Armenian national movement

1005: 1066: 1032: 1910: 2896: 2093:(example Persian Cossack Brigade) and were primarily tasked to patrol the Russo-Ottoman frontier and secondly, to reduce the potential of Kurdish-Armenian cooperation. The Hamidiye Cavalry was in no way a cross-tribal force, despite their military appearance, organization, and potential. Hamidiye quickly find out that they could only be tried through a military court martial They became immune to civil administration. Realizing their immunity, they turned their tribes into “legalized robber brigades” as they steal grain, reap fields not of their possession, drive off herds, and openly steal from shopkeepers. Kurdish chieftains also taxed the population of the region in sustaining these units, and Armenians perceived this tax as exploitation. The Hamidiye cavalry harassed and assaulted Armenians. 1023: 1041: 2646: 1746: 792:. The Armenian subjects of the Empire, influenced by the Armenian Diaspora, the network of congregations and schools of the Protestant missionaries throughout the Ottoman Empire, begin to rethink their position in the world. In 1872, the journalist Grigor Ardzruni said “Yesterday we were an ecclesiastical community, today we are patriots, tomorrow we will be a nation of workers and thinkers.” A parallel development occurred in Russian Armenia. Before 1840, Armenian journals were mainly in the hands of the clergy. This was changed. Along with the schools, the press played an important educational role and pointed the way to liberation. When Rev. 3717:"In the summer of 1918, the Armenian national councils reluctantly transferred from Tiflis to Yerevan to take over the leadership of the republic from the popular dictator Aram Manukian and the renowned military commander Drastamat Kanayan. It then began the daunting process of establishing a national administrative machinery in an isolated and landlocked misery. This was not the autonomy or independence which Armenian intellectuals had dreamed of and for which a generation of youth had been sacrificed. Yet, as it happened, it was here that the Armenian people were destined to continue national existence." 2631: 1289:. In 1893 they began to post propaganda directed toward the non-Armenians. The main theme of the propaganda were that people should take control of their own life against the oppressors. The messaging did not affect Muslims. These activities ended with clashes between Armenian nationalists and Ottoman police, with many being arrested. Local authorities acted against them as they were cutting telegraph wires or bombing government buildings. Britain and the European powers concluded that if there would be more intervention the conflict would end with sectarian conflict, and a civil war would occur. 765: 1819: 1385: 2701: 3130: 1548: 1613: 1303: 1014: 2944: 2258: 2958: 2270: 3695: 2571:, served with the Russian colors. The Armenians were quite willing to remain loyal to their government, but declared their inability to agree to the other proposal, that of inciting their compatriots under Russian rule to insurrection. In spite of these promises and threats, the executive committee of the ARF informed the Turks that the Armenians could not accept the Turkish proposal, and on advised the Turks not to participate in the present war, which would be very disastrous to the Turks themselves. 2821: 1401: 56: 7405: 6655: 1419: 1094: 1317: 3600: 3371: 1258:. Its members armed themselves into fedayee groups to defend Armenian villages from widespread oppression, attacks, and persecution of the Armenians. It being seen as the only solution to save the people from Ottoman oppression and massacres. Its initial aim was to guarantee reforms in the Armenian provinces and to gain eventual autonomy. Throughout its history, the ARF is often accused of aiming to convince 2054:" around the Ottoman-Persian border (including the Van Vilayet) where the Armenian population was significant. Shaykh Ubaydullah of Nihri gathered 20,000 fighters. Lacking discipline, his man left the ranks after pillaging and acquiring riches from the villages in the region (indiscriminately, including Armenian villages). Shaykh Ubaydullah was captured by Ottoman forces in 1882 and his movement ended. 3286: 3707:

1,300,000 Russian Armenians were to be found within the boundaries of the new Republic of Armenia, which also had 300,000 to 350,000 refugees that escaped from the Ottoman Empire. Added to this Armenian population were 350,000 to 400,000 people of other nationalities. There were 1,650,000 Armenians (both Russian, and Ottoman origin) of the 2,000,000 people within the borders of the new Republic.

3506: 2167:(CUP) introduced a number of new initiatives intended to promote the modernization of the Ottoman Empire. The CUP advocated a program of reform under a strong central government, as well as the reducing foreign influence. CUP promoted industrialization and administrative reforms. Administrative reforms of provincial administration quickly led to a higher degree of centralization. 1924: 2244:

build those lines with American capital, which would make it possible to counteract the Russo-Franco-German policies and financial intrigues. But in spite of all efforts he was unable to overcome the German opposition, although, as the outcome of the struggle in connection with that bill, two ministers of public works were forced to resign their posts.

1981:, in the summer of 1862, the Ottomans sent a military contingent of 12,000 men to Zeitun to reassert government control. The force, however, was held at bay by the Armenians and, through French mediation, the first Zeitun resistance was brought to a close. The Zeitun Armenians gave inspiration to the ideas of creating an Armenian state in Cilicia. 2176: 2413:

and ARF foreign policy had the same alignment until 1903. The edict on Armenian church property was faced by strong ARF opposition, because it now perceived the Russian government a threat to Armenian national existence. In 1904, a Dashnak congress specifically extended their programme to support the

2243:

of the ARF became an MP. During his four years as a deputy, he worked for the railroad bill. Its purpose was to build railroads in the vilayets which were considered to be Russia's future possessions. For that reason neither France nor Germany wished to undertake it. Another fundamental object was to

3557:

On 18 February 1921, the ARF led an anti-Soviet rebellion in Yerevan and seized power. The ARF controlled Yerevan and the surrounding regions for almost 42 days before being defeated by the numerically superior Red Army troops later in April 1921. The leaders of the rebellion then retreated into the

2456:

and Armenians, but the Armenian middle-class tended to have a greater share in the ownership of the oil companies and Armenian workers generally had better salaries and working conditions than the Azeris. In December 1904, after a major strike was declared in Baku, the two communities clashed on the

1358:

began to share their powers with the Armenian National Assembly, and their powers were limited by the Armenian National Constitution. They perceived the changes as erosion of their community. Armenian religious leaders played a key roles in the revolutionary movement. The Patriarch of Constantinople

3085:

pleaded for officers and materiel. The Republic couldn't support irregular forces fighting in the south. At the critical moment General Andranik arrived in Zangezur with an irregular division estimated with about 3 to 5 thousand men and 40,000 refugees and the occupied provinces of Russian Armenia.

3021:

on June 4, 1918. After the Ottoman Empire took vast swathes of territory and imposed harsh conditions, the new republic was left with 10,000 square kilometers. Andranik's military leadership was instrumental in allowing the Armenian population of Van to escape the Ottoman Army and flee to Eastern

2096:

The Hamidian massacres were brought to an end through mediation by the Great Powers. However instead of Armenian autonomy in these regions, Kurdish tribal chiefs retained much of their autonomy and power. Abdul Hamid made little attempt to alter the traditional Kurdish power structure. The sultan

1525:

declared that “To serve Armenia is to serve the Civilization." The great powers sent to the Porte an “Identic Note” which asked for the enforcement of the Article 61. This followed on January 2, 1881, with a British Circular on Armenia to other Powers. However Armenian nationalists had discovered

2155:

The ARF, a Marxist-socialist organization previously outlawed, became the main representative of the Armenian community in the Ottoman Empire, replacing the pre-1908 Armenian elite, which had been composed of merchants, artisans, and clerics who had seen their future in obtaining more privileges

2097:

entrusted the Kurds to safeguard the southern and eastern fringe of the empire and its mountainous topography, limited transportation, and communication system. The state had little access to these provinces and were forced to make informal agreements with tribal chiefs, for instance the Ottoman

2120:, the Hamidiye Cavalry was disbanded as an organized force, but as they were “tribal forces” before official recognition, they stayed as “tribal forces” after dismemberment. The Hamidiye Cavalry is described as a military disappointment and a failure because of its contribution to tribal feuds. 944:

The development of ideas of nationalism, salvation, and independence, established during the 19th century proved to be inspiring to Armenians. These concepts were first introduced to the Armenian national psyche when Armenian intelligentsia which had studied in Western Europe studied the French

3706:

was the first modern establishment of an Armenian state. The leaders of the government came from mainly the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and also other Armenian political parties who helped create the new republic. When it was declared, out of 2,000,000 Russian Armenians in the Caucasus,

2037:

While the Armenian national liberation movement was in its early stage; lack of outside support and inability to maintain a trained, organized Kurdish force diminished Kurdish aspirations for autonomy. However, two prominent Kurdish tribes mounted opposition to the empire, based more from an

1976:

The Armenians of Zeitun had historically enjoyed a period of high autonomy in the Ottoman Empire until the nineteenth century. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the central government decided to bring this region of the empire under tighter control. This strategy ultimately proved

2080:

later proved that it could function as independent unit, but the Ottoman example, which it was modeled after, never replaced the tribal loyalty to Ottoman Sultan or even to its establishing unit. The Hamidiye corps or Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments were well-armed, irregular, majority

1596:

should help those in their native land, both financially and raise Armenian political consciousness about its subject condition. Various political parties and benevolent unions, such as branches for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, the Social-Democrat Henchagian party, and the

1505:

contained the same text as Article 16 but removed any mention that Russian forces would remain in the provinces. Instead, the Ottoman government was periodically to inform the Great Powers of the progress of the reforms. The Armenian National Assembly and Patriarch Nerses II sent

2883:

of 1917 caused chaos in Russian forces on the Caucasus Front, and by the end of that year most Russian soldiers left the front and returned to their homes. In July 1917, six Armenian regiments were created in the Caucasus Front with the support of Armenian organizations in

2339:

The politics in Constantinople was centered around trying to find a solution to the demands of Arab and Armenian reformist groups. With most of the Christian population outside of the Empire after the Balkan Wars, Islamism became central to the Ottoman official ideology.

2706:"Top:" The size of the stars show where the active conflicts occurred in 1915 "Left Upper:" Armenians defending the walls of Van in the spring of 1915 "Left Lower:" Armenian Resistance in Urfa "Right:" A seventy-year-old Armenian priest leading Armenians to battle field. 811:

to reduce the threat of future rebellions (Russia was populated by many minority groups). Tsar Alexander II attempted to prevent separatism. The Armenian language, schools were targeted. Russia wanted to replace these Russian schools and Russian educational materials.

2567:, Caucasus, during August 1914. The Tsar promised autonomy to six Turkish Armenian vilayets as well as the two Russian-Armenian provinces. Tsar asked Armenian's loyalty and support for Russia in the conflict. The proposal was agreed upon and nearly 20,000 Armenians, 760:

were founded. Armenian historians began writing the history of their people, which instilled a new sense of nationalism. This was part of an evolution in Armenian political consciousness from purely cultural romanticism to one which called a programme for action.

2421:

the Russian army responded by firing into the crowd, killing ten, and further demonstrations were met with more bloodshed. The Dashnaks and Hunchaks began a campaign of assassination against tsarist officials in Transcaucasia and they succeeded in wounding

1159:

in 1881. Protectors of the Fatherland was almost certainly influenced by the ideas of the French and Greek Revolutions as 'Freedom or Death' was their motto. Members are organized into cells of ten, and only the leader had access to a central committee.

1185:. The party's aim soon become to 'win for the Armenians the right to rule themselves, through revolution'. Their view on how to liberate Armenia from the Ottoman Empire was that it should be through the press, national awakening and unarmed resistance. 497:. When this goal failed, Armenian nationalism took hold over the intelligentsia, and the autonomy or independence for Armenians in the Ottoman and the Russian Empires was the next step. Starting in the late 1880s, Armenian nationalists engaged in 2405:, confiscating the property of the Armenian Church drawing the ire of the Armenians. When the Tsar refused to back down the Armenians turned to the ARF. The Armenian clergy had previously been wary of the ARF, condemning their socialism as 1224:, Switzerland, with the goal to gain Armenia's independence from the Ottoman Empire. Hunchak means "Bell" in English, and was taken by party members to represent "awakening, enlightenment, and freedom." It was also the name of the party's 2409:. However, the ARF previously acquired support and sympathy in the Russian administration. This was mainly due to the ARF's attitude toward the Ottoman Empire, and the party enjoyed the support of the central Russian administration, as 3008:

and were intent on taking Yerevan. After the formation of the First Republic of Armenia in May 1918 Andranik fought alongside volunteer units to stop the Ottoman army. The Armenians were able to stop the Turkish army in the battles of

2609:

to broach the idea of a formation of a separate fighting corps. His offer was received warmly and within a few weeks Armenian volunteers began to enlist. Responsibility for its formation was given to a special committee created by the

3573:

After months of fierce battles with the Red Army, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia capitulated in July 1921, following Soviet Russia's promises to keep the mountainous region as a part of Soviet Armenia. After losing the battle,

2473:. To determine the position of Armenians all forms of the Armenian national movement was put onto trial. When the tribune finished its work, 64 charges were dropped and the rest were either imprisoned or exiled for varying periods 2596:

strength, its ranks were exclusively made up of Armenians from the Russian Empire, though there were also a number of Armenian from the Ottoman Empire. In August 1914, following Germany's declaration of war against Russia, Count

1446:

Beginning in the mid-19th century, the Great Powers took issue with the Empire's treatment of its Christian minorities and increasingly pressured extend equal rights to all its citizens. Following the violent suppression of the

3061:

among them. Their artillery comprised some 40 field guns. Most of the Baku Soviet troops and practically all their officers were Armenians of ARF affiliation. Centrocaspian Dictatorship fell on September 15, 1918, when the

1247:. Its aims were to carry out reprisals against Kurds persecuting Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. The society believed that the Russians would assist in the creation of an autonomous Armenian province under Russian rule. 2112:

was critically wounded on May 25, 1907, during a large firefight with the Ottoman army in Sulukh, Mush. Kevork Chavush escaped the fighting. Two days later his body was found in Kyosabin-Bashin on May 27 under a bridge.

925:

Kagik Ozanyan claims that the Tanzimat helped the formation of an Armenian political strata and incited an Armenian national spirit. Armenian nationalists hoped to build their nation through a revolution, similar to the

2347:

took part in conferences held for the consideration of the Armenian reforms. He was in Paris and the Netherlands, as the delegate of the ARF, to meet the inspectors general who were invited to carry out the reforms.

720:

was a key goal of the Tanzimat, which was meant to unite all of the different peoples living in Ottoman territories, "Muslim and non-Muslim, Turkish and Greek, Armenian and Jewish, Kurd and Arab". For this purpose,

3201: 6246: 1998:

In spring 1902, a representative of the ARF, Vahan Manvelyan, was sent to in Sason with the purpose of mediating peace, but ended up irritating the Muslims. In February 1903, at the Third ARF Congress in

2160:. During the same time the ARF was moving out of this context and developing the concept of an independent Armenian state. With this national transformation the ARF's activities become a national cause. 1766:

district of Constantinople on July 27, 1890. The Hunchaks concluded that the demonstrations at Kum Kapu were unsuccessful. Similars demonstration on a lesser scale followed throughout most of the 1890s.

