Armeno-Georgian War

680:. In 1917 some 80,000 Armenians were serving in the ranks of the Imperial Russian Army. Nearly as many in the Caucasus. In the TDFR, the corps was to consist of two infantry divisions, one "special division", one artillery division, one cavalry brigade and an engineer regiment, supplemented by six separate regiments deployed to different areas, including the Tiflis Governorate. One to be assigned for the protection of railroads. The special division was to draw manpower from Armenians who fled the Ottoman Empire. According to leaderships plans, each division would be made up of four infantry regiments with their own artillery and cavalry detachments. The cavalry brigade was to consist of two cavalry regiments and two artillery batteries. In addition several reserve units would be requested and some formed. Implemented, the Armenian army would have been of substantial size. Ultimately, the Armenians succeeded in creating an overall larger fighting force. On 1 January 1918, the Armenian Army comprised about 40,000 personnel and consisted of two rifle divisions, three volunteer brigades, one cavalry brigade and several militia battalions. Their main cadres were formed from people who had served in the period of 1914–1916. The formations were well equipped with machine guns, but lacking in artillery due to shortcomings of experienced and trained personnel in that particular area. The rifle divisions were each equipped with six heavy artillery batteries, while light guns were transferred to the volunteer forces. According to 764:, were lacking almost completely. Existing People's Guard (also called Workers Guard) units were plagued by disorganisation and ill discipline, sometimes even disobedience. They were often accused of irresponsible behaviour and were being reformed. Its personnel were made up of ideology driven Menshevik party members and the Guard at large, wasn't a cohesive fighting force. It comprised territorial battalions that would be consolidated and assigned competent military leadership, only in the case of war. The relationship between Guard and regular army was described as "not ideal". The Guard enjoyed greater privileges and was heavily politicized, as de facto protector and "sword" of the Menshevik government. While the regular army was subordinated to the Defence Ministry, the entirety of the Guard was directly controlled by the Menshevik dominated parliament. The 2nd Division of the regular army completed its muster not earlier than the end of December 1918, when the war was in its final days. The cavalry brigade failed to form at all. Citations from officers often included remarks of poor quality in the majority rank and file, who were only called in for several days, when rewarding the few stand outs who committed commendable action. Exceptions were the 5th and 6th Infantry Regiments of the 1st Division, that enjoyed superior level of organisation. 463: 785:

According to Tsulikidze, Armenian troops of the 4th Infantry Regiment operating in disguise were instigating an insurrection. They had disarmed a cavalry unit and the garrison at Uzunlar. Subsequently, a relief force was met with a barrage of fire. The following day an Armenian force of 350 men attacked two Georgian units and partisans crushed several soldiers by boulders rolled down a mountainside. Tsulukidze was convinced that he dealt with regular Armenian army units because orders were submitted in Russian, which was the language used by the Armenian military command. In his view Sanahin itself was in danger. The Armenian side maintained that they had no regular troops involved until mid-December, when the oppression of the local peasantry had become too severe to continue tolerating. General Goguadze, who was in charge of the armoured trains, informed the Georgian government that rails between Sanahin and

537:"The conduct of Georgian troops in Borchalu, in that part of Armenia occupied forcibly by Georgia, has created an intolerable situation. Only the immediate withdrawal of Georgian troops from that region can prevent new bloodshed and lead to the restoration of friendly, lasting relations between Georgia and Armenia. With this view the government of Armenia has the honor to propose to the government of Georgia that it remove its troops, without further delay, from that part of Armenia which lies within the Borchalu uezd. In the event of refusal or evasion on your part, the Armenian government will be obliged to take the necessary measures to protect the citizens of Armenia from the violence and lawlessness of the Georgian troops." 394: 752:. Disagreement between German and Georgian officers delayed approval of a German inspired model until 20 August 1918. The first regular army, as per new law, was to consist of two infantry divisions, one cavalry brigade, one artillery brigade, one support company, one engineer company, one motorized company, one armored company and a fighter group. However it never reached the envisioned size or quality at any time in the First Republics existence. By November 1918, the Georgian military's manpower shortage lied at around 60%, while the army still lacked 80% of the required horses. Despite being in a terrible state, Georgian troops with the assistance of the 240: 129: 325: 845:

infantry companies, four cavalry squadrons, including reserves and was equipped with 26 machine guns and seven mountain cannons. Armenia had fewer men, provisions, and ammunition than Georgia, however their troops held the decisive advantage of surprise and penetrating into friendly territory, enjoying the support from the local Armenian population and partisans. Armenian forces quickly made substantial gains. The 4th, 5th, and 6th Regiments advanced in three columns under Colonels Ter-Nikoghosian, Nesterovskii, and Korolkov, towards the line of villages,

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December, the Armenians again attacked Sadakhlu and captured its station and the village outskirts, but were again forced back by the Georgian troops and their armoured train. Kanayan assembled twelve companies for a full-scale offensive. On 23 December, after hours of intense fighting, the Armenians occupied the strategic village. The Armenians took 132 Georgian POWs, over a hundred freight cars of food and munitions, 2 machine guns, and 3 trains. Casualties on the Armenian side were 7 killed and 11 wounded.

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neutral zone eventually split between the two republics. However, their goal had been to seize land up to the Khrami River. The Armenians had advanced during most of the war. Although the Georgians began a counterattack in the final days, they reached a stalemate before the ceasefire. However, the war took place entirely in lands formerly controlled by Georgia. The Armenian army also suffered fewer casualties. The historian Richard G. Hovannisian suggests that the result of the conflict was inconclusive.

116: 491:, insisted that Armenian claims over Lori were indisputable, but that his government wished to pursue its claims solely by diplomatic means. the Armenian parliament sent a message to its Georgian counterpart declaring calling for an amicable solution "in the name of the centuries-long brotherly relations of the two peoples". The Georgian government agreed with a peaceful settlement in principle. However, Armenian troops had to leave recently occupied villages, and further operations within the 1123:, Georgian militias committed several acts of murder, rape and looting. Armenian peasants had been robbed of grain, crops, fabrics, livestock and various other possessions. Several homes were also destroyed. In Belyi-Kliuch, Georgian soldiers went to an orphanage demanding women. After not finding any, the Georgians instead raped prepubescent girls. They returned to the same orphanage a few days later to commit more rapes. Appeals were made to the Georgian authorities, which went ignored. 953:

Georgian representatives to go to the front to effect this decision. The commission is to determine the number of Georgian garrisons which are to remain in the northern sector of the Borchalu uzed and the number of Armenian garrisons in the southern sector. It will also rule on the number of garrisons the Georgians will retain in Akhalkalak, with the understanding that these should be at a minimum. The Georgians are to hold their present line, while the Armenians must withdraw to the

980: 802: 833: 1011: 5116: 1049: 1133:"The Georgians, for example, whose State bounds Armenia on the north, claimed some territory which, by all ethnological rules, belonged to Armenia. The two peoples came to blows in December, 1918, and, to the astonishment of those who supposed the Armenians to be a race of degraded moneymakers, these routed the Georgians, and would perhaps, have captured Tiflis, the Georgian capital, had not the Allies intervened." 525:"Our history of the past two thousand years leads us to the conclusion that we could not imagine Armenia through the centuries without Lori. This would be considered all the more unimaginable today, because to cut off Lori form the body of Armenia means to dismember its entire past and its cultural treasures-to concede to looting the magnificent accomplishments of hundreds of generations through the centuries." 1147:

from Sadakhlu to the prewar border with Armenia. A commissioner general, eventually decided to be Captain A. S. G. Douglas, would administer the zone and have ultimate authority on the number of Armenian and Georgian troops stationed within it. The neutral zone was split into the districts of Uzunlar, Vorontsovka, and Alaverdi. There were 41–43 villages within the neutral zone with large Armenian populations.

