1005:
1066:
1032:
1910:
2896:
2093:(example Persian Cossack Brigade) and were primarily tasked to patrol the Russo-Ottoman frontier and secondly, to reduce the potential of Kurdish-Armenian cooperation. The Hamidiye Cavalry was in no way a cross-tribal force, despite their military appearance, organization, and potential. Hamidiye quickly find out that they could only be tried through a military court martial They became immune to civil administration. Realizing their immunity, they turned their tribes into âlegalized robber brigadesâ as they steal grain, reap fields not of their possession, drive off herds, and openly steal from shopkeepers. Kurdish chieftains also taxed the population of the region in sustaining these units, and Armenians perceived this tax as exploitation. The Hamidiye cavalry harassed and assaulted Armenians.
1023:
1041:
2646:
1746:
792:. The Armenian subjects of the Empire, influenced by the Armenian Diaspora, the network of congregations and schools of the Protestant missionaries throughout the Ottoman Empire, begin to rethink their position in the world. In 1872, the journalist Grigor Ardzruni said âYesterday we were an ecclesiastical community, today we are patriots, tomorrow we will be a nation of workers and thinkers.â A parallel development occurred in Russian Armenia. Before 1840, Armenian journals were mainly in the hands of the clergy. This was changed. Along with the schools, the press played an important educational role and pointed the way to liberation. When Rev.
3717:"In the summer of 1918, the Armenian national councils reluctantly transferred from Tiflis to Yerevan to take over the leadership of the republic from the popular dictator Aram Manukian and the renowned military commander Drastamat Kanayan. It then began the daunting process of establishing a national administrative machinery in an isolated and landlocked misery. This was not the autonomy or independence which Armenian intellectuals had dreamed of and for which a generation of youth had been sacrificed. Yet, as it happened, it was here that the Armenian people were destined to continue national existence."
2631:
1289:. In 1893 they began to post propaganda directed toward the non-Armenians. The main theme of the propaganda were that people should take control of their own life against the oppressors. The messaging did not affect Muslims. These activities ended with clashes between Armenian nationalists and Ottoman police, with many being arrested. Local authorities acted against them as they were cutting telegraph wires or bombing government buildings. Britain and the European powers concluded that if there would be more intervention the conflict would end with sectarian conflict, and a civil war would occur.
765:
1819:
1385:
2701:
3130:
1548:
1613:
1303:
1014:
2944:
2258:
2958:
2270:
3695:
2571:, served with the Russian colors. The Armenians were quite willing to remain loyal to their government, but declared their inability to agree to the other proposal, that of inciting their compatriots under Russian rule to insurrection. In spite of these promises and threats, the executive committee of the ARF informed the Turks that the Armenians could not accept the Turkish proposal, and on advised the Turks not to participate in the present war, which would be very disastrous to the Turks themselves.
2821:
1401:
56:
7405:
6655:
1419:
1094:
1317:
3600:
3371:
1258:. Its members armed themselves into fedayee groups to defend Armenian villages from widespread oppression, attacks, and persecution of the Armenians. It being seen as the only solution to save the people from Ottoman oppression and massacres. Its initial aim was to guarantee reforms in the Armenian provinces and to gain eventual autonomy. Throughout its history, the ARF is often accused of aiming to convince
2054:" around the Ottoman-Persian border (including the Van Vilayet) where the Armenian population was significant. Shaykh Ubaydullah of Nihri gathered 20,000 fighters. Lacking discipline, his man left the ranks after pillaging and acquiring riches from the villages in the region (indiscriminately, including Armenian villages). Shaykh Ubaydullah was captured by Ottoman forces in 1882 and his movement ended.
3286:
3707:
1,300,000 Russian
Armenians were to be found within the boundaries of the new Republic of Armenia, which also had 300,000 to 350,000 refugees that escaped from the Ottoman Empire. Added to this Armenian population were 350,000 to 400,000 people of other nationalities. There were 1,650,000 Armenians (both Russian, and Ottoman origin) of the 2,000,000 people within the borders of the new Republic.
3506:
2167:(CUP) introduced a number of new initiatives intended to promote the modernization of the Ottoman Empire. The CUP advocated a program of reform under a strong central government, as well as the reducing foreign influence. CUP promoted industrialization and administrative reforms. Administrative reforms of provincial administration quickly led to a higher degree of centralization.
1924:
2244:
build those lines with
American capital, which would make it possible to counteract the Russo-Franco-German policies and financial intrigues. But in spite of all efforts he was unable to overcome the German opposition, although, as the outcome of the struggle in connection with that bill, two ministers of public works were forced to resign their posts.
1981:, in the summer of 1862, the Ottomans sent a military contingent of 12,000 men to Zeitun to reassert government control. The force, however, was held at bay by the Armenians and, through French mediation, the first Zeitun resistance was brought to a close. The Zeitun Armenians gave inspiration to the ideas of creating an Armenian state in Cilicia.
2176:
2413:
and ARF foreign policy had the same alignment until 1903. The edict on
Armenian church property was faced by strong ARF opposition, because it now perceived the Russian government a threat to Armenian national existence. In 1904, a Dashnak congress specifically extended their programme to support the
2243:
of the ARF became an MP. During his four years as a deputy, he worked for the railroad bill. Its purpose was to build railroads in the vilayets which were considered to be Russia's future possessions. For that reason neither France nor
Germany wished to undertake it. Another fundamental object was to
3557:
On 18 February 1921, the ARF led an anti-Soviet rebellion in
Yerevan and seized power. The ARF controlled Yerevan and the surrounding regions for almost 42 days before being defeated by the numerically superior Red Army troops later in April 1921. The leaders of the rebellion then retreated into the
2456:
and
Armenians, but the Armenian middle-class tended to have a greater share in the ownership of the oil companies and Armenian workers generally had better salaries and working conditions than the Azeris. In December 1904, after a major strike was declared in Baku, the two communities clashed on the
1358:
began to share their powers with the
Armenian National Assembly, and their powers were limited by the Armenian National Constitution. They perceived the changes as erosion of their community. Armenian religious leaders played a key roles in the revolutionary movement. The Patriarch of Constantinople
3085:
pleaded for officers and materiel. The
Republic couldn't support irregular forces fighting in the south. At the critical moment General Andranik arrived in Zangezur with an irregular division estimated with about 3 to 5 thousand men and 40,000 refugees and the occupied provinces of Russian Armenia.
3021:
on June 4, 1918. After the
Ottoman Empire took vast swathes of territory and imposed harsh conditions, the new republic was left with 10,000 square kilometers. Andranik's military leadership was instrumental in allowing the Armenian population of Van to escape the Ottoman Army and flee to Eastern
2096:
The
Hamidian massacres were brought to an end through mediation by the Great Powers. However instead of Armenian autonomy in these regions, Kurdish tribal chiefs retained much of their autonomy and power. Abdul Hamid made little attempt to alter the traditional Kurdish power structure. The sultan
1525:
declared that âTo serve Armenia is to serve the Civilization." The great powers sent to the Porte an âIdentic Noteâ which asked for the enforcement of the Article 61. This followed on January 2, 1881, with a British Circular on Armenia to other Powers. However Armenian nationalists had discovered
2155:
The ARF, a Marxist-socialist organization previously outlawed, became the main representative of the Armenian community in the Ottoman Empire, replacing the pre-1908 Armenian elite, which had been composed of merchants, artisans, and clerics who had seen their future in obtaining more privileges
2097:
entrusted the Kurds to safeguard the southern and eastern fringe of the empire and its mountainous topography, limited transportation, and communication system. The state had little access to these provinces and were forced to make informal agreements with tribal chiefs, for instance the Ottoman
2120:, the Hamidiye Cavalry was disbanded as an organized force, but as they were âtribal forcesâ before official recognition, they stayed as âtribal forcesâ after dismemberment. The Hamidiye Cavalry is described as a military disappointment and a failure because of its contribution to tribal feuds.
944:
The development of ideas of nationalism, salvation, and independence, established during the 19th century proved to be inspiring to Armenians. These concepts were first introduced to the Armenian national psyche when Armenian intelligentsia which had studied in Western Europe studied the French
3706:
was the first modern establishment of an Armenian state. The leaders of the government came from mainly the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and also other Armenian political parties who helped create the new republic. When it was declared, out of 2,000,000 Russian Armenians in the Caucasus,
2037:
While the Armenian national liberation movement was in its early stage; lack of outside support and inability to maintain a trained, organized Kurdish force diminished Kurdish aspirations for autonomy. However, two prominent Kurdish tribes mounted opposition to the empire, based more from an
1976:
The Armenians of Zeitun had historically enjoyed a period of high autonomy in the Ottoman Empire until the nineteenth century. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the central government decided to bring this region of the empire under tighter control. This strategy ultimately proved
2080:
later proved that it could function as independent unit, but the Ottoman example, which it was modeled after, never replaced the tribal loyalty to Ottoman Sultan or even to its establishing unit. The Hamidiye corps or Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments were well-armed, irregular, majority
1596:
should help those in their native land, both financially and raise Armenian political consciousness about its subject condition. Various political parties and benevolent unions, such as branches for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, the Social-Democrat Henchagian party, and the
1505:
contained the same text as Article 16 but removed any mention that Russian forces would remain in the provinces. Instead, the Ottoman government was periodically to inform the Great Powers of the progress of the reforms. The Armenian National Assembly and Patriarch Nerses II sent
2883:
of 1917 caused chaos in Russian forces on the Caucasus Front, and by the end of that year most Russian soldiers left the front and returned to their homes. In July 1917, six Armenian regiments were created in the Caucasus Front with the support of Armenian organizations in
2339:
The politics in Constantinople was centered around trying to find a solution to the demands of Arab and Armenian reformist groups. With most of the Christian population outside of the Empire after the Balkan Wars, Islamism became central to the Ottoman official ideology.