3472:, Aghasi Varosyan, Stepan Ohanesyan, Hakob Mkrtchyan, and Harutyun Hakobyan imprisoned and finally executed in Nork gorge. Aghbalyan moved to Lebanon, and established the Nshan Palanjian seminarium in 2465:

In January 1912, a total of 159 Armenians were charged with membership of a "Revolutionary" organisation. During the revolution Armenian revolutionaries were split into "Old Dashnaks", allied with the

2076:

The Kurds sacked neighboring towns and villages with impunity. The central assumption of the Hamidiye system that Kurdish tribes could be brought under military discipline—proved to be impossible. The

1676: 1648: 1620: 796:

settled in Constantinople in 1831 to the end of World War I, the missionaries made considerable contributions to the education of Armenians. The European intellectual currents such as ideas of the

756:, which was seen as a milestone by progressive Armenians. Another development was the introduction of elementary education, colleges and other institutions of learning by Protestant missionaries. 2136:

as a state ideology. Abdul Hamid II perceived the Ottoman Armenians to be an extension of foreign powers, a means by which Europe could "get at our most vital places and tear out our very guts."

6037:

In the whole operation some seven or eight thousand Armenians lost their lives, a massacre which, accompanied by others in the neighbouring areas, caused consternation in the capitals of Europe.

1988:

of 1894 was the resistance of the Hunchak militia of the Sasun region. The region continued to be in conflict between the fedayee and the Muslim Ottomans between the local Armenian villages.

1896:'s intentions were to attract the attention of the foreign consuls at Mush to the plight of the Armenian peasants and to provide hope for the oppressed Armenians of the eastern provinces. 6196: 1858:

members which they believed were members of a large revolutionary apparatus, two of whom were subsequently killed. The incident increased sectarian tensions and other conflicts occurred.

3676:) were survivors of genocide. The Operation, between 1920 and 1922, assassinated many significant political and military figures of the Ottoman Empire, the Internal Affairs Minister of 3194: 2417:

As a result, the ARF leadership decided to actively defend Armenian churches. The ARF formed a Central Committee for Self-Defence in the Caucasus and organised a series of protests. At

4529:"The Tanzimat: Secular Reforms in the Ottoman Empire - A brief look at the adoption of Secular Laws in the Ottoman Empire with a particular focus on the Tanzimat reforms (1839-1876)" 2977:

was concluded in September 1917 with 203 delegates from Russian Armenia, of which 103 belonged to the ARF. On March 3, 1918, the Russians followed the armistice of Erzincan with the

2430:

and returned the property of the Armenian Church. Gradually order was restored and the Armenian bourgeoisie once more began to distance itself from the revolutionary nationalists.

2531:, and Hilmi Bey, also accompanied by an international entourage of peoples from the Caucasus. The CUP requested that Ottoman Armenians assist in an Ottoman military campaign into 3545:

between France and the Ankara Government was signed on 9 March 1921. It was intended to end the Franco-Turkish war, but failed to do so and was replaced in October 1921 with the

3165:, it had re-captured all the territory which was lost to the Russians. The Ottomans signed several treaties establishing its supremacy in the caucasus: on December 5, 1917, the 3090:, Andranik declared that his army was determined to continue the war against the Ottoman Empire. His activities were concentrated at the link between the Ottoman Empire and the 784:

1860 and onward, the number of Armenian schools, philanthropic and patriotic organizations multiplied in the Ottoman Empire. The initial aim of Protestant missionaries were the

4188:

Armenia at the crossroads: democracy and nationhood in the post-Soviet era : essays, interviews, and speeches by the leaders of the national democratic movement in Armenia

517:(Dashnak). Armenian nationalists generally saw Russia as their ally for independence from the Turks, although Russia maintained an oppressive policy in the Caucasus. After the 3242:

on August 10, 1920. It made all parties signing the treaty recognize Armenia as a free and independent state. The drawing of definite borders was, however, left to President

3360: 2915:

and as the special envoy of the Catholicos of all the Armenians. He was assigned as the ambassador of the First Republic of Armenia to the United States in Washington, D.C.

2778:

were sentenced to death by hanging. All twenty men were Hunchak leaders, and after spending two years in Ottoman prisons, and undergoing lengthy show trials, were hanged in

1510:

to present the case for the Armenians at Berlin; in his famous speech (following the Berlin negotiations) “The Paper Ladle,” Mgrdich Khrimian advised Armenians to take the

1494:, stipulating that the Russian forces occupying the Armenian-populated provinces in the eastern Ottoman Empire would withdraw only with the full implementation of reforms. 3200: 3189: 1004: 2402: 609:

was established. Hundreds of thousands of Armenian refugees found themselves in the Middle East, Greece, France and the United States giving start to a new era of the

3196: 3113:

was signed, Andranik was on the way from Zangezur to Shusha, to control the main city of Karabakh. In January 1919 Armenian troops advanced, and the British general

1331:

Armenian nationalism and the Armenian Apostolic Church has long been intertwined. The main voices of the movement were secular, as close to the turn of the century,

1152:). The organized Armenian activities traced back to an earlier known Armenian group, the "Union of Salvation," before the three major groups established themselves. 2327:. On November 4, 1912, the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan militia with the support of Andranik's volunteer detachment defeated a numerically superior Turkish force near 729:, which declared equality before the law for both Muslim and non-Muslim Ottomans. Armenian nationalism was stagnant during these years, earning them the title of ' 550:. According to some estimates, from 1915 to 1917, about 800,000-1,500,000 Armenians were killed. After the decision to exterminate the Armenians was taken by the 1232: 3204: 3442:

The actual transfer of power took place on December 2 in Yerevan. The Armenian leadership approved an ultimatum, presented to it by the Soviet plenipotentiary

1991:

Between the years 1891 and 1895, activists from the Armenian Social Democrat Hunchakian Party visited Cilicia, and established a new branch in Zeitun. Another

1497:

In June 1878, Great Britain was troubled with Russia's powerful position in the Treaty and forced the parties for a new negotiations with the convening of the

4940:

Bilal N. Simsir, British Documents On Ottoman Armenians (1856-1880), Vol. I, Ankara 1992, pp.173. Document No. 69 (British code:F.O. 424/70, No. 134/I zikr.,)

3197: 1209: 1119: 17: 3538:, wrote in his diary that he suspected the French forces gave weapons and ammunition to the Kemalists to allow the French army safe passage out of Cilicia. 2363:, were selected as the first two inspectors. Hoff was in Van when World War I broke out, just as Westenenk was preparing to depart for his post in Erzerum. 6330: 2970:

In 1918, the Russian authorities made Andranik a Major General. He was then governor of the Administration for Western Armenia, from March and April 1918.

3435:

from the north, which culminated with a Soviet takeover in 1920. There was also a large movement of Armenian communists who aided the Soviet control. The

601:

was signed between Bolshevik Russia and the Ankara government in 1921. The formerly Russian-controlled parts of Armenia were mostly incorporated into the

946: 2754:. Talaat Bey delivered the detention order on April 24, 1915, which commenced at 8 p.m. and carried out by Chief of Police of Constantinople Bedri Bey. 1065: 6772: 3046: 2672:. The Ottomans employed a strategy which demanded that their troops be highly mobile and to arrive at specified objectives at precise times. Along the 1217: 1127: 940:(3). Supporting of these ideas by Western governments and publication through the inspiration and efforts of Armenian clerical men (Armenian Question). 5242:

Der Minassian, Anahide, "Nationalisme et socialisme dans le Mouvement Revolutionnaire Armenien", in "LA QUESTION ARMENIENNE", Paris, 1983, pp. 73-111.

3491:

and Minister of Interior Poghos Makintsian signed the Treaty of Kars, which helped to conclude the territorial disputes after the Caucasus Campaign.

3487:

on September 11, 1922. The treaty established the current borders between Turkey and the South Caucasus states. Armenian Minister of Foreign Affairs

2090: 4622:

The Paris Attempt: Rearticulation of (national) Belonging and the Inscription of Aftermath Experience in French Armenian Literature Between the Wars

3876:

The Paris Attempt: Rearticulation of (national) Belonging and the Inscription of Aftermath Experience in French Armenian Literature Between the Wars

2555:

into a holy war against the Allies. They offered the Ottoman Armenians autonomy if they supported the war plan. The Tsar also promised autonomy for

2042:

were secessionists while the Sayyids of Nihiri were autonomists. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 was followed (1880–1881) by the attempt of Shaykh

1031: 6482: 4707:, La Turquie d'Asie: géographie administrative, statistique, descriptive et raisonée de chaque province de l'Asie-Mineure, 4 vols., Paris, 1890-95. 3192: 957:

took inspiration from this source. However, the materialism and class struggle explained in Marxism did not neatly apply to the socioeconomics of

5293:

Dasnabedian, Hratch, "The ideological creed" and "The evolution of objectives" in "A BALANCE-SHEET OF THE NINETY YEARS", Beirut, 1985, pp. 73-103

5262: 3566:, announced the independence of the self-governing regions of Daralakyaz (Vayots Dzor), Zangezur, and Mountainous Artsakh, under the name of the 840: 8042: 6643: 4083: 3188: 2448:. 1905 saw a wave of mutinies, strikes and peasant uprisings across imperial Russia and events in Transcaucasia were particularly violent. In 1486:

as the ultimate guarantors of their security. Patriarch Nerses approached the Russian leadership during the negotiations with the Ottomans in

7600: 3001: 2973:

The roots of an Armenian republic was achieved by the Armenians under Russian control which devised a national congress in October 1917. The

2767:

On May 6, 1915, Andranik was the commanding officer of the first Armenian volunteer detachment (about 1,200 soldiers), which helped lift the

3215:. In late 1919 Andranik led a delegation to the United States to lobby its support for a mandate for Armenia. He was accompanied by General 2892:

at their head. As of early 1918 only a few thousand Armenian volunteers under the command of two hundred officers opposed the Ottoman army.

6621: 3280: 1909: 582: 474: 418: 5175:

The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century

3190: 2895: 6049: 4848: 3621: 3531:. The battle resulted in the massacres of 5,000 – 12,000 Armenians, spelling the end of the remaining Armenian population in the region. 3392: 3050: 2528: 2304:

in Sofia and the two pledged themselves to work jointly for the oppressed peoples of Armenia and Macedonia. Andranik participated in the

670:. Armenians still living under Persian rule were encouraged to emigrate to Russian Armenia and 30,000 followed the call. In 1828, Russia 6787: 6386: 3808: 2427: 2191: 2149: 1474:(1874–1884), forwarded Armenian complaints of widespread "forced land seizure ... forced conversion of women and children, arson, 3191: 2320:. His detachment consisted of 273 Armenian volunteers, which was more than half of the 531 non-Macedonian born fighters in the group. 3195: 2313: 2183: 1612: 800:

were transmitted through the 23,000 Armenian students within 127 Protestant congregations with 13,000 communicants, and 400 schools.

713: 630: 586: 551: 3149:

ended the hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. It also concluded the

7076: 6323: 3193: 1343:(published in Van) became the main national organs (journals). These publications were secular. Major Armenian writers of the era, 2047: 567: 3316:

Azerbaijan claimed most of the territory Armenia was sitting on, demanding all or most parts of the former Russian provinces of

3234:" in direct collaboration with the Armenian Diaspora. The treaty was signed between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire at 8077: 5905: 5499:

Joseph L. Grabill, (1971) Protestant Diplomacy and the Near East: Missionary Influence on American Policy, 1810-1927, page 59,

3778:

There is a Fedayees museum in Yerevan named after General Andranik Ozanian. Armenian resistance has left a symbolic dish. The "

3733: 3351:

In May 1919, Dro led an expeditionary unit that was successful in establishing Armenian administrative control in Nakhichevan.

2611: 1601:(AGBU) which was initially founded in Constantinople, were established wherever there was a considerable number of Armenians. 562:

upon Russian promises for autonomy. By 1917, Russia controlled many Armenian-populated areas of the Ottoman Empire. After the

6209: 5836: 5559: 5504: 5445:

Abraham, Richard (1990). Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution. New York: Columbia University Press, pg. 53,54

5414: 5321:

Resistance and Revenge: The Armenian Assassination of the Turkish Leaders Responsible for the 1915 Massacres and Deportations

4882: 4793: 4763: 3879: 3313:

was thus signed on December 3, 1920, after the Armenian government had fallen to a concurrent Soviet invasion on December 2.

3309:

in Alexandropol. Although Karabekir's terms were harsh the Armenian delegation had little recourse but to agree to them. The

2452:, the centre of the Russian oil industry, class tensions mixed with ethnic rivalries. The city was almost wholly composed of 543: 2019:

of 1904. Hrayr Dzhoghk was killed on April 13 in the village Gelieguzan. He was buried in a court of a local church near to

7585: 3763: 3199: 2496: 2426:. The events convinced Tsar Nicholas that he must reverse his policies. He replaced Golitsin with the Armenophile governor 1717:

The emergence of the Armenian National Movement in the early 1880s and the armed struggle by the late 1880s coincides with

1585: 1448: 1355: 1022: 749: 2926:, a multinational congress of Transcaucasian representatives met to create a provisional regional executive body known as 7575: 7518: 7435: 6316: 3336:. Territorial clashes between Armenia and Azerbaijan took place throughout 1919 and 1920, most notably in the regions of 2974: 2912: 2486: 2324: 1703: 7357: 2688:. 4th battalion of the Armenian volunteers engaged at Barduz Pass. The Ottoman army suffered a delay of 24 hours in the 949:. Another second wave come with the emergence of Russian revolutionary thought which by the end of the 19th century was 8072: 7352: 6636: 3767: 3202: 3198: 2840: 2824: 2791: 1464: 606: 360: 2089:) formations that operated in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire. They were intended to be modeled after the 1243:

campaigns into Ottoman territory. The Young Armenia Society organized an armed expedition to Ottoman Armenia with the

8012: 7089: 6997: 6967: 6715: 6578: 6446: 6436: 6281: 6255: 6231: 6166: 6023: 5957: 5691: 5666: 5329: 5182: 4736: 4629: 4582: 4528: 4461: 4433: 4402: 4335: 4302: 4277: 4252: 4220: 4195: 4170: 4142: 4117: 4049: 4024: 3991: 3962: 3937: 3912: 3887: 3759: 3647: 3418: 3247: 1881: 1824: 1798: 1688: 1637: 1598: 1564: 1479: 1251: 1164: 1145: 1137: 1071: 954: 911:, 79,998) There were many Armenians familiar with Russian customs. Russia, for Armenians, was also a path to Europe. 671: 652: 514: 7002: 3629: 3400: 8062: 8057: 7879: 6741: 6572: 5721:

Stanley Elphinstone Kerr. The Lions of Marash: personal experiences with American Near East Relief, 1919-1922 p. 30

3751: 2651: 2637: 2602: 2585: 1992: 1141: 1099: 938:(2). Development of ideas of nationalism, salvation and independence in Armenian opinion (Revolution Perspective), 506: 411: 2713:

Between April 15–18 of 1915, the brigade of Armenian volunteers under the command of Andranik participated in the

8052: 8047: 7294: 7289: 7033: 6757: 6726: 6149:

The Armenian revolutionary movement; the development of Armenian political parties through the nineteenth century

3567: 3337: 3087: 2466: 2164: 1390: 958: 737: 687: 658:

sought help from the Armenians, promising that after the war, their lives would improve. In 1828, Russia annexed

528: 365: 305: 295: 5319: 2871:. Beginning in 1917, this Armenian force fought to the frontlines in Palestine and Syria against the agreement. 1265:

During 1880-1890 the local communication channels were developed. The organizations were fully functional under

7918: 7606: 7445: 7208: 6962: 6736: 6421: 6416: 3677: 3625: 3534:

France disbanded the French Armenian Legion shortly after the war started. One of the Armenian Legion members,

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The Armenian revolution was born in a romantic haze, inspired by Russian populism, the Bulgarian revolution...