709:, the size of the Armenian corps was further reduced by the end of July 1918, to only one division. This restriction however did not touch separate formations not integrated in the corps and subordinated to the government, such as the volunteer brigade led by Andronik. Despite those setbacks, Armenia was able to create a fully structured corps, beating Georgia to it by many months and into the upcoming war. 777:, the Armenian peasantry resisted the excessive search operations. In response, Georgian troops beat the village commissar and killed an official. A Georgian military investigation confirmed the Georgian soldiers had been the instigators and requested replacement of troops, but concluded that due to the organised nature of resistance, Uzunlar was to be searched and neutralized. 676:

Armenian corps was structured not too differently to their later Georgian counterpart, also partially inspired by Russian military doctrines and organisation. Plans were already made in 1917 and roots lied in the Armenian units that had fought for the Russian Empire since 1914. The largest of those (1,500 men strong) was led by

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Menshevik government decided that all laws and resolutions established during the short-lived TDFR, would temporarily carry over to the newly formed Republic. Batumi was declared occupied. In June a Georgian army deployed to Abkhazia at request of the Abkhaz Council in order to quell Bolshevik revolts and in the process, took

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The final confrontations took place on 31 December, before the ceasefire would come into effect at midnight. The Armenians made strategic gains at their center and right columns, but the typhus-infected left column was pushed back. Late in the afternoon, Armenian soldiers outflanked the Georgians and

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From Georgian perspective, North-Eastern and Eastern advances of the Ottoman forces constituted an imminent threat not only to Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki, but also to Tiflis. During its brief independence, Russia and Turkey remained the main threats to the Republic. In a session on May 25, 1918, the

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The outcome of the war is disputed. Both the Armenians and Georgians claimed victory. Both sides also felt that they would have had a decisive victory if it had not been for the ceasefire imposed by the Allies. The Armenians had succeeded in forcing the Georgians out of northern Lori, which became a

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The decision was signed by Rycroft, Chardigny, and Zhordania, who called on both Armenian and Georgian military leaders to cease their activities. The Allies decided to impose the plan with or without the approval of the government of Armenia. Armenian officials decided to agree to the truce, on the

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In early October 1918, the Ottomans pulled back from southern Lori, which eliminated the territorial buffer between Armenia and Georgia. The Armenian military quickly filled the void by taking control of much of southern Lori on 18 October and, in the absence of any resistance, probed further north.

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and Katharinenfeld, while Korolov's right flank captured Hairum. Georgian forces, that consisted mostly of People's Guard units, offered poor resistance at Katharinenfeld and later at Shulaver, which put others forces in danger. The surprise attack at Hairum cost the Georgians an additional 500 men

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escalated, Georgia was effectively subjected to aggression by both Russian bolsheviks and the Ottoman Empire, which lasted until 1919. The ambitions of those two prompted creation of a cohesive armed force. A draft, which laid out the organisation structure, was presented by General Kvinitadze on 2

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Both sides attempted to maintain favorable positions before the ceasefire came into effect. The Armenian soldiers had marched for two weeks without rest. No reinforcements could be sent by the government. The supplies of Armenian troops now mostly consisted of bread and munitions captured from the

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The Allied, Georgian and Armenian officials met to discuss a final settlement from 9 to 17 January 1919. Diplomatic and trade relations were resumed between the two republics. Prisoners were also returned on 23 January. The British created a neutral zone, centred in the Borchaly uezd and reaching

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were heavily persecuted, and many were arrested without cause. Several organisations were shut down, including charities for refugees and orphans. Armenian newspapers were banned, and members of the Tiflis City Council with Armenian background were arrested. The governor of Tiflis proclaimed that

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in Lori, deployed General Tsulukidze and ordered him to deal with armed formations behind Georgian lines. He was, however, instructed to avoid direct confrontation with the Armenian troops, who were occupying Korinj and Tsater. On October 26 the invading Armenian forces were ordered to return and

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A neutral zone, under Allied supervision, was declared in the Borchaly district, which would later be split in between the two states. The large Armenian population of Tiflis and other Georgian-controlled regions was subject to mass arrests and other forms of persecution both during and after the

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to protest the violence. General Tsulukidze had the emissaries arrested and sent a detachment to deal with the unrests. His troops were reportedly attacked, while the Armenians of Uzunlar claimed their village was bombarded for two days, while the Georgians claimed the villagers had opened fire.

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Following the Turkish retreat from southern Lori in October 1918, Armenian forces gained control of the region, resulting in a border between Armenia and Georgia. In response, the Georgian side bolstered it's garrison in the northern parts. The local populace was required to provide quarters and

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speak of a stubborn Georgian government, that initially refused the implementation of a regular army accordingly to their demands. Pressure forced them to concede to a model with conscription. The governments original intention was to form two infantry divisions, one Border Guard division, three

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on 20 December. The Armenians had now approached the Khrami River. Other units moved on Sadakhlu, but came under fire within range of the armored train, and sustained their first heavy losses. However, the rails to the Georgian's rear had been cut, and they were in danger of encirclement. On 22

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was equalled with the demise of the Armenian nation. Therein and the fear of foreign incursions was the basis of creating a national military corps, even before gaining independence in 1918. Such a proposal was approved on 11 July 1917 by the provisional government and High Command. The planned

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Several skirmishes took place from 25 to 27 December. Though the Georgian efforts had become more brazen, positions changed little during these days. On 28 December, the Georgians had made a breakthrough when a force of 3,500 instructed by Mazniashvili overtook Shulaver, as well as a number of

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Major General Rycroft, now in Tiflis, Chardigny of the French Mission, in company with Zhordania and in the presence of Djamalian, have decided that military activities should cease and, over the protest of Djamalian, have resolved to create a mixed commission of English, French, Armenian, and

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every Armenian civilian was a technical prisoner-of-war. Many of the arrested Armenians were extorted and threatened with execution if they refused. Ransom prices varied between 50 and 50,000 rubles. Even after the ceasefire had been declared, thousands of arrests were made on 5 January 1919.

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perimeter. The British will take positions between the Georgian and Armenian troops and will create a mixed administration in that district, whereas the Georgian administration in Akhalkalak will be supervised by the Allies, with the guarantee that Armenian and Muslim representatives shall be

869:, Alaverdi, and the heights between Haghpat and Akhova. The Georgians had left behind their dead and wounded. The Armenians had already captured almost a hundred Georgian soldiers, as well as many cavalry mounts, fifty freight cars, a locomotive, and several machine guns and mountain cannons. 844:

to force the Georgian troops out of Lori. Captured documents revealed that Yerevan had made detailed plans to seize territories up to the river Khrami, into Georgia proper. Those seemed verified by the subsequent movements and activities of the Armenian troops. Kanayan commanded a force of 28

311:, and the entire war took place on land that had been controlled prior by Georgia. The result of the war is considered inconclusive, with the Armenian side declaring a successful liberation of Armenian territories and the Georgian side declaring a successful defense against an invasion. 1027:

smaller villages. The Armenians suffered 200 casualties. Over the next two days, the Armenians and Georgians fought over Sadakhlu, which changed hands several times. Eventually the two armies entrenched themselves in a stalemate, with the Armenians in station and Georgians in the town.

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cavalry regiments and an artillery brigade, leaning towards Red Army structures. The peacetime strength was to be 30–40,000 soldiers. Kvinitadze wanted to create three divisions, so that one could at least defend against potential Ottoman thrusts towards and from the direction of

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district to the Ottomans, but it did not firmly delineate the borders between the new Transcaucasus states. In order to deny the Ottomans a direct route to Tbilisi, Georgian units, supported by German officers, took possession of northern Lori and established outposts along the

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June 1918. Three days later on 5 June, official enlistment began on the basis of that new institution. At the time, only able bodies from the ages of 19 to 23 were allowed to serve. By June its German protector sent troops to aid in the training. The memoires of German general

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The war caused Allied perception of both Armenia and Georgia to become more negative. Many argued that independence for the Transcaucasian states would result in conflict and instability for the region. That proved to be a critical time, as their fates would be decided at the

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between the Ottoman Empire and the Sejm began on 4 March and continued until April. The Ottomans offered to surrender all of their ambitions in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the re-acquisition of the eastern Anatolian provinces awarded at Brest-Litovsk.

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In November and early December, the Armenians of Lori protested that Georgian troops, under the guise of "conducting investigations", robbed food and supplies from the homes of Armenian peasants and molested women. Georgian troops were accused of similar crimes at

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killed, wounded, or taken prisoner. On 17 December, the Georgian 5th and 6th Infantry Regiments were caught in a pincer movement by the two Armenian offensives and were able to escape, but suffered sixty extra casualties, as well as having to abandon two

912:. The Armenian army was now within 30 miles of the Georgian capital Tiflis. Armenian forces continued to advance on 24 December, but the next day the Georgians were reinforced by 1,000 new troops and airplanes, which bombed Shulaver. On 25 December, the 1116:, where they were paraded as prisoners-of-war. Georgia had actually captured few Armenian soldiers during the war. The parades were meant to prove the Georgian government's official narrative of the war as being an astonishing Georgian victory. 449:

assured the Armenian National Council that the occupation was a temporary measure. However, in a subsequent meeting Georgian representatives laid claim to all of the districts of the Tiflis Governorate, as well as the Pambak subdistrict of the

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note that the Armenian forces became weaker and less effective. Their 24 rifle and eight volunteer battalions didn't exceed 16,000 riflemen, 1,000 cavalrymen and 4,000 militia. Battalion sizes ranged from 400 to 600. Because of the

1035:. At the end of the day, both armies were situated along irregular lines. The north, south, and east of Sadakhlu were controlled by the Armenians, while the Georgians had advanced a considerable distance southwest of the village. 759:

Throughout 1918, the majority of Georgian forces consisted of militia type formations and only in critical events, such as the Armeno-Georgian war, a large ad-hoc force would be assembled to respond. Vital instruments, such as

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between them. Both Georgia and Armenia claimed Lori and Akhalkalaki, both of which were populated primarily by Armenians. The border dispute turned into an open military conflict on 7 December 1918. Armenian forces initiated

684:, during the summer of 1918, peacetime strength was at 22,000 men and more than 44,000 troops could be mustered in wartime. However those numbers fluctuated heavily and were more likely in the scale of 10,000–15,000. While 364:

on 5 December 1917, which ended a localised armed conflict with the Ottoman Empire. The Commissariat actively sought to suppress Bolshevik influence and meanwhile to pursue a path towards Transcaucasian independence from

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had appealed to them for intervention on 15 December. Jordan suggested all Armenian and Georgian forces withdraw from the disputed territory, which would be policed by British troops until its status was decided at the

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By June 1918, after establishing independence, the Armenian army at the time numbered some 12,000 men and gradually grew to 40,000. Its officer corps consisted of Armenians as well as Russians. However

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would be considered an act of war. The commander of the German military expedition reminded Djamalian that Germany was obliged to defend its protectorate. On October 24 the Georgian government declared

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with each of the three Transcaucasusian states, which brought the conflict with the Ottoman Empire to an end. The treaty awarded the southern half of the ethnically Armenian Lori subdistrict (

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had been sabotaged, while Tsulukidze claimed his forces were suppressed by Armenian troops at Alaverdi. The Georgian side accused Armenian villages of harbouring Armenian army units.

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The Armenian government made attempts to solve the dispute diplomatically on 9 and 12 December, which terms the Georgian government rejected. On 12 December, Armenian Prime Minister

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by the Bolsheviks. The secessionist and anti-Bolshevik agenda eventually brought Transcaucasian Sejm into conflict with the central government. On 3 March, the Russians signed the

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The Armenian representatives in Tiflis were not included in these early negotiations. The British and French had only messaged Premier Kajaznuni by 25 December, when diplomat

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was sent to negotiate. Jamalyan protested this one-sided treatment and objected to the annexation of any territories the Armenians controlled. The Allies wired a decision to

369:. That included establishing a legislative body, the Transcaucasian Sejm, to which the Commissariat surrendered its authority on 23 January 1918 after the dispersal of the 648:. Another 5,000 Armenians lived in neighboring districts of the Borchalu uezd, and the Armenian element was likewise predominant in the adjacent southern sector of the 2285: 401:

By then, leading Georgian politicians viewed an alliance with Germany as the only way to prevent Georgia from being occupied by the Ottoman Empire. Consequently, the

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An Allied military commission led by Lieutenant Colonels R. P. Jordan (Britain) and P. A. Chardigny (France) had been stationed in Tiflis. Georgian Foreign Minister

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condition that they be allowed to send a delegation to Tiflis to resolve any ambiguities in the settlement. A ceasefire was to take place on 31 December 1918.

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included in the administration. Soon Georgian and Armenian envoys will depart for Europe, where the final boundaries will be determined by the Great Powers.

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had also occurred. Conversely, the Georgians were able to quickly send reinforcements and plan operations now that hostilities were so close to Tiflis.

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The first incident between Armenia and Georgia occurred the same day, when an Armenian army detachment seized the railway station in the village of

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to Sadakhlu on 18 December. Nonetheless, the Armenian right flank continued pursuing the main Georgian force at Sadakhlu, and also captured

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rule most of historic Lori was organized as the Lori uchastok, whereas the remainder was apportioned among the three other uchastoks of the

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By early December, rebellion seemed imminent in northern Lori. Armenian emissaries from Uzunlar traveled to the Georgian headquarters near

689: 483:, was also seized. The Armenians withdrew when Georgia sent a detachment to confront them, but they later returned to Korinj and occupied 5733: 4739: 4263: 3154: 2608: 413:

with Germany to place itself under German protection. The following day, the Muslim National Council announced the establishment of the

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mentions three Armenian divisions by end of January and their disposition in detail. A problematic factor were ongoing conflicts like

5773: 5161: 3161: 732: 893:, and by 18 December, the column under Ter-Nikoghosian had taken Bolnis-Khachen. Back in Tiflis, a state of emergency was declared. 671:

To Armenia, the primary regional threat were the Ottoman Empire and other Turkic factions. For them, an Ottoman breakthrough at the

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The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Foreign Domination to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century

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Reinforcements of a thousand infantrymen, a cavalry squadron, and their final armoured train were sent by Georgian War Minister

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and twenty five machine guns. The Armenians also captured two fully equipped Georgian armoured trains and Tsulukidze's

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On 16 December the Armenian left flank, commanded by Ter-Nikoghosian, now advanced from Lori into Georgia proper on

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intervention forced a ceasefire. Battles continued until the ceasefire came into effect at midnight on December 31.

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Georgia had begun to prevent railroads from transporting foreign supplies into Armenia, which resulted in famine.

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imperialists" and that the Lori neutral zone was commanded by "British imperialists" and "Georgian Mensheviks".

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took the eastern heights of Sadakhlu. In addition, the Armenians had also cut the railway leading Shulaver in

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supplies for Georgian troops and became subject to searches and undisciplined behaviour by the soldiers. In

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on 25 December. By this time, all of Lori and much of Borchaly had been controlled by Kanayan's forces:

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After the capture of Sadakhlu, Tsulukidze was relieved of his command and replaced by Major General

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On 13 December, with peaceful negotiations having failed, the government of Armenia ordered General

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Armeno-Georgian War, Part I: From formulating the Armenian Question to strategies of opposing sides

70: 30: 2299:სომხეთ-საქართველოს ომი ნავილი I: "სომხური საკითხის" დასმიდან დაპირისპირებულ მხარეტა სტრატეგიებამდე 5693: 5415: 4940: 4863: 4772: 4586: 4578: 4520: 4280: 3975: 3738: 3565: 3560: 3492: 3351: 3336: 3331: 3311: 3192: 3069: 2150: 1139: 613: 374: 324: 178: 3532: 4838: 4353: 4077: 4012: 3868: 3595: 3522: 3472: 3457: 3439: 3412: 3326: 3293: 2958: 2919: 2899: 2710: 2603: 2346: 1062: 934: 553: 616:

restored Georgian sovereignty over the district for a few years until all eastern Georgia was

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war. Armenia did not succeed in the nearly-obtained original goal of gaining land up to the

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With the intervention of Great Britain, a truce was concluded between Armenia and Georgia.

8: 5528: 5505: 5166: 4982: 4905: 4858: 4762: 4675: 3678: 3630: 3507: 3467: 3462: 3407: 3090: 3084: 2985: 2267: 909: 850: 584:(Arshakuni) dynasty of the first to fifth centuries A.D., Lori constituted the county of 530: 333: 252: 187: 151: 4628: 5553: 5048: 5033: 4962: 4930: 4920: 4883: 4853: 4843: 4635: 4550: 3909: 3773: 3755: 3720: 3684: 3517: 3482: 3434: 3419: 3306: 3257: 3096: 3055: 2735: 2473:

Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community

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The persecutions were even more severe in villages outside Tiflis. In the village of

925: 858: 841: 786: 672: 476: 155: 146: 38: 2177: 5683: 5488: 5463: 5171: 5064: 4782: 4777: 3726: 3696: 3690: 3600: 3429: 3397: 3387: 3126: 3050: 3045: 2973: 2793: 2693: 2251: 1163: 897: 685: 621: 589: 442: 437: 286:, Armenia and Georgia both declared their independence, dissolving the short-lived 276: 2310:(in Georgian). Tbilisi: David Aghmashenebeli National Defence Academy of Georgia. 5705: 5181: 5043: 5023: 4967: 4817: 4535: 4375: 3714: 3267: 3242: 2941: 2849: 2688: 2278:

History of the Armenian People Volume VII: The Victory of Soviet Power of Armenia

2263: 2259: 941: 706: 518: 488: 479:, and refused a subsequent demand from the Germans to withdraw. Another village, 425: 182: 1069: 501:

left the two villages amid the deployment of a Georgian contingent in the area.