2706:"Top:" The size of the stars show where the active conflicts occurred in 1915 "Left Upper:" Armenians defending the walls of Van in the spring of 1915 "Left Lower:" Armenian Resistance in Urfa "Right:" A seventy-year-old Armenian priest leading Armenians to battle field.
811:
to reduce the threat of future rebellions (Russia was populated by many minority groups). Tsar Alexander II attempted to prevent separatism. The Armenian language, schools were targeted. Russia wanted to replace these Russian schools and Russian educational materials.
2567:, Caucasus, during August 1914. The Tsar promised autonomy to six Turkish Armenian vilayets as well as the two Russian-Armenian provinces. Tsar asked Armenian's loyalty and support for Russia in the conflict. The proposal was agreed upon and nearly 20,000 Armenians,
760:
were founded. Armenian historians began writing the history of their people, which instilled a new sense of nationalism. This was part of an evolution in Armenian political consciousness from purely cultural romanticism to one which called a programme for action.
2421:
the Russian army responded by firing into the crowd, killing ten, and further demonstrations were met with more bloodshed. The Dashnaks and Hunchaks began a campaign of assassination against tsarist officials in Transcaucasia and they succeeded in wounding
1159:
in 1881. Protectors of the Fatherland was almost certainly influenced by the ideas of the French and Greek Revolutions as 'Freedom or Death' was their motto. Members are organized into cells of ten, and only the leader had access to a central committee.
1185:. The party's aim soon become to 'win for the Armenians the right to rule themselves, through revolution'. Their view on how to liberate Armenia from the Ottoman Empire was that it should be through the press, national awakening and unarmed resistance.
497:. When this goal failed, Armenian nationalism took hold over the intelligentsia, and the autonomy or independence for Armenians in the Ottoman and the Russian Empires was the next step. Starting in the late 1880s, Armenian nationalists engaged in
2405:, confiscating the property of the Armenian Church drawing the ire of the Armenians. When the Tsar refused to back down the Armenians turned to the ARF. The Armenian clergy had previously been wary of the ARF, condemning their socialism as
1224:, Switzerland, with the goal to gain Armenia's independence from the Ottoman Empire. Hunchak means "Bell" in English, and was taken by party members to represent "awakening, enlightenment, and freedom." It was also the name of the party's
2409:. However, the ARF previously acquired support and sympathy in the Russian administration. This was mainly due to the ARF's attitude toward the Ottoman Empire, and the party enjoyed the support of the central Russian administration, as
3008:
and were intent on taking Yerevan. After the formation of the First Republic of Armenia in May 1918 Andranik fought alongside volunteer units to stop the Ottoman army. The Armenians were able to stop the Turkish army in the battles of
2609:
to broach the idea of a formation of a separate fighting corps. His offer was received warmly and within a few weeks Armenian volunteers began to enlist. Responsibility for its formation was given to a special committee created by the
3573:
After months of fierce battles with the Red Army, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia capitulated in July 1921, following Soviet Russia's promises to keep the mountainous region as a part of Soviet Armenia. After losing the battle,
2473:. To determine the position of Armenians all forms of the Armenian national movement was put onto trial. When the tribune finished its work, 64 charges were dropped and the rest were either imprisoned or exiled for varying periods
2596:
strength, its ranks were exclusively made up of Armenians from the Russian Empire, though there were also a number of Armenian from the Ottoman Empire. In August 1914, following Germany's declaration of war against Russia, Count
1446:
Beginning in the mid-19th century, the Great Powers took issue with the Empire's treatment of its Christian minorities and increasingly pressured extend equal rights to all its citizens. Following the violent suppression of the
3061:
among them. Their artillery comprised some 40 field guns. Most of the Baku Soviet troops and practically all their officers were Armenians of ARF affiliation. Centrocaspian Dictatorship fell on September 15, 1918, when the
1247:. Its aims were to carry out reprisals against Kurds persecuting Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. The society believed that the Russians would assist in the creation of an autonomous Armenian province under Russian rule.
2112:
was critically wounded on May 25, 1907, during a large firefight with the Ottoman army in Sulukh, Mush. Kevork Chavush escaped the fighting. Two days later his body was found in Kyosabin-Bashin on May 27 under a bridge.
925:
Kagik Ozanyan claims that the Tanzimat helped the formation of an Armenian political strata and incited an Armenian national spirit. Armenian nationalists hoped to build their nation through a revolution, similar to the
2347:
took part in conferences held for the consideration of the Armenian reforms. He was in Paris and the Netherlands, as the delegate of the ARF, to meet the inspectors general who were invited to carry out the reforms.
720:
was a key goal of the Tanzimat, which was meant to unite all of the different peoples living in Ottoman territories, "Muslim and non-Muslim, Turkish and Greek, Armenian and Jewish, Kurd and Arab". For this purpose,
3201:
6246:
1998:
In spring 1902, a representative of the ARF, Vahan Manvelyan, was sent to in Sason with the purpose of mediating peace, but ended up irritating the Muslims. In February 1903, at the Third ARF Congress in
2160:. During the same time the ARF was moving out of this context and developing the concept of an independent Armenian state. With this national transformation the ARF's activities become a national cause.
1766:
district of Constantinople on July 27, 1890. The Hunchaks concluded that the demonstrations at Kum Kapu were unsuccessful. Similars demonstration on a lesser scale followed throughout most of the 1890s.
3472:, Aghasi Varosyan, Stepan Ohanesyan, Hakob Mkrtchyan, and Harutyun Hakobyan imprisoned and finally executed in Nork gorge. Aghbalyan moved to Lebanon, and established the Nshan Palanjian seminarium in
2465:
In January 1912, a total of 159 Armenians were charged with membership of a "Revolutionary" organisation. During the revolution Armenian revolutionaries were split into "Old Dashnaks", allied with the
2076:
The Kurds sacked neighboring towns and villages with impunity. The central assumption of the Hamidiye system that Kurdish tribes could be brought under military disciplineâproved to be impossible. The
1676:
1648:
1620:
796:
settled in Constantinople in 1831 to the end of World War I, the missionaries made considerable contributions to the education of Armenians. The European intellectual currents such as ideas of the
756:, which was seen as a milestone by progressive Armenians. Another development was the introduction of elementary education, colleges and other institutions of learning by Protestant missionaries.
2136:
as a state ideology. Abdul Hamid II perceived the Ottoman Armenians to be an extension of foreign powers, a means by which Europe could "get at our most vital places and tear out our very guts."
6037:
In the whole operation some seven or eight thousand Armenians lost their lives, a massacre which, accompanied by others in the neighbouring areas, caused consternation in the capitals of Europe.
1988:
of 1894 was the resistance of the Hunchak militia of the Sasun region. The region continued to be in conflict between the fedayee and the Muslim Ottomans between the local Armenian villages.
1896:'s intentions were to attract the attention of the foreign consuls at Mush to the plight of the Armenian peasants and to provide hope for the oppressed Armenians of the eastern provinces.
6196:
1858:
members which they believed were members of a large revolutionary apparatus, two of whom were subsequently killed. The incident increased sectarian tensions and other conflicts occurred.
3676:) were survivors of genocide. The Operation, between 1920 and 1922, assassinated many significant political and military figures of the Ottoman Empire, the Internal Affairs Minister of
3194:
2417:
As a result, the ARF leadership decided to actively defend Armenian churches. The ARF formed a Central Committee for Self-Defence in the Caucasus and organised a series of protests. At
4529:"The Tanzimat: Secular Reforms in the Ottoman Empire - A brief look at the adoption of Secular Laws in the Ottoman Empire with a particular focus on the Tanzimat reforms (1839-1876)"
2977:
was concluded in September 1917 with 203 delegates from Russian Armenia, of which 103 belonged to the ARF. On March 3, 1918, the Russians followed the armistice of Erzincan with the
2430:
and returned the property of the Armenian Church. Gradually order was restored and the Armenian bourgeoisie once more began to distance itself from the revolutionary nationalists.
2531:, and Hilmi Bey, also accompanied by an international entourage of peoples from the Caucasus. The CUP requested that Ottoman Armenians assist in an Ottoman military campaign into
3545:
between France and the Ankara Government was signed on 9 March 1921. It was intended to end the Franco-Turkish war, but failed to do so and was replaced in October 1921 with the
3165:, it had re-captured all the territory which was lost to the Russians. The Ottomans signed several treaties establishing its supremacy in the caucasus: on December 5, 1917, the
3090:, Andranik declared that his army was determined to continue the war against the Ottoman Empire. His activities were concentrated at the link between the Ottoman Empire and the
784:
1860 and onward, the number of Armenian schools, philanthropic and patriotic organizations multiplied in the Ottoman Empire. The initial aim of Protestant missionaries were the
4188:
Armenia at the crossroads: democracy and nationhood in the post-Soviet era : essays, interviews, and speeches by the leaders of the national democratic movement in Armenia
517:(Dashnak). Armenian nationalists generally saw Russia as their ally for independence from the Turks, although Russia maintained an oppressive policy in the Caucasus. After the
3242:
on August 10, 1920. It made all parties signing the treaty recognize Armenia as a free and independent state. The drawing of definite borders was, however, left to President
3360:
2915:
and as the special envoy of the Catholicos of all the Armenians. He was assigned as the ambassador of the First Republic of Armenia to the United States in Washington, D.C.