2645: 2323:

On October 20, the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan militia and Andranik's volunteer detachment, participated in the

1725: 8067: 7685: 7655: 7491: 7023: 6782: 6629: 3664:

was the ARF's code-name for a covert operation in the early 1920s to assassinate the Turkish planners of the

2751: 2470: 2198: 2051: 1745: 636: 626: 446:) included social, cultural, but primarily political and military movements that reached their height during 330: 100: 90: 6651: 4918:

Migirditch, Dadian. (June 1867) "La society armenienne contemporaine", in Revue des deux Mondes, pp. 803-827

2911:

concerning Caucasian affairs. Pastermadjian then left for America in June 1917 as the representative of the

1181: 1040: 7929: 7846: 7613: 7538: 7104: 7069: 3432: 3158: 3138: 3118: 2492: 1560: 1179:

but kept in touch with local leaders, and published a journal of political and social enlightenment titled

793: 386: 288: 7913: 7908: 7812: 7695: 7670: 7570: 7389: 7259: 7131: 6952: 6792: 5929:"Asia: Journal of the American Asiatic Association" ,1919, Published by Asia Pub. Co., Volume.19 page 327 3803: 1802: 1794:(Armen Karo) took over the bank which largely employed European personnel from Great Britain and France. 1507: 920: 675: 478: 404: 275: 180: 75: 35: 6219: 5828:

Exploring the Caucasus in the 21st Century: Essays on Culture, History and Politics in a Dynamic Context

5610: 6987: 6731: 6201: 6117: 4548:"The Invention of Tradition as Public Image in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1808 to 1908", Selim Deringil, 3446:. The ARF was banned its leaders exiled and many of its members dispersed to other parts of the world. 3114: 3026: 2835:

Negotiations with the French for returning Armenian refugees to their homes in Cilicia conducted under

2598: 2101:

and mufti did not have jurisdiction over religious law which bolstered Kurdish authority and autonomy.

1771: 1627: 1172: 753: 566:, Russian forces retreated and transferred control of occupied Ottoman Anatolia to Armenian units. The 245: 205: 6096:. United States Congress. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. USA: Govt. print. off. 1919. p. 5269: 1778:

in Constantinople, on 26 August 1896. In an effort to raise further awareness in Europe regarding the

7898: 7595: 7470: 7465: 7450: 7378: 7347: 7028: 6916: 6499: 3703: 3579: 3520: 3290: 3255: 3134: 2986: 2775: 2445: 2379: 789: 571: 355: 230: 2856: 348: 7903: 7868: 7475: 7007: 6598: 6489: 3610: 3381: 3298: 3276: 3174: 2982: 2922:

was signed between the Russians and Ottomans, ending hostilities between the two states. After the

2568: 2439: 590: 559: 6097: 5075:

Astourian, Stepan (2011). "The Silence of the Land: Agrarian Relations, Ethnicity, and Power," in

4569:

The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus

55: 7956: 7823: 7650: 7645: 7565: 7548: 7523: 7480: 7156: 7136: 7121: 7062: 6391: 3614: 3546: 3385: 3170: 2993: 2978: 2504: 2367: 2352: 2077: 2063: 1985: 1978: 1885: 1683: 1531: 1522: 1502: 1430: 896: 613:. Soviet Armenia existed until 1991, when the Soviet Union disintegrated and the current (Third) 598: 532: 390: 265: 80: 4610:

Edmund Herzig "Armenians Past And Present In The Making Of National Identity A Handbook" page.76

3000:'s 60,000 soldiers with Andranik Pasha's 30,000 fedayees. However, after the dissolusion of the 1973:

Province of Turkey. The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party and the ARF were active in the region.

686:

annexed by Russia. A significant portion of Armenians were annexed into Russia. Another wave of

7951: 7713: 7640: 7553: 6604: 6406: 6265: 5949: 5943: 5939: 5851: 4421: 4327: 3710: 3528: 3509: 3310: 2860: 2803: 2630: 1759: 1632: 1471: 1460: 1452: 1368: 1308: 804: 523: 486: 5826: 5783: 4852: 4755: 4749: 4574: 4109: 4016: 764: 701:

programs targeted the Armenian Church. Russia curtailed the Church's advances in the society.

7744: 7543: 7528: 7324: 6494: 6426: 6176: 5909: 4992: 4875:

The Right to Struggle: Selected Writings of Monte Melkonian on the Armenian National Question

4394: 4388: 4236: 3239: 3223:

he directed a campaign in which he raised $ 500,000 for the relief of Armenian war refugees.

3166: 3162: 3014: 2985:

between the Ottoman Empire and a delegation of the Seim. When the first Republic of Armenia (

2919: 2848: 2768: 2757: 2589: 2520: 2375: 2344: 2317: 2240: 2179: 2145: 2117: 2098: 1866: 1791: 1693: 1491: 1407: 816: 667: 518: 300: 240: 4319: 4101: 1869:

saw the Armenian population in Van defend against Ottoman forces and Kurdish tribesmen. The

1818: 1732:). Abdul Hamid II oversaw an autocracy while ruling over a period of decline of the empire. 574:

on May 28, 1918, thus establishing an Armenian state in the Armenian-populated parts of the

7841: 7705: 7590: 7560: 7533: 7460: 7413: 6972: 6777: 6659: 6411: 6186: 3542: 3465: 3302: 3146: 3109:, the most important city of Karabakh at the time, in early December 1918. Just before the 3010: 2700: 2677: 2665: 2655: 1236: 1079: 973: 655: 466: 5945:

The Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV: Between Crescent and Sickle, Partition and Sovietization

3578:, his soldiers, and many prominent Armenian intellectuals, including leaders of the first 2742:

the leaders of the Armenian community were arrested and moved to two holding centers near

1384: 527:

class. These parties, especially the Dashnaks, held a tense working relationship with the

8: 7890: 7791: 7680: 7675: 7506: 7043: 6441: 6431: 6401: 6396: 5633: 3449: 3306: 3129: 3110: 2927: 2880: 2086: 2016: 1870: 1851: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1244: 757: 555: 375: 68: 6091: 3227: 3153:

for the Ottoman Empire. By the end of the war, the Ottoman Empire, although it lost the

2689: 2444:

Unrest in Transcaucasia, which also included major strikes, reached a climax during the

930:. The Russian Consul General to Ottoman Empire, General Mayewski, recorded the following 726: 521:, Armenian political parties replaced the traditional authority of the Ottoman loyalist 8005: 7806: 7727: 7690: 7628: 7440: 7430: 7201: 7097: 6866: 6816: 6462: 6379: 6111: 5869: 5080: 4384: 4158: 4135:

Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908-1918

4077: 4065: 3673: 3513: 3500: 3301:

began, which resulted in a Turkish victory. Negotiations were then carried out between

3220: 2997: 2923: 2889: 2728: 2371: 2071: 1954: 1937: 1862: 1779: 1515: 1498: 1425: 1193: 1103: 989: 876: 563: 505:

in the eastern regions of the empire, led by the three Armenian political parties: the

502: 255: 185: 170: 155: 44: 2692:

Pass, and 4th battalion of the Armenian volunteers lost 600 troops in a battle there.

7861: 7851: 7831: 7774: 7754: 7739: 7665: 7580: 7373: 7254: 7223: 7196: 6982: 6977: 6811: 6545: 6474: 6277: 6270: 6251: 6227: 6205: 6162: 6019: 5953: 5896: 5832: 5687: 5662: 5593: 5555: 5500: 5410: 5325: 5306: 5178: 4878: 4789: 4779: 4759: 4732: 4625: 4578: 4567: 4457: 4429: 4398: 4331: 4320: 4298: 4273: 4248: 4216: 4191: 4166: 4138: 4113: 4102: 4045: 4020: 4009: 3987: 3983: 3958: 3933: 3908: 3883: 3783: 3747: 3665: 3661: 3469: 3431:

However, despite ARF's tight grip on power, the ARF was unable to stop the impending

3251: 3231: 3150: 3099: 2724: 2669: 2560: 2536: 2482: 2356: 2067: 2043: 1729: 1593: 1527: 1475: 1456: 1441: 1348: 1344: 1225: 1201: 1136:

In the late 19th century, Armenian political organizations were founded, such as the

1111: 927: 904: 892: 824: 797: 785: 769: 663: 610: 575: 547: 498: 470: 436: 325: 320: 250: 195: 5777: 5741: 2779: 1547: 1371:

said "It is no longer possible for the Armenians and the Turks to live together..."

8021: 7923: 7873: 7836: 7801: 7796: 7784: 7779: 7759: 7319: 7264: 7228: 6992: 6921: 6861: 6846: 6826: 6821: 6451: 6374: 5812: 4244: 3535: 3524: 3216: 3208: 3095: 2943: 2885: 2814: 2714: 2524: 2500: 2418: 2406: 2305: 2289: 2237:. The CUP could count on the support of about 60 deputies and formed a government. 2226: 2105: 1893: 1360: 1322: 1197: 1107: 235: 218: 200: 95: 6180: 6147: 4354:(1950–1951). "The Armenian Revolution and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation". 3694: 3452:

was arrested and executed by the Bolsheviks in Karakilisa in 1921. In 1937 during

2957: 2507:, a conversation between these groups were established with the Armenian liaisons 2269: 2257: 1970: 7961: 7331: 7218: 7191: 7126: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6871: 6767: 6752: 6592: 6566: 6504: 6013: 5031: 4783: 4731:

General Mayewski ; Statistique des Provinces de Van et de Bitlis, pp. 11-13

4356: 3488: 3461: 3345: 3178: 3018: 2888:

and Tiflis. As of October 1917 two Armenian divisions were already created, with

2844: 2828: 2795: 2681: 2556: 2423: 2214: 2206: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1874: 1855: 1302: 1240: 1205: 1115: 962: 880: 745: 691: 510: 394: 315: 310: 260: 148: 6247:

A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility

6159:

Dunsterforce. Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I, vol ix

1573:

Significant European and American movements began with the Armenian diaspora in

705: 450:

and the following years, initially seeking improved status for Armenians in the

7946: 7769: 7314: 6911: 6891: 6856: 6836: 6831: 6704: 6673: 6550: 6530: 6468: 5458: 5084: 4562: 4351: 3905:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1

3779: 3743: 3739: 3669: 3575: 3480: 3259: 3243: 3071: 3063: 2868: 2540: 2512: 2508: 2360: 2297: 2132:

wanted to reinforce the territorial integrity the Ottoman Empire, and asserted

2129: 2109: 2082: 1966: 1941: 1838: 1783: 1721: 1483: 1213: 1123: 1083: 1013: 868: 864: 860: 777: 773: 648: 644: 490: 459: 455: 451: 270: 160: 6241: 5815:. Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917—1921), New York Philosophical Library, 1951 5251:

Documents for the history of the ARF, II, 2nd Edition, Beirut, 1985, pp. 11-14

3049:. Under his command were about 6,000 Centrocaspian Dictatorship troops of the 2981:, and exited the war, with territorial losses. From March 14 to April 1918, a 2847:

used this opportunity to provide troops for the French commitment made in the

725:

was put aside in favour of secular law. This policy officially began with the

8036: 7763: 7660: 7309: 7304: 7249: 7213: 6901: 6886: 6851: 6678: 6540: 6525: 6308: 5686:. Eminönü, Istanbul: Istanbul Commerce University Publications. p. 296. 5470:

Richard G. Hovannisian, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, 244

5302: 5201: 5096: 3930:

Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815-1914

3668:. Those involved with the planning and execution of the operation (including 3559: 3460:

against the military and other suspected enemies, his secret police arrested

3453: 3436: 2904: 2799: 2747: 2532: 2516: 2396: 2301: 2222: 2008: 1751:

Survivors of the Ottoman Bank takeover group after they arrived in Marseille.

1578: 1259: 1192:) was the first socialist party in the Ottoman Empire and Persia, founded by 1075: 900: 884: 872: 856: 808: 698: 175: 5077:

A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire

4949:

Haig Ajemian, Hayotz Hayrig, page 511-3; translated by Fr. Vazken Movsesian.

4241:

Nationalism and socialism in the Armenian revolutionary movement (1887-1912)

2820: 2764:. After a trial in July, he was hanged on 24 August 1915, with 12 comrades. 2309: 2020: 1278: 996:

provinces were the main Armenian-populated provinces in the Russian Empire.

945:

Revolution. They espoused a democratic-liberal ideology which rested on the

7971: 7966: 7749: 7485: 7425: 7299: 7284: 5597: 4704: 4163:

Dro (Drastamat Kanayan): Armenia's First Defense Minister of the Modern Era

3980:

Writers of Disaster: Armenian Literature in the Twentieth Century, Volume 1

3750:

in Europe as early as the 1890s. The timeline has events formulated by the

3443: 3212: 3211:

was the head of the Armenian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference with

3042: 3030: 3005: 2836: 2453: 2210: 2133: 2039: 1787: 1775: 1556: 1478:, rape, and murder" to the Powers. March 1878, after the conclusion of the 1168: 1093: 985: 852: 602: 494: 5621: 2300:, as a commander of Armenian auxiliary troops. Andranik met revolutionist 1049:

First two in the 1890s; second two in the 1910s, and last one in the 1920s

936:(1). Their known evolution in political matters (Issue of Civilizations), 7986: 7146: 5454: 3457: 3439:

began its virtually unopposed advance into Armenia on November 29, 1920.

