaki in summer, olive in winter. Certain Army and Air Defense personnel (i.e., commandos and paratroops) may have

1529:

was established following the procurement of a few naval craft from France. The initial personnel consisted of soldiers who had been sent to French academies of naval training. In 1985 the Navy consisted of approximately 4,000 regular and 2,500 reserve officers and men. The navy is under the army's

1534:

missile boats), three old submarines, two submarine chasers, four mine warfare vessels, eight gunboats, six patrol craft, four missile corvettes (on order), three landing craft (on order), one torpedo recovery vessel and, as part of its coastal defense system, Sepal shore-based, anti-ship missiles

995:

Because of the violence against the people by the Syrian Army and the detention of a great number of people, some soldiers from different religions and sects (Sunni, Shia, Druze and Christian) defected in protest at orders to kill protesters in April 2011. By 2014, the number of defecting officers

888:

continued until they themselves were also forced out by widespread public protest and international pressure. About 20,000 Syrian soldiers were deployed in Lebanon until 27 April 2005, when the last of Syria's troops left the country. Syrian forces have been accused of involvement in the murder of

1815:

In 1987, according to a Library of Congress Country Study on Syria, the rank insignia of Syrian commissioned officers were identical for both the army and air force. These were gold on a bright green shoulder board for the army and gold on a bright blue board for the air force. Officer ranks were

1252:

Before the start of the Syrian Civil War, the obligatory military service period was being decreased over time. In 2005, it was reduced from two and a half years to two years, in 2008 to 21 months and in 2011 to a year and a half. Since the Syrian Civil War the Syrian government has implemented a

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to soldiers to remain effective in an environment affected by biological or chemical agents. This uniform consisted of a Russian-made Model ShMS-41 mask similar to those made in the Desert Storm conflict. Previous models of the ShMS used a hose, while the improved "ShmS-41" used a canister-style

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progressed and casualties mounted, more and more positions were opened to women. The National Defense Force allows female volunteers into its ranks, mainly in securing checkpoints. In 2013, the Republican Guard also formed a female section, an all-female tank battalion of 800 strong, nicknamed

838:

announced intentions to withdraw troops from Lebanon, extending their stay into the early months of 1979 at the Lebanese governments request. The Libyan troops were essentially abandoned and had to find their own way home (if at all), and the ADF thereby became a purely Syrian force (which did

1801:. It is difficult to assess how well equipped the Syrian Arab Army is. Although hundreds of hours of videos showing dead and captured Syrian soldiers filmed by rebels have been uploaded to social media, none show this equipment having been carried by or issued to frontline soldiers. 3808:"Changes to Syria's special forces this week: Recently appointed Mohamad Saftly moved to command 30th SRG Division. Replaced as head of Special Forces by Suhail Hassan. Suhail replaced as head of 25th Div by former senior Tiger commander, current 30th Div commander Saleh Abdullah" 696:, which had been established by the French during the 1930s. In 1938 the Troupes Spéciales numbered around 10,000 men and 306 officers (of whom 88 were French, mainly in the higher ranks). A majority of the Syrian troops were of rural background and minority ethnic origin, mainly 3730:"Lots of new senior appointments today: Mundhir Ibrahim replaces Ramadan as head of SAA Operations Authority (ex-head of 5th Corps & Idlib Sec Committee). Mohamed Saftly moves from 15th Div to command all Special Forces. Replaced by Suhail Fajr Hassan, fmr 67 Brig commander" 3834:"New appointments in the #Syrian_Army, Major General Hassan Ali Suleiman (from #Safita) was appointed as director of political department. This department was established in 1970 to guide members of armed forces ideologically and to instill in them loyalty toward the regime" 1162:

Charts estimated that the Syrian military had lost 111 warplanes since the beginning of the civil war, including reconnaissance and attack drones. The Syrians lost most of their warplanes during the first four years of the war, with losses significantly decreasing after the

779:

to fill top-tier military positions during the 1963–1965 period on the grounds of being opposed to Arab unity. This measure tipped the balance in favor of Alawite officers who staged a coup in 1966 and for the first time placed Damascus in the hands of the Alawites."

1391:. This reform reflected a broader trend of consolidation within the Army. Part of this included the recruitment and mass integration of reconciled rebels. Since 2018, the Syrian military renewed its fortification and the annual training to prepare for war against 3667: 802:

When Hafez al-Assad came to power in 1971, the army began to modernize and change. In the first 10 years of Assad's rule, the army increased by 162%, and by 264% by 2000. At one point, 70% of the country's GDP went only to the army. At the beginning of the

4995: 2988: 1713:— long the principal source of training, material, and credit for the Syrian forces – may have slowed Syria's ability to acquire modern military equipment. It has an arsenal of surface-to-surface missiles. In the early 1990s, 1263:

are those who join its ranks voluntarily after they reach eighteen years of age, of all ranks, specializations, and both sexes. They are promoted according to the internal regulations and receive a salary and compensation in

1000:

on 29 July 2011 (interview with Riad Al-Asaad - the founder and leader of the Free Syrian Army), and at the beginning of the conflict they depended on light weapons. The arming of the Free Syrian Army began in mid-2012.

858:, the Lebanese government failed to extend the ADF's mandate, thereby effectively ending its existence, although not the Syrian or Israeli military presence in Lebanon. Eventually the Syrian presence became known as the 687:

to police Syria's vast rural areas. This paramilitary force was used to combat criminals and political foes of the Mandate government. As with the Levantine Special Troops, French officers held the top posts, but as

5158: 1502:

branch of the Syrian Armed Forces. It was established in 1948 and saw combat in 1948, 1967, 1973 and in 1982 against Israel. It has seen combat against militant groups on Syrian soil from 2011 to 2012, during the

1143:

reported that the regular army had reduced from 325,000 to 150,000 due to "mortality, desertions and deviations", but that this was supplemented by 60,000 Republican Guards and 50,000 Kurdish militias. In 2015,

3561: 3756:"The new appointments in the #Syrian_Army: Major general Mohsen Mahmoud Abbas as a head of Syrian Artillery and Missile forces. (From Harf al-Musaytirah, is a Syrian village in the #Qardaha_District)" 3354: 1530:

Latakia regional command. The fleet was based in the ports of Latakia, Baniyas, Minat al Bayda and Tartus. Among the 41 vessel fleet were two frigates, 22 missile attack craft (including ten advanced

1472:

was named as commander of the Special Operations Forces (SOF) of the Syrian Army. In July 2024, the first phase of training began to build and form new SOF units in the SAA. The main aim is to create

1222:

By 2023, the number of active soldiers in the Syrian military increased to 170,000. Also in 2023, the number of active paramilitary and reserve forces in the Syrian military decreased up to 50,000.

944:

In recent years Syria has relied on Russian arms purchases to obtain modern weapons. Purchases have included anti-tank and air defense systems. In early September 2008 the Syrian government ordered

2434: 2076:

A Syrian-produced North Korean Type 68 rifle on sale in Yemen. We can notice the Syrian Defense Laboratories logo stamped on it, which we have seen in the past across Syria. (h/t @FighterXwar_ar).

3071: 1380:, but in the 2013 edition, in the midst of the war, the IISS estimated that army strength was 110,000. By the end of 2018, analysts estimated the SAA to have just 100,000 combat-ready troops. 2925: 1511:

throughout the country. In 2011, Russian sources reported 40,000 personnel in the Air Force, while Reuters reported 100,000. In 2022 the Air Force was reportedly estimated at 15,000 strong.