2778:
were sentenced to death by hanging. All twenty men were Hunchak leaders, and after spending two years in Ottoman prisons, and undergoing lengthy show trials, were hanged in
1510:
to present the case for the Armenians at Berlin; in his famous speech (following the Berlin negotiations) âThe Paper Ladle,â Mgrdich Khrimian advised Armenians to take the
1494:, stipulating that the Russian forces occupying the Armenian-populated provinces in the eastern Ottoman Empire would withdraw only with the full implementation of reforms.
3200:
3189:
1004:
2402:
609:
was established. Hundreds of thousands of Armenian refugees found themselves in the Middle East, Greece, France and the United States giving start to a new era of the
3196:
3113:
was signed, Andranik was on the way from Zangezur to Shusha, to control the main city of Karabakh. In January 1919 Armenian troops advanced, and the British general
1331:
Armenian nationalism and the Armenian Apostolic Church has long been intertwined. The main voices of the movement were secular, as close to the turn of the century,
1152:). The organized Armenian activities traced back to an earlier known Armenian group, the "Union of Salvation," before the three major groups established themselves.
2327:. On November 4, 1912, the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan militia with the support of Andranik's volunteer detachment defeated a numerically superior Turkish force near
729:, which declared equality before the law for both Muslim and non-Muslim Ottomans. Armenian nationalism was stagnant during these years, earning them the title of '
550:. According to some estimates, from 1915 to 1917, about 800,000-1,500,000 Armenians were killed. After the decision to exterminate the Armenians was taken by the
1232:
3204:
3442:
The actual transfer of power took place on December 2 in Yerevan. The Armenian leadership approved an ultimatum, presented to it by the Soviet plenipotentiary
1991:
Between the years 1891 and 1895, activists from the Armenian Social Democrat Hunchakian Party visited Cilicia, and established a new branch in Zeitun. Another
1497:
In June 1878, Great Britain was troubled with Russia's powerful position in the Treaty and forced the parties for a new negotiations with the convening of the
4940:
Bilal N. Simsir, British Documents On Ottoman Armenians (1856-1880), Vol. I, Ankara 1992, pp.173. Document No. 69 (British code:F.O. 424/70, No. 134/I zikr.,)
3197:
1209:
1119:
3538:, wrote in his diary that he suspected the French forces gave weapons and ammunition to the Kemalists to allow the French army safe passage out of Cilicia.
2363:, were selected as the first two inspectors. Hoff was in Van when World War I broke out, just as Westenenk was preparing to depart for his post in Erzerum.
6330:
2970:
In 1918, the Russian authorities made Andranik a Major General. He was then governor of the Administration for Western Armenia, from March and April 1918.
3435:
from the north, which culminated with a Soviet takeover in 1920. There was also a large movement of Armenian communists who aided the Soviet control. The
601:
was signed between Bolshevik Russia and the Ankara government in 1921. The formerly Russian-controlled parts of Armenia were mostly incorporated into the
946:
2754:. Talaat Bey delivered the detention order on April 24, 1915, which commenced at 8 p.m. and carried out by Chief of Police of Constantinople Bedri Bey.
1065:
6772:
3046:
2672:. The Ottomans employed a strategy which demanded that their troops be highly mobile and to arrive at specified objectives at precise times. Along the
1217:
1127:
940:(3). Supporting of these ideas by Western governments and publication through the inspiration and efforts of Armenian clerical men (Armenian Question).
5242:
Der Minassian, Anahide, "Nationalisme et socialisme dans le Mouvement Revolutionnaire Armenien", in "LA QUESTION ARMENIENNE", Paris, 1983, pp. 73-111.
3491:
and Minister of Interior Poghos Makintsian signed the Treaty of Kars, which helped to conclude the territorial disputes after the Caucasus Campaign.
3487:
on September 11, 1922. The treaty established the current borders between Turkey and the South Caucasus states. Armenian Minister of Foreign Affairs
2090:
4622:
The Paris Attempt: Rearticulation of (national) Belonging and the Inscription of Aftermath Experience in French Armenian Literature Between the Wars
3876:
The Paris Attempt: Rearticulation of (national) Belonging and the Inscription of Aftermath Experience in French Armenian Literature Between the Wars
2555:
into a holy war against the Allies. They offered the Ottoman Armenians autonomy if they supported the war plan. The Tsar also promised autonomy for
2042:
were secessionists while the Sayyids of Nihiri were autonomists. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 was followed (1880â1881) by the attempt of Shaykh
1031:
6482:
4707:, La Turquie d'Asie: géographie administrative, statistique, descriptive et raisonée de chaque province de l'Asie-Mineure, 4 vols., Paris, 1890-95.
3192:
957:
took inspiration from this source. However, the materialism and class struggle explained in Marxism did not neatly apply to the socioeconomics of
5293:
Dasnabedian, Hratch, "The ideological creed" and "The evolution of objectives" in "A BALANCE-SHEET OF THE NINETY YEARS", Beirut, 1985, pp. 73-103
5262:
3566:, announced the independence of the self-governing regions of Daralakyaz (Vayots Dzor), Zangezur, and Mountainous Artsakh, under the name of the
840:
17:
8042:
6643:
4083:
3188:
2448:. 1905 saw a wave of mutinies, strikes and peasant uprisings across imperial Russia and events in Transcaucasia were particularly violent. In
1486:
as the ultimate guarantors of their security. Patriarch Nerses approached the Russian leadership during the negotiations with the Ottomans in
7600:
3001:
2973:
The roots of an Armenian republic was achieved by the Armenians under Russian control which devised a national congress in October 1917. The
2767:
On May 6, 1915, Andranik was the commanding officer of the first Armenian volunteer detachment (about 1,200 soldiers), which helped lift the
3215:. In late 1919 Andranik led a delegation to the United States to lobby its support for a mandate for Armenia. He was accompanied by General
2892:
at their head. As of early 1918 only a few thousand Armenian volunteers under the command of two hundred officers opposed the Ottoman army.
6621:
3280:
1909:
582:
474:
418:
5175:
The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century
3190:
2895:
6049:
4848:
3621:
3531:. The battle resulted in the massacres of 5,000 â 12,000 Armenians, spelling the end of the remaining Armenian population in the region.
3392:
3050:
2528:
2304:
in Sofia and the two pledged themselves to work jointly for the oppressed peoples of Armenia and Macedonia. Andranik participated in the
670:. Armenians still living under Persian rule were encouraged to emigrate to Russian Armenia and 30,000 followed the call. In 1828, Russia
6787:
6386:
3808:
2427:
2191:
2149:
1474:(1874â1884), forwarded Armenian complaints of widespread "forced land seizure ... forced conversion of women and children, arson,
3191:
2320:. His detachment consisted of 273 Armenian volunteers, which was more than half of the 531 non-Macedonian born fighters in the group.
3195:
2313:
2183:
1612:
800:
were transmitted through the 23,000 Armenian students within 127 Protestant congregations with 13,000 communicants, and 400 schools.
713:
630:
586:
551:
3149:
ended the hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. It also concluded the
7076:
6323:
3193:
1343:(published in Van) became the main national organs (journals). These publications were secular. Major Armenian writers of the era,
2047:
567:
3316:
Azerbaijan claimed most of the territory Armenia was sitting on, demanding all or most parts of the former Russian provinces of
3234:" in direct collaboration with the Armenian Diaspora. The treaty was signed between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire at
8077:
5905:
5499:
Joseph L. Grabill, (1971) Protestant Diplomacy and the Near East: Missionary Influence on American Policy, 1810-1927, page 59,
3778:
There is a Fedayees museum in Yerevan named after General Andranik Ozanian. Armenian resistance has left a symbolic dish. The "
3733:
3351:
In May 1919, Dro led an expeditionary unit that was successful in establishing Armenian administrative control in Nakhichevan.
2611:
1601:(AGBU) which was initially founded in Constantinople, were established wherever there was a considerable number of Armenians.
562:
upon Russian promises for autonomy. By 1917, Russia controlled many Armenian-populated areas of the Ottoman Empire. After the
6209:
5836:
5559:
5504:
5445:
Abraham, Richard (1990). Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution. New York: Columbia University Press, pg. 53,54
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5321:
Resistance and Revenge: The Armenian Assassination of the Turkish Leaders Responsible for the 1915 Massacres and Deportations
4882:
4793:
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3879:
3313:
was thus signed on December 3, 1920, after the Armenian government had fallen to a concurrent Soviet invasion on December 2.