3329: 3317: 3117:

gave Andranik assurances that a favorable treaty would be reached at the

2851:, which was still secret at the time. Armenian leadership also meet with 2673: 2378:

visited the Caucasus front on December 30, 1914, telling the head of the

2328: 2283: 2202: 1834: 1487: 993: 908: 722: 683: 679: 589:

came to power in their respective countries. Turkish forces successfully

539: 447: 105: 1400: 709: 489:

worked with Ottoman reformers to prevent banditry and abuses by nomadic

7455: 7279: 6906: 4449: 3038: 2852: 2761: 2739: 2668:

took place from December 22, 1914, to January 17, 1915, as part of the

2355:

was signed in February 1914. L. C. Westenenk, an administrator for the

2175: 2157: 1176: 717: 5204:. The Kurds and the State. (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005) 4849:"Armenian Revolutionary Federation Founded, Armenian history timeline" 4374:, Hushapatum H.H. Dashnaktsuthian 1890-1950 (Boston: H.H. Buro , 1950 2011:

went to Van, where he organized in Sasun. Alongside Hrayr Dzhoghk was

1763: 7856: 7274: 7269: 6509: 6042: 5824: 5370:Şeyhun, Ahmed. "Said Halim and the Armenian Reform Project of 1914," 4716: 4042:

The Armenian genocide: the Young Turks before the judgment of history

3791: 3755: 3054: 3045:

in a bloodless coup d'état. The Baku forces mainly were commanded by

2810: 2732: 2593: 2552: 2414:

rights of Armenians in the Russian Empire as well as Ottoman Turkey.

2152:, which proved difficult to reinstill Ottomanism among its subjects. 2004: 1801:

was a failed assassination attempted on Abdul Hamid II by the ARF at

1463:

by claiming that it gave them the right to intervene and protect the

1364: 640: 190: 6197:

Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War

3599: 3370: 3235: 1418: 1155:

Protectors of the Fatherland was established as a secret society in

934:

The rebellion of Armenians resulted from the following three causes:

7244: 7166: 7054: 6896: 6841: 6709: 6535: 6131:

The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity,

5125:

Safrastian, Arshak. 1948 Kurds and Kurdistan. Harvill Press, pg 66.

3341: 3078: 3058: 2293: 2012: 1844: 1316: 1149: 844: 594: 482: 225: 120: 3570:

and later on 1 June 1921, it was renamed the Republic of Armenia.

3505: 2370:, just after the first engagement of the Caucasus Campaign in the 1274: 888: 7976: 7404: 7171: 7151: 7085: 7038: 6684: 6654: 5948:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 4011:

The Armenians: From Kings And Priests to Merchants And Commissars

3484: 3325: 3082: 2760:, a Hunchak, was among the first to be arrested in April 1915 at 2615: 2410: 2218: 2187: 2170: 1255: 1189: 1156: 988:

in the Ottoman Empire were largely populated by Armenians, while

950: 848: 832: 820: 659: 614: 370: 110: 6074: 5711:. Central Executive General Society of Vasbouragan. p. 125. 5706: 3955:

Armenian Organization and Ideology under Ottoman Rule: 1908-1914

1847:

borders Russia and Persia, making assistance easily accessible.

748:, but also introduced regulations defining the authority of the 7181: 7176: 7161: 6721: 4454:

The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide

4270:

Armenian Golgotha: a memoir of the Armenian genocide, 1915-1918

3738:

The timeline covers the activities of Armenian citizens of the

3680:

and some Armenians who were working against the Armenian cause.

3583: 3473: 3321: 3106: 3041:

and the ARF, and the unrecognized state replaced the Bolshevik

2867:, Egypt in November 1916, and put under the command of General 2743: 2619: 2606: 2564: 2491:

Beginning at the end of July and ending on August 2, 1914, the

2234: 1718: 1589: 1574: 1282: 1270: 1266: 1221: 969: 135: 130: 115: 6015:

Ataturk: a biography of Mustafa Kemal, father of modern Turkey

5592:]. Translated by Sonia Shiragian. Boston: Hairenik Press. 5103:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977, vol. 2, p. 246. 4719:, Tarihte Ermeniler ve Ermeni Meselesi, İstanbul 1976, 5. 463; 3562:. On 26 April 1921, the 2nd Pan-Zangezurian congress, held in 3354: 3285: 3187: 2907:

was sent from the Caucasus to Petrograd to negotiate with the

2684:) operated on the front facing Erzurum between Sarikamish and 2390: 1889: 1843:

Van turned into a center of Armenian Nationalist activity, as

712:

period to reorganize the Ottoman Empire, but also to stem the

7981: 7186: 6881: 6520: 6182:

Why Armenia Should be Free: Armenia's Role in the Present War

5825:

Companjen, Françoise; Maracz, Laszlo; Versteegh, Lia (2011).

5407:

Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894-1917

4295:

Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict

3563: 3333: 3219:, Captain Haig Bonapartian, and Lieutenant Ter-Pogossian. In 2864: 2727:

led his battalion into eleven battles in the neighborhood of

2548: 2544: 2539:) against the tsarist army. The Ottoman plan was to draw the 2230: 2000: 1946: 1286: 972:

has come to play a significant role in 19th and 20th-century

125: 5383:

Martin Gilbert, 2004, "The First World War," Macmillan p.108

4899:

Storm Centres of the Near East: personal memories, 1879-1929

4841: 1363:

was an important figure. Mkrtich Khrimian was tranferred to

7141: 6018:(1st Quill ed.). New York: Quill/Morrow. p. 235. 5858:. Berkeley: University of California, 1971, pp. 86–87. 4104:

Democracy Building and Civil Society in Post-Soviet Armenia

3582:, crossed the border into the neighbouring Persian city of 3034: 2989:) was proclaimed in 1918, the ARF became the ruling party. 2685: 2449: 2308:

alongside Nzhdeh as a Chief Commander of 12th Battalion of

836: 828: 819:

stated that 1,127,212 Armenians were in the Russian Lands (

85: 4809:

The Times, 10 January 1883, p. 5; ibid., 8 June 1883, p. 5

4210: 4190:. Watertown, Massachusetts: Blue crane books. p. 14. 3957:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 149. 3105:

Andranik and his troops were 40 km (25 mi) from

1490:

and convinced them to insert a clause, Article 16, to the

5357:

L. C. Westenek, "Diary Concerning the Armenian Mission,"

3361:

History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)

1923: 1367:

in his later years, although this was actually an exile.

475:

rise of other nationalist movements in the Ottoman Empire

4877:. San Francisco, Sardarabad Collective. pp. 55–57. 4165:. Los Angeles, CA: Indo-European Publishing. p. v. 4070:

General Andranik and the Armenian Revolutionary Movement

3552: 2366:

On December 16, 1914, the Ottoman Empire dismantled the

1518:

which was ignored by the European community of nations.

5392:

Avetoon Pesak Hacobian, 1917, Armenia and the War, p.78

5305:, "Constantinople City of the Worlds Desire" quoted in 2286:(1912–1913) around 35,000 Armenians lived in Bulgaria. 2201:

resulted in a new parliament composed of 142 Turks, 60

2085:

cavalry (minor amounts of other nationalities, such as

1262:

and diplomatic circles to sponsor the party's demands.

6293:

Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus

6161:. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. pp. 2766–2772. 535:

in early 1914, however it was shelved by World War I.

4957: 4955: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4643: 4641: 4137:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 71. 3689: 3494: 3053:. The vast majority of the troops in this force were 2903:

In the spring of 1917, Karekin Pastermadjian and Dr.

2433: 2382:

that "a most brilliant future awaits the Armenians".

2015:. Andranik became the main organizer and head of the 593:

the western half of the Armenian Republic, while the

495:

six Armenian-populated vilayets of the Ottoman Empire

5087:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 58-61, 63-67. 3907:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 318. 3698:

Armenians celebrating the first year of their state.

3265: 3250:, and was only presented to Armenia on November 22. 2457:

streets and the violence spread to the countryside.

1254:(“ARF” or Dashnaktsutiun or Dashnak) was founded in 597:

invaded and annexed the country in December 1920. A

542:, Armenians were systematically exterminated by the 4510: 4508: 4506: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4322:

The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century

3932:. Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 323. 6773:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia 6269: 5906:American Committee for the Independence of Armenia 5856:The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919 5638:(in Armenian). Դպրոցական Մեծ Հանրագիտարան, Գիրք II 4998: 4952: 4812: 4667: 4638: 4566: 4393:. Bloomington: Indiana university press. pp. 4008: 3270: 855:) Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were 1,095,889 ( 6133:p. 98, edited by Edmund Herzig, Marina Kurkchiyan 4989:The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. 2798:, was established under Russian protection, with 2144:The Armenians, especially the ARF, supported the 1884:was an armed conflict of the Armenian militia in 1374: 8034: 5307:Straits: The origins of the Dardanelles campaign 4599:The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times 4503: 4470: 4426:The Armenian Genocide: History, Politics, Ethics 4390:Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History 4215:. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. p. 230. 3483:was signed on October 13, 1921, and ratified in 3017:. The First Republic of Armenia had to sign the 2614:, which coordinated its activities from Tiflis, 2476: 1239:in Tbilisi. The Young Armenia Society organised 27:Armenian social, cultural and political movement 5626: 5400: 5398: 5101:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 5058: 5056: 4015:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 3684: 2746:upon the order of the Minister of the Interior 2503:citizens. Coming soon after the passage of the 1969:of the Ottoman Empire, later Süleymanlı in the 1915:Armenian Cathedral of the Forty Martyrs, Aleppo 1188:In 1887, the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party ( 740:were introduced to a set of major reforms. The 6338: 5409:. Princeton University Press. pp. 21–22. 5177:. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, p. 217. 4830: 4828: 2809:Andranik commanded a battalion which defeated 2401:Russification programme reached its peak with 2385: 2171:Armenian Nationalism in the Ottoman parliament 1604: 1482:, the Armenians began to look more toward the 690:immigration occurred, with 25,000 settling in 7070: 6637: 6324: 6175: 5769: 5571: 5541:The Encyclopedia Americana, 1920, v.28, p.404 5516: 5490:The Encyclopedia Americana, 1920, v.28, p.412 5296: 4350: 4235: 3002:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 1899: 1470:The Armenian patriarchate of Constantinople, 412: 6276:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5775: 5611:Дж.Киракосян. Младотурки перед судом истории 5395: 5053: 4044:. Madison, Conn.: Sphinx Press. p. 30. 3254:refers to the boundary configuration of the 3077:By July a sectarian conflict had started in 2139: 2123: 979: 6264: 6152:. Berkeley, University of California Press. 6086: 6084: 6082: 5938: 5831:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 119. 5806: 5763: 5529: 5522: 5372:Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies 5345: 4825: 4693:Outline of a History of Protestant Missions 4420: 4095: 4093: 3902: 3869: 3867: 3727: 3713:explains the conditions of the resistance: 3628:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3399:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3355:Sovietization and exile of Armenian leaders 2391:Edict on Armenian church property 1903-1904 1459:in 1875, the Great Powers invoked the 1856 666:, and the surrounding countryside with the 7077: 7063: 6788:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide 6644: 6630: 6387:Liberation struggle of Artsakh (1724-1731) 6331: 6317: 6145: 5590:The legacy: Memoirs of an Armenian Patriot 5441: 5439: 5225: 5223: 5047: 5018: 5005: 4975: 4962: 4928: 4835: 4819: 4747: 4679: 4661: 4648: 4550:Comparative Studies in Society and History 4211:Høiris, Ole; Yürükel, Sefa Martin (1998). 4185: 4082:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4039: 3809:Armenian delegation at the Berlin Congress 3790:): is generally served to commemorate the 3124: 2460: 2428:Count Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov 2057: 2026: 752:. Also included was a new parliament: the 744:codified the rights and privileges of the 419: 405: 6272:Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918 5795: 5793: 5707:Onnig Mukhitarian, Haig Gossoian (1980). 5583: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 4872: 4727: 4725: 4619: 4317: 4157: 4099: 4064: 4006: 3977: 3873: 3648:Learn how and when to remove this message 3419:Learn how and when to remove this message 3291:Internationally recognized Armenian state 2839:. Negotiations were conducted within the 1220:, a group of college students who met in 631:Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 481:developed in the early 1860s. During the 6437:Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery (1901) 6299: 6193: 6079: 5730:New York Times, September 2, 1927, p. 17 5214: 5161: 5148: 5135: 5113: 5063: 4267: 4132: 4126: 4090: 3952: 3864: 3693: 3504: 3284: 3128: 2894: 2819: 2588:was a military fighting unit within the 2174: 1675: 1647: 1619: 763: 714:rise of nationalism among its minorities 458:but eventually attempting to achieve an 6290: 6011: 5656: 5436: 5404: 5220: 4778: 4561: 4555: 4552:, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Jan., 1993), pp. 3-29 4515: 4484: 4297:. Transaction Publishers. p. 115. 4292: 4272:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 44. 4213:Contrasts and solutions in the Caucasus 3086:As the commander of Armenian forces in 2899:Armenian Battalion under British forces 2802:as its head. The Republic of Van was a 2292:participated in the Balkan Wars in the 14: 8035: 6218: 6156: 6050:"Robert Fisk: The forgotten holocaust" 5800: 5790: 5739: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5324:. Transaction Publishers. pp. x. 5317: 5260: 5188: 4722: 4604: 4456:. Transaction Publishers. p. 44. 4326:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3927: 3734:Timeline of Armenian national movement 2469:and "Young Dashnaks" aligned with the 2217:(including four from ARF and two from 1534:'s liberalism were dependable allies. 1351:can be counted among the influential. 768:Re-establish an Armenian state in the 8043:Armenian national liberation movement 7058: 6625: 6312: 6240: 5776:Dunsterville, Lionel Charles (1920). 5230: 5036:. Empire Press. 1995. pp. xviii. 4751:Modern Armenia: People, Nation, State 4695:(Edinburgh and London, 1901), p. 241. 4448: 3880:University of California, Los Angeles 3553:Republic of Mountainous Armenia, 1922 2605:, approached Armenian leaders in the 2334: 1957:of the Ottoman Empire, later part of 1465:Ottoman Empire's Christian minorities 18:Armenian national liberation movement 7084: 5374:. Vol. 19, No. 2 (2010), pp. 93-108. 5318:Derogy, Jacques (31 December 2011). 4383: 3764:Armenian Patriotic Society of Europe 3626:adding citations to reliable sources 3593: 3589: 3397:adding citations to reliable sources 3364: 2038:ethno-nationalistic standpoint. The 1586:Armenian Patriotic Society of Europe 1537: 1356:Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople 851:, 24,505). At the same period (1896 531:. The Ottoman government signed the 6447:Yıldız assassination attempt (1905) 6250:. London: Charles Scribner's Sons. 6226:. London: Charles Scribner's Sons. 5681: 5493: 5473: 4428:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 129. 2975:Armenian National Council of Tiflis 2913:Armenian National Council of Tiflis 1335:(published in Constantinople), the 914: 501:against the Ottoman government and 24: 7601:President of the National Assembly 5405:Geifman, Anna (31 December 1995). 5263:"The Influence of the Young Turks" 4909:Graves, Storm Centres, pp. 132-139 4754:. Transaction Publishers. p. 4573:. Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 3768:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic 3690:Establishment of an Armenian State 3495:Cilicia and French Armenian Legion 3258:in the Treaty of Sèvres, drawn by 3081:. Armenian couriers dispatched to 2825:Administration for Western Armenia 2792:Administration for Western Armenia 2535:by inciting a rebellion (with the 2495:was a watershed event between the 2434:Armenian-Azeri massacres 1904-1905 1808: 786:conversion of the Muslims and Jews 674:on the Ottoman Empire, and in the 607:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic 54: 25: 8089: 6998:Turkish consulate attack in Paris 6716:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 6710:Armenian Democratic Liberal Party 6579:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 3760:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 3523:sent forces to Marash, where the 3266:Activities during Interwar period 3248:United States Department of State 2676:, the 3rd battalion commanded by 2574: 2359:, and Major Hoff, a major in the 2314:Macedonian-Adrianopolitan militia 1882:Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery 1825:Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery 1707:Conflicts during the Hamidian Era 1599:Armenian General Benevolent Union 1252:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 1165:Armenian Democratic Liberal Party 1138:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 955:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 515:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 7403: 6742:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party 6653: 6361:Organizations and military units 6124: 6068: 6005: 5992: 5979: 5966: 5932: 5923: 5898:America as Mandatary for Armenia 5889: 5876: 5861: 5845: 5818: 5756: 5733: 5724: 5715: 5700: 5675: 5659:Arshile Gorky: His Life and Work 4987:Hovhanissian, Richard G. (1997) 4372:Hayots Heghapokhuthiunits Aratj 3953:Kaligian, Dikran Mesrob (2011). 3752:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party 3598: 3369: 2956: 2942: 2699: 2644: 2629: 2592:. Composed of several groups at 2586:Russian Armenian Volunteer Corps 2268: 2256: 2148:. With the revolution began the 1922: 1908: 1817: 1786:, 28 armed men and women led by 1744: 1674: 1646: 1618: 1611: 1546: 1521:In 1880, British Prime Minister 1417: 1399: 1383: 1315: 1301: 1142:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party 1092: 1064: 1039: 1030: 1021: 1012: 1003: 772:, controlled at the time by the 507:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party 444:Hay azgayin-azatagrakan sharzhum 7034:Republic of Mountainous Armenia 6224:Four Years beneath the Crescent 6093:Maintenance of Peace in Armenia 5650: 5615: 5604: 5577: 5564: 5544: 5535: 5509: 5464: 5448: 5423: 5386: 5377: 5364: 5351: 5338: 5311: 5287: 5254: 5245: 5236: 5207: 5167: 5154: 5141: 5128: 5119: 5106: 5090: 5069: 5040: 5024: 5011: 4981: 4968: 4943: 4934: 4921: 4912: 4903: 4891: 4866: 4803: 4772: 4741: 4710: 4698: 4685: 4654: 4613: 4591: 4542: 4521: 4490: 4442: 4414: 4377: 4364: 4344: 4311: 4286: 4261: 4229: 4204: 4179: 4151: 4108:. New York: Routledge. p. 3903:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). 3838:Armenian revolutionary movement 3826: 3580:Independent Republic of Armenia 3568:Republic of Mountainous Armenia 3271:Territorial disputes of Armenia 3088:Nakhichivan Autonomous Republic 3004:, the Ottoman Empire had taken 2487:Armenian resistance (1914–1918) 2165:Committee of Union and Progress 1854:Ottoman gendarme stopped three 1712: 1175:, who later went into exile in 959:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 529:Committee of Union and Progress 441:Հայ ազգային-ազատագրական շարժում 366:Republic of Mountainous Armenia 7003:Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack 6963:Occupation of the Ottoman Bank 6764:Defunct militant organizations 6737:Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party 6483:Resistance during the genocide 6358:Political and military leaders 5779:The adventures of Dunsterforce 5550:Richard G. Hovannisian, 2003, 4748:Libaridian, Gerard J. (2004). 4186:Libaridian, Gerard J. (1991). 4058: 4033: 4000: 3971: 3946: 3921: 3896: 3305:and a peace delegation led by 3119:Paris Peace Conference of 1919 3092:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 2909:Russian provisional government 2863:was officially established in 2559:. A representative meeting of 1563:and one of the founder of the 1512:national awakening of Bulgaria 1375:Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 742:Armenian National Constitution 583:Bolshevik Government in Russia 13: 1: 8078:National liberation movements 6783:New Armenian Resistance Group 6407:Kum Kapu demonstration (1890) 6302:A Modern History of the Kurds 5709:The Defense of Van, Parts 1-2 4597:Richard G. (EDT) Hovannisian 4133:Reynolds, Michael A. (2011). 3814: 2477:Activities during World War I 2316:under the command of Colonel 2199:1908 Ottoman general election 2052:independent Kurd principality 1292: 627:Rise of nationalism in Europe 6968:Yıldız assassination attempt 6422:Ottoman Bank Takeover (1896) 6355:Persecution of the Armenians 6194:Erickson, Edward J. (2001). 6185:. Hairenik Pub. Co. p. 6139: 5987:Republic of Armenia, Vol. II 5974:Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV 5584:Shirakian, Arshavir (1976). 5361:39 (Spring 1968), pp. 29-89. 4318:Midlarsky, Manus I. (2005). 4243:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 3834:Armenian liberation movement 3685:Achievements of the movement 3433:Red Army invasion of Armenia 3159:Sinai and Palestine Campaign 3135:Armenian National Delegation 3133:Officially presented by the 2579: 2493:Armenian congress at Erzurum 1799:Yıldız assassination attempt 1561:Armenian National Delegation 552:Ottoman Ministry of Interior 7: 7914:Armenian Brotherhood Church 7909:Armenian Evangelical Church 7260:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 7024:Provisional Republic of Van 6953:Armenian national awakening 6793:Armenian Revolutionary Army 6732:National Revival of Artsakh 6146:Nalbandian, Louise (1963). 6000:Republic of Armenia, Vol. I 5554:, Mazda Publishers, p.367, 5033:Military history: Volume 12 4293:Dadrian, Vahakn N. (2003). 4268:Balakian, Grigoris (2010). 3846:Armenian volunteer movement 3842:(Armenian) Fedayee movement 3804:Military history of Armenia 3797: 3070:forces took Baku after the 3033:client state proclaimed in 2680:and 4th battalion by Keri ( 2523:) and Ottoman liaisons Dr. 2403:the decree of June 12, 1903 2386:Activities (Russian Empire) 2091:Caucasian Cossack Regiments 1605:Activities (Ottoman Empire) 1508:Catholicos Mgrdich Khrimian 1433:which included "Article 61" 1391:Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) 1055: 921:Armenian national awakening 653:1826-1828 Russo-Persian War 558:joined the Russian army as 479:Armenian national awakening 181:Christianization of Armenia 10: 8094: 7384:Armenian national movement 6988:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 6958:Armenian national movement 6432:Khanasor Expedition (1897) 6417:Zeitun rebellion (1895–96) 6402:Gugunian Expedition (1890) 6340:Armenian national movement 6202:Greenwood Publishing Group 5867:"More British in Russia," 5682:Aya, Şükrü Server (2008). 4100:Ishkanian, Armine (2008). 4007:Panossian, Razmik (2006). 3731: 3498: 3358: 3274: 3027:Centrocaspian Dictatorship 2992:The original plan for the 2599:Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov 2480: 2437: 2394: 2247: 2061: 2033:Armenian–Kurdish relations 2030: 1935: 1900:Diyarbekir/Aleppo Vilayets 1832: 1772:1896 Ottoman Bank Takeover 1735: 1581:as early as in the 1890s. 1439: 918: 817:1897 Russian Empire Census 754:Armenian National Assembly 624: 620: 433:Armenian national movement 246:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget 206:Muslim conquest of Armenia 8073:Modern history of Armenia 7999: 7939: 7899:Armenian Apostolic Church 7889: 7822: 7735: 7726: 7704: 7636: 7627: 7576:National Security Service 7514: 7505: 7421: 7412: 7401: 7379:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 7366: 7348:First Republic of Armenia 7340: 7295:1508–1828 Iranian Armenia 7237: 7114: 7096: 7029:First Republic of Armenia 7016: 6945: 6801: 6694: 6666: 6380:Battle of Halidzor (1727) 6346: 6179:; Aram Torossian (1918). 5661:. Macmillan. p. 78. 4873:Melkonian, Monte (1990). 4620:Chahinian, Talar (2008). 3874:Chahinian, Talar (2008). 3787: 3773: 3704:First Republic of Armenia 3521:Turkish National Movement 3057:, though there were some 2987:First Republic of Armenia 2918:On December 5, 1917, the 2806:which lasted until 1918. 