5500: 4368: 4348: 4019: 3732: 3570: 3361: 3252: 3108: 3012: 2995: 2273:Հայ ժողովրդի պատմություն հատոր VII. ՍՈՎԵՏԱԿԱՆ ԻՇԽԱՆՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՀԱՂԹԱՆՍԿԸ ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆՈՒՄ 2255: 1032: 865:. By 15 December, the Armenian army captured Vorontsovka, Privolnoye, Sanahin, 727: 597: 565: 410: 361: 348:, the Special Transcaucasian Committee was replaced on 11 November 1917 by the 5762: 5663: 5558: 5535: 5493: 5405: 5276: 4479: 3767: 3761: 3197: 3114: 3025: 2400: 701: 681: 625: 446: 366: 272: 268: 243:

1920 map of the Territory in dispute between Georgia and Armenia in 1918-1920

66: 62: 2452: 2445:

Reform, revolution and republic : the rise of modern Turkey (1808-1975)

5688: 5521: 5473: 3929: 3356: 2330:

Dro (Drastamat Kanayan): Armenia's First Defense Minister of the Modern Era

866: 609: 292: 2545:

The Experiment: Georgia's Forgotten Revolution 1918-1921 (English Edition)

756:, managed to stall and fend off further Ottoman and Bolshevik incursions. 5658: 4140: 4045: 3743: 3171: 2592: 1112:

In January 1919, hundreds of arrested Armenian civilians were marched to

832: 749: 649: 506: 497: 378: 283: 1010: 979: 801: 5700: 1162:

In Soviet historiography, the war is portrayed as being instigated by "

958: 916:

delegations in Tiflis had intervened to demand the war come to an end.

533:

sent the following message to his Georgian counterpart Noe Zhordania:

5613: 5146: 3935: 3702: 2284:(in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences Publishing. 2250: 2186: 901: 878: 645: 629: 381:. In the treaty, Russia agreed to return territory gained during the 173: 2228: 692:, that drew thousand of bodies in manpower, away from the mainland. 5668: 5271: 4704: 4195: 890: 677: 633: 580:

in 1862 and added to the Tiflis guberniia. Historically, under the

431: 5241: 4797: 4792: 1242: 1240: 1120: 1113: 945: 886: 873: 862: 854: 781: 745: 353: 296: 1278: 1276: 295:

that brought them within 10 kilometers of the Georgian capital,

5478: 5246: 4807: 4787: 2095: 2025: 2013: 1020: 970: 846: 741: 737: 723: 641: 637: 569: 484: 480: 472: 308: 299:, before Georgian troops were able to organize counterattacks. 255:

that was fought in December 1918 between the newly independent

2561: 2192: 1932: 1908: 1896: 1869: 1818: 1806: 1758: 1722: 1695: 1487: 1370: 1305: 1237: 861:

had been forced to evacuate from the Georgian headquarters at

4363: 2107: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1886: 1884: 1847: 1845: 1712: 1710: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1642: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1273: 954: 774: 719: 1666: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1572: 1570: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1397: 1387: 1385: 1341: 1339: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 2085: 2083: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1414: 1412: 514: 5799:

Aftermath of World War I in Russia and in the Soviet Union

2461:

Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926

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Georgian cavalrymen in 1918 armed with carbines and sabres

853:-Opret-Hairum. That afternoon, the Armenians had captured 1601: 1582: 1567: 1540: 1528: 1511: 1424: 1382: 1336: 1288: 1252: 1216: 1197: 2080: 1996: 1613: 1499: 1409: 1463: 1317: 560:

describes the political history of the region of Lori:

2374:

State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus

1453: 1451: 1038: 263:, largely over the control of former districts of the 2216: 1630: 429: 2296:

Chachkhiani, Archil (2022). Gurili, Vakhtang (ed.).

1475: 628:. The population of the Lori uchastok was basically 328:

10 ruble banknote of the Transcaucasian Commissariat

1448: 1436: 417:. Having been largely abandoned by its allies, the 2521: 2351:The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919 1794: 5760: 564:The uchastok (district) of Lori located between 3538:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 2155:In Denikin's Russia and the Caucasus, 1919-1920 513:compared the Georgian occupation of Lori to a " 186:Support from the local Armenian population and 2528:(2nd ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. 4720: 2577: 2467: 1403: 454:, eliciting protests from the Armenian side. 210:1,000 troops and 1 armoured train at Sadakhlo 971:Georgian counteroffensives and final clashes 517:-style military bureaucracy". The historian 4028: 2424: 2380: 2345: 2295: 2234: 2210: 2198: 2171: 2137: 2125: 2101: 2074: 2062: 2043: 2031: 2019: 1990: 1978: 1955: 1938: 1926: 1914: 1902: 1890: 1875: 1863: 1851: 1836: 1824: 1812: 1788: 1776: 1764: 1752: 1740: 1728: 1716: 1701: 1689: 1672: 1660: 1607: 1595: 1576: 1561: 1549: 1534: 1522: 1493: 1430: 1391: 1376: 1364: 1345: 1311: 1299: 1282: 1267: 1246: 1231: 1210: 1126: 596:. Then, after a period of vassalage to the 424:. On 4 June, the Ottoman Empire signed the 5779:Georgia (country) in the Russian Civil War 4727: 4713: 2584: 2570: 2503:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1072:. Please do not remove this message until 409:on 26 May and, two days later, signed the 16:1918 armed conflict in Georgia and Armenia 2433: 2372:Hille, Charlotte Mathilde Louise (2010), 2332:, Los Angeles: Indo-European Publishing, 2324: 2113: 2089: 2007: 1648: 1624: 1505: 1330: 1092:Learn how and when to remove this message 600:, Lori was included in the realms of the 3827:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 2488: 2418:The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923 1068:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1009: 831: 632:: 41,000 in 1914 as compared with 8,500 572:in the northern reaches of the volcanic 461: 397:Members of the Georgian National Council 392: 323: 238: 53:7–31 December 1918; (3 weeks and 3 days) 4204:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 2149: 344:to govern the area. However, after the 5761: 2519: 2415: 2222: 1636: 919: 612:. Late in the eighteenth century King 4708: 4157:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 3493:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 2565: 2458: 2371: 1481: 1457: 1418: 792: 319: 99:Lori district becomes a neutral zone. 4734: 4561:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 2442: 2406: 1469: 1442: 1042: 974: 796: 5789:Armenia–Georgia (country) relations 4490:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 3284:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 2542: 1800: 1039:Persecution of Armenians in Georgia 726:from the Red Army. By the time the 487:. Armenia's ambassador to Tbilisi, 13: 5019:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 3223:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 2513:სომეხი ტყვეები 1918 წლის ომის დროს 2291:from the original on 7 April 2022. 661: 457: 14: 5810: 4869:Unification of the Georgian realm 2524:Armenia: The Survival of a Nation 2491:The Armenian-Georgian War of 1918 2411:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 2376:, Eurasian Studies Library, BRILL 1155:a few weeks after the ceasefire. 767: 405:declared the independence of the 356:. The Commissariat concluded the 195:12 infantry companies at Sadakhlo 5774:Armenia in the Russian Civil War 5114: 4988:Absorption by the Russian Empire 3586:Second Battle of the Piave River 3208:Russian invasion of East Prussia 2427:Historical Dictionary of Georgia 1047: 978: 800: 604:, but it eventually fell to the 602:Georgian branch of the Bagratids 342:Special Transcaucasian Committee 282:In May 1918, towards the end of 127: 114: 37: 4657:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 3857:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 2591: 2425:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015), 2416:Macfie, Alexander Lyon (2014), 2143: 933:. Gegechkori was in favor of a 422:declared independence on May 28 5004:Democratic Republic of Georgia 4480:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 4339:Deportations from East Prussia 4136:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 2475:, Cambridge University Press, 2355:University of California Press 889:. Tsulukidze had fled back to 544: 445:. The Georgian prime minister 415:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 407:Democratic Republic of Georgia 383:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 338:Russian Provisional Government 257:Democratic Republic of Georgia 1: 4391:Ukrainian Canadian internment 2407:Lang, David Marshall (1962), 2381:Hovannisian, Richard (1997), 1191: 576:, had been detached from the 377:, marking Russia's exit from 314: 5264:Russian-occupied territories 5095:Timeline of Georgian history 4546:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 3845:Estonian War of Independence 3513:Southern Palestine offensive 2520:Walker, Christopher (1980). 371:Russian Constituent Assembly 224:Less than 100 taken prisoner 7: 4500:USA against Austria-Hungary 3899:Turkish War of Independence 3851:Latvian War of Independence 3576:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 3167:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 2409:A Modern History of Georgia 1169: 1074:conditions to do so are met 430: 403:National Council of Georgia 350:Transcaucasian Commissariat 10: 5815: 4823:Christianization of Iberia 4583:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 4131:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 3591:Second Battle of the Marne 3478:Second battle of the Aisne 3347:Second Battle of Champagne 3188:German invasion of Belgium 2463:, Rowman & Littlefield 2429:, Rowman & Littlefield 2243: 1019:Georgians. An outbreak of 712: 666: 466:A Georgian armoured train 387:Trebizond Peace Conference 231:About 1,000 taken prisoner 202:Fewer, two armoured trains 5794:1918 in Georgia (country) 5720: 5651: 5594: 5459: 5450: 5381: 5372: 5298: 5289: 5262: 5222: 5132: 5123: 5112: 5057: 4996: 4978:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 4951:Principality of Mingrelia 4831: 4755: 4746: 4689: 4648: 4569: 4508: 4470: 4414: 4403: 4364:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 4307: 4279: 4227: 4149: 4123: 4075: 3968: 3961: 3893:Irish War of Independence 3789: 3671: 3636:Armistice of Villa Giusti 3621:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 3546: 3448: 3375: 3276: 3233:First Battle of the Marne 3180: 3142: 3077: 3068: 3011: 2885: 2874: 2840: 2812: 2774: 2726: 2679: 2672: 2599: 2443:Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977), 2353:. Vol. 1. Berkeley: 2237:, pp. 119 & 125. 1186:Armenia–Georgia relations 618:annexed by Russia in 1801 419:Armenian National Council 261:First Republic of Armenia 216: 212:3,500 troops at Shulaveri 161: 140: 107: 83:Both sides claim victory 45: 36: 28: 23: 5232:Administrative divisions 4973:Shah Abbas I's invasions 4936:Principality of Abkhazia 4879:First Kingdom of Kakheti 4516:Constantinople Agreement 3809:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 3672:Co-belligerent conflicts 3641:Second Romanian campaign 3611:Third Transjordan attack 3322:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 3228:Battle of Grand Couronné 2489:Virapian, Varik (2003), 2459:Smele, Jonathan (2015), 2266:; Danielian, Eduard L.; 2151:Roberts, C. E. Bechhofer 1176:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 1127:Aftermath and assessment 31:aftermath of World War I 4941:Principality of Svaneti 4864:Kingdom of the Iberians 4768:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 4579:Modus vivendi of Acroma 4531:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 3839:Greater Poland Uprising 3739:National Protection War 3616:Meuse–Argonne offensive 3566:German spring offensive 3561:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3337:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 3312:Second Battle of Artois 3193:Battle of the Frontiers 2347:Hovannisian, Richard G. 2268:Ter-Ghevondian, Aram N. 1140:C. E. Bechhofer Roberts 836:Armenian troops in 1918 558:The Republic of Armenia 375:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4839:Principality of Iberia 4604:Paris Peace Conference 4592:Ukraine–Central Powers 4386:Massacres of Albanians 4354:Late Ottoman genocides 4161:Bulgarian occupations 3869:Third Anglo-Afghan War 3833:Hungarian–Romanian War 3651:Naval Victory Bulletin 3646:Armistice with Germany 3596:Hundred Days Offensive 3523:Battle of La Malmaison 3473:Second battle of Arras 3440:Battle of Transylvania 3294:Second Battle of Ypres 3162:Sarajevo assassination 3051:South African Republic 2469:Swietochowski, Tadeusz 2436:The History of Armenia 2434:Payaslian, S. (2008), 1181:Armenia–Georgia border 1153:Paris Peace Conference 1135: 1015: 964: 935:status quo ante bellum 931:Paris Peace Conference 883:personal railway coach 837: 656: 654: 554:Richard G. Hovannisian 539: 527: 467: 398: 329: 244: 208:Two infantry regiments 141:Commanders and leaders 4983:1795 Persian Invasion 4946:Principality of Guria 4614:Treaty of St. Germain 4587:Russia–Central Powers 4541:Sykes–Picot Agreement 4369:Pontic Greek genocide 4344:Destruction of Kalisz 4320:Eastern Mediterranean 3881:Polish–Lithuanian War 3663:Armistice of Belgrade 3626:Armistice of Salonica 3556:Operation Faustschlag 3503:Third Battle of Oituz 3425:Baranovichi offensive 3393:Lake Naroch offensive 3367:Battle of Robat Karim 3342:Vistula–Bug offensive 3317:Battles of the Isonzo 3248:First Battle of Ypres 2187:Arakelian et al. 1984 2159:William Collins, Sons 1131: 1013: 950: 835: 762:military intelligence 644:, and fewer than 100 562: 535: 523: 511:Christopher J. Walker 465: 396: 358:Armistice of Erzincan 327: 242: 217:Casualties and losses 181:) & four cavalry 5579:World Heritage Sites 5162:Environmental issues 4609:Treaty of Versailles 4325:Mount Lebanon famine 4240:in the United States 4208:Russian occupations 3922:Turkish–Armenian War 3863:Polish–Ukrainian War 3803:Ukrainian–Soviet War 3750:Central Asian Revolt 3533:Armistice of Focșani 3263:Battle of Sarikamish 3213:Battle of Tannenberg 2609:Military engagements 2252:Arakelian, Babken N. 2116:, pp. 117, 118. 