3309:
in Alexandropol. Although Karabekir's terms were harsh the Armenian delegation had little recourse but to agree to them. The
2452:, the centre of the Russian oil industry, class tensions mixed with ethnic rivalries. The city was almost wholly composed of
543:
2019:
of 1904. Hrayr Dzhoghk was killed on April 13 in the village Gelieguzan. He was buried in a court of a local church near to
7585:
3763:
3199:
2496:
2426:. The events convinced Tsar Nicholas that he must reverse his policies. He replaced Golitsin with the Armenophile governor
1717:
The emergence of the Armenian National Movement in the early 1880s and the armed struggle by the late 1880s coincides with
1585:
1448:
1355:
1022:
749:
2926:, a multinational congress of Transcaucasian representatives met to create a provisional regional executive body known as
7575:
7518:
7435:
6316:
3336:. Territorial clashes between Armenia and Azerbaijan took place throughout 1919 and 1920, most notably in the regions of
2974:
2912:
2486:
2324:
1703:
7357:
2688:. 4th battalion of the Armenian volunteers engaged at Barduz Pass. The Ottoman army suffered a delay of 24 hours in the
949:. Another second wave come with the emergence of Russian revolutionary thought which by the end of the 19th century was
8072:
7352:
6636:
3767:
3202:
3198:
2840:
2824:
2791:
1464:
606:
360:
2089:) formations that operated in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire. They were intended to be modeled after the
1243:
campaigns into Ottoman territory. The Young Armenia Society organized an armed expedition to Ottoman Armenia with the
8012:
7089:
6997:
6967:
6715:
6578:
6446:
6436:
6281:
6255:
6231:
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6023:
5957:
5691:
5666:
5329:
5182:
4736:
4629:
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4528:
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4433:
4402:
4335:
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3247:
1881:
1824:
1798:
1688:
1637:
1598:
1564:
1479:
1251:
1164:
1145:
1137:
1071:
954:
911:, 79,998) There were many Armenians familiar with Russian customs. Russia, for Armenians, was also a path to Europe.
671:
652:
514:
7002:
3629:
3400:
8062:
8057:
7879:
6741:
6572:
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Stanley Elphinstone Kerr. The Lions of Marash: personal experiences with American Near East Relief, 1919-1922 p. 30
3751:
2651:
2637:
2602:
2585:
1992:
1141:
1099:
938:(2). Development of ideas of nationalism, salvation and independence in Armenian opinion (Revolution Perspective),
506:
411:
2713:
Between April 15â18 of 1915, the brigade of Armenian volunteers under the command of Andranik participated in the
8052:
8047:
7294:
7289:
7033:
6757:
6726:
6149:
The Armenian revolutionary movement; the development of Armenian political parties through the nineteenth century
3567:
3337:
3087:
2466:
2164:
1390:
958:
737:
687:
658:
sought help from the Armenians, promising that after the war, their lives would improve. In 1828, Russia annexed
528:
365:
305:
295:
5319:
2871:. Beginning in 1917, this Armenian force fought to the frontlines in Palestine and Syria against the agreement.
1265:
During 1880-1890 the local communication channels were developed. The organizations were fully functional under
7918:
7606:
7445:
7208:
6962:
6736:
6421:
6416:
3677:
3625:
3534:
France disbanded the French Armenian Legion shortly after the war started. One of the Armenian Legion members,
3396:
3154:
3091:
3067:
2908:
2718:
2032:
1511:
741:
165:
4409:
The Armenian revolution was born in a romantic haze, inspired by Russian populism, the Bulgarian revolution...
2645:
2323:
On October 20, the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan militia and Andranik's volunteer detachment, participated in the
1725:
8067:
7685:
7655:
7491:
7023:
6782:
6629:
3664:
was the ARF's code-name for a covert operation in the early 1920s to assassinate the Turkish planners of the
2751:
2470:
2198:
2051:
1745:
636:
626:
446:) included social, cultural, but primarily political and military movements that reached their height during
330:
100:
90:
6651:
4918:
Migirditch, Dadian. (June 1867) "La society armenienne contemporaine", in Revue des deux Mondes, pp. 803-827
2911:
concerning Caucasian affairs. Pastermadjian then left for America in June 1917 as the representative of the
1181:
1040:
7929:
7846:
7613:
7538:
7104:
7069:
3432:
3158:
3138:
3118:
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but kept in touch with local leaders, and published a journal of political and social enlightenment titled
793:
386:
288:
7913:
7908:
7812:
7695:
7670:
7570:
7389:
7259:
7131:
6952:
6792:
5929:"Asia: Journal of the American Asiatic Association" ,1919, Published by Asia Pub. Co., Volume.19 page 327
3803:
1802:
1794:(Armen Karo) took over the bank which largely employed European personnel from Great Britain and France.
1507:
920:
675:
478:
404:
275:
180:
75:
35:
6219:
5828:
Exploring the Caucasus in the 21st Century: Essays on Culture, History and Politics in a Dynamic Context
5610:
6987:
6731:
6201:
6117:
4548:"The Invention of Tradition as Public Image in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1808 to 1908", Selim Deringil,
3446:. The ARF was banned its leaders exiled and many of its members dispersed to other parts of the world.
3114:
3026:
2835:
Negotiations with the French for returning Armenian refugees to their homes in Cilicia conducted under
2598:
2101:
and mufti did not have jurisdiction over religious law which bolstered Kurdish authority and autonomy.
1771:
1627:
1172:
753:
566:, Russian forces retreated and transferred control of occupied Ottoman Anatolia to Armenian units. The
245:
205:
6096:. United States Congress. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. USA: Govt. print. off. 1919. p.
5269:
1778:
in Constantinople, on 26 August 1896. In an effort to raise further awareness in Europe regarding the
7898:
7595:
7470:
7465:
7450:
7378:
7347:
7028:
6916:
6499:
3703:
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355:
230:
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7007:
6598:
6489:
3610:
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3298:
3276:
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was signed between the Russians and Ottomans, ending hostilities between the two states. After the
2568:
2439:
590:
559:
6097:
5075:
Astourian, Stepan (2011). "The Silence of the Land: Agrarian Relations, Ethnicity, and Power," in
4569:
The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus
55:
7956:
7823:
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7548:
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7156:
7136:
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6391:
3614:
3546:
3385:
3170:
2993:
2978:
2504:
2367:
2352:
2077:
2063:
1985:
1978:
1885:
1683:
1531:
1522:
1502:
1430:
896:
613:. Soviet Armenia existed until 1991, when the Soviet Union disintegrated and the current (Third)
598:
532:
390:
265:
80:
4610:
Edmund Herzig "Armenians Past And Present In The Making Of National Identity A Handbook" page.76
3000:'s 60,000 soldiers with Andranik Pasha's 30,000 fedayees. However, after the dissolusion of the
1973:
Province of Turkey. The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party and the ARF were active in the region.
686:
annexed by Russia. A significant portion of Armenians were annexed into Russia. Another wave of
7951:
7713:
7640:
7553:
6604:
6406:
6265:
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5943:
5939:
5851:
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3310:
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1759:
1632:
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1460:
1452:
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1308:
804:
523:
486:
5826:
5783:
4852:
4755:
4749:
4574:
4109:
4016:
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programs targeted the Armenian Church. Russia curtailed the Church's advances in the society.
7744:
7543:
7528:
7324:
6494:
6426:
6176:
5909:
4992:
4875:
The Right to Struggle: Selected Writings of Monte Melkonian on the Armenian National Question
4394:
4388:
4236:
3239:
3223:
he directed a campaign in which he raised $ 500,000 for the relief of Armenian war refugees.
3166:
3162:
3014:
2985:
between the Ottoman Empire and a delegation of the Seim. When the first Republic of Armenia (
2919:
2848:
2768:
2757:
2589:
2520:
2375:
2344:
2317:
2240:
2179:
2145:
2117:
2098:
1866:
1791:
1693:
1491:
1407:
816:
667:
518:
300:
240:
4319:
4101:
1869:
saw the Armenian population in Van defend against Ottoman forces and Kurdish tribesmen. The
1818:
1732:). Abdul Hamid II oversaw an autocracy while ruling over a period of decline of the empire.
574:
on May 28, 1918, thus establishing an Armenian state in the Armenian-populated parts of the
7841:
7705:
7590:
7560:
7533:
7460:
7413:
6972:
6777:
6659:
6411:
6186:
3542:
3465:
3302:
3146:
3109:, the most important city of Karabakh at the time, in early December 1918. Just before the
3010:
2700:
2677:
2665:
2655:
1236:
1079:
973:
655:
466:
5945:
The Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV: Between Crescent and Sickle, Partition and Sovietization
3578:, his soldiers, and many prominent Armenian intellectuals, including leaders of the first
2742:
the leaders of the Armenian community were arrested and moved to two holding centers near
1384:
527:
class. These parties, especially the Dashnaks, held a tense working relationship with the
8:
7890:
7791:
7680:
7675:
7506:
7043:
6441:
6431:
6401:
6396:
5633:
3449:
3306:
3129:
3110:
2927:
2880:
2086:
2016:
1870:
1851:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1244:
757:
555:
375:
68:
6091:
3227:
3153:
for the Ottoman Empire. By the end of the war, the Ottoman Empire, although it lost the
2689:
2444:
Unrest in Transcaucasia, which also included major strikes, reached a climax during the
930:. The Russian Consul General to Ottoman Empire, General Mayewski, recorded the following
726:
521:, Armenian political parties replaced the traditional authority of the Ottoman loyalist
8005:
7806:
7727:
7690:
7628:
7440:
7430:
7201:
7097:
6866:
6816:
6462:
6379:
6111:
5869:
5080:
4384:
4158:
4135:
Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908-1918
4077:
4065:
3673:
3513:
3500:
3301:
began, which resulted in a Turkish victory. Negotiations were then carried out between
3220:
2997:
2923:
2889:
2728:
2371:
2071:
1954:
1937:
1862:
1779:
1515:
1498:
1425:
1193:
1103:
989:
876:
563:
505:
in the eastern regions of the empire, led by the three Armenian political parties: the
502:
255:
185:
170:
155:
44:
2692:
Pass, and 4th battalion of the Armenian volunteers lost 600 troops in a battle there.