1155:

switched from traditional Soviet-modeled conventional military forces into a force of smaller groups fighting in close-quarters guerrilla combat with an increasing role for junior officers.

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Despite shrinking by nearly half from the 2011 beginning of the civil war by 2014, the Armed Forces have become much more flexible and capable, especially in anti-guerilla warfare. Their

619:

The military is a conscripted force; males serve in the military at age 18, but they are exempted from service if they do not have a brother who can take care of their parents. Since the

4454: 2980: 1846: 1824:

Although some twenty-five orders and medals were authorized, generally only senior officers and warrant officers wear medal ribbons. The following were some important Syrian awards:

728:. Between 1948 and 1967 a series of coups destroyed the stability of the government and any remaining professionalism within the armed forces. In March 1949 the chief of staff, Gen. 4519: 623:, the enlisted members of the Syrian military have dropped by over half from a pre-civil war figure of 325,000 to 150,000 soldiers in the army in December 2014 due to casualties, 3447: 893:, as well as continued meddling in Lebanese affairs, and an international investigation into the Hariri killing and several subsequent bomb attacks has been launched by the UN. 652:

in mind. Although the unit's officers were originally all French, it was, in effect, the first indigenous modern Syrian army. In 1925 this force was expanded and designated the

3323: 1574:– since merged into the Syrian Arab Army as the 4th Armoured division and the Republican Guard as well as the 14th Airborne Division comprising five Special Forces regiments. 255: 2892: 4391: 4073:قوات العمليات الخاصة (القوات الخاصة) في الجيش العربي السوري تبدأ أولى تدريباتها العسكرية بإشراف اللواء سهيل الحسن، أولى التدريبات تتضمن عمليات الإنزال الجوي من المروحيات. 3010: 2839: 1565: 6975: 3263: 3135: 3049: 6980: 4333: 2327: 4200: 3346: 3159: 807:

of 1973 the Syrian Army launched an attack to seize the Golan Heights that was only narrowly repulsed by two vastly outnumbered Israeli brigades. Since 1973 the

4169: 1164: 6731: 4896: 3659: 751:

spent most of its time planning to take power through a conventional military coup. From the very beginning the Military Committee knew it had to capture

3293: 2947: 2750: 2426: 2025: 1418:), eight armored divisions, five mechanized divisions, two semi-autonomous reserve divisions, three armored/airborne special forces divisions and seven 3079: 2456: 1556:

At some later point in time, the Air Defence Command was upgraded into a separate Syrian Air Defense Force. In 2022, it was reported as 21,000 strong.

1792:

camouflage fatigues along with combat boots, helmets and bulletproof vests. Headgear consisted of a red or orange beret. The Syrian military provides

930:. Total losses sustained were two dead and one wounded. There were indications the Syrian government had been prepared to double its force to 40,000. 5944: 3955: 2915: 744: 1399:

invested major sums in rebuilding the Syrian military through force buildup and reorganization measures, including with new personnel appointments.

1383:

Between 2015 and 2018, the Syrian military under the supervision of Ministry of Defense underwent major structural changes, with the cooperation of

5028: 4974: 4417: 3553: 3183: 1992: 3469: 1923: 1893: 975:

into a permanent base. Israel and the US oppose further arms sales to Syria due to fears that the weapons could fall under the control of Iran or

3623: 3105: 2229: 2166: 4444: 2313: 1725:, with a range of up to 700 kilometers, is allegedly being developed by Syria with the help of North Korea and Iran, according to Eyal Zisser. 1376:

estimated army regulars or professionals at 220,000, with an additional 280,000 reserves. That figure was unchanged in the 2011 edition of the

2134: 4768: 4728: 4694: 4664: 3584:"More casualties raise to 512 including 130 children, the number of citizens who have been killed since the start of the fiercest escalation" 1373: 342: 6269: 4509: 3523: 1841: 4549: 2112: 1237:. A similar imbalance is seen in the officer corps, where some 80% of the officers are Alawites. The military's most elite divisions, the 5920: 5006: 1276:

There are also civilian employees and reserves in the ranks of the armed forces who are called to serve in times of war and emergencies.

4483: 830:

states totaling only around 5,000 troops. In late 1978, after the Arab League had extended the mandate of the Arab Deterrent Force, the

6612: 6582: 6477: 6359: 5940: 4605: 2797: 3439: 3384: 2148: 5185: 3233: 1290: 3315: 1004:

In March 2012 the Syrian government issued new travel restrictions for military-aged males. Under the new restrictions, reported by

6724: 5168: 4413: 3876: 3807: 3729: 6867: 6632: 5960: 796: 3931: 2882: 818:

Syria was invited into Lebanon by that country's president in 1976, to intervene on the side of the Lebanese government against

5264: 5173: 2847: 968:

asserted that the sale wouldn't upset the balance of power in the Middle East and were "in line with . . . international law."

4375: 3601: 6985: 6452: 6030: 5908: 5228: 5150: 4885: 4855: 4829: 4803: 4784: 4710: 4599: 4385: 4222: 3833: 3781: 3755: 3177:"Torture Archipelago: Arbitrary Arrests, Torture and Enforced Disappearances in Syria's Underground Prisons since March 2011" 2289: 1745: 2479: 1756: 6875: 6660: 6130: 5021: 2180: 1462: 1438: 1008:, all males between 18–42 were banned from traveling outside the country. In a late June 2012 interview given by the FSA's 740:. Further coups followed, each attended by a purge of the officer corps to remove supporters of the losers from the force. 3127: 6717: 6497: 1550: 884:

broke out, with Syria fighting their former Palestinian allies. Following the end of the Lebanese civil war in 1990, the

2331: 6757: 6025: 5953: 5927: 5163: 4072: 4059: 4047: 3975: 1477: 1353: 1295: 1285: 1196: 1139:

Russian sources give higher estimates. In 2011, 300,000 reserves were reported in addition to regular forces. In 2014,

240: 4311: 4192: 3156: 1535:

with a range of 300 km. In 2011, the Navy was estimated have 5,000 personnel. In 2022 it was estimated at 4,000.

939: 6852: 6607: 5625: 5113: 4676: 4006: 2711: 2663: 2615: 2528: 2502: 2075: 1773: 4244: 4161: 3020: 1653: 6817: 6537: 6447: 6191: 5850: 4023: 4060:"انطلاق المرحلة الأولى من التدريبات في معسكر التدريب لبناء وتشكيل قوات العمليات الخاصة SOF في الجيش العربي السوري" 1468:

By 2023, the number of active soldiers in the Syrian Arab Army increased to 130,000. In April 2024, Major General

6547: 6517: 6317: 6076: 5277: 5217: 5014: 3255: 1828:, Medal of Military Honor, the War Medal, Medal for Courage, Yarmuk Medal, Wounded in Action Medal, and Medal of 1051:

The numbers in the Syrian armed forces have reduced considerably during the Civil War, although estimates vary.

6108: 4292: 3782:"Syria has appointed #Brigadier_General Fadi Jihad Khaddour (From Baniyas) as chief staff of electronic warfare" 1041:

and Head of the 4th Army Division Maher Al Assad—brother of President Assad—were also injured in the explosion.