2104:, pp. 118, 119. 2034:, pp. 113, 114. 2022:, pp. 111, 113. 1651:, pp. 115, 116. 1314:, pp. 121, 122. 1249:, pp. 111, 118. 1106:Armenians in Georgia 1104:Throughout the war, 5029:Independent Georgia 4859:Kingdom of Abkhazia 4773:Kura–Araxes culture 4763:Prehistoric Georgia 4676:They shall not pass 4599:Treaty of Bucharest 4556:Treaty of Bucharest 4495:USA against Germany 4472:Declarations of war 4176:German occupations 4089:British casualties 3948:Soviet–Georgian War 3875:Egyptian Revolution 3815:Armeno-Georgian War 3679:Somaliland campaign 3631:Armistice of Mudros 3508:Battle of Caporetto 3498:Battle of Mărășești 3468:Zimmermann telegram 3463:February Revolution 3408:Battle of the Somme 3332:Bug-Narew Offensive 3307:Battle of Gallipoli 3299:Sinking of the RMS 3091:Scramble for Africa 3085:Franco-Prussian War 2741:Sinai and Palestine 2326:Chalabian, Antranig 2264:Bartikian, Hrach M. 2260:Arevshatian, Sen S. 2201:, pp. 121–122. 1941:, pp. 337–338. 1917:, pp. 342–343. 1905:, pp. 340–341. 1878:, pp. 334–336. 1827:, pp. 328–329. 1815:, pp. 326–327. 1767:, pp. 364–365. 1731:, pp. 359–360. 1704:, pp. 360–361. 1496:, pp. 186–201. 1472:, pp. 207–208. 1421:, pp. 226–227. 1379:, pp. 612–613. 1285:, pp. 111–119. 1061:of this section is 920:Allied intervention 910:Giorgi Mazniashvili 531:Hovhannes Kajaznuni 334:February Revolution 249:Armeno-Georgian War 152:Giorgi Mazniashvili 24:Armeno-Georgian War 5421:Telecommunications 5049:Russo-Georgian War 4963:Kingdom of Kakheti 4931:Kingdom of Imereti 4926:Turkmen incursions 4921:Samtskhe atabegate 4884:Kingdom of Georgia 4854:Emirate of Tbilisi 4844:Bagrationi dynasty 4636:Treaty of Lausanne 4551:Paris Economy Pact 4485:UK against Germany 4415:Entry into the war 4381:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 4100:Ottoman casualties 3910:Franco-Turkish War 3790:Post-War conflicts 3774:Russian Revolution 3756:Invasion of Darfur 3721:Kelantan rebellion 3709:Kurdish rebellions 3685:Mexican Revolution 3518:October Revolution 3483:Kerensky offensive 3458:Capture of Baghdad 3435:Monastir offensive 3420:Brusilov offensive 3258:Battle of Kolubara 3097:Russo-Japanese War 2543:Lee, Eric (2017), 2256:Yeremian, Suren T. 1404:Swietochowski 1985 1016: 990:. You can help by 885:at the station of 838: 812:. You can help by 793:Armenian offensive 493:Tiflis Governorate 475:, near modern-day 468: 452:Erivan Governorate 399: 346:October Revolution 330: 320:Russian Revolution 265:Tiflis Governorate 245: 205:In Georgia proper: 192:In Georgia proper: 5769:Conflicts in 1918 5756: 5755: 5716: 5715: 5609:Ethnic minorities 5538: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5446: 5445: 5368: 5367: 5350:Political parties 5313:Foreign relations 5285: 5284: 5110: 5109: 5014:Red Army invasion 4958:Kingdom of Kartli 4916:Timur's invasions 4899:Battle of Didgori 4874:Kingdom of Hereti 4803:Kingdom of Iberia 4702: 4701: 4685: 4684: 4669:The Golden Virgin 4663:Mutilated victory 4644: 4643: 4624:Treaty of Trianon 4619:Treaty of Neuilly 4526:Damascus Protocol 4399: 4398: 4359:Armenian genocide 4316:Allied blockades 4288:Belgian refugees 4071: 4070: 3981:Strategic bombing 3957: 3956: 3942:Franco-Syrian War 3916:Greco-Turkish War 3904:Anglo-Turkish War 3887:Polish–Soviet War 3821:German Revolution 3797:Russian Civil War 3780:Finnish Civil War 3606:Battle of Megiddo 3581:Battle of Goychay 3528:Battle of Cambrai 3488:Battle of Mărăști 3403:Battle of Jutland 3383:Erzurum offensive 3238:Siege of Przemyśl 3218:Siege of Tsingtao 3203:Battle of Galicia 3133:Second Balkan War 3121:Italo-Turkish War 3078:Pre-War conflicts 3064: 3063: 2954:Portuguese Empire 2870: 2869: 2832:German New Guinea 2814:Asian and Pacific 2554:978-1-78699-093-8 2547:, Zed Books Ltd, 2482:978-0-521-26310-8 2392:978-0-333-61974-2 2339:978-1-60444-078-2 2317:978-9941-8-4462-1 1675:, pp. 68–69. 1564:, pp. 73–75. 1102: 1101: 1094: 1008: 1007: 926:Evgeni Gegechkori 859:Varden Tsulukidze 842:Drastamat Kanayan 830: 829: 588:, and, under the 550:Armenian-American 237: 236: 156:Varden Tsulukidze 147:Drastamat Kanayan 103: 102: 5806: 5736: 5729: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5457: 5456: 5379: 5378: 5296: 5295: 5237:Cities and towns 5172:Greater Caucasus 5130: 5129: 5118: 5080:Military history 5065:Names of Georgia 4911:Mongol invasions 4783:Colchian culture 4778:Trialeti culture 4753: 4752: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4629:Treaty of Sèvres 4521:Treaty of London 4412: 4411: 4190:Northeast France 4121: 4120: 4093:Parliamentarians 4026: 4025: 3988:Chemical weapons 3966: 3965: 3727:Senussi campaign 3697:Muscat rebellion 3691:Maritz rebellion 3659: 3601:Vardar offensive 3430:Battle of Romani 3398:Battle of Asiago 3388:Battle of Verdun 3352:Kosovo offensive 3127:First Balkan War 3075: 3074: 2974:Russian Republic 2883: 2882: 2677: 2676: 2619:Economic history 2586: 2579: 2572: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2539: 2527: 2516: 2508: 2502: 2494: 2485: 2464: 2455: 2439: 2430: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2385:, vol. II, 2377: 2368: 2342: 2321: 2309: 2292: 2290: 2283: 2238: 2235:Hovannisian 1971 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2211:Hovannisian 1971 2208: 2202: 2199:Hovannisian 1971 2196: 2190: 2184: 2175: 2172:Hovannisian 1971 2169: 2163: 2162: 2147: 2141: 2138:Hovannisian 1971 2135: 2129: 2126:Hovannisian 1971 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2102:Hovannisian 1971 2099: 2093: 2087: 2078: 2075:Hovannisian 1971 2072: 2066: 2063:Hovannisian 1971 2060: 2047: 2044:Hovannisian 1971 2041: 2035: 2032:Hovannisian 1971 2029: 2023: 2020:Hovannisian 1971 2017: 2011: 2005: 1994: 1991:Hovannisian 1971 1988: 1982: 1979:Hovannisian 1971 1976: 1959: 1956:Hovannisian 1971 1953: 1942: 1939:Chachkhiani 2022 1936: 1930: 1927:Chachkhiani 2022 1924: 1918: 1915:Chachkhiani 2022 1912: 1906: 1903:Chachkhiani 2022 1900: 1894: 1891:Chachkhiani 2022 1888: 1879: 1876:Chachkhiani 2022 1873: 1867: 1864:Chachkhiani 2022 1861: 1855: 1852:Chachkhiani 2022 1849: 1840: 1837:Chachkhiani 2022 1834: 1828: 1825:Chachkhiani 2022 1822: 1816: 1813:Chachkhiani 2022 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1789:Chachkhiani 2022 1786: 1780: 1777:Chachkhiani 2022 1774: 1768: 1765:Chachkhiani 2022 1762: 1756: 1753:Chachkhiani 2022 1750: 1744: 1741:Chachkhiani 2022 1738: 1732: 1729:Chachkhiani 2022 1726: 1720: 1717:Chachkhiani 2022 1714: 1705: 1702:Chachkhiani 2022 1699: 1693: 1690:Chachkhiani 2022 1687: 1676: 1673:Hovannisian 1971 1670: 1664: 1661:Hovannisian 1971 1658: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1611: 1608:Hovannisian 1971 1605: 1599: 1596:Hovannisian 1971 1593: 1580: 1577:Hovannisian 1971 1574: 1565: 1562:Hovannisian 1971 1559: 1553: 1550:Hovannisian 1971 1547: 1538: 1535:Hovannisian 1971 1532: 1526: 1523:Hovannisian 1971 1520: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1494:Hovannisian 1997 1491: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1431:Hovannisian 1971 1428: 1422: 1416: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1392:Mikaberidze 2015 1389: 1380: 1377:Mikaberidze 2015 1374: 1368: 1365:Hovannisian 1971 1362: 1349: 1346:Hovannisian 1971 1343: 1334: 1328: 1315: 1312:Hovannisian 1971 1309: 1303: 1300:Hovannisian 1971 1297: 1286: 1283:Hovannisian 1971 1280: 1271: 1268:Hovannisian 1971 1265: 1250: 1247:Hovannisian 1971 1244: 1235: 1232:Hovannisian 1971 1229: 1214: 1211:Hovannisian 1971 1208: 1142: 1097: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1003: 1000: 982: 975: 898:Grigol Giorgadze 825: 822: 804: 797: 733:von Kressenstein 578:Erivan guberniia 574:Armenian plateau 509:. The historian 489:Arshak Djamalian 435: 133: 131: 130: 120: 118: 117: 47: 46: 41: 21: 20: 5814: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5784:1918 in Armenia 5759: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5712: 5647: 5590: 5564:Public holidays 5442: 5406:Lari (currency) 5364: 5335:Law enforcement 5281: 5258: 5218: 5197:Protected areas 5182:Lesser Caucasus 5119: 5106: 5053: 5044:Rose Revolution 5039:War in Abkhazia 5024:April 9 tragedy 4992: 4968:Safavid Georgia 4827: 4818:Sasanian Iberia 4742: 4733: 4703: 4698: 4681: 4640: 4572: 4565: 4536:Treaty of Darin 4504: 4466: 4422:Austria-Hungary 4408: 4395: 4376:Rape of Belgium 4303: 4275: 4223: 4217:Western Armenia 4212:Eastern Galicia 4145: 4119: 4083: 4082:Civilian impact 4081: 4067: 4024: 3953: 3785: 3715:Ovambo Uprising 3667: 3653: 3542: 3444: 3371: 3289:Battle of Łomża 3272: 3268:Christmas truce 3243:Race to the Sea 3176: 3138: 3060: 3031:Austria-Hungary 3007: 2942:Empire of Japan 2879: 2877: 2866: 2850:U-boat campaign 2836: 2808: 2770: 2722: 2668: 2649:Popular culture 2595: 2590: 2560: 2555: 2536: 2511: 2496: 2495: 2483: 2393: 2365: 2340: 2318: 2307: 2288: 2281: 2270:, eds. (1984). 