7861:
7851:
7831:
7774:
7754:
7739:
7665:
7580:
7373:
7254:
7223:
7196:
6982:
6977:
6811:
6545:
6474:
6277:
6270:
6251:
6227:
6205:
6162:
6019:
5953:
5896:
5832:
5687:
5662:
5593:
5555:
5500:
5410:
5325:
5306:
5178:
4878:
4789:
4779:
4759:
4732:
4625:
4578:
4567:
4457:
4429:
4398:
4331:
4320:
4298:
4273:
4248:
4216:
4191:
4166:
4138:
4113:
4102:
4045:
4020:
4009:
3987:
3983:
3958:
3933:
3908:
3883:
3783:
3747:
3665:
3661:
3469:
3431:
However, despite ARF's tight grip on power, the ARF was unable to stop the impending
3251:
3231:
3150:
3099:
2724:
2669:
2560:
2536:
2482:
2356:
2067:
2043:
1729:
1593:
1527:
1475:
1456:
1441:
1348:
1344:
1225:
1201:
1136:
In the late 19th century, Armenian political organizations were founded, such as the
1111:
927:
904:
892:
824:
797:
785:
769:
663:
610:
575:
547:
498:
470:
436:
325:
320:
250:
195:
5777:
5741:
2779:
1547:
1371:
said "It is no longer possible for the Armenians and the Turks to live together..."
8021:
7923:
7873:
7836:
7801:
7796:
7784:
7779:
7759:
7319:
7264:
7228:
6992:
6921:
6861:
6846:
6826:
6821:
6451:
6374:
5812:
4244:
3535:
3524:
3216:
3208:
3095:
2943:
2885:
2814:
2714:
2524:
2500:
2418:
2406:
2305:
2289:
2237:. The CUP could count on the support of about 60 deputies and formed a government.
2226:
2105:
1893:
1360:
1322:
1197:
1107:
235:
218:
200:
95:
6180:
6147:
4354:(1950â1951). "The Armenian Revolution and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation".
3694:
3452:
was arrested and executed by the Bolsheviks in Karakilisa in 1921. In 1937 during
2957:
2507:, a conversation between these groups were established with the Armenian liaisons
2269:
2257:
1970:
7961:
7331:
7218:
7191:
7126:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6871:
6767:
6752:
6592:
6566:
6504:
6013:
5031:
4783:
4731:
General Mayewski ; Statistique des Provinces de Van et de Bitlis, pp. 11-13
4356:
3488:
3461:
3345:
3178:
3018:
2888:
and Tiflis. As of October 1917 two Armenian divisions were already created, with
2844:
2828:
2795:
2681:
2556:
2423:
2214:
2206:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1874:
1855:
1302:
1240:
1205:
1115:
962:
880:
745:
691:
510:
394:
315:
310:
260:
148:
6247:
A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility
6159:
Dunsterforce. Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I, vol ix
1573:
Significant European and American movements began with the Armenian diaspora in
705:
450:
and the following years, initially seeking improved status for Armenians in the
7946:
7769:
7314:
6911:
6891:
6856:
6836:
6831:
6704:
6673:
6550:
6530:
6468:
5458:
5084:
4562:
4351:
3905:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1
3779:
3743:
3739:
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3480:
3259:
3243:
3071:
3063:
2868:
2540:
2512:
2508:
2360:
2297:
2132:
wanted to reinforce the territorial integrity the Ottoman Empire, and asserted
2129:
2109:
2082:
1966:
1941:
1838:
1783:
1721:
1483:
1213:
1123:
1083:
1013:
868:
864:
860:
777:
773:
648:
644:
490:
459:
455:
451:
270:
160:
6241:
5815:. Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917â1921), New York Philosophical Library, 1951
5251:
Documents for the history of the ARF, II, 2nd Edition, Beirut, 1985, pp. 11-14
3049:. Under his command were about 6,000 Centrocaspian Dictatorship troops of the
2981:, and exited the war, with territorial losses. From March 14 to April 1918, a
2847:
used this opportunity to provide troops for the French commitment made in the
725:
was put aside in favour of secular law. This policy officially began with the
8036:
7763:
7660:
7309:
7304:
7249:
7213:
6901:
6886:
6851:
6678:
6540:
6525:
6308:
5686:. EminönĂŒ, Istanbul: Istanbul Commerce University Publications. p. 296.
5470:
Richard G. Hovannisian, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, 244
5302:
5201:
5096:
3930:
Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815-1914
3668:. Those involved with the planning and execution of the operation (including
3559:
3460:
against the military and other suspected enemies, his secret police arrested
3453:
3436:
2904:
2799:
2747:
2532:
2516:
2396:
2301:
2222:
2008:
1751:
Survivors of the Ottoman Bank takeover group after they arrived in Marseille.
1578:
1259:
1192:) was the first socialist party in the Ottoman Empire and Persia, founded by
1075:
900:
884:
872:
856:
808:
698:
175:
5077:
A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire
4949:
Haig Ajemian, Hayotz Hayrig, page 511-3; translated by Fr. Vazken Movsesian.
4241:
Nationalism and socialism in the Armenian revolutionary movement (1887-1912)
2820:
2764:. After a trial in July, he was hanged on 24 August 1915, with 12 comrades.
2309:
2020:
1278:
996:
provinces were the main Armenian-populated provinces in the Russian Empire.
945:
Revolution. They espoused a democratic-liberal ideology which rested on the
7971:
7966:
7749:
7485:
7425:
7299:
7284:
5597:
4704:
4163:
Dro (Drastamat Kanayan): Armenia's First Defense Minister of the Modern Era
3980:
Writers of Disaster: Armenian Literature in the Twentieth Century, Volume 1
3750:
in Europe as early as the 1890s. The timeline has events formulated by the
3443:
3212:
3211:
was the head of the Armenian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference with
3042:
3030:
3005:
2836:
2453:
2210:
2133:
2039:
1787:
1775:
1556:
1478:, rape, and murder" to the Powers. March 1878, after the conclusion of the
1168:
1093:
985:
852:
602:
494:
5621:
2300:, as a commander of Armenian auxiliary troops. Andranik met revolutionist
1049:
First two in the 1890s; second two in the 1910s, and last one in the 1920s
936:(1). Their known evolution in political matters (Issue of Civilizations),
7986:
7146:
5454:
3457:
3439:
began its virtually unopposed advance into Armenia on November 29, 1920.
3329:
3317:
3117:
gave Andranik assurances that a favorable treaty would be reached at the
2851:, which was still secret at the time. Armenian leadership also meet with
2673:
2378:
visited the Caucasus front on December 30, 1914, telling the head of the
2328:
2283:
2202:
1834:
1487:
993:
908:
722:
683:
679:
589:
came to power in their respective countries. Turkish forces successfully
539:
447:
105:
1400:
709:
489:
worked with Ottoman reformers to prevent banditry and abuses by nomadic
7455:
7279:
6906:
4449:
3038:
2852:
2761:
2739:
2668:
took place from December 22, 1914, to January 17, 1915, as part of the
2355:
was signed in February 1914. L. C. Westenenk, an administrator for the
2175:
2157:
1176:
717:
5204:. The Kurds and the State. (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005)
4849:"Armenian Revolutionary Federation Founded, Armenian history timeline"
4374:, Hushapatum H.H. Dashnaktsuthian 1890-1950 (Boston: H.H. Buro , 1950
2011:
went to Van, where he organized in Sasun. Alongside Hrayr Dzhoghk was
1763:
7856:
7274:
7269:
6509:
6042:
5824:
5370:Ćeyhun, Ahmed. "Said Halim and the Armenian Reform Project of 1914,"
4716:
4042:
The Armenian genocide: the Young Turks before the judgment of history
3791:
3755:
3054:
3045:
in a bloodless coup d'Ă©tat. The Baku forces mainly were commanded by
2810:
2732:
2593:
2552:
2414:
rights of Armenians in the Russian Empire as well as Ottoman Turkey.
2152:, which proved difficult to reinstill Ottomanism among its subjects.
2004:
1801:
was a failed assassination attempted on Abdul Hamid II by the ARF at
1463:
by claiming that it gave them the right to intervene and protect the
1364:
640:
190:
6197:
Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War
3599:
3370:
3235:
1418:
1155:
Protectors of the Fatherland was established as a secret society in
934:
The rebellion of Armenians resulted from the following three causes:
7244:
7166:
7054:
6896:
6841:
6709:
6535:
6131:
The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity,
5125:
Safrastian, Arshak. 1948 Kurds and Kurdistan. Harvill Press, pg 66.
3341:
3078:
3058:
2293:
2012:
1844:
1316:
1149:
844:
594:
482:
225:
120:
3570:
and later on 1 June 1921, it was renamed the Republic of Armenia.
3505:
2370:, just after the first engagement of the Caucasus Campaign in the
1274:
888:
7976:
7404:
7171:
7151:
7085:
7038:
6684:
6654:
5948:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp.