6655: 6622: 6487: 6352: 5881: 5611: 5232: 5180: 4957: 4949: 4877: 3042: 1728:

Syria received significant financial aid from Persian Gulf Arab states as a result of its participation in the

1508: 4120: 3703: 3285: 2957: 1744:, Syria's main arms supplier, were worth at least $ 4 billion. Syria has conducted research and produced 6919: 6645: 5600: 5474: 5136: 5131: 2920: 1454: 1450: 1242: 910: 156: 17: 3414: 1829: 6827: 6767: 6602: 6562: 6502: 6417: 6089: 5915: 5840: 5126: 4821: 1683: 1446: 1442: 1430: 1426: 972: 885: 871: 859: 187: 5036: 1736:. In 2005, Russia forgave Syria of three-fourths, or about $ 9.8 billion, of its $ 13.4 billion 6812: 6617: 6422: 6120: 6113: 5968: 5828: 5061: 3176: 2050: 1419: 1188: 840: 613: 217: 901:

Engagements since 1979 have included the Muslim Brotherhood insurgency (1979–82), notably including the

6970: 6807: 6066: 5864: 5701: 5297: 5257: 5212: 5053: 4971: 4649: 4632: 2887: 2735: 2687: 2639: 2552: 1915: 1889: 1741: 1577: 1145: 1034: 876:

Syrian forces, still technically known as the Arab Deterrent Force, lingered in Lebanon throughout the

737: 669: 5874: 3637: 3101: 791:

territory of southwestern Syria has been under Israeli occupation. They then fought in the late 1960s

692:

approached, the ranks below major were gradually filled by Syrian officers who had graduated from the

648:

volunteer force, which would later become the Syrian army, was established in 1923 with the threat of

6939: 6592: 6467: 6437: 6412: 6345: 6144: 5676: 5617: 1874: 1583: 1571: 1415: 721: 524: 4270: 3215: 6688: 6683: 6392: 6374: 6234: 6206: 6013: 5121: 5093: 2258: 1589: 1544: 1458: 1238: 593: 1425:

Reports since the beginning of the war clarified the organisation of the army. In addition to the

6885: 6650: 6587: 6482: 6402: 6387: 5845: 5835: 5696: 5681: 5581: 5535: 5100: 3531: 1810: 1761: 1595: 919: 764: 597: 536: 299: 160: 5869: 4941: 3660:"Officially...the Syrian Army Command issues demobilization decisions and these are the details" 6787: 6640: 6572: 6567: 6522: 6512: 6492: 6472: 6427: 5722: 5717: 5631: 5386: 5302: 4541: 2108: 1465:. The 4th Armored Division became one of the Syrian government's most trusted security forces. 1233:. Alawites made up 12% of the pre-war Syrian population, but 70% of the career soldiers in the 923: 689: 676: 562: 322: 2775: 732:, installed himself as president. Two more military dictators followed by December 1949. Gen. 6847: 6837: 6797: 6777: 6772: 6762: 6542: 6532: 6507: 6462: 6432: 6397: 6239: 6161: 6061: 5903: 5886: 5813: 5691: 5589: 5431: 5250: 4983: 4839: 4589: 4476: 3202: 3075: 1495: 1489: 826:

originally consisted of a Syrian core, up to 25,000 troops, with participation by some other

693: 601: 152: 5000: 2277: 6678: 6597: 6557: 6254: 6056: 5891: 5595: 3376: 1356:. The soldier is wearing a Soviet-made Model ShMS nuclear-biological-chemical warfare mask. 835: 823: 577: 332: 31: 3229: 2801: 8: 6857: 6832: 6802: 6792: 6670: 6442: 6382: 6274: 6264: 6156: 5818: 5426: 5421: 4902: 1361: 4193:"Administrative Decisions on Local Defence Forces Personnel: Translation & Analysis" 1970: 6822: 6782: 6693: 6552: 6457: 6407: 6216: 6166: 6125: 5985: 5973: 5898: 5859: 5823: 5686: 5660: 5318: 4756: 4421: 4364:, 28 September 2004 (link leads only to abstract; purchase necessary for full article) 3971: 3633: 2867: 2729: 2681: 2633: 2587: 2546: 2307: 2026:"IDENTIFYING MATERIEL MANUFACTURED IN THE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA (DPRK)" 1701:

standing guard as his unit prepares for the arrival of a visiting dignitary during the

1434: 1422:

regiments. Evolution of the command structure, training and military system continued.

902: 877: 680: 653: 609: 605: 194: 172: 60: 6286: 6071: 5995: 5801: 5605: 5540: 5495: 5348: 4953: 4945: 4937: 4881: 4870: 4851: 4825: 4799: 4780: 4760: 4748: 4716: 4706: 4682: 4672: 4595: 4381: 4002: 2717: 2707: 2669: 2659: 2621: 2611: 2579: 2534: 2524: 2498: 2295: 2285: 2051:"Exploring Iran's Role in Syrian Defence Industry and its Geopolitical Ramifications" 1986: 1733: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1045: 926:, as Syrian forces did participate in helping dislodge and drive Iraqi forces out of 729: 233: 4996:

Analysis of the syrian army air force and air defence threats in case of no-fly zone

3072:"Friends of Syria must use their influence to stop cycle of repression and violence" 1847:

Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war#Syrian armed and security forces

679:

takeover, the army came under the control of the Free French and was designated the

167: 6310: 6291: 6226: 6044: 6008: 5778: 5637: 5530: 5510: 5505: 5451: 5323: 5285: 5086: 4740: 4449: 3597: 2862: 2706:. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. 198–201. 2658:. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. 192–197. 2610:. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. 196–197. 2523:. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. 195–197. 2203:"عنوان السيرة الذاتية للعماد علي عبد الله أيوب نائب رئيس مجلس الوزراء- وزير الدفاع" 1825: 1789: 1670: 1609: 1504: 1365: 1339: 1207: 1038: 997: 957: 906: 881: 855: 851: 812: 792: 649: 620: 585: 293: 148: 144: 4744: 2167:"Analysing the Online Arms Trade in Opposition-controlled Syria: July 2021 update" 1249:, are exclusively Alawite. Most of Syria's 300,000 conscripts in 2011 were Sunni. 6934: 6911: 6880: 6749: 6211: 6186: 6176: 6171: 5933: 5525: 5490: 5456: 5371: 4978: 4923: 4813: 3163: 2981:"Assad's brother-in-law and top Syrian officials killed in Damascus suicide bomb" 1698: 1469: 1184: 1010: 890: 748: 573: 553: 312: 209: 139: 4844:

It Doesn't Take a Hero : The Autobiography of General H. Norman Schwarzkopf

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List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War § Syrian government and allies

1344: 1180: 660:, the Army of the Levant participated in a futile resistance to the British and 6709: 6698: 6326: 6281: 6244: 6199: 5978: 5773: 5768: 5520: 5500: 5466: 5441: 4514: 1785: 1776:

on Syria, service uniforms for Syrian military officers generally followed the

1473: 1369: 1246: 1203: 1199: 1026: 1005: 953: 804: 760: 733: 645: 616:

holds the position of Deputy Commander-in-chief of the Army and Armed Forces.