2246: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2088: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2006: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1977: 1962: 1954: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1688: 1679: 1671: 1667: 1659: 1655: 1647: 1643: 1635: 1631: 1623: 1614: 1606: 1602: 1594: 1583: 1575: 1568: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1541: 1533: 1529: 1521: 1512: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1464: 1456: 1449: 1441: 1437: 1429: 1425: 1417: 1410: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1383: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1352: 1344: 1337: 1329: 1318: 1310: 1306: 1298: 1289: 1281: 1274: 1266: 1253: 1245: 1238: 1230: 1217: 1209: 1198: 1194: 1172: 1144: 1137: 1129: 1098: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1067: 1052: 1048: 1041: 1004: 998: 995: 988:needs expansion 973: 942:Arshak Jamalyan 922: 826: 820: 817: 810:needs expansion 795: 770: 715: 707:Treaty of Batum 690:with Azerbaijan 673:Caucasian Front 669: 664: 662:Order of Battle 659: 547: 460: 458:Initial clashes 426:Treaty of Batum 322: 317: 232: 230: 225: 223: 211: 209: 207: 203: 201: 194: 185: 176: 172:Three infantry 171: 154: 128: 126: 115: 113: 95: 74: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5812: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5738: 5737: 5730: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5611: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5416:Stock Exchange 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5360:Prime Minister 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5192:National parks 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4891: 4889:Byzantine wars 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4757: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4732: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4601: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4581: 4575: 4573: 4571:Peace treaties 4570: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4476: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4457:United Kingdom 4454: 4449: 4447:Ottoman Empire 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4418: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4351: 4349:Sack of Dinant 4346: 4341: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4313: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4297:United Kingdom 4294: 4285: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4257: 4251:POW locations 4249: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4233: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4102: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4086: 4084: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4051:United Kingdom 4048: 4046:Ottoman Empire 4043: 4038: 4032: 4030: 4023: 4022: 4020:Trench warfare 4017: 4016: 4015: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3972: 3970: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3736: 3733:Volta-Bani War 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3571:Zeebrugge Raid 3568: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3454: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3362:Battle of Loos 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3253:Black Sea raid 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3155:Historiography 3146: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3109:Bosnian Crisis 3106: 3103:Tangier Crisis 3100: 3094: 3088: 3081: 3079: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3036:Ottoman Empire 3033: 3028: 3023: 3017: 3015: 3013:Central Powers 3009: 3008: 3006: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2996:British Empire 2991:United Kingdom 2988: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2969:Russian Empire 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2889: 2887:Entente Powers 2880: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2855:North Atlantic 2846: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2818: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2780: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2768: 2766:Central Arabia 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2728:Middle Eastern 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2685: 2683: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2629:Historiography 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2589: 2588: 2581: 2574: 2566: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2540: 2534: 2517: 2509: 2486: 2481: 2465: 2456: 2440: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2391: 2378: 2369: 2364:978-0520019843 2363: 2343: 2338: 2322: 2316: 2293: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2227: 2225:, p. 268. 2215: 2213:, p. 125. 2203: 2191: 2189:, p. 129. 2176: 2174:, p. 121. 2164: 2142: 2140:, p. 124. 2130: 2128:, p. 123. 2118: 2114:Chalabian 2009 2106: 2094: 2092:, p. 117. 2090:Chalabian 2009 2079: 2077:, p. 117. 2067: 2065:, p. 116. 2048: 2046:, p. 115. 2036: 2024: 2012: 2010:, p. 116. 2008:Chalabian 2009 1995: 1993:, p. 105. 1983: 1981:, p. 104. 1960: 1958:, p. 103. 1943: 1931: 1929:, p. 344. 1919: 1907: 1895: 1893:, p. 341. 1880: 1868: 1866:, p. 332. 1856: 1854:, p. 338. 1841: 1839:, p. 331. 1829: 1817: 1805: 1793: 1791:, p. 367. 1781: 1779:, p. 365. 1769: 1757: 1755:, p. 364. 1745: 1743:, p. 362. 1733: 1721: 1719:, p. 361. 1706: 1694: 1692:, p. 359. 1677: 1665: 1663:, p. 107. 1653: 1649:Chalabian 2009 1641: 1639:, p. 267. 1629: 1627:, p. 115. 1625:Chalabian 2009 1612: 1600: 1581: 1566: 1554: 1539: 1527: 1510: 1508:, p. 152. 1506:Payaslian 2008 1498: 1486: 1484:, p. 177. 1474: 1462: 1447: 1445:, p. 326. 1435: 1423: 1408: 1406:, p. 119. 1396: 1381: 1369: 1367:, p. 111. 1350: 1348:, p. 122. 1335: 1333:, p. 118. 1331:Chalabian 2009 1316: 1304: 1302:, p. 114. 1287: 1272: 1270:, p. 118. 1251: 1236: 1234:, p. 113. 1215: 1213:, p. 119. 1195: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1171: 1168: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1121:Bolnis-Khachen 1100: 1099: 1055: 1053: 1046: 1040: 1037: 1006: 1005: 985: 983: 972: 969: 921: 918: 874:Bolnis-Khachen 857:, and General 828: 827: 807: 805: 794: 791: 769: 768:Unrest in Lori 766: 754:People's Guard 728:Sochi conflict 714: 711: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 610:Safavid Persia 546: 543: 459: 456: 443:Dzoraget River 411:Treaty of Poti 362:Ottoman Empire 340:installed the 321: 318: 316: 313: 253:border dispute 235: 234: 227: 219: 218: 214: 213: 196: 164: 163: 159: 158: 149: 143: 142: 138: 137: 124: 110: 109: 105: 104: 101: 100: 97: 91: 90: 89: 88: 80: 76: 75: 61: 59: 55: 54: 51: 43: 42: 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5811: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5664:Bolnisi cross 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5277:South Ossetia 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4462:United States 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4402: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4079: 4074: 4064: 4063:United States 4061: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4013:Convoy system 4011: 4010: 4009: 4008:Naval warfare 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3768:Kaocen revolt 3766: 3763: 3762:Easter Rising 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3327:Great Retreat 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3198:Battle of Cer 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3115:Agadir Crisis 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3003:United States 3001: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2920:French Empire 2918: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2873: 2863: 2862:Mediterranean 2860: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2842:Naval warfare 2839: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2718:Italian Front 2716: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2706:Eastern Front 2704: 2702: 2701:Western Front 2699: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2659:Puppet states 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2556: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2535:9780312049447 2531: 2526: 2525: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2492: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2294: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2236: 2231: 2224: 2219: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2195: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2173: 2168: 2161:. p. 14. 2160: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2110: 2103: 2098: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2076: 2071: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2045: 2040: 2033: 2028: 2021: 2016: 2009: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1992: 1987: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1940: 1935: 1928: 1923: 1916: 1911: 1904: 1899: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1860: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1838: 1833: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1803:, p. 62. 1802: 1797: 1790: 1785: 1778: 1773: 1766: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1730: 1725: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1703: 1698: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1674: 1669: 1662: 1657: 1650: 1645: 1638: 1633: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1610:, p. 76. 