2794:, popularly known as the 2612:Armenian National Council 2192:Second Constitutional Era 2150:Second Constitutional Era 2140:Second Constitutional Era 2124:Abdul Hamid II's position 1965:was formerly part of the 1949:was formerly part of the 1782:instigated by the Sultan 1480:1877–78 Russo-Turkish War 980:Demographics of Armenians 733:' or the "loyal millet". 568:Armenian National Council 440: 356:First Republic of Armenia 231:Principality of Hamamshen 101:Lchashen–Metsamor culture 91:Trialeti–Vanadzor culture 7904:Armenian Catholic Church 7519:Administrative divisions 7008:1983 Orly Airport attack 6878:Militants and commanders 6701:Active political parties 6599:Armenian volunteer units 6300:McDowall, David (2004). 6291:Hooman, Peimani (2009). 5873:, August 17, 1918, p. 1. 5657:Herrera, Hayden (2005). 5634: 5083:, Fatma Müge Göçek, and 4040:Kirakosyan, Jon (1992). 3978:Nichanian, Marc (2002). 3728:Timeline of the movement 3297:On September 24 and the 3281:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 3175:Trabzon peace conference 2569:Armenian volunteer units 2440:Armenian-Tatar massacres 2296:army, alongside general 1592:. Its goal was that the 560:Armenian volunteer units 8063:20th century in Armenia 8058:19th century in Armenia 7481:Shikahogh State Reserve 7132:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 6452:Battle of Sulukh (1907) 6375:Syunik rebellion (1722) 6266:Hovannisian, Richard G. 6157:Missen, Leslie (1984). 5940:Hovannisian, Richard G. 4780:Redgate, Anne Elizabeth 4422:Hovannisian, Richard G. 3928:Rodogn, Davide (2011). 3844:, (ֆիդայական շարժում), 3766:. The events under the 3171:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3125:Path to Unified Armenia 3029:was a short-lived anti- 2979:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2933: 2874: 2785: 2603:viceroy of the Caucasus 2505:Armenian reform package 2461:Tribune of People, 1912 2446:1905 Russian Revolution 2368:Armenian reform package 2353:Armenian reform package 2078:Persian Cossack Brigade 2064:Armenian reform program 2058:Security, Reform, Order 2027:Armenian reform program 1979:First Zeitun resistance 1886:Holy Apostles Monastery 1431:Treaty of Berlin (1878) 961:as much as to those in 651:. In the middle of the 554:, tens of thousands of 533:Armenian reform package 266:Principality of Khachen 131:Urartu (Kingdom of Van) 76:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 59:Coat of Arms of Armenia 8053:20th-century conflicts 8048:19th-century conflicts 7952:Armenian eternity sign 7714:South Caucasus Railway 6605:French Armenian Legion 6412:Sasun rebellion (1894) 6392:Zeitun uprising (1862) 6177:Pasdermadjian, Garegin 6116:: CS1 maint: others ( 6012:Kinross, Lord (1992). 5852:Hovannisian, Richard G 5586:Ktakn ēr nahataknerowa 5552:Armenian Karin/Erzerum 5261:Zapotoczny, Walter S. 4897:Sir Robert W. Graves, 3725: 3711:Richard G. Hovannisian 3699: 3529:French Armenian Legion 3516: 3510:French Armenian Legion 3311:Treaty of Alexandropol 3294: 3142: 3139:Paris Peace Conference 3025:On July 26, 1918, the 2900: 2861:French Armenian Legion 2857:François Georges-Picot 2832: 2804:provisional government 2275:1912, Zoravar Andranik 2194: 2003:, it was decided send 1770:The ARF undertook the 1760:Kum Kapu demonstration 1369:Nerses II Varzhapetyan 942: 897:Mamure-ul-Azil Vilayet 781: 643:were living among the 493:, particularly in the 60: 7325:Treaty of Turkmenchay 6758:National United Party 6727:National Agenda Party 6442:Sasun uprising (1904) 6397:Bashkale clash (1889) 6220:Méndez, Rafael Méndez 5803:, pp. 2766–2772) 5782:. E. Arnold. p. 5684:The genocide of truth 5173:Hovannisian, Richard 5099:and Ezel Kural Shaw, 3715: 3697: 3508: 3288: 3226:Aharonyan signed the 3177:and on June 4, 1918, 3167:armistice of Erzincan 3163:Mesopotamian Campaign 3132: 2920:armistice of Erzincan 2898: 2849:Sykes-Picot Agreement 2823: 2758:Hampartsoum Boyadjian 2590:Imperial Russian Army 2521:Khatchatour Maloumian 2345:Karekin Pastermadjian 2318:Aleksandar Protogerov 2312:Third Brigade of the 2241:Karekin Pastermadjian 2180:Karekin Pastermadjian 2178: 2156:within the bounds of 2146:Young Turk Revolution 2118:Young Turk Revolution 1792:Karekin Pastirmaciyan 1780:pogroms and massacres 1492:Treaty of San Stefano 1410:included "Article 16" 1408:San Stefano Agreement 1354:Beginning with 1863, 1233:Young Armenia Society 1173:Mëkërtich Portukalian 1167:" was established in 932: 767: 668:Treaty of Turkmenchay 519:Young Turk Revolution 241:Kingdom of Vaspurakan 58: 8068:Armenian nationalism 7646:AMX (stock exchange) 6973:Battle of Sardarabad 6778:Army of Independence 6660:Armenian nationalism 5740:Cahoon, Ben (2000). 3622:improve this section 3543:Cilicia Peace Treaty 3466:Christophor Araratov 3393:improve this section 3299:Turkish–Armenian War 3277:Turkish–Armenian War 3147:Armistice of Moudros 2678:Hamazasp Srvandztian 2666:Battle of Sarikamish 2182:, ARF deputy of the 1995:took place in 1895. 1977:ineffective. In the 1892:, in November 1901. 1704:class=notpageimage| 1501:. Article 61 of the 1476:protection extortion 1449:Herzegovina uprising 1237:Kristapor Mikayelian 1080:Christapor Mikaelian 974:Armenian nationalism 877:Diyâr-ı Bekr Vilayet 788:, sought to convert 676:Treaty of Adrianople 467:Age of Enlightenment 371:Contemporary Armenia 7656:Central Depository 7358:Independent Armenia 7137:Kura–Araxes culture 7044:Republic of Artsakh 7039:Republic of Armenia 6075:Mountainous Armenia 5884:Republic of Armenia 4838:, pp. 145–147) 4385:Suny, Ronald Grigor 4370:Giuzalian, Garnik. 4247:. pp. 19, 42. 4066:Chalabian, Antranig 3850:Armenian revolution 3527:ensued against the 3450:Daniel Bek-Pirumyan 3307:Alexander Khatisian 3169:, on March 3, 1918 3145:On October 30, the 3111:Armistice of Mudros 2983:conference was held 2928:Transcaucasian Seim 2881:February Revolution 2843:. Foreign Minister 2519:), and E. Aknouni ( 2325:Siege of Adrianople 2282:At the time of the 2263:1913, Garegin Njdeh 2184:Chamber of Deputies 2163:Once in power, the 2116:In 1908, after the 1871:Khanasor Expedition 1588:was established in 1260:Western governments 1245:Gugunian Expedition 1210:Christopher Ohanian 1120:Christopher Ohanian 953:and socialist. The 790:Gregorian Armenians 758:Armenian newspapers 637:rise of nationalism 615:Republic of Armenia 572:Republic of Armenia 376:Republic of Artsakh 126:Nairi Confederation 81:Kura–Araxes culture 7686:Telecommunications 7607:more on government 7431:Armenian highlands 7209:Kingdom of Armenia 7202:Satrapy of Armenia 7017:Political entities 6867:Rafayel Ishkhanian 6817:Mikayel Nalbandian 6463:Hamidian massacres 6427:Van Defense (1896) 5870:The New York Times 5572:Pasdermadjian 1918 5517:Pasdermadjian 1918 5081:Ronald Grigor Suny 4993:St. Martin's Press 4239:, Anahide (1984). 4159:Chalabian, Antrang 3832:also known as the 3700: 3674:Soghomon Tehlirian 3517: 3514:Franco-Turkish War 3501:Franco-Turkish War 3295: 3143: 3115:William M. Thomson 2998:Tovmas Nazarbekian 2996:was to consist of 2924:October Revolution 2901: 2890:Tovmas Nazarbekian 2833: 2776:The Twenty Martyrs 2774:On June 15, 1915, 2497:Ottoman government 2372:Bergmann Offensive 2335:The reform package 2195: 2072:Hamidiye (cavalry) 1955:Diyarbakır vilayet 1938:Diyarbekir Vilayet 1863:Hamidian Massacres 1805:on July 21, 1905. 1516:self-determination 1499:Congress of Berlin 1426:Congress of Berlin 1309:Nerses Varjabedian 1194:Avetis Nazarbekian 1104:Avetis Nazarbekian 782: 564:October Revolution 544:Ottoman government 503:Kurdish irregulars 465:Influenced by the 276:Kingdom of Cilicia 256:Kingdom of Artsakh 236:Kingdom of Armenia 226:Emirate of Armenia 186:Kingdom of Sophene 166:Kingdom of Armenia 156:Satrapy of Armenia 61: 8030: 8029: 7995: 7994: 7847:Ethnic minorities 7722: 7721: 7623: 7622: 7586:Political parties 7571:National Assembly 7539:Foreign relations 7501: 7500: 7399: 7398: 7374:Armenian genocide 7255:Bagratuni Armenia 7224:Byzantine Armenia 7197:Achaemenid Empire 7182:Kingdom of Urartu 7052: 7051: 6983:Karabakh movement 6978:February Uprising 6812:Khachatur Abovian 6619: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6561:Political parties 6546:Drastamat Kanayan 6475:Armenian genocide 6369:Until World War I 6211:978-0-313-31516-9 5985:See Hovannisian. 5886:, pp. 88–90. 5838:978-90-8964-183-0 5560:978-1-56859-151-3 5532:, pp. 43–44) 5505:978-0-8166-0575-0 5416:978-0-691-02549-0 5164:, pp. 61–62) 5138:, pp. 59–60) 5097:Shaw, Stanford J. 5066:, pp. 42–47) 4884:978-0-9641569-1-3 4795:978-0-631-22037-4 4765:978-0-7658-0205-7 4563:Dadrian, Vahakn N 4072:. Southfield, MI. 3984:Gomidas Institute 3982:. Princeton, NJ: 3770:are not covered. 3748:Armenian diaspora 3666:Armenian genocide 3662:Operation Nemesis 3658: 3657: 3650: 3590:Operation Nemesis 3519:In January 1920, 3429: 3428: 3421: 3252:Wilsonian Armenia 3232:Wilsonian Armenia 3230:formulating the " 3151:Caucasus Campaign 2752:of April 24, 1915 2725:Drastamat Kanayan 2670:Caucasus Campaign 2561:Russian Armenians 2537:Russian Armenians 2483:Armenian genocide 2357:Dutch East Indies 2068:Kurdish chiefdoms 1873:was the Armenian 1850:In May 1889, the 1696: 1668: 1640: 1594:Armenian diaspora 1538:Armenian diaspora 1528:Tsar Alexander II 1523:William Gladstone 1457:Kumanovo uprising 1442:Armenian question 1406:Negotiations for 1349:Raphael Patkanian 1345:Mikael Nalbandian 1202:Gevorg Gharadjian 1112:Gevorg Gharadjian 968:The discovery of 928:French Revolution 905:Trebizond Vilayet 893:Kastamonu Vilayet 805:Tsar Alexander II 798:French Revolution 770:Armenian Highland 738:Ottoman Armenians 617:was established. 611:Armenian diaspora 599:friendship treaty 587:Ankara government 576:Southern Caucasus 556:Russian Armenians 548:Armenian genocide 499:guerrilla warfare 471:French Revolution 429: 428: 336:National movement 326:Armenian genocide 321:Armenian question 251:Kingdom of Syunik 196:Byzantine Armenia 16:(Redirected from 8085: 8015: 8008: 7733: 7732: 7696:Waste management 7634: 7633: 7512: 7511: 7419: 7418: 7407: 7320:Karabakh Khanate 7229:Sasanian Armenia 7112: 7111: 7108: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7056: 7055: 6993:Khojaly massacre 6922:Movses Gorgisyan 6862:Silva Kaputikyan 6847:Avetis Aharonian 6827:Mkrtich Khrimian 6658: 6657: 6646: 6639: 6632: 6623: 6622: 6500:Shabin-Karahisar 6349: 6348: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6296: 6287: 6275: 6261: 6237: 6215: 6190: 6172: 6153: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6115: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6088: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6056:. 28 August 2007 6046: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6032: 6009: 6003: 5996: 5990: 5989:, p. 192, map 4. 5983: 5977: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5936: 5930: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5908:. 1919. p. 5903: 5893: 5887: 5880: 5874: 5865: 5859: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5822: 5816: 5813:Firuz Kazemzadeh 5810: 5804: 5797: 5788: 5787: 5773: 5767: 5764:Hovannisian 1967 5760: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5744:. WorldStatesmen 5737: 5731: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5630: 5624: 5619: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5581: 5575: 5568: 5562: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5533: 5530:Hovannisian 1967 5526: 5520: 5513: 5507: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5471: 5468: 5462: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5434: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5402: 5393: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5375: 5368: 5362: 5355: 5349: 5346:Hovannisian 1967 5342: 5336: 5335: 5315: 5309: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5274: 5268:. Archived from 5267: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5227: 5218: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5186: 5171: 5165: 5158: 5152: 5145: 5139: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5094: 5088: 5073: 5067: 5060: 5051: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5028: 5022: 5015: 5009: 5002: 4996: 4985: 4979: 4972: 4966: 4959: 4950: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4932: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4851:. Archived from 4845: 4839: 4832: 4823: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4801: 4799: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4745: 4739: 4729: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4689: 4683: 4676: 4665: 4658: 4652: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4572: 4559: 4553: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4533: 4525: 4519: 4512: 4501: 4494: 4488: 4481: 4468: 4467: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4381: 4375: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4360:. Watertown, MA. 4348: 4342: 4341: 4325: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4245:Zoryan Institute 4233: 4227: 4226: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4107: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4081: 4073: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4014: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3871: 3852: 3830: 3789: 3723: 3722:R.G. Hovannisian 3681: 3653: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3602: 3594: 3547:Treaty of Ankara 3536:Sarkis Torossian 3525:Battle of Marash 3470:Dmitry Mirimanov 3424: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3404: 3373: 3365: 3228:Treaty of Sèvres 3217:Jaques Bagratuni 3209:Avetis Aharonyan 3155:Persian Campaign 3102:, and Zangezur. 3047:Colonel Avetisov 3037:, forged by the 2963:Andranik in 1918 2960: 2946: 2815:Battle of Bitlis 2719:Persian Campaign 2715:Battle of Dilman 2703: 2648: 2633: 2525:Behaeddin Shakir 2501:Ottoman Armenian 2306:First Balkan War 2272: 2260: 2106:Battle of Sulukh 1993:Zeitun Rebellion 1986:Sasun resistance 1926: 1912: 1894:Andranik Ozanian 1821: 1762:occurred in the 1748: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1615: 1559:chairman of the 1550: 1530:'s idealism nor 1503:Treaty of Berlin 1455:and the Serbian 1451:, the Bulgarian 1421: 1403: 1387: 1361:Mkrtich Khrimian 1341:Ardzvi Vaspurkan 1323:Mkrtich Khrimian 1319: 1305: 1218:Manuel Manuelian 1198:Mariam Vardanian 1148:(later known as 1128:Manuel Manuelian 1108:Mariam Vardanian 1096: 1068: 1043: 1034: 1025: 1016: 1007: 915:National Revival 727:Edict of Gülhane 688:Ottoman Armenian 442: 421: 414: 407: 289:Early modern age 201:Sasanian Armenia 48: 30: 29: 21: 8093: 8092: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8018: 8011: 8004: 7991: 7972:National anthem 7935: 7885: 7818: 7718: 7700: 7661:Dram (currency) 7619: 7497: 7408: 7395: 7362: 7336: 7332:Russian Armenia 7290:Ottoman Armenia 7233: 7219:Parthian Empire 7192:Orontid dynasty 7102: 7101: 7092: 7083: 7053: 7048: 7012: 6941: 6937:Jirair Sefilian 6932:Vazgen Sargsyan 6927:Monte Melkonian 6872:Monte Melkonian 6797: 6768:Armenian fedayi 6753:Armenakan Party 6749:Defunct parties 6690: 6662: 6652: 6650: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6555: 6514: 6456: 6342: 6337: 6284: 6258: 6234: 6212: 6169: 6142: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6109: 6108: 6102: 6100: 6090: 6089: 6080: 6073: 6069: 6059: 6057: 6054:The Independent 6048: 6047: 6043: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6010: 6006: 5997: 5993: 5984: 5980: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5914: 5912: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5881: 5877: 5866: 5862: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5823: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5798: 5791: 5774: 5770: 5766:, pp. 198) 5761: 5757: 5747: 5745: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5605: 5582: 5578: 5569: 5565: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5527: 5523: 5514: 5510: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5437: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5403: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5369: 5365: 5359:Armenian Review 5356: 5352: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5316: 5312: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5275:on 25 July 2011 5272: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5228: 5221: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5189: 5172: 5168: 5159: 5155: 5146: 5142: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5111: 5107: 5095: 5091: 5074: 5070: 5061: 5054: 5048:Nalbandian 1963 5045: 5041: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5021:, pp. 10?) 