176: 4643: 4626: 2299: 1586:– a Palestinian Auxiliary, ostensibly returned to Palestine Authority control. 6964: 6259: 5752: 5747: 5732: 5570: 5547: 5515: 5480: 5416: 5358: 5328: 4865: 4752: 4720: 4686: 3967: 2835: 2583: 1863: 1604: 1192: 1030: 1015: 965: 788: 768: 725: 628: 531: 2721: 2673: 2625: 2538: 2007: 1740:

debt. Russia wrote off the debt to renew arms sales with Syria. As of 2011,

1395:, while at the same time trying to increase its strategic independence. The 72: 6081: 5742: 5553: 5195: 4847: 2279: 1777: 1737: 1710: 1202:(left), both Ba'athist leaders. Military-Ba'ath party nexus constructed by 1022: 665: 657: 275: 5159:

National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region

2278:

James Hackett, International Institute for Strategic Studies, ed. (2023).

1968: 1256:

Soldiers of the Syrian Armed Forces are divided into two main categories:

6248: 6020: 6003: 5446: 5406: 5338: 5333: 5079: 5072: 4929: 3628: 2701: 2653: 2605: 2518: 1868: 1718: 1526: 1520: 1372:

and the organization of ground formations into three corps. In 2010, the

1234: 996:

had reached approximately 170,000, from different ranks. They formed the

927: 827: 811:

line has been respected by both sides, with very few incidents until the

784: 709: 684: 661: 589: 581: 425: 3932:"The Lion and The Eagle: The Syrian Arab Army's Destruction and Rebirth" 3316:"Al-Qaida-linked group accused of torture in areas of Syria it controls" 2230:"Syria increasing efforts to build up military after substantial losses" 6741: 5381: 5343: 4933: 2953: 2591: 2567: 1798: 987: 961: 949: 808: 624: 4121:"Saudi Arabia confirms role in strikes against Islamic State in Syria" 3583: 6929: 6901: 6337: 5727: 5436: 4776: 4736: 4702: 4668: 4380:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger Security International. p. 30. 3704:"Chain of Command in the Syrian Military: Formal and Informal Tracks" 3407:"LifeNews изучил состояние сирийской армии на момент введения ВКС РФ" 2751:"LEGACY OF WAR; ISRAEL MAKES A BITTER DEAL, NEW BATTLE JOLTS LEBANON" 1627: 1499: 1140: 976: 945: 752: 461: 6527: 5376: 5366: 3256:"Exclusive: Obama authorizes secret U.S. support for Syrian rebels" 2430: 1793: 1729: 1702: 1658: 1230: 1215: 1159: 1018:

said that about 20–30 Syrian officers defected to Turkey each day.

914: 776: 772: 697: 509: 389: 180: 4667:(2023). Hackett, James (ed.). The Military Balance 2023 (Report). 4223:"Turkey shells Assad loyalists trying to cross into Syria's Afrin" 1453:, were created by 2015. Units reporting to the Chief of Staff are 6181: 5242: 5207: 5199: 4334:"Assad's Lionesses: the female last line in the battle for Syria" 4125: 3406: 3043:"UPDATE 4-Syrian govt forces, rebels committing war crimes -U.N." 3015: 1862:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1437:

in 2011. New Special Forces units formed during the war included

1349: 497: 377: 365: 252: 230: 3956:

The Syrian Civil War – Evolution of the Syrian Army’s Way of War

2916:"As Syria's war rages, Assad bans military-age men from leaving" 1693: 1674:"Lionesses of Defense", fighting within the limits of Damascus. 5783: 5737: 5411: 5396: 3377:"Сколько людей и оружия по обе линии сирийского противостояния" 1969:

Eden Kaduri, Yehoshua Kalisky, Tal Avraham (6 September 2023).

1722: 1714: 1636: 1618: 1531: 1392: 1384: 847: 756: 449: 206: 4510:"Assad Ouster Bid May Unleash 'Chaos in Mideast,' Russia Says" 4312:"The Special Assignments Battalion: Local Defence Forces Unit" 4048:اللواء سهيل الحسن قائداً للقوات الخاصة في الجيش العربي السوري. 2816: 1402:

By 2019, the Army's formations included three army corps (the

6924: 5651: 5401: 5273: 5044: 5039: 4482:. Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. pp 15. 4162:"The Local Defence Forces: Regime Auxiliary Forces in Aleppo" 2135:"War Gains: Bulgarian Arms Add Fuel to Middle East Conflicts" 1765: 1662: 1226: 831: 701: 683:(Troupes du Levant). French Mandate authorities maintained a 401: 83: 4477:"Russian defence industry and arms trade: facts and figures" 4245:"The 313 Battalion: A Syrian 'Islamic Resistance' Formation" 2149:"Chinese Air Defense System Spotted in Syria: Russian Media" 5391: 3624:"Syria reduces compulsory military service by three months" 1388: 705: 485: 473: 437: 413: 3462: 3128:"Syrian siege of Homs is genocidal, say trapped residents" 2387: 1598:– a part-time volunteer reserve component of the military. 6953:- country that sometimes recognized as part of Arab world 819: 4571: 4569: 4567: 3470:"Infographic: Aircraft Lost During The Syrian Civil War" 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 3999:

Quicksilver War: Syria, Iraq and the Spiral of Conflict

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Use of force: the practice of states since World War II

2480:"Syria fires missiles at Israeli jets after airstrikes" 1717:

missiles with a 500-kilometer range were procured from

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Armed Forces in the Middle East: Politics and Strategy

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International Institute for Strategic Studies (2010).

4309: 4268: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3497: 3495: 1971:"Rebuilding the Syrian Military: The Threat to Israel" 1732:, with a sizable portion of these funds earmarked for 4564: 3877:"I noted 4 distinct phases of (attempted) rebuilding" 2264: 1945: 1943: 1941: 4986:

profiles of people and institutions provided by the

4445:"News Analysis: Russia Damages Image in Arab Spring" 4089: 3230:"Al-Assad denies responsibility for Syria crackdown" 2365: 2363: 2361: 2346: 1648: 1352:

assault rifle from his position in a foxhole during

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A Syrian soldier manning a checkpoint near Damascus.