1609: 1604: 1598:, p. 77. 1597: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1579:, p. 75. 1578: 1573: 1571: 1563: 1558: 1552:, p. 73. 1551: 1546: 1544: 1537:, p. 72. 1536: 1531: 1525:, p. 71. 1524: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1507: 1502: 1495: 1490: 1483: 1478: 1471: 1466: 1460:, p. 71. 1459: 1454: 1452: 1444: 1439: 1433:, p. 23. 1432: 1427: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1405: 1400: 1394:, p. 32. 1393: 1388: 1386: 1378: 1373: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1313: 1308: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1134: 1124: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1107: 1096: 1093: 1085: 1075: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1054: 1045: 1044: 1036: 1034: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1012: 1002: 993: 989: 986:This section 984: 981: 977: 976: 968: 963: 960: 956: 949: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 927: 917: 915: 911: 906: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 875: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 843: 834: 824: 815: 811: 808:This section 806: 803: 799: 798: 790: 788: 783: 778: 776: 765: 763: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 734: 729: 725: 721: 710: 708: 703: 699: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 674: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 626:Borchalu uezd 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 561: 559: 555: 551: 542: 538: 534: 532: 526: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 502: 499: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 464: 455: 453: 448: 447:Noe Zhordania 444: 439: 434: 433: 427: 423: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 395: 391: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 367:Soviet Russia 363: 359: 355: 352:, centred in 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 326: 312: 310: 304: 302: 298: 294: 293:coup de mains 289: 285: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 241: 233:(Hovannisian) 228: 226:(Hovannisian) 221: 220: 215: 206: 200: 197: 193: 190: 189: 184: 180: 177:(28 infantry 175: 170: 166: 165: 160: 157: 153: 150: 148: 145: 144: 139: 136: 125: 123: 112: 111: 106: 98: 93: 92: 86: 85: 84: 81: 78: 77: 72: 68: 64: 60: 57: 56: 52: 49: 48: 44: 40: 35: 32: 27: 22: 19: 5689:Saint George 5674:Coat of arms 5640: 5596:Demographics 5583: 5469:Architecture 5435: 5391:Central bank 5323:Human rights 5303:Constitution 5251: 5224:Subdivisions 5211: 5099: 5009:Armenian War 5008: 4674: 4667: 4655: 4262: / 4194: 4029:Conscription 3993:Cryptography 3930:Iraqi Revolt 3814: 3357:Siege of Kut 3300: 2878:participants 2827:German Samoa 2761:South Arabia 2544: 2523: 2512: 2490: 2472: 2460: 2444: 2435: 2426: 2417: 2408: 2382: 2373: 2350: 2329: 2303: 2298: 2277: 2272: 2230: 2218: 2206: 2194: 2167: 2154: 2145: 2133: 2121: 2109: 2097: 2070: 2039: 2027: 2015: 1986: 1934: 1922: 1910: 1898: 1871: 1859: 1832: 1820: 1808: 1796: 1784: 1772: 1760: 1748: 1736: 1724: 1697: 1668: 1656: 1644: 1632: 1603: 1557: 1530: 1501: 1489: 1477: 1465: 1438: 1426: 1399: 1372: 1307: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1145: 1136: 1132: 1118: 1111: 1103: 1088: 1079: 1057: 1029: 1025: 1017: 996: 992:adding to it 987: 965: 951: 939: 923: 907: 895: 871: 867:Mikhayelovka 839: 818: 814:adding to it 809: 779: 771: 758: 716: 694: 670: 598:Seljuk Turks 563: 557: 556:in his book 548: 540: 536: 528: 524: 503: 469: 400: 331: 309:Khrami River 305: 281: 251:was a short 248: 246: 204: 198: 191: 168: 167: 108:Belligerents 82: 29:Part of the 18: 5631:Health care 5386:Agriculture 5157:Earthquakes 4894:Seljuk wars 4292:Netherlands 4269:Switzerland 4150:Occupations 4141:Spanish flu 3918:(1919–1922) 3912:(1918–1921) 3906:(1918–1923) 3895:(1919–1921) 3889:(1919–1921) 3883:(1919–1920) 3859:(1918–1920) 3853:(1918–1920) 3847:(1918–1920) 3829:(1918–1920) 3811:(1918–1920) 3805:(1917–1921) 3799:(1917–1921) 3746:(1916-1918) 3744:Arab Revolt 3735:(1915–1917) 3729:(1915–1917) 3717:(1914-1917) 3711:(1914–1917) 3705:(1914–1921) 3699:(1913–1920) 3687:(1910–1920) 3681:(1900–1920) 3654: [ 3172:July Crisis 3093:(1880–1914) 2756:Mesopotamia 2634:Home fronts 2593:World War I 2420:, Routledge 2223:Walker 1980 1637:Walker 1980 847:Vorontsovka 750:Akhaltsikhe 722:as well as 650:Tiflis uezd 570:Khram River 545:Lori region 507:Akhalkalaki 498:martial law 438:Akhalkalaki 379:World War I 284:World War I 277:Akhalkalaki 94:Territorial 71:Akhalkalaki 5763:Categories 5701:Saint Nino 5529:Mingrelian 5510:Languages 5345:Parliament 5318:Government 4906:Golden Age 4509:Agreements 4309:War crimes 4185:Luxembourg 4078:Casualties 2949:Montenegro 2784:South West 2664:Technology 2654:Propaganda 2644:Opposition 2438:, Springer 1482:Hille 2010 1458:Hille 2010 1419:Smele 2015 1192:References 1082:April 2023 1059:neutrality 999:April 2023 959:Jalaloghli 879:field guns 851:Privolnoye 821:April 2023 614:Iraklii II 552:historian 332:After the 315:Background 5614:Georgians 5604:Education 5554:Mythology 5431:Transport 5396:Companies 5355:President 5308:Elections 5207:Volcanoes 5147:Black Sea 5125:Geography 5034:Civil War 4849:Arab rule 4813:Roman era 4406:Diplomacy 4113:Olympians 4036:Australia 4003:Logistics 3936:Vlora War 3865:(1918–19) 3841:(1918–19) 3835:(1918–19) 3823:(1918–19) 3770:(1916–17) 3752:(1916–17) 3703:Zaian War 3693:(1914–15) 3413:first day 3301:Lusitania 3129:(1912–13) 3123:(1911–12) 3111:(1908–09) 3105:(1905–06) 3087:(1870–71) 2876:Principal 2736:Gallipoli 2639:Memorials 2624:Geography 2614:Aftermath 2493:, Yerevan 2401:312951712 1470:Lang 1962 1443:Shaw 1977 1070:talk page 646:Georgians 360:with the 188:partisans 183:squadrons 179:companies 174:regiments 73:districts 5743:Category 5669:Borjgali 5624:Diaspora 5569:Religion 5515:Georgian 5506:Gambling 5464:Alphabet 5340:Military 5291:Politics 5272:Abkhazia 5167:Glaciers 5070:Monarchs 5058:By topic 4740:articles 4694:Category 4281:Refugees 4247:Italians 4236:Germans 4196:Ober Ost 3976:Aviation 3070:Timeline 3041:Bulgaria 2822:Tsingtao 2799:Togoland 2746:Caucasus 2681:European 2673:Theatres 2499:citation 2471:(1985), 2453:78646544 2349:(1971). 2328:(2009), 2286:Archived 2153:(1921). 1801:Lee 2017 1170:See also 1063:disputed 902:Shulaver 891:Sadakhlu 787:Alaverdi 702:Muratoff 678:Andranik 640:, 3,300 636:, 3,350 634:Russians 630:Armenian 620:. Under 590:Bagratid 568:and the 477:Tumanyan 432:uchastok 269:Borchaly 259:and the 199:In Lori: 169:In Lori: 162:Strength 63:Borchaly 58:Location 5727:Outline 5652:Symbols 5489:Cuisine 5452:Culture 5426:Tourism 5374:Economy 5247:Regions 5242:Tbilisi 5187:Mammals 5152:Climate 5137:Borders 5090:Battles 4798:Colchis 4793:Diauehi 4748:History 4736:Georgia 4432:Germany 4332:Germany 4260:Germany 4180:Belgium 4165:Albania 4124:Disease 4104:Sports 4056:Ireland 3969:Warfare 3962:Aspects 3150:Origins 3143:Prelude 3046:Senussi 3026:Germany 3021:Leaders 2959:Romania 2900:Belgium 2895:Leaders 2794:Kamerun 2776:African 2711:Romania 2689:Balkans 2604:Outline 2244:Sources 1164:Entente 1114:Kutaisi 946:Yerevan 887:Akhtala 863:Sanahin 855:Haghpat 782:Sanahin 775:Uzunlar 746:Ardahan 713:Georgia 682:Denikin 667:Armenia 622:Romanov 608:and to 606:Mongols 582:Arsacid 521:wrote: 515:tsarist 354:Tbilisi 135:Georgia 122:Armenia 96:changes 5748:Portal 5659:Anthem 5574:Sports 5484:Cinema 5479:Chokha 5411:Mining 5401:Energy 5202:Rivers 5075:States 4997:Modern 4832:Middle 4808:Lazica 4788:Mushki 4738: 4452:Russia 4427:France 4255:Canada 4170:Serbia 4041:Canada 3998:Horses 3950:(1921) 3944:(1920) 3938:(1920) 3932:(1920) 3924:(1920) 3877:(1919) 3871:(1919) 3817:(1918) 3782:(1918) 3776:(1917) 3764:(1916) 3758:(1916) 3723:(1915) 3135:(1913) 3117:(1911) 3099:(1905) 3056:Darfur 2981:Serbia 2964:Russia 2927:Greece 2915:France 2905:Brazil 2751:Persia 2694:Serbia 2551: 2532: 2515:, 2016 2479: 2451: 2399: 2389: 2361: 2336: 2314: 2306:] 2280:] 1021:typhus 914:Allied 742:Artvin 738:Batumi 724:Tuapse 642:Tatars 638:Greeks 594:Gugark 586:Dashir 566:Pambak 485:Tsater 481:Korinj 436:) and 336:, the 301:Allied 297:Tiflis 275:) and 132: 119: 79:Result 69:) and 5734:Index 5706:cross 5694:cross 5684:Motto 5636:Women 5559:Names 5549:Music 5544:Media 5501:Dance 5177:Lakes 5142:Birds 4756:Early 4649:Other 4442:Japan 4437:Italy 4264:camps 4108:Rugby 3658:] 2937:Japan 2932:Italy 2910:China 2804:North 2308:(PDF) 2302:[ 2289:(PDF) 2282:(PDF) 2276:[ 1033:Mamai 955:Dsegh 720:Sochi 698:Allen 686:Jones 473:Kober 288:union 267:, in 229:Heavy 222:Heavy 5679:Flag 5642:more 5619:List 5585:more 5536:Svan 5494:Wine 5437:more 5328:LGBT 5253:more 5213:more 5101:more 5085:Wars 4229:POWs 3548:1918 3450:1917 3376:1916 3277:1915 3181:1914 2986:Siam 2789:East 2549:ISBN 2530:ISBN 2505:link 2477:ISBN 2449:OCLC 2397:OCLC 2387:ISBN 2359:ISBN 2334:ISBN 2312:ISBN 1056:The 748:and 700:and 273:Lori 247:The 67:Lori 50:Date 5522:Laz 5474:Art 994:. 816:. 657:War 519:Leo 5765:: 3656:It 2501:}} 2497:{{ 2395:, 2357:. 2262:; 2258:; 2254:; 2179:^ 2157:. 2082:^ 2051:^ 1998:^ 1963:^ 1946:^ 1883:^ 1844:^ 1709:^ 1680:^ 1615:^ 1584:^ 1569:^ 1542:^ 1513:^ 1450:^ 1411:^ 1384:^ 1353:^ 1338:^ 1319:^ 1290:^ 1275:^ 1254:^ 1239:^ 1218:^ 1199:^ 1138:— 937:. 744:, 740:, 279:. 4728:e 4721:t 4714:v 4080:/ 2585:e 2578:t 2571:v 2538:. 2507:) 2367:. 2320:. 1095:) 1089:( 1084:) 1080:( 1076:. 1066:. 1001:) 997:( 957:- 849:- 823:) 819:( 652:. 271:( 65:(

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