5019:Nalbandian 1963 5016: 5012: 5006:Nalbandian 1963 5003: 4999: 4986: 4982: 4978:, pp. 119) 4976:Nalbandian 1963 4973: 4969: 4963:Nalbandian 1963 4960: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4929:Nalbandian 1963 4926: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4871: 4867: 4858: 4856: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4836:Nalbandian 1963 4833: 4826: 4820:Nalbandian 1963 4817: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4746: 4742: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4690: 4686: 4680:Nalbandian 1963 4677: 4668: 4662:Nalbandian 1963 4659: 4655: 4649:Nalbandian 1963 4646: 4639: 4632: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4560: 4556: 4547: 4543: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4518:, pp. 237) 4513: 4504: 4498:Armenian People 4495: 4491: 4487:, pp. 236) 4482: 4471: 4464: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4382: 4378: 4369: 4365: 4357:Armenian Review 4352:Vratsian, Simon 4349: 4345: 4338: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4098: 4091: 4075: 4074: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3986:. p. 172. 3976: 3972: 3965: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3878:. Los Angeles: 3872: 3865: 3856: 3855: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3800: 3776: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3692: 3687: 3660: 3654: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3619: 3603: 3592: 3555: 3503: 3497: 3489:Askanaz Mravian 3462:Movses Silikyan 3425: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3390: 3374: 3363: 3357: 3303:Kâzım Karabekir 3283: 3273: 3268: 3205: 3203: 3184: 3179:Treaty of Batum 3127: 3019:Treaty of Batum 2968: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2936: 2877: 2845:Aristide Briand 2829:Republic of Van 2796:Republic of Van 2788: 2731:, Toutakh, and 2711: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2682:Arshak Gavafian 2662: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2649: 2641: 2640: 2634: 2582: 2577: 2557:Russian Armenia 2499:of the CUP and 2489: 2479: 2463: 2442: 2436: 2424:Prince Golitsin 2399: 2393: 2388: 2380:Armenian Church 2337: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2250: 2173: 2142: 2126: 2074: 2060: 2035: 2029: 1959:Batman Province 1951:sanjak of Siirt 1944: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1902: 1841: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1811: 1809:Lake Van Region 1756: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1738: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1679: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1651: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1623: 1607: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1540: 1514:as a model for 1461:Treaty of Paris 1444: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1422: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1404: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1377: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1295: 1235:was founded by 1206:Ruben Khan-Azat 1144:(Hunchak), and 1140:(Dashnak), the 1134: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1116:Ruben Khan-Azat 1097: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1069: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1036: 1035: 1027: 1026: 1018: 1017: 1009: 1008: 982: 963:Russian Armenia 939: 937: 935: 923: 917: 881:Erzurum Vilayet 794:William Goodell 746:Armenian millet 731:millet-i sadika 692:Russian Armenia 656:Tsar Nicholas I 633: 623: 605:, of which the 570:proclaimed the 511:Armenakan Party 509:(Hunchak), the 456:Russian Empires 425: 381: 380: 361:Armenian S.S.R. 351: 341: 340: 331:Western Armenia 316:Armenian Oblast 311:Russian Armenia 306:Ottoman Armenia 296:Iranian Armenia 291: 281: 280: 261:Zakarid Armenia 221: 211: 210: 171:Armenian Empire 151: 141: 140: 71: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8091: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8017: 8016: 8009: 8001: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7947:Armenian Cross 7943: 7941: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7895: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7828: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7816: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7772: 7767: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7676:Pension reform 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7610: 7603: 7598: 7596:Prime Minister 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7466:Municipalities 7463: 7458: 7453: 7451:Extreme points 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7353:Soviet Armenia 7350: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7315:Erivan Khanate 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7241: 7239: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7194: 7189: 7187:Median kingdom 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7118: 7116: 7109: 7094: 7093: 7082: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7059: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7020: 7018: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6917:Hagop Hagopian 6914: 6912:Garegin Nzhdeh 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6892:Kevork Chavush 6889: 6884: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6857:Kevork Ajemian 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6837:Garegin Nzhdeh 6834: 6832:Shahan Natalie 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6705:Adequate Party 6702: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6681: 6676: 6674:United Armenia 6670: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6649: 6648: 6641: 6634: 6626: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6551:Garegin Nzhdeh 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6531:Kevork Chavush 6528: 6523: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6472: 6469:Adana massacre 6466: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6336: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304:. I.B. Tauris. 6297: 6288: 6282: 6262: 6256: 6238: 6232: 6216: 6210: 6191: 6173: 6167: 6154: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6123: 6078: 6067: 6041: 6024: 6004: 6002:, pp. 243-247. 5991: 5978: 5976:, pp. 394-396. 5965: 5958: 5931: 5922: 5888: 5875: 5860: 5844: 5837: 5817: 5805: 5789: 5768: 5755: 5732: 5723: 5714: 5699: 5692: 5674: 5667: 5649: 5625: 5614: 5603: 5576: 5574:, pp. 21) 5563: 5543: 5534: 5521: 5519:, pp. 17) 5508: 5492: 5472: 5463: 5459:A Shameful Act 5447: 5435: 5422: 5415: 5394: 5385: 5376: 5363: 5350: 5348:, pp. 39) 5337: 5330: 5310: 5295: 5286: 5253: 5244: 5235: 5233:, pp. 44) 5219: 5217:, pp. 61) 5206: 5187: 5166: 5153: 5151:, pp. 60) 5140: 5127: 5118: 5116:, pp. 59) 5105: 5089: 5085:Norman Naimark 5068: 5052: 5039: 5023: 5010: 5008:, pp. 80) 4997: 4980: 4967: 4965:, pp. 84) 4951: 4942: 4933: 4931:, pp. 76) 4920: 4911: 4902: 4890: 4883: 4865: 4840: 4824: 4822:, pp. 86) 4811: 4802: 4794: 4771: 4764: 4740: 4721: 4709: 4697: 4684: 4682:, pp. 52) 4666: 4664:, pp. 51) 4653: 4651:, pp. 48) 4637: 4630: 4624:. p. 27. 4612: 4603: 4590: 4583: 4554: 4541: 4520: 4502: 4489: 4469: 4462: 4441: 4434: 4413: 4403: 4376: 4363: 4343: 4336: 4310: 4303: 4285: 4278: 4260: 4253: 4228: 4221: 4203: 4196: 4178: 4171: 4150: 4143: 4125: 4118: 4089: 4057: 4050: 4032: 4025: 3999: 3992: 3970: 3963: 3945: 3938: 3920: 3913: 3895: 3888: 3882:. p. 27. 3862: 3861: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3799: 3796: 3780:Harissa (dish) 3775: 3772: 3744:Russian Empire 3740:Ottoman Empire 3729: 3726: 3719: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3670:Shahan Natalie 3656: 3655: 3606: 3604: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3576:Garegin Nzhdeh 3554: 3551: 3496: 3493: 3481:Treaty of Kars 3427: 3426: 3377: 3375: 3368: 3356: 3353: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3260:Woodrow Wilson 3256:Armenian state 3244:Woodrow Wilson 3186: 3173:, on March 14 3126: 3123: 3072:Battle of Baku 2962: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2876: 2873: 2869:Edmund Allenby 2853:Sir Mark Sykes 2787: 2784: 2780:Bayazid Square 2705: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2650: 2643: 2642: 2636:3rd Battalion 2635: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2601:, the Russian 2581: 2578: 2576: 2575:Armed movement 2573: 2513:Arshak Vramian 2509:Simon Vratsian 2478: 2475: 2462: 2459: 2435: 2432: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2361:Norwegian Army 2336: 2333: 2298:Garegin Nzhdeh 2274: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2172: 2169: 2141: 2138: 2130:Abdul Hamid II 2125: 2122: 2110:Kevork Chavush 2059: 2056: 2028: 2025: 2017:Sasun Uprising 1967:Aleppo Vilayet 1942:Aleppo Vilayet 1928: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1867:Defense of Van 1852:Bashkale Clash 1839:Bitlis Vilayet 1823: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1784:Abdul Hamid II 1774:, seizing the 1750: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1722:Abdul Hamid II 1714: 1711: 1702: 1701: 1681: 1680: 1673: 1672: 1653: 1652: 1645: 1644: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1555: 1554: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1484:Russian Empire 1453:April Uprising 1423: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1405: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1389: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1321: 1314: 1313: 1307: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1226:main newspaper 1214:Gabriel Kafian 1163:In 1885, the " 1124:Gabriel Kafian 1098: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1084:Simon Zavarian 1070: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1038: 1037: 1029: 1028: 1020: 1019: 1011: 1010: 1002: 1001: 1000: 999: 998: 981: 978: 916: 913: 869:Bitlis Vilayet 865:Ankara Vilayet 861:Aleppo Vilayet 803:In the 1880s, 778:Russian Empire 774:Ottoman Empire 708:initiated the 649:Russian Empire 645:Ottoman Empire 622: 619: 491:Kurdish tribes 487:Armenian elite 460:Armenian state 427: 426: 424: 423: 416: 409: 401: 398: 397: 383: 382: 379: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 352: 347: 346: 343: 342: 339: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 301:Five Melikdoms 298: 292: 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 278: 273: 271:Mongol Armenia 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 222: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 152: 147: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 86:Legend of Hayk 83: 78: 72: 67: 66: 63: 62: 51: 50: 41: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8090: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8010: 8007: 8003: 8002: 7998: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7869:Social issues 7867: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7406: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7305:Afsharid Iran 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7214:Roman Armenia 7212: 7210: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7080: 7075: 7073: 7068: 7066: 7061: 7060: 7057: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6902:Aram Manukian 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6887:Aghbiur Serob 6885: 6883: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6852:Hayk Asatryan 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695:Organizations 6693: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6680: 6679:Tseghakronism 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6656: 6647: 6642: 6640: 6635: 6633: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6541:Aram Manukian 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6526:Aghbiur Serob 6524: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6327: 6322: 6320: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6285: 6283:0-520-00574-0 6279: 6274: 6273: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6257:0-8050-7932-7 6253: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6233:1-903656-19-2 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6168:0-86307-181-3 6164: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6132: 6127: 6119: 6113: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6076: 6071: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6038: 6027: 6025:9780688112837 6021: 6017: 6016: 6008: 6001: 5998:Hovannisian. 5995: 5988: 5982: 5975: 5972:Hovannisian. 5969: 5961: 5959:0-520-08804-2 5955: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5926: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5882:Hovannisian. 5879: 5872: 5871: 5864: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5840: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5821: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5796: 5794: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5772: 5765: 5759: 5743: 5736: 5727: 5718: 5710: 5703: 5695: 5693:9789756516249 5689: 5685: 5678: 5670: 5668:9781466817081 5664: 5660: 5653: 5637: 5629: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5538: 5531: 5525: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5467: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5442: 5440: 5432: 5431:Les Arméniens 5426: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5399: 5389: 5380: 5373: 5367: 5360: 5354: 5347: 5341: 5333: 5331:9781412833165 5327: 5323: 5322: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5303:Philip Mansel 5299: 5290: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5248: 5239: 5232: 5226: 5224: 5216: 5215:McDowall 2004 5210: 5203: 5202:Denise Natali 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5184: 5183:0-312-10168-6 5180: 5176: 5170: 5163: 5162:McDowall 2004 5157: 5150: 5149:McDowall 2004 5144: 5137: 5136:McDowall 2004 5131: 5122: 5115: 5114:McDowall 2004 5109: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5065: 5064:McDowall 2004 5059: 5057: 5050:, p. 74) 5049: 5043: 5035: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5014: 5007: 5001: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4977: 4971: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4946: 4937: 4930: 4924: 4915: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4886: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4855:on 2018-07-09 4854: 4850: 4844: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4821: 4815: 4806: 4797: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4785:The Armenians 4781: 4775: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4744: 4738: 4737:975-7430-00-5 4734: 4728: 4726: 4718: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4688: 4681: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4663: 4657: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4633: 4631:9780549722977 4627: 4623: 4616: 4607: 4600: 4594: 4586: 4584:1-57181-666-6 4580: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4551: 4545: 4537: 4536:Faith Matters 4530: 4524: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4499: 4496:Bournoutian. 