567: 4141: 4101: 4077: 3851: 3492: 3157:"Syria: Despite Denials, More Cluster Bomb Attacks" 2399: 2375: 4869: 4377:Global security watch—Russia: A reference handbook 4001:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 183. 1938: 1784:Syrian Commando and Paratroop uniforms consist of 1225:In 2011, the majority of the Syrian military were 964:submarines from Russia. Russia's Foreign Minister 724:(against Israel) and were involved in a number of 6976:Military units and formations established in 1946 3701: 2840:"AFTER THE WAR; Syria Plans to Double Gulf Force" 2358: 1916:"Bashal al-Assad in uniform with rank of Marshal" 771:discharged many ranking Sunni officers, thereby, 6962: 6739: 4970:Center for Strategic and International Studies, 4936:, 2002. BESA studies in international security, 4932:and Thomas A. Kearney. London and Portland, OR: 4418:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 4024:"The Growing Role of Reconciled Rebels in Syria" 2972: 2703:The Current legal regulation of the use of force 2655:The Current legal regulation of the use of force 2607:The Current legal regulation of the use of force 2520:The Current legal regulation of the use of force 2008:"CIA Suspects Chinese Firm of Syria Missile Aid" 6981:Pro-government factions of the Syrian civil war 4872:Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East 4818:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991 3900: 3011:"Two Syrian rebel groups claim Damascus attack" 1677: 656:(Troupes Spéciales du Levant). In 1941, during 639: 569:al-Quwwāt al-Musallaḥah al-ʿArabīyah as-Sūrīyah 4587: 4367: 4331: 3874: 3805: 3727: 3554:"Assad's army stretched but still seen strong" 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3347:"Assad's army stretched but still seen strong" 2978: 1760:Syrian honor guard stands at attention during 1441:. In addition, new regular army units such as 1055:Syrian Armed Forces size during the Civil War 6725: 6353: 5258: 5022: 4895:Sinai, Joshua (1987). Collelo, Thomas (ed.). 4769:International Institute for Strategic Studies 4729:International Institute for Strategic Studies 4695:International Institute for Strategic Studies 4665:International Institute for Strategic Studies 3929: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3286:"Saudi Arabia plans to fund Syria rebel army" 1374:International Institute for Strategic Studies 1279: 715: 343:Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center 4581: 4293:"The Life of Farid Khattab of the 313 Force" 4264: 4262: 4015: 3831: 3779: 3753: 2913: 2798:"Retrait syrien total fin avril au plus tar" 1991:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1842:List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War 1021:On 18 July 2012 the Syrian Defense Minister 940:Russia–Syria relations § Arms contracts 822:guerilla and Lebanese Christian forces. The 347:Établissement Industriel de la Défense (EID) 88: 77:Coat of arms of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces 47: 4838: 3507: 2822: 2568:"Will Syria Have to Withdraw from Lebanon?" 2224: 2222: 2220: 1538: 1229:, but most of the military leadership were 783:The Armed Forces were involved in the 1967 6732: 6718: 6360: 6346: 5265: 5251: 5029: 5015: 4310:Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (9 February 2020). 3723: 3721: 3682: 3666:(in Arabic). 29 March 2020. Archived from 3576: 2776:"Assad announces Lebanon troop withdrawal" 2477: 2312:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2181:"Syrian Arab Republic: Constitution, 2012" 1300:Army and Armed Forces Operations Authority 1286:General Staff of the Army and Armed Forces 775:says, "providing openings for hundreds of 71: 59: 4291:Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (February 2020). 4290: 4259: 4225:. Middle East Institute. 21 February 2018 4190: 3524:"Syria's military: what does Assad have?" 3434: 3432: 3102:"Why the Syrian regime is killing babies" 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2330:. www.globalfirepower.com. Archived from 1819: 913:to Saudi Arabia in 1990–91, ahead of the 909:(against Israel) and the dispatch of the 787:(against Israel). Since 1967 most of the 4269:Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (18 March 2021). 3169: 2748: 2565: 2492: 2457:"Israel bombs Syria's Golan after blast" 2217: 2103: 1755: 1692: 1652: 1343: 1179: 1029:and the president's brother-in-law Gen. 986: 865: 5961:Popular Front for Change and Liberation 4812: 3925: 3923: 3718: 2863:"Russia confirms MiG jet sale to Syria" 2393: 2381: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 1804: 1037:in Damascus. Syrian intelligence chief 596:, and paramilitary forces, such as the 14: 6963: 6367: 5001:Key Figures in Asad's Military Command 4542:"Syria not next on list, says Britain" 4501: 4191:Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (3 May 2017). 4021: 3996: 3429: 3357:from the original on 22 September 2014 2834: 2424: 2411: 1999: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1559: 743:In 1963 the Military Committee of the 720:The Syrian Armed Forces fought in the 6713: 6341: 5969:Political status of the Golan Heights 5246: 5229:Syria and weapons of mass destruction 5010: 5003:– command structure developments 1976 4894: 4864: 4731:(2019). "The Military Balance 2019". 4697:(2022). "The Military Balance 2022". 4575: 4507: 4489:from the original on 20 November 2011 4469: 4457:from the original on 22 December 2011 4406: 4373: 4203:from the original on 28 February 2018 4159: 4095: 3901:Pesach Malovany (14 September 2018). 3702:Muhsen al-Mustafa (9 November 2021). 3590: 3296:from the original on 18 December 2016 3236:from the original on 24 December 2013 3138:from the original on 25 February 2017 2405: 2369: 2352: 2240:from the original on 30 December 2014 2115:from the original on 29 December 2017 2005: 1890:"SYRIA UPDATE: THE FALL OF AL-QUSAYR" 736:then held power until deposed in the 4793: 4767: 4727: 4693: 4663: 4442: 4436: 4147: 4107: 4083: 3997:Harris, William (2018). "Glossary". 3978:from the original on 22 October 2014 3920: 3862: 3706:. Omran Center for strategic studies 3604:from the original on 21 January 2017 3501: 3480:from the original on 5 November 2018 3450:from the original on 22 October 2014 3440:"Syria army adapts to guerrilla war" 3417:from the original on 27 January 2016 3052:from the original on 20 October 2012 2949:סוריה: התקפה עזה על המשמר הרפובליקני 2883:"Russia defends arms sales to Syria" 2860: 2080: 1949: 1463:25th Special Mission Forces Division 1439:25th Special Mission Forces Division 1220:(50% shrinkage according to sources) 896: 65:Flag of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces 4645:My Russian SCHMS gas mask with hose 3108:from the original on 22 August 2013 2778:. www.theguardian.com. 5 March 2005 2437:from the original on 9 October 2017 2427:"Making Sense of the Syrian Crisis" 2069: 1955: 1926:from the original on 9 October 2017 1551:Library of Congress Country Studies 1483: 982: 557: 89: 48: 24: 6671:Dependencies and other territories 5272: 5164:Air Force Intelligence Directorate 4917: 4608:from the original on 22 April 2014 4552:from the original on 18 April 2014 4522:from the original on 27 April 2012 4332:Loveday Morris (22 January 2013). 4172:from the original on 26 March 2018 3558:The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon 3344: 3266:from the original on 2 August 2012 2895:from the original on 12 April 2011 2187:. 26 February 2021. Archived from 1892:. Institute for the Study of War. 1751: 1624:Shuhada Nubl wa al-Zahraa Regiment 1507:. Presently there are at least 15 1296:Air Force Intelligence Directorate 25: 6997: 5186:Military Intelligence Directorate 4964: 4594:. Osprey Publishing. p. 58. 