4011:
The Armenians: From Kings And Priests to Merchants And Commissars
3484:
3325:
3082:
2760:, a Hunchak, was among the first to be arrested in April 1915 at
2615:
2410:
2218:
2187:
2170:
1255:
1189:
1156:
988:
in the Ottoman Empire were largely populated by Armenians, while
950:
848:
832:
820:
659:
614:
370:
110:
6074:
5711:. Central Executive General Society of Vasbouragan. p. 125.
5706:
3955:
Armenian Organization and Ideology under Ottoman Rule: 1908-1914
1847:
borders Russia and Persia, making assistance easily accessible.
748:, but also introduced regulations defining the authority of the
7181:
7176:
7161:
6721:
4454:
The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide
4270:
Armenian Golgotha: a memoir of the Armenian genocide, 1915-1918
3738:
The timeline covers the activities of Armenian citizens of the
3680:
and some Armenians who were working against the Armenian cause.
3583:
3473:
3321:
3106:
3041:
and the ARF, and the unrecognized state replaced the Bolshevik
2867:, Egypt in November 1916, and put under the command of General
2743:
2619:
2606:
2564:
2491:
Beginning at the end of July and ending on August 2, 1914, the
2234:
1718:
1589:
1574:
1282:
1270:
1266:
1221:
969:
135:
130:
115:
6015:
Ataturk: a biography of Mustafa Kemal, father of modern Turkey
5592:]. Translated by Sonia Shiragian. Boston: Hairenik Press.
5103:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977, vol. 2, p. 246.
4719:, Tarihte Ermeniler ve Ermeni Meselesi, Ä°stanbul 1976, 5. 463;
3562:. On 26 April 1921, the 2nd Pan-Zangezurian congress, held in
3354:
3285:
3187:
2907:
was sent from the Caucasus to Petrograd to negotiate with the
2684:) operated on the front facing Erzurum between Sarikamish and
2390:
1889:
1843:
Van turned into a center of Armenian Nationalist activity, as
712:
period to reorganize the Ottoman Empire, but also to stem the
7981:
7186:
6881:
6520:
6182:
Why Armenia Should be Free: Armenia's Role in the Present War
5825:
Companjen, Françoise; Maracz, Laszlo; Versteegh, Lia (2011).
5407:
Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894-1917
4295:
Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict
3563:
3333:
3219:, Captain Haig Bonapartian, and Lieutenant Ter-Pogossian. In
2864:
2727:
led his battalion into eleven battles in the neighborhood of
2548:
2544:
2539:) against the tsarist army. The Ottoman plan was to draw the
2230:
2000:
1946:
1286:
972:
has come to play a significant role in 19th and 20th-century
125:
5383:
Martin Gilbert, 2004, "The First World War," Macmillan p.108
4899:
Storm Centres of the Near East: personal memories, 1879-1929
4841:
1363:
was an important figure. Mkrtich Khrimian was tranferred to
7141:
6018:(1st Quill ed.). New York: Quill/Morrow. p. 235.
5858:. Berkeley: University of California, 1971, pp. 86â87.
4104:
Democracy Building and Civil Society in Post-Soviet Armenia
3582:, crossed the border into the neighbouring Persian city of
3034:
2989:) was proclaimed in 1918, the ARF became the ruling party.
2685:
2449:
2308:
alongside Nzhdeh as a Chief Commander of 12th Battalion of
836:
828:
819:
stated that 1,127,212 Armenians were in the Russian Lands (
85:
4809:
The Times, 10 January 1883, p. 5; ibid., 8 June 1883, p. 5
4210:
4190:. Watertown, Massachusetts: Blue crane books. p. 14.
3957:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 149.
3105:
Andranik and his troops were 40 km (25 mi) from
1490:
and convinced them to insert a clause, Article 16, to the
5357:
L. C. Westenek, "Diary Concerning the Armenian Mission,"
3361:
History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917â1927)
1923:
1367:
in his later years, although this was actually an exile.
475:
rise of other nationalist movements in the Ottoman Empire
4877:. San Francisco, Sardarabad Collective. pp. 55â57.
4165:. Los Angeles, CA: Indo-European Publishing. p. v.
4070:
General Andranik and the Armenian Revolutionary Movement
3552:
2366:
On December 16, 1914, the Ottoman Empire dismantled the
1518:
which was ignored by the European community of nations.
5392:
Avetoon Pesak Hacobian, 1917, Armenia and the War, p.78
5305:, "Constantinople City of the Worlds Desire" quoted in
2286:(1912â1913) around 35,000 Armenians lived in Bulgaria.
2201:
resulted in a new parliament composed of 142 Turks, 60
2085:
cavalry (minor amounts of other nationalities, such as
1262:
and diplomatic circles to sponsor the party's demands.
6293:
Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus
6161:. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. pp. 2766â2772.
535:
in early 1914, however it was shelved by World War I.
4957:
4955:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4643:
4641:
4137:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 71.
3689:
3494:
3053:. The vast majority of the troops in this force were
2903:
In the spring of 1917, Karekin Pastermadjian and Dr.
2433:
2382:
that "a most brilliant future awaits the Armenians".
2015:. Andranik became the main organizer and head of the
593:
the western half of the Armenian Republic, while the
495:
six Armenian-populated vilayets of the Ottoman Empire
5087:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 58-61, 63-67.
3907:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 318.
3698:
Armenians celebrating the first year of their state.
3265:
3250:, and was only presented to Armenia on November 22.
2457:
streets and the violence spread to the countryside.
1254:(âARFâ or Dashnaktsutiun or Dashnak) was founded in
597:
invaded and annexed the country in December 1920. A
542:, Armenians were systematically exterminated by the
4510:
4508:
4506:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4322:
The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century
3932:. Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 323.
6773:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
6269:
5906:American Committee for the Independence of Armenia
5856:The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918â1919
5638:(in Armenian). ÔŽŐșÖŐžÖŐĄŐŻŐĄŐ¶ ŐŐ„Őź ŐŐĄŐ¶ÖŐĄŐŁŐ«ŐżŐĄÖŐĄŐ¶, ÔłŐ«ÖÖ II
4998:
4952:
4812:
4667:
4638:
4566:
4393:. Bloomington: Indiana university press. pp.
4008:
3270:
855:) Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were 1,095,889 (
6133:p. 98, edited by Edmund Herzig, Marina Kurkchiyan
4989:The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times.
2798:, was established under Russian protection, with
2144:The Armenians, especially the ARF, supported the
1884:was an armed conflict of the Armenian militia in
1374:
8034:
5307:Straits: The origins of the Dardanelles campaign
4599:The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times
4503:
4470:
4426:The Armenian Genocide: History, Politics, Ethics
4390:Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History
4215:. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. p. 230.
3483:was signed on October 13, 1921, and ratified in
3017:. The First Republic of Armenia had to sign the
2614:, which coordinated its activities from Tiflis,
2476:
1239:in Tbilisi. The Young Armenia Society organised
27:Armenian social, cultural and political movement
5626:
5400:
5398:
5101:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
5058:
5056:
4015:. New York: Columbia University Press. p.
3684:
2746:upon the order of the Minister of the Interior
2503:citizens. Coming soon after the passage of the
1969:of the Ottoman Empire, later SĂŒleymanlı in the
1915:Armenian Cathedral of the Forty Martyrs, Aleppo
1188:In 1887, the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (
740:were introduced to a set of major reforms. The
6338:
5409:. Princeton University Press. pp. 21â22.
5177:. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, p. 217.
4830:
4828:
2809:Andranik commanded a battalion which defeated
2401:Russification programme reached its peak with
2385:
2171:Armenian Nationalism in the Ottoman parliament
1604:
1482:, the Armenians began to look more toward the
690:immigration occurred, with 25,000 settling in
7070:
6637:
6324:
6175:
5769:
5571:
5541:The Encyclopedia Americana, 1920, v.28, p.404
5516:
5490:The Encyclopedia Americana, 1920, v.28, p.412
5296:
4350:
4235:
3002:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
1899:
1470:The Armenian patriarchate of Constantinople,
412:
6276:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5775:
5611:Đж.ĐĐžŃĐ°ĐșĐŸŃŃĐœ. ĐĐ»Đ°ĐŽĐŸŃŃŃĐșĐž пДŃДЎ ŃŃĐŽĐŸĐŒ ĐžŃŃĐŸŃОО
5395:
5053:
4044:. Madison, Conn.: Sphinx Press. p. 30.
3254:refers to the boundary configuration of the
3077:By July a sectarian conflict had started in
2139:
2123:
979:
6264:
6152:. Berkeley, University of California Press.
6086:
6084:
6082:
5938:
5831:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 119.
5806:
5763:
5529:
5522:
5372:Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies
5345:
4825:
4693:Outline of a History of Protestant Missions
4420:
4095:
4093:
3902:
3869:
3867:
3727:
3713:explains the conditions of the resistance:
3628:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3399:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3355:Sovietization and exile of Armenian leaders
2391:Edict on Armenian church property 1903-1904
1459:in 1875, the Great Powers invoked the 1856
666:, and the surrounding countryside with the
7077:
7063:
6788:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
6644:
6630:
6387:Liberation struggle of Artsakh (1724-1731)
6331:
6317:
6145:
5590:The legacy: Memoirs of an Armenian Patriot
5441:
5439:
5225:
5223:
5047:
5018:
5005:
4975:
4962:
4928:
4835:
4819:
4747:
4679:
4661:
4648:
4550:Comparative Studies in Society and History
4211:HĂžiris, Ole; YĂŒrĂŒkel, Sefa Martin (1998).