4493: 4486: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4465: 4463:9781412844680 4459: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4437: 4435:9780312048471 4431: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4410: 4406: 4404:9780253207739 4400: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4380: 4373: 4367: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4347: 4339: 4337:9781139445399 4333: 4329: 4324: 4323: 4314: 4306: 4304:9781412841191 4300: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4279:9781400096770 4275: 4271: 4264: 4256: 4254:9780916431044 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4237:Ter Minassian 4232: 4224: 4222:9788772887081 4218: 4214: 4207: 4199: 4197:9780962871511 4193: 4189: 4182: 4174: 4172:9781604440782 4168: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4146: 4144:9781139494120 4140: 4136: 4129: 4121: 4119:9780203929223 4115: 4111: 4106: 4105: 4096: 4094: 4085: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4053: 4051:9780943071145 4047: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4026:9780231511339 4022: 4018: 4013: 4012: 4003: 3995: 3993:9781903656099 3989: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3964:9781412848343 3960: 3956: 3949: 3941: 3939:9780691151335 3935: 3931: 3924: 3916: 3914:9781598843361 3910: 3906: 3899: 3891: 3889:9780549722977 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3795: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3696: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3652: 3649: 3641: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3607:This section 3605: 3601: 3596: 3595: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3560:Syunik region 3550: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3454:Joseph Stalin 3451: 3447: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3437:11th Red Army 3434: 3423: 3420: 3412: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3378:This section 3376: 3372: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2994:Armenian army 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2959: 2945: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2905:Hakob Zavriev 2897: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2800:Aram Manukian 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2748:Mehmed Talaat 2745: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2702: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2639: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2563:assembled in 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533:Transcaucasia 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2517:Stepan Zorian 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2407:anti-clerical 2404: 2398: 2397:Russification 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302:Boris Sarafov 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2285: 2271: 2259: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2050:to found an " 2049: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009:Hrayr Dzhoghk 2006: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1974: 1972: 1971:Kahramanmaraş 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953:which was in 1952: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1925: 1911: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1877:'s response. 1876: 1872: 1868: 1865:in 1896, the 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1840: 1836: 1826: 1820: 1806: 1804: 1803:Yıldız Mosque 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1747: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1705: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1614: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1584:In 1885, the 1582: 1580: 1579:United States 1576: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1549: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1526:that neither 1524: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1443: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1420: 1409: 1402: 1392: 1386: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1324: 1318: 1310: 1304: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076:Stepan Zorian 1073: 1067: 1042: 1033: 1024: 1015: 1006: 997: 995: 991: 987: 977: 975: 971: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 947:rights of man 941: 931: 929: 922: 912: 910: 906: 902: 901:Sivas Vilayet 898: 894: 890: 886: 885:İzmir Vilayet 882: 878: 874: 873:Bursa Vilayet 870: 866: 862: 858: 857:Adana Vilayet 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 810: 809:Russification 806: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 779: 775: 771: 766: 762: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 734: 732: 728: 724: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 699:Russification 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 632: 628: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 581:By 1920, the 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 536: 534: 530: 526: 525: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 438: 434: 422: 417: 415: 410: 408: 403: 402: 400: 399: 396: 392: 388: 385: 384: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 353: 350: 345: 344: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 293: 290: 285: 284: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 223: 220: 215: 214: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 176:Roman Armenia 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 161:Armenia Minor 159: 157: 154: 153: 150: 145: 144: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 73: 70: 65: 64: 57: 53: 52: 49: 43: 42: 37: 32: 31: 19: 7967:Mount Ararat 7957:Coat of arms 7928: 7878: 7824:Demographics 7811: 7745:Architecture 7651:Central Bank 7612: 7605: 7549:Human rights 7524:Constitution 7490: 7486:Shirak Plain 7426:Ararat Plain 7388: 7383: 7300:Safavid Iran 7285:Kara Koyunlu 6957: 6683: 6591: 6339: 6301: 6292: 6271: 6245: 6242:Akçam, Taner 6223: 6195: 6181: 6158: 6148: 6130: 6126: 6101:. Retrieved 6092: 6070: 6060:11 September 6058:. Retrieved 6053: 6044: 6036: 6029:. Retrieved 6014: 6007: 5999: 5994: 5986: 5981: 5973: 5968: 5944: 5934: 5925: 5913:. Retrieved 5904:. New York: 5897: 5891: 5883: 5878: 5868: 5863: 5855: 5847: 5827: 5820: 5808: 5778: 5771: 5758: 5746:. Retrieved 5735: 5726: 5717: 5708: 5702: 5683: 5677: 5658: 5652: 5640:. Retrieved 5628: 5617: 5606: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5566: 5551: 5546: 5537: 5524: 5511: 5495: 5466: 5450: 5433:, pp. 159-62 5430: 5425: 5406: 5388: 5379: 5371: 5366: 5358: 5353: 5340: 5320: 5313: 5298: 5289: 5277:. Retrieved 5270:the original 5256: 5247: 5238: 5209: 5174: 5169: 5156: 5143: 5130: 5121: 5108: 5100: 5092: 5076: 5071: 5042: 5032: 5026: 5013: 5000: 4988: 4983: 4970: 4945: 4936: 4923: 4914: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4874: 4868: 4857:. Retrieved 4853:the original 4843: 4814: 4805: 4784: 4774: 4750: 4743: 4712: 4705:Vital Cuinet 4700: 4692: 4691:G. Warneck, 4687: 4656: 4621: 4615: 4606: 4598: 4593: 4568: 4557: 4549: 4544: 4535: 4523: 4516:Peimani 2009 4497: 4492: 4485:Peimani 2009 4453: 4444: 4425: 4416: 4408: 4389: 4379: 4371: 4366: 4355: 4346: 4321: 4313: 4294: 4288: 4269: 4263: 4240: 4231: 4212: 4206: 4187: 4181: 4162: 4153: 4134: 4128: 4103: 4069: 4060: 4041: 4035: 4010: 4002: 3979: 3973: 3954: 3948: 3929: 3923: 3904: 3898: 3875: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3794:resistance. 3777: 3737: 3716: 3709: 3701: 3659: 3644: 3635: 3620:Please help 3608: 3572: 3556: 3540: 3533: 3518: 3478: 3448: 3444:Boris Legran 3441: 3430: 3415: 3406: 3391:Please help 3379: 3350: 3348:(Zangezur). 3315: 3296: 3225: 3213:Boghos Nubar 3206: 3183: 3144: 3104: 3076: 3043:Baku Commune 3024: 3006:Alexandropol 2991: 2972: 2969: 2949:October 1918 2917: 2902: 2878: 2841:Quai d'Orsay 2837:Boghos Nubar 2834: 2808: 2790:In 1915 the 2789: 2773: 2769:Siege of Van 2766: 2756: 2737: 2723: 2712: 2663: 2620:Alexandrapol 2583: 2490: 2464: 2443: 2416: 2400: 2365: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2322: 2288: 2281: 2239: 2196: 2162: 2154: 2143: 2134:Pan-Islamism 2127: 2115: 2104:At the 1907 2103: 2095: 2075: 2036: 2005:committeemen 1997: 1990: 1983: 1975: 1945: 1879: 1860: 1849: 1842: 1796: 1788:Papken Siuni 1776:Ottoman Bank 1769: 1757: 1716: 1713:Hamidian Era 1583: 1572: 1557:Boghos Nubar 1520: 1496: 1469: 1445: 1424: 1353: 1340: 1337:Hiusissapile 1336: 1332: 1330: 1264: 1250:In 1890 the 1249: 1231:In 1889 the 1230: 1187: 1180: 1162: 1154: 1135: 986:Six vilayets 983: 967: 943: 933: 924: 853:Vital Cuinet 814: 802: 783: 735: 730: 706:Abdülmecid I 703: 696: 672:declared war 634: 603:Soviet Union 580: 537: 522: 483:Tanzimat Era 464: 443: 432: 430: 335: 111:Arme–Shupria 7987:Pomegranate 7641:Agriculture 7614:on politics 7554:LGBT rights 7446:Earthquakes 7147:Hayasa-Azzi 6607:(1916–1920) 6601:(1914–1917) 5801:Missen 1984 5455:Taner Akcam 4450:Auron, Yair 3458:Great Purge 3338:Nakhichevan 3318:Elizavetpol 3068:Azerbaijani 2811:Halil Pasha 2674:Kars Oblast 2329:Momchilgrad 2284:Balkan Wars 2190:during the 1961:of Turkey. 1861:During the 1835:Van Vilayet 1577:and in the 1488:San Stefano 909:Van Vilayet 903:, 170,433; 883:, 134,967; 871:, 131,300; 841:Chernomorsk 835:, 230,379, 827:, 298,790; 825:Elizavetpol 823:, 439,926; 723:Islamic law 684:Akhaltsikhe 664:Nakhichevan 635:During the 540:World War I 448:World War I 219:Middle Ages 106:Hayasa-Azzi 45:History of 8037:Categories 7792:Literature 7544:Government 7529:Corruption 7456:Lake Sevan 7310:Qajar Iran 7280:Aq Qoyunlu 6907:Armen Garo 6712:(Ramgavar) 6103:2011-02-14 5461:, page 136 5231:Taner 2006 4991:New York. 4859:2006-12-25 4601:, page 198 3815:References 3732:See also: 3678:Azerbaijan 3499:See also: 3359:See also: 3275:See also: 3161:, and the 3100:Nakhchivan 3039:Mensheviks 3011:Sardarapat 2762:Red Sunday 2740:Red Sunday 2733:Malashkert 2656:Sarikamish 2638:Volunteers 2515:, Rostom ( 2481:See also: 2438:See also: 2395:See also: 2227:Bulgarians 2158:Ottomanism 2062:See also: 2044:Ubaydullah 2031:See also: 2021:Serob Paşa 2007:to Sasun. 1936:See also: 1833:See also: 1724:'s reign ( 1440:See also: 1293:The Church 1279:Diyarbakır 1177:Marseilles 919:See also: 899:, 79,128; 891:, 48,655; 887:, 15,105; 875:, 88,991; 867:, 94,298; 863:, 37,999; 839:, 52,770; 807:increased 718:Ottomanism 680:Akhalkalak 625:See also: 473:, and the 349:Modern age 69:Prehistory 7842:Education 7706:Transport 7591:President 7561:Judiciary 7534:Elections 7461:Mountains 7414:Geography 7275:Chobanids 7270:Ilkhanate 7265:Sallarids 6744:(Hunchak) 6718:(Dashnak) 6567:Armenakan 6510:Musa Dagh 6465:(1894–96) 6140:Citations 6112:cite book 5642:August 3, 5279:11 August 4800:, p. 276. 4788:. Wiley. 4717:Esat Uras 4078:cite book 3859:Footnotes 3792:Musa Dagh 3756:Armenakan 3638:June 2021 3609:does not 3409:June 2021 3380:does not 3207:In 1919, 3055:Armenians 3051:Baku Army 3022:Armenia. 2886:Petrograd 2831:) in 1916 2817:in 1916. 2729:Alashkert 2652:Volunteer 2594:battalion 2580:1914-1915 2553:Georgians 2529:Ömer Naji 2343:In 1913, 2310:Lozengrad 2294:Bulgarian 2215:Armenians 2207:Albanians 2040:Badrkhans 1856:Armenakan 1532:Gladstone 1472:Nerses II 1365:Jerusalem 1182:L'Armenie 1146:Armenakan 907:, 47,20; 895:, 2,647; 859:, 97,450 847:, 1,652, 845:Daghestan 750:Patriarch 736:In 1863, 704:In 1839, 697:In 1836, 641:Armenians 395:Etymology 191:Commagene 149:Antiquity 8022:Category 7891:Religion 7862:diaspora 7775:Language 7740:Alphabet 7681:Taxation 7566:Military 7507:Politics 7367:By topic 7245:Arminiya 7167:Urumeans 7105:timeline 7090:articles 6897:Andranik 6842:Siamanto 6808:Thinkers 6667:Ideology 6536:Andranik 6268:(1967). 6244:(2006). 6222:(1926). 5942:(1996). 5742:"Turkey" 5635:Անդրանիկ 5429:Ternon. 4782:(2000). 4565:(1995). 4500:, p. 105 4452:(2000). 4424:(1992). 4387:(1993). 4161:(2009). 4068:(1988). 3798:See also 3784:Armenian 3746:and the 3720:— 3342:Karabakh 3246:and the 3096:Karabakh 3079:Zangezur 3059:Russians 2541:Persians 2290:Andranik 2219:Hunchaks 2087:Turcoman 2013:Andranik 1845:Lake Van 1150:Ramgavar 1100:Hentchak 1056:Founding 879:67,718; 843:, 6,223 831:72,967, 776:and the 710:Tanzimât 595:Red Army 585:and the 513:and the 437:Armenian 387:Timeline 36:a series 34:Part of 8006:Outline 7977:Apricot 7940:Symbols 7930:more... 7919:Judaism 7880:more... 7813:more... 7807:Theatre 7785:Western 7780:Eastern 7760:Cuisine 7728:Culture 7691:Tourism 7629:Economy 7492:more... 7441:Climate 7390:more... 7172:Diauehi 7152:Mitanni 7122:Origins 7098:History 7086:Armenia 6946:History 6685:Miatsum 6573:Hunchak 6352:History 5915:13 July 5748:July 6, 5622:Кесария 5598:4836363 5079:, eds. 4995:, 218-9 3630:removed 3615:sources 3485:Yerevan 3401:removed 3386:sources 3326:Yerevan 3137:to the 3083:Yerevan 3064:Ottoman 2813:in the 2717:of the 2616:Yerevan 2419:Gandzak 2411:tsarist 2248:Balkans 2188:Erzurum 2128:Sultan 2083:Kurdish 1875:militia 1764:Kumkapı 1736:Capitol 1429:led to 1241:Fedayee 1190:Hunchak 1157:Erzurum 951:Marxist 660:Yerevan 621:Origins 591:invaded 546:in the 538:During 452:Ottoman 391:Origins 47:Armenia 7857:People 7852:Health 7832:Census 7755:Cinema 7671:Mining 7666:Energy 7581:Police 7471:Rivers 7436:Cities 7341:Modern 7250:Sajids 7238:Middle 7177:Etiuni 7162:Mushki 7100: 7088: 6802:People 6722:Hosank 6593:Fedayi 6581:(1890) 6575:(1887) 6569:(1885) 6490:Zeitun 6477:(1915) 6471:(1909) 6280: 6254: 6230: 6208: 6165: 6031:21 May 6022: 5956: 5835: 5690: 5665: 5596: 5558: 5503: 5413: 5328: 5181: 4881: 4792: 4762: 4735: 4628: 4581: 4460: 4432: 4401: 4334: 4301: 4276: 4251: 4219: 4194: 4169: 4141: 4116: 4048: 4023: 3990: 3961: 3936: 3911: 3886: 3788:Հարիսա 3774:Legacy 3762:, and 3584:Tabriz 3474:Beirut 3346:Syunik 3322:Tiflis 3289:First 3240:France 3236:Sèvres 3221:Fresno 3157:, the 3141:, 1919 3107:Shusha 3031:Soviet 3015:Abaran 2859:. The 2744:Ankara 2690:Barduz 2607:Tiflis 2565:Tiflis 2549:Tatars 2467:Kadets 2454:Azeris 2374:. The 2233:and 1 2211:Greeks 2070:, and 1963:Zeitun 1929:Zeytun 1719:Sultan 1590:London 1575:France 1333:Massis 1285:, and 1283:Yozgat 1271:Amasya 1267:Ankara 1256:Tiflis 1222:Geneva 990:Erivan 970:Urartu 849:Kutais 833:Tiflis 821:Erivan 485:, the 477:, the 469:, the 136:Etiuni 116:Mushki 96:Armani 38:on the 8013:Index 7982:Grape 7924:Islam 7874:Women 7837:Crime 7802:Sport 7797:Music 7770:Dance 7476:Lakes 7157:Nairi 7115:Early 6882:Arabo 6822:Raffi 6586:Units 6521:Arabo 5950:40–44 5902:(PDF) 5588:[ 5273:(PDF) 5266:(PDF) 4532:(PDF) 4395:67–68 3820:Notes 3564:Tatev 3334:Batum 2865:Cairo 2545:Kurds 2235:Vlach 2231:Serbs 2221:), 5 2213:, 12 2209:, 23 2205:, 25 2203:Arabs 2186:from 2048:Nihri 2001:Sofia 1947:Sason 1888:near 1287:Tokat 1275:Çorum 889:İzmit 524:amira 121:Urumu 7962:Flag 7764:wine 7142:Hayk 7127:Name 6505:Urfa 6278:ISBN 6252:ISBN 6228:ISBN 6206:ISBN 6163:ISBN 6118:link 6062:2013 6033:2013 6020:ISBN 5954:ISBN 5917:2012 5833:ISBN 5750:2012 5688:ISBN 5663:ISBN 5644:2012 5594:OCLC 5556:ISBN 5501:ISBN 5411:ISBN 5326:ISBN 5281:2011 5179:ISBN 4879:ISBN 4790:ISBN 4760:ISBN 4733:ISBN 4626:ISBN 4579:ISBN 4458:ISBN 4430:ISBN 4399:ISBN 4332:ISBN 4299:ISBN 4274:ISBN 4249:ISBN 4217:ISBN 4192:ISBN 4167:ISBN 4139:ISBN 4114:ISBN 4084:link 4046:ISBN 4021:ISBN 3988:ISBN 3959:ISBN 3934:ISBN 3909:ISBN 3884:ISBN 3848:and 3702:The 3672:and 3613:any 3611:cite 3541:The 3512:and 3479:The 3384:any 3382:cite 3344:and 3332:and 3330:Kars 3279:and 3035:Baku 3013:and 2934:1918 2879:The 2875:1917 2855:and 2786:1916 2750:Bey 2686:Oltu 2664:The 2618:and 2584:The 2551:and 2485:and 2450:Baku 2376:Tsar 2351:The 2229:, 3 2225:, 4 2223:Jews 2197:The 2099:qadi 1984:The 1940:and 1890:Mush 1880:The 1837:and 1797:The 1790:and 1758:The 1730:1909 1726:1876 1694:1904 1689:1901 1684:1894 1666:1897 1661:1896 1656:1889 1638:1905 1633:1890 1628:1896 1565:AGBU 1347:and 1339:and 1216:and 1126:and 994:Kars 992:and 984:The 837:Baku 829:Kars 815:The 682:and 647:and 629:and 454:and 431:The 7750:Art 6495:Van 6098:119 5784:207 4756:106 4575:192 4328:161 4017:204 3782:" ( 3624:by 3456:'s 3395:by 3094:at 2827:, ( 2738:On 2654:at 2471:SRs 2046:of 1171:by 1169:Van 1072:ARF 8039:: 6204:. 6200:. 6187:45 6114:}} 6110:{{ 6081:^ 6052:. 6035:. 5952:. 5854:. 5792:^ 5475:^ 5457:, 5438:^ 5397:^ 5222:^ 5190:^ 5055:^ 4954:^ 4827:^ 4758:. 4724:^ 4669:^ 4640:^ 4577:. 4534:. 4505:^ 4472:^ 4407:. 4397:. 4330:. 4112:. 4092:^ 4080:}} 4076:{{ 4019:. 3866:^ 3840:, 3836:, 3786:: 3758:, 3754:, 3742:, 3586:. 3549:. 3476:. 3468:, 3464:, 3340:, 3328:, 3324:, 3320:, 3262:. 3238:, 3181:. 3121:. 3098:, 3074:. 2930:. 2782:. 2771:. 2735:. 2721:. 2622:. 2547:, 2543:, 2527:, 2511:, 2331:. 2108:, 2066:, 2023:. 1691:, 1686:, 1663:, 1658:, 1635:, 1630:, 1467:. 1281:, 1277:, 1273:, 1269:, 1228:. 1212:, 1208:, 1204:, 1200:, 1196:, 1122:, 1118:, 1114:, 1110:, 1106:, 1102:: 1082:, 1078:, 1074:: 976:. 965:. 716:. 694:. 678:, 662:, 639:, 578:. 462:. 439:: 393:• 389:• 7766:) 7762:( 7107:) 7103:( 7078:e 7071:t 7064:v 6645:e 6638:t 6631:v 6332:e 6325:t 6318:v 6295:. 6286:. 6260:. 6236:. 6214:. 6189:. 6171:. 6120:) 6106:. 6064:. 5962:. 5919:. 5910:2 5841:. 5799:( 5786:. 5762:( 5752:. 5696:. 5671:. 5646:. 5600:. 5570:( 5528:( 5515:( 5419:. 5344:( 5334:. 5283:. 5229:( 5213:( 5185:. 5160:( 5147:( 5134:( 5112:( 5062:( 5046:( 5017:( 5004:( 4974:( 4961:( 4927:( 4887:. 4862:. 4834:( 4818:( 4798:. 4768:. 4678:( 4660:( 4647:( 4634:. 4587:. 4538:. 4514:( 4483:( 4466:. 4438:. 4340:. 4307:. 4282:. 4257:. 4225:. 4200:. 4175:. 4147:. 4122:. 4110:5 4086:) 4054:. 4029:. 3996:. 3967:. 3942:. 3917:. 3892:. 3651:) 3645:( 3640:) 3636:( 3632:. 3618:. 3422:) 3416:( 3411:) 3407:( 3403:. 3389:. 3293:. 3066:- 1728:- 1567:. 780:. 435:( 420:e 413:t 406:v 20:)

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