4508:Meyer, Henry (7 September 2011). 4394:from the original on 29 July 2016 4022:Waters, Gregory (21 April 2018). 3387:from the original on 31 July 2016 3326:from the original on 22 July 2016 3189:from the original on 25 July 2012 3182:. Human Rights Watch. July 2012. 2991:from the original on 19 July 2012 2928:from the original on 22 June 2012 2861:Katz, Yaakov (3 September 2009). 2497:. Penn State Press. p. 156. 1896:from the original on 10 June 2013 1774:Library of Congress Country Study 1649:Role of women in the Armed Forces 1309:Special Operations Forces Command 1291:Military Intelligence Directorate 1176:Demographics and military service 1148:still reported the same figures. 954:Iskander tactical missile systems 349:Syrian Defense Laboratories (SDL) 27:Combined military forces of Syria 6895:Autonomous regional armed forces 6881:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 5650: 5169:General Intelligence Directorate 5038: 4637: 4620: 4534: 3974:. 16 December 2011. p. 12. 3806:Gregory Waters (12 April 2024). 3728:Gregory Waters (28 March 2024). 3564:from the original on 8 July 2015 2749:Friedman, Thomas (26 May 1985). 2482:. Yahoo! News. Associated Press. 1857: 1321:Military Engineering Directorate 933: 502: 490: 478: 466: 454: 442: 430: 418: 406: 394: 382: 370: 358: 246: 224: 200: 6868:States with limited recognition 6633:States with limited recognition 5218:Military Security Shield Forces 4960:. Syria chapter by Eyal Zisser. 4443:Amos, Howard (26 August 2011). 4414:"SIPRI Arms Transfers Database" 4351: 4325: 4303: 4284: 4271:"The Qamr Bani Hashim Division" 4237: 4215: 4184: 4153: 4113: 4066: 4052: 4041: 3990: 3960: 3949: 3903:"The Syrian Phoenix is Arising" 3894: 3875:Gregory Waters (18 July 2019). 3868: 3825: 3799: 3773: 3747: 3652: 3636:. 20 March 2011. Archived from 3616: 3546: 3399: 3369: 3338: 3308: 3278: 3248: 3222: 3150: 3120: 3094: 3064: 3035: 3003: 2979:Damien McElroy (18 July 2012). 2940: 2907: 2875: 2854: 2828: 2790: 2768: 2742: 2694: 2646: 2598: 2559: 2511: 2486: 2471: 2449: 2320: 2252: 2195: 2173: 2159: 2141: 2127: 1764:. The soldier is armed with an 1657:Female Syrian soldiers with an 1324:General Recruitment Directorate 1247:Bashar al-Assad's brother Maher 950:Pantsir S1E air-defence systems 50:القوات المسلحة العربية السورية 6679:British Indian Ocean Territory 5181:Political Security Directorate 4878:University of California Press 4588:Gordon Rottman (27 May 1993). 3930:George Waters (18 July 2019). 3530:. 6 April 2011. Archived from 3019:. 18 July 2012. Archived from 2956:. 26 June 2012. Archived from 2914:David Enders (27 March 2012). 2043: 2018: 1908: 1882: 1514: 1333: 795:(against Israel) and the 1970 558:القوات المسلحة العربية السورية 98:("Homeland, Honor, Sincerity") 13: 1: 5137:Syrian Special Mission Forces 5132:Syrian Public Security Police 4984:Syria's Army and Armed Forces 4901:. Federal Research Division, 4745:10.1080/04597222.2018.1561033 4247:. Aymenn Jawad. 30 March 2017 3832:Ayman Al-Das (24 June 2020). 3780:Ayman Al-Das (30 June 2021). 3078:. 5 July 2012. Archived from 2921:The Christian Science Monitor 2205:(in Arabic). pministry.gov.sy 1852: 1592:– since merged into the army. 1318:Military Judicial Directorate 1315:Political Guidance Department 765:March 1963 Syrian coup d'etat 157:Syrian Arab Air Defense Force 6986:1946 establishments in Syria 6109:Energy and mineral resources 5909:Supreme Constitutional Court 4972:Middle East Military Balance 4822:University of Nebraska Press 3754:Ayman Al-Das (27 May 2022). 2478:Ian Deitch (17 March 2017). 2006:Gertz, Bill (23 July 1996). 1684:Equipment of the Syrian Army 1678:Weapons, uniforms and awards 1633:Special Assigments Battalion 1431:15th Special Forces Division 1427:14th Special Forces Division 1360:In 1987 Joshua Sinai of the 1303:Artillery and Missile Forces 1170: 973:Russian naval base in Tartus 922:also rolled into the Allied 886:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 872:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 860:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 654:Special Troops of the Levant 640:From Mandate to Independence 7: 6131:Water supply and sanitation 6031:Weapons of mass destruction 5934:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 3166:. HRW.org. 23 October 2012. 2800:(in French). Archived from 2425:Bhalla, Reva (5 May 2011). 1835: 1746:weapons of mass destruction 1206:constitute the backbone of 841:Palestinian Liberation Army 767:. Following the coup, Gen. 749:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 568: 256:Abdul Karim Mahmoud Ibrahim 126:; 53 years ago 108:; 78 years ago 10: 7002: 6423:People's Republic of China 6026:Chief of the General Staff 5954:National Progressive Front 5626:independent First Republic 2888:United Press International 2566:Thompson, Eric V. (2002). 2030:Conflict Armament Research 1973:. INSS Tel Aviv University 1808: 1742:arms contracts with Russia 1688: 1681: 1642:Qamr Bani Hashim Battalion 1563: 1549:In 1986, according to the 1542: 1518: 1487: 1474:specialized military units 1337: 1312:Military Police Department 1280:Administrative Departments 1187:(centre) alongside Syrian 1025:, former defense minister 937: 869: 716:After the Second World War 634: 241:Chief of the General Staff 29: 6948: 6910: 6894: 6866: 6748: 6669: 6631: 6373: 6304: 6225: 6152: 6143: 6101: 6052: 6043: 5994: 5809: 5800: 5761: 5710: 5672: 5668: 5659: 5648: 5580: 5563: 5465: 5357: 5311: 5293: 5284: 5226: 5194: 5149: 5112: 5052: 4796:The Military Balance 2010 4773:The Military Balance 2011 4160:Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. 3968:"By All Means Necessary!" 2493:Weisburd, Arthur (1997). 2328:"Syria Military Strength" 2281:The Military Balance 2023 1875:Federal Research Division 1584:Palestine Liberation Army 1478:Special Operations Forces 1306:Electronic Warfare Forces 1245:, which are commanded by 1214:With its headquarters in 1105: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1006:local Syrian news outlets 664:invasion that ousted the 530: 525:Military history of Syria 520: 515: 353: 338: 331: 321: 317:$ 1.8 billion (2019) 311: 306: 292: 284: 274: 266: 261: 239: 215: 193: 186: 166: 138: 120: 102: 82: 70: 58: 49: 46: 41: 5122:Law enforcement in Syria 5094:Syrian Air Defense Force 4657: 4358:"Syria's embrace of WMD" 3598:"Background Note: Syria" 3232:. CNN. 7 December 2011. 3162:18 December 2016 at the 2948: 2234:South China Morning Post 1772:In 1987, according to a 1639:Special Forces Battalion 1545:Syrian Air Defense Force 1539:Syrian Air Defence Force 1348:A Syrian soldier aims a 1069:Total: Army + Air Force 971:Russia aims to turn the 763:, seized control in the 594:Syrian Air Defense Force 546:Syrian Arab Armed Forces 42:Syrian Arab Armed Forces 30:Not to be confused with 6689:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5536:Principality of Antioch 5101:National Defence Forces 4977:29 October 2005 at the 4628:Soviet SCHMS Respirator 4374:Weitz, Richard (2010). 3600:. US State Department. 