4185:
4082:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4039:
3809:Armenian delegation at the Berlin Congress
3790:): is generally served to commemorate the
3124:
2460:
2428:Count Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov
2057:
2026:
752:. Also included was a new parliament: the
744:codified the rights and privileges of the
419:
405:
6272:Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918
5795:
5793:
5707:Onnig Mukhitarian, Haig Gossoian (1980).
5583:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5191:
4872:
4727:
4725:
4619:
4317:
4157:
4099:
4064:
4006:
3977:
3873:
3648:Learn how and when to remove this message
3419:Learn how and when to remove this message
3291:Internationally recognized Armenian state
2839:. Negotiations were conducted within the
1220:, a group of college students who met in
631:Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
481:developed in the early 1860s. During the
6437:Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery (1901)
6299:
6193:
6079:
5730:New York Times, September 2, 1927, p. 17
5214:
5161:
5148:
5135:
5113:
5063:
4267:
4132:
4126:
4090:
3952:
3864:
3693:
3504:
3284:
3128:
2894:
2819:
2588:was a military fighting unit within the
2174:
1675:
1647:
1619:
763:
714:rise of nationalism among its minorities
458:but eventually attempting to achieve an
6290:
6011:
5656:
5436:
5404:
5220:
4778:
4561:
4555:
4552:, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Jan., 1993), pp. 3-29
4515:
4484:
4297:. Transaction Publishers. p. 115.
4292:
4272:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 44.
4213:Contrasts and solutions in the Caucasus
3086:As the commander of Armenian forces in
2899:Armenian Battalion under British forces
2802:as its head. The Republic of Van was a
2292:participated in the Balkan Wars in the
14:
8035:
6218:
6156:
6050:"Robert Fisk: The forgotten holocaust"
5800:
5790:
5739:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5324:. Transaction Publishers. pp. x.
5317:
5260:
5188:
4722:
4604:
4456:. Transaction Publishers. p. 44.
4326:. Cambridge University Press. p.
3927:
3734:Timeline of Armenian national movement
2469:and "Young Dashnaks" aligned with the
2217:(including four from ARF and two from
1534:'s liberalism were dependable allies.
1351:can be counted among the influential.
768:Re-establish an Armenian state in the
8043:Armenian national liberation movement
7058:
6625:
6312:
6240:
5776:Dunsterville, Lionel Charles (1920).
5230:
5036:. Empire Press. 1995. pp. xviii.
4751:Modern Armenia: People, Nation, State
4695:(Edinburgh and London, 1901), p. 241.
4448:
3880:University of California, Los Angeles
3553:Republic of Mountainous Armenia, 1922
2605:, approached Armenian leaders in the
2334:
1957:of the Ottoman Empire, later part of
1465:Ottoman Empire's Christian minorities
7084:
5374:. Vol. 19, No. 2 (2010), pp. 93-108.
5318:Derogy, Jacques (31 December 2011).
4383:
3764:Armenian Patriotic Society of Europe
3626:adding citations to reliable sources
3593:
3589:
3397:adding citations to reliable sources
3364:
2038:ethno-nationalistic standpoint. The
1586:Armenian Patriotic Society of Europe
1537:
1356:Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople
851:, 24,505). At the same period (1896
531:. The Ottoman government signed the
6447:Yıldız assassination attempt (1905)
6250:. London: Charles Scribner's Sons.
6226:. London: Charles Scribner's Sons.
5681:
5493:
5473:
4428:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 129.
2975:Armenian National Council of Tiflis
2913:Armenian National Council of Tiflis
1335:(published in Constantinople), the
914:
501:against the Ottoman government and
24:
7601:President of the National Assembly
5405:Geifman, Anna (31 December 1995).
5263:"The Influence of the Young Turks"
4909:Graves, Storm Centres, pp. 132-139
4754:. Transaction Publishers. p.
4573:. Oxford: Berghahn Books. p.
3768:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
3690:Establishment of an Armenian State
3495:Cilicia and French Armenian Legion
3258:in the Treaty of SĂšvres, drawn by
3081:. Armenian couriers dispatched to
2825:Administration for Western Armenia
2792:Administration for Western Armenia
2535:by inciting a rebellion (with the
2495:was a watershed event between the
2434:Armenian-Azeri massacres 1904-1905
1808:
786:conversion of the Muslims and Jews
674:on the Ottoman Empire, and in the
607:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
54:
25:
8089:
6998:Turkish consulate attack in Paris
6716:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
6710:Armenian Democratic Liberal Party
6579:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
3760:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
3523:sent forces to Marash, where the
3266:Activities during Interwar period
3248:United States Department of State
2676:, the 3rd battalion commanded by
2574:
2359:, and Major Hoff, a major in the
2314:Macedonian-Adrianopolitan militia
1882:Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery
1825:Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery
1707:Conflicts during the Hamidian Era
1599:Armenian General Benevolent Union
1252:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
1165:Armenian Democratic Liberal Party
1138:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
955:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
515:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
7403:
6742:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
6653:
6361:Organizations and military units
6124:
6068:
6005:
5992:
5979:
5966:
5932:
5923:
5898:America as Mandatary for Armenia
5889:
5876:
5861:
5845:
5818:
5756:
5733:
5724:
5715:
5700:
5675:
5659:Arshile Gorky: His Life and Work
4987:Hovhanissian, Richard G. (1997)
4372:Hayots Heghapokhuthiunits Aratj
3953:Kaligian, Dikran Mesrob (2011).
3752:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
3598:
3369:
2956:
2942:
2699:
2644:
2629:
2592:. Composed of several groups at
2586:Russian Armenian Volunteer Corps
2268:
2256:
2148:. With the revolution began the
1922:
1908:
1817:
1786:, 28 armed men and women led by
1744:
1674:
1646:
1618:
1611:
1546:
1521:In 1880, British Prime Minister
1417:
1399:
1383:
1315:
1301:
1142:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
1092:
1064:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1003:
772:, controlled at the time by the
507:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
444:Hay azgayin-azatagrakan sharzhum
7034:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
6224:Four Years beneath the Crescent
6093:Maintenance of Peace in Armenia
5650:
5615:
5604:
5577:
5564:
5544:
5535:
5509:
5464:
5448:
5423:
5386:
5377:
5364:
5351:
5338:
5311:
5287:
5254:
5245:
5236:
5207:
5167:
5154:
5141:
5128:
5119:
5106:
5090:
5069:
5040:
5024:
5011:
4981:
4968:
4943:
4934:
4921:
4912:
4903:
4891:
4866:
4803:
4772:
4741:
4710:
4698:
4685:
4654:
4613:
4591:
4542:
4521:
4490:
4442:
4414:
4377:
4364:
4344:
4311:
4286:
4261:
4229:
4204:
4179:
4151:
4108:. New York: Routledge. p.
3903:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011).
3838:Armenian revolutionary movement
3826:
3580:Independent Republic of Armenia
3568:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
3271:Territorial disputes of Armenia
3088:Nakhichivan Autonomous Republic
3004:, the Ottoman Empire had taken
2487:Armenian resistance (1914â1918)
2165:Committee of Union and Progress
1854:Ottoman gendarme stopped three
1712:
1175:, who later went into exile in
959:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
529:Committee of Union and Progress
441:ŐŐĄŐ” ŐĄŐŠŐŁŐĄŐ”Ő«Ő¶-ŐĄŐŠŐĄŐżŐĄŐŁÖŐĄŐŻŐĄŐ¶ Ő·ŐĄÖŐȘŐžÖŐŽ
366:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
18:Armenian Revolutionary Movement
7003:Ankara EsenboÄa Airport attack
6963:Occupation of the Ottoman Bank
6764:Defunct militant organizations
6737:Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party
6483:Resistance during the genocide
6358:Political and military leaders
5779:The adventures of Dunsterforce
5550:Richard G. Hovannisian, 2003,
4748:Libaridian, Gerard J. (2004).
4186:Libaridian, Gerard J. (1991).
4058:
4033:
4000:
3971:
3946:
3921:
3896:
3305:and a peace delegation led by
3119:Paris Peace Conference of 1919
3092:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
2909:Russian provisional government
2863:was officially established in
2559:. A representative meeting of
1563:and one of the founder of the
1512:national awakening of Bulgaria
1375:Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878
742:Armenian National Constitution
583:Bolshevik Government in Russia
13:
1:
8078:National liberation movements
6783:New Armenian Resistance Group
6407:Kum Kapu demonstration (1890)
6302:A Modern History of the Kurds
5709:The Defense of Van, Parts 1-2
4597:Richard G. (EDT) Hovannisian
4133:Reynolds, Michael A. (2011).
3814:
2477:Activities during World War I
2316:under the command of Colonel
2199:1908 Ottoman general election
2052:independent Kurd principality
1292:
627:Rise of nationalism in Europe
6968:Yıldız assassination attempt
6422:Ottoman Bank Takeover (1896)
6355:Persecution of the Armenians
6194:Erickson, Edward J. (2001).
6185:. Hairenik Pub. Co. p.
6139:
5987:Republic of Armenia, Vol. II
5974:Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV
5584:Shirakian, Arshavir (1976).
5361:39 (Spring 1968), pp. 29-89.
4318:Midlarsky, Manus I. (2005).