2952:(in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: 1811:Military ranks of Syria 1762:Operation Desert Shield 1596:National Defence Forces 1354:Operation Desert Shield 1197:Military Chief of Staff 1044:Since the start of the 920:Operation Desert Shield 745:Syrian Regional Command 738:1954 Syrian coup d'etat 650:Syrian Arab nationalism 598:National Defence Forces 537:Military ranks of Syria 161:National Defence Forces 6940:People's Defense Units 6077:International rankings 5723:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 5387:Middle Assyrian Empire 4898:A Country Study, Syria 4840:Schwarzkopf, H. Norman 4591:Armies of the Gulf War 4297:Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi 3210:Cite journal requires 2734:: CS1 maint: others ( 2686:: CS1 maint: others ( 2638:: CS1 maint: others ( 2551:: CS1 maint: others ( 1870:Syria: A Country Study 1820:Awards and decorations 1769: 1706: 1666: 1509:Syrian air force bases 1414:), one assault corps ( 1357: 1211: 992: 924:Operation Desert Storm 670:Syria–Lebanon Campaign 668:from Syria during the 580:. They consist of the 5882:Government ministries 5432:Neo-Babylonian Empire 5174:Internal Branch - 251 4546:Sydney Morning Herald 3936:Middle East Institute 3476:. 18 September 2018. 3474:Statista Infographics 3076:Amnesty International 2891:. 29 September 2008. 1759: 1696: 1656: 1601:Local Defence Forces 1496:Syrian Arab Air Force 1490:Syrian Arab Air Force 1347: 1183: 990: 979:fighters in Lebanon. 938:Further information: 866:Occupation of Lebanon 850:invaded and occupied 834:, the Saudis and the 799:invasion of Jordan. 722:1948 Arab–Israeli War 694:Homs Military Academy 612:of the Armed Forces. 602:Constitution of Syria 153:Syrian Arab Air Force 95:Watan, Sharaf, Ikhlas 6853:United Arab Emirates 6608:United Arab Emirates 6194:(2011–present) 6090:Securities Exchange 5841:Council of Ministers 5596:Haj Fadel Government 5127:Ministry of Interior 4733:The Military Balance 4699:The Military Balance 4028:International Review 2459:. Al Jazeera English 2236:. 29 December 2014. 2012:The Washington Times 1920:thewhatandthewhy.com 1805:Rank insignia (1987) 1455:4th Armored Division 1451:8th Armored Division 1447:6th Armored Division 1443:2nd Armored Division 1327:Manpower Directorate 1243:4th Armored Division 1165:Russian intervention 911:9th Armored Division 836:United Arab Emirates 824:Arab Deterrent Force 578:Syrian Arab Republic 32:Syrian National Army 5870:Golan Heights claim 5427:Neo-Assyrian Empire 5422:Syro-Hittite states 5312:Prehistorical Syria 5067:Syrian Armed Forces 5062:Ministry of Defense 4903:Library of Congress 4424:on 25 November 2015 4129:. 23 September 2014 3446:. 22 October 2014. 3134:. 7 February 2012. 2850:on 11 October 2017. 2572:Middle East Journal 2137:. 21 December 2015. 1709:The breakup of the 1560:Paramilitary forces 1362:Library of Congress 1158:In September 2018, 1066:Air Force personnel 1056: 690:Syrian independence 614:Minister of Defense 600:. According to the 218:Minister of Defence 6740:Militaries of the 6368:Militaries of Asia 6121:Telecommunications 6114:Petroleum industry 5618:Mandatory Republic 5564:Early modern Syria 5319:Levantine corridor 5213:Popular Committees 3972:Human Rights Watch 3634:Xinhua News Agency 3413:. 1 October 2015. 3082:on 6 December 2012 2868:The Jerusalem Post 2825:, p. 467–469. 2396:, p. 457–458. 1790:woodland-patterned 1770: 1707: 1699:military policeman 1667: 1578:Struggle Companies 1476:comparable to the 1435:Human Rights Watch 1433:was identified by 1358: 1212: 1054: 993: 960:aircraft, and two 878:Lebanese civil war 610:Commander-in-chief 606:President of Syria 339:Domestic suppliers 195:Commander-in-chief 6971:Military of Syria 6958: 6957: 6707: 6706: 6335: 6334: 6300: 6299: 6139: 6138: 6039: 6038: 5928:Political parties 5865:Foreign relations 5796: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5646: 5645: 5606:Syrian Federation 5541:County of Tripoli 5496:Ikhshidid dynasty 5349:Yarmukian culture 5240: 5239: 4887:978-0-520-06976-3 4857:978-0-553-56338-2 4831:978-0-8032-3733-9 4805:978-1-85743-557-3 4786:978-1-85743-606-8 4712:978-1-032-27900-8 4601:978-1-85532-277-6 4548:. 14 April 2003. 4387:978-0-313-35434-2 3345:Sylvia, Westall. 3262:. 1 August 2012. 2838:(27 March 1991). 2291:978-1-003-40022-6 2261:23 September 2014 2155:. 1 January 2020. 2109:"Trade Registers" 1734:military spending 1572:Defense Companies 1480:(SSO) in Russia. 1397:Syrian government 1137: 1136: 1046:conflict in Syria 1033:were killed in a 897:Other engagements 566: 542: 541: 354:Foreign suppliers 294:Reserve personnel 267:Military age 234:Ali Mahmoud Abbas 16:(Redirected from 6993: 6912:Non-state actors 6750:Sovereign states 6734: 6727: 6720: 6711: 6710: 6684:Christmas Island 6375:Sovereign states 6362: 6355: 6348: 6339: 6338: 6320: 6313: 6195: 6150: 6149: 6093: 6092:(stock exchange) 6085: 6050: 6049: 5963: 5956: 5947: 5945:regional command 5936: 5807: 5806: 5779:Fertile Crescent 5670: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5654: 5531:County of Edessa 5511:Mirdasid dynasty 5506:Hamdanid dynasty 5485: 5452:Palmyrene Empire 5437:Achaemenid Syria 5324:Natufian culture 5291: 5290: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5244: 5243: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5087:Syrian Air Force 5082: 5075: 5043: 5042: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5008: 5007: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4891: 4875: 4861: 4835: 4814:Pollack, Kenneth 4809: 4790: 4764: 4724: 4690: 4652: 4646: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4488: 4481: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4450:The Moscow Times 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4420:. Archived from 4410: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4371: 4365: 4360:by Eyal Zisser, 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4266: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4056: 4050: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4019: 4013: 4012: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3964: 3958: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3699: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3520: 3505: 3499: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3436: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3292:. 22 June 2012. 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3213: 3208: 3206: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3188: 3181: 3173: 3167: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2846:. Archived from 2832: 2826: 2823:Schwarzkopf 1993 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2733: 2725: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2685: 2677: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2637: 2629: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2578:(1): 72–93, 76. 2563: 2557: 2556: 2550: 2542: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2422: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2311: 2303: 2275: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2226: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2191:on 5 March 2019. 2177: 2171: 2170: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2105: 2078: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1966: 1953: 1947: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1886: 1878: 1861: 1860: 1826:Order of Umayyad 1730:Persian Gulf War 1671:Syrian Civil War 1665:, December 2015. 1610:Lions of Hussein 1590:Republican Guard 1505:Syrian civil war 1484:Syrian Air Force 1459:Republican Guard 1378:Military Balance 1366:Syrian Arab Army 1340:Syrian Arab Army 1239:Republican Guard 1221: 1210:'s support base. 1208:Assad government 1189:Defence Minister 1132: 1131: 1123: 1122: 1114: 1113: 1100: 1099: 1091: 1090: 1082: 1081: 1057: 1053: 1039:Hisham Bekhityar 998:Free Syrian Army 983:Syrian Civil War 907:1982 Lebanon War 882:War of the Camps 856:1982 Lebanon War 852:Southern Lebanon 813:Syrian civil war 793:War of Attrition 681:Levantine Forces 621:Syrian Civil War 586:Syrian Air Force 571: 561: 559: 516:Related articles 508: 506: 505: 496: 494: 493: 484: 482: 481: 472: 470: 469: 460: 458: 457: 448: 446: 445: 436: 434: 433: 424: 422: 421: 412: 410: 409: 400: 398: 397: 388: 386: 385: 376: 374: 373: 364: 362: 361: 285:Active personnel 251: 250: 249: 229: 228: 227: 220: 205: 204: 203: 149:Syrian Arab Navy 145:Syrian Arab Army 140:Service branches 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1087: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1011:Asharq Al-Awsat 985: 942: 936: 899: 891:Rafiq al-Hariri 874: 868: 797:Black September 718: 642: 637: 574:military forces 503: 501: 500: 491: 489: 488: 479: 477: 476: 467: 465: 464: 455: 453: 452: 443: 441: 440: 431: 429: 428: 419: 417: 416: 407: 405: 404: 395: 393: 392: 383: 381: 380: 371: 369: 368: 359: 357: 348: 346: 247: 245: 225: 223: 216: 210:Bashar al-Assad 201: 199: 173:Hay'at al-Arkan 159: 155: 151: 147: 130: 128: 125: 112: 110: 107: 97: 93: 90:وطن، شرف، إخلاص 78: 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6999: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6956: 6955: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6916: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6872: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6754: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6737: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6714: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6675: 6673: 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4140: 4112: 4110:, p. 370. 4100: 4098:, p. 237. 4088: 4086:, p. 369. 4076: 4065: 4051: 4040: 4014: 4007: 3989: 3959: 3948: 3919: 3907:Israel Defense 3893: 3867: 3865:, p. 368. 3850: 3824: 3798: 3772: 3746: 3717: 3681: 3670:on 21 May 2020 3651: 3615: 3589: 3575: 3545: 3506: 3504:, p. 330. 3491: 3461: 3444:The Daily Star 3428: 3398: 3368: 3351:The Daily Star 3337: 3307: 3277: 3247: 3221: 3212:|journal= 3168: 3149: 3119: 3093: 3063: 3034: 3002: 2971: 2939: 2906: 2874: 2853: 2844:New York Times 2836:Miller, Judith 2827: 2815: 2789: 2767: 2741: 2712: 2693: 2664: 2645: 2616: 2597: 2558: 2529: 2510: 2503: 2485: 2470: 2448: 2410: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2357: 2355:, p. 190. 2345: 2334:on 21 May 2020 2319: 2290: 2263: 2251: 2216: 2194: 2172: 2158: 2140: 2126: 2079: 2068: 2042: 2017: 1998: 1954: 1952:, p. 354. 1937: 1907: 1880: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1837: 1834: 1821: 1818: 1809:Main article: 1806: 1803: 1768:assault rifle. 1753: 1750: 1690: 1687: 1679: 1676: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1643: 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6646:South Ossetia 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6363: 6358: 6356: 6351: 6349: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6196: 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5736: 5734: 5733:Golan Heights 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5571:Ottoman Syria 5569: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5548:Ayyubid Syria 5546: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5516:Fatimid Syria 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5417:Aram-Damascus 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5359:Ancient Syria 5356: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5329:Halaf culture 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5263: 5261: 5256: 5254: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5020: 5018: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4988:Arab Decision 4985: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4798:. Routledge. 4797: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4678:9781032508955 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4584: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4504: 4485: 4478: 4472: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4439: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4370: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4272: 4265: 4263: 4246: 4240: 4224: 4218: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4144: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4116: 4109: 4104: 4097: 4092: 4085: 4080: 4074: 4069: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4044: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4010: 4008:9780190874872 4004: 4000: 3993: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3952: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3924: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3761: 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1166: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1126: 1117: 1108: 1104: 1094: 1085: 1076: 1072: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031:Assef Shawkat 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1016:Riad al-Asaad 1013: 1012: 1007: 1002: 999: 989: 980: 978: 974: 969: 967: 966:Sergei Lavrov 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 941: 934:Modernisation 931: 929: 925: 921: 916: 912: 908: 904: 903:Hama massacre 894: 892: 887: 883: 879: 873: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 846:A year after 844: 842: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 800: 798: 794: 790: 789:Golan Heights 786: 781: 778: 774: 770: 769:Amin al-Hafiz 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 682: 678: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 632: 630: 629:draft dodging 626: 622: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 570: 564: 555: 551: 547: 538: 535: 533: 529: 526: 523: 519: 514: 511: 499: 487: 475: 463: 451: 439: 427: 415: 403: 391: 379: 367: 356: 352: 344: 341: 337: 334: 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Retrieved 1884: 1869: 1856: 1830:8 March 1963 1823: 1814: 1794:NBC uniforms 1783: 1778:British Army 1771: 1727: 1711:Soviet Union 1708: 1668: 1580:– dissolved. 1555: 1548: 1525:In 1950 the 1524: 1493: 1467: 1424: 1420:border guard 1401: 1382: 1377: 1359: 1275: 1270:The assigned 1269: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1224: 1213: 1195:(right) and 1157: 1152: 1150: 1138: 1050: 1043: 1023:Dawoud Rajha 1020: 1009: 1003: 994: 970: 943: 900: 875: 845: 839:include the 817: 801: 782: 742: 719: 674: 666:Vichy French 658:World War II 643: 618: 549: 545: 543: 276:Conscription 168:Headquarters 121:Current form 94: 36: 6593:Timor Leste 6548:Philippines 6488:South Korea 6483:North Korea 6383:Afghanistan 6057:Agriculture 6014:air defense 5974:Nationalism 5634:(1950–1963) 5573:(1516–1918) 5556:(1260–1516) 5550:(1174–1260) 5447:Roman Syria 5339:Abu Hureyra 5334:Uruk period 5080:Syrian Navy 5073:Syrian Army 4930:Barry Rubin 4526:8 September 4493:8 September 4461:8 September 4428:8 September 4251:29 February 4229:29 February 4133:25 December 3629:China Daily 3330:16 December 3300:16 December 3240:23 December 3142:16 December 3112:3 September 3104:. CNN.com. 3056:17 December 2244:29 December 2153:Islam Times 1977:25 November 1719:North Korea 1527:Syrian Navy 1521:Syrian Navy 1515:Syrian Navy 1334:Syrian Army 1235:Syrian Army 1035:bomb attack 1014:he claimed 928:Kuwait City 854:during the 828:Arab League 785:Six-Day War 710:Circassians 685:gendarmerie 662:Free French 590:Syrian Navy 582:Syrian Army 426:North Korea 327:4.5% (2020) 307:Expenditure 6965:Categories 6886:Somaliland 6808:Mauritania 6742:Arab world 6613:Uzbekistan 6583:Tajikistan 6498:Kyrgyzstan 6478:Kazakhstan 6403:Bangladesh 6393:Azerbaijan 6275:television 6157:Censorship 6084:(currency) 5916:Parliament 5875:Iskandaron 5819:Corruption 5382:Canaanites 4958:0714682454 4950:0714652555 4934:Frank Cass 4928:edited by 4735:. London: 4701:. London: 4576:Sinai 1987 4556:4 December 4398:12 October 4096:Sinai 1987 4033:30 October 3982:4 December 3484:27 January 3454:22 October 3086:19 January 2987:. London. 2406:Seale 1990 2370:Sinai 1987 2353:Sinai 1987 2300:1372013483 2284:. 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