4243:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
3834:Armenian liberation movement
3685:Achievements of the movement
3433:Red Army invasion of Armenia
3159:Sinai and Palestine Campaign
3135:Armenian National Delegation
3133:Officially presented by the
2579:
2493:Armenian congress at Erzurum
1799:Yıldız assassination attempt
1561:Armenian National Delegation
552:Ottoman Ministry of Interior
7:
7914:Armenian Brotherhood Church
7909:Armenian Evangelical Church
7260:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
7024:Provisional Republic of Van
6953:Armenian national awakening
6793:Armenian Revolutionary Army
6732:National Revival of Artsakh
6146:Nalbandian, Louise (1963).
6000:Republic of Armenia, Vol. I
5554:, Mazda Publishers, p.367,
5033:Military history: Volume 12
4293:Dadrian, Vahakn N. (2003).
4268:Balakian, Grigoris (2010).
3846:Armenian volunteer movement
3842:(Armenian) Fedayee movement
3804:Military history of Armenia
3797:
3070:forces took Baku after the
3033:client state proclaimed in
2680:and 4th battalion by Keri (
2523:) and Ottoman liaisons Dr.
2403:the decree of June 12, 1903
2386:Activities (Russian Empire)
2091:Caucasian Cossack Regiments
1605:Activities (Ottoman Empire)
1508:Catholicos Mgrdich Khrimian
1433:which included "Article 61"
1391:Russo-Turkish War (1877â78)
1055:
921:Armenian national awakening
653:1826-1828 Russo-Persian War
558:joined the Russian army as
479:Armenian national awakening
181:Christianization of Armenia
10:
8094:
7384:Armenian national movement
6988:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
6958:Armenian national movement
6432:Khanasor Expedition (1897)
6417:Zeitun rebellion (1895â96)
6402:Gugunian Expedition (1890)
6340:Armenian national movement
6202:Greenwood Publishing Group
5867:"More British in Russia,"
5682:Aya, ĆĂŒkrĂŒ Server (2008).
4100:Ishkanian, Armine (2008).
4007:Panossian, Razmik (2006).
3731:
3498:
3358:
3274:
3027:Centrocaspian Dictatorship
2992:The original plan for the
2599:Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov
2480:
2437:
2394:
2247:
2061:
2033:ArmenianâKurdish relations
2030:
1935:
1900:Diyarbekir/Aleppo Vilayets
1832:
1772:1896 Ottoman Bank Takeover
1735:
1581:as early as in the 1890s.
1439:
918:
817:1897 Russian Empire Census
754:Armenian National Assembly
624:
620:
433:Armenian national movement
246:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
206:Muslim conquest of Armenia
8073:Modern history of Armenia
7999:
7939:
7899:Armenian Apostolic Church
7889:
7822:
7735:
7726:
7704:
7636:
7627:
7576:National Security Service
7514:
7505:
7421:
7412:
7401:
7379:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
7366:
7348:First Republic of Armenia
7340:
7295:1508â1828 Iranian Armenia
7237:
7114:
7096:
7029:First Republic of Armenia
7016:
6945:
6801:
6694:
6666:
6380:Battle of Halidzor (1727)
6346:
6179:; Aram Torossian (1918).
5661:. Macmillan. p. 78.
4873:Melkonian, Monte (1990).
4620:Chahinian, Talar (2008).
3874:Chahinian, Talar (2008).
3787:
3773:
3704:First Republic of Armenia
3521:Turkish National Movement
3057:, though there were some
2987:First Republic of Armenia
2918:On December 5, 1917, the
2806:which lasted until 1918.
2794:, popularly known as the
2612:Armenian National Council
2192:Second Constitutional Era
2150:Second Constitutional Era
2140:Second Constitutional Era
2124:Abdul Hamid II's position
1965:was formerly part of the
1949:was formerly part of the
1782:instigated by the Sultan
1480:1877â78 Russo-Turkish War
980:Demographics of Armenians
733:' or the "loyal millet".
568:Armenian National Council
440:
356:First Republic of Armenia
231:Principality of Hamamshen
101:LchashenâMetsamor culture
91:TrialetiâVanadzor culture
7904:Armenian Catholic Church
7519:Administrative divisions
7008:1983 Orly Airport attack
6878:Militants and commanders
6701:Active political parties
6599:Armenian volunteer units
6300:McDowall, David (2004).
6291:Hooman, Peimani (2009).
5873:, August 17, 1918, p. 1.
5657:Herrera, Hayden (2005).
5634:
5083:, Fatma MĂŒge Göçek, and
4040:Kirakosyan, Jon (1992).
3978:Nichanian, Marc (2002).
3728:Timeline of the movement
3297:On September 24 and the
3281:ArmenianâAzerbaijani War
3175:Trabzon peace conference
2569:Armenian volunteer units
2440:Armenian-Tatar massacres
2296:army, alongside general
1592:. Its goal was that the
560:Armenian volunteer units
8063:20th century in Armenia
8058:19th century in Armenia
7481:Shikahogh State Reserve
7132:ShulaveriâShomu culture
6452:Battle of Sulukh (1907)
6375:Syunik rebellion (1722)
6266:Hovannisian, Richard G.
6157:Missen, Leslie (1984).
5940:Hovannisian, Richard G.
4780:Redgate, Anne Elizabeth
4422:Hovannisian, Richard G.
3928:Rodogn, Davide (2011).
3844:, (ÖŐ«Ő€ŐĄŐ”ŐĄŐŻŐĄŐ¶ Ő·ŐĄÖŐȘŐžÖŐŽ),
3766:. The events under the
3171:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3125:Path to Unified Armenia
3029:was a short-lived anti-
2979:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2933:
2874:
2785:
2603:viceroy of the Caucasus
2505:Armenian reform package
2461:Tribune of People, 1912
2446:1905 Russian Revolution
2368:Armenian reform package
2353:Armenian reform package
2078:Persian Cossack Brigade
2064:Armenian reform program
2058:Security, Reform, Order
2027:Armenian reform program
1979:First Zeitun resistance
1886:Holy Apostles Monastery
1431:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
961:as much as to those in
651:. In the middle of the
554:, tens of thousands of
533:Armenian reform package
266:Principality of Khachen
131:Urartu (Kingdom of Van)
76:ShulaveriâShomu culture
59:Coat of Arms of Armenia
8053:20th-century conflicts
8048:19th-century conflicts
7952:Armenian eternity sign
7714:South Caucasus Railway
6605:French Armenian Legion
6412:Sasun rebellion (1894)
6392:Zeitun uprising (1862)
6177:Pasdermadjian, Garegin
6116:: CS1 maint: others (
6012:Kinross, Lord (1992).
5852:Hovannisian, Richard G
5586:Ktakn Är nahataknerowa
5552:Armenian Karin/Erzerum
5261:Zapotoczny, Walter S.
4897:Sir Robert W. Graves,
3725:
3711:Richard G. Hovannisian
3699:
3529:French Armenian Legion
3516:
3510:French Armenian Legion
3311:Treaty of Alexandropol
3294:
3142:
3139:Paris Peace Conference
3025:On July 26, 1918, the
2900:
2861:French Armenian Legion
2857:François Georges-Picot
2832:
2804:provisional government
2275:1912, Zoravar Andranik
2194:
2003:, it was decided send
1770:The ARF undertook the
1760:Kum Kapu demonstration
1369:Nerses II Varzhapetyan
942:
897:Mamure-ul-Azil Vilayet
781:
643:were living among the
493:, particularly in the
60:
7325:Treaty of Turkmenchay
6758:National United Party
6727:National Agenda Party
6442:Sasun uprising (1904)
6397:Bashkale clash (1889)
6220:MĂ©ndez, Rafael MĂ©ndez
5803:, pp. 2766â2772)
5782:. E. Arnold. p.
5684:The genocide of truth
5173:Hovannisian, Richard
5099:and Ezel Kural Shaw,
3715:
3697:
3508:
3288:
3226:Aharonyan signed the
3177:and on June 4, 1918,
3167:armistice of Erzincan
3163:Mesopotamian Campaign
3132:
2920:armistice of Erzincan
2898:
2849:Sykes-Picot Agreement
2823:
2758:Hampartsoum Boyadjian
2590:Imperial Russian Army
2521:Khatchatour Maloumian
2345:Karekin Pastermadjian
2318:Aleksandar Protogerov
2312:Third Brigade of the
2241:Karekin Pastermadjian
2180:Karekin Pastermadjian
2178:
2156:within the bounds of
2146:Young Turk Revolution
2118:Young Turk Revolution
1792:Karekin Pastirmaciyan
1780:pogroms and massacres
1492:Treaty of San Stefano
1410:included "Article 16"
1408:San Stefano Agreement
1354:Beginning with 1863,
1233:Young Armenia Society
1173:Mëkërtich Portukalian
1167:" was established in
932:
767:
668:Treaty of Turkmenchay
519:Young Turk Revolution
241:Kingdom of Vaspurakan
58:
8068:Armenian nationalism
7646:AMX (stock exchange)
6973:Battle of Sardarabad
6778:Army of Independence
6660:Armenian nationalism
5740:Cahoon, Ben (2000).
3622:improve this section
3543:Cilicia Peace Treaty
3466:Christophor Araratov
3393:improve this section
3299:TurkishâArmenian War
3277:TurkishâArmenian War
3147:Armistice of Moudros
2678:Hamazasp Srvandztian
2666:Battle of Sarikamish
2182:, ARF deputy of the
1995:took place in 1895.
1977:ineffective. In the
1892:, in November 1901.
1704:class=notpageimage|
1501:. Article 61 of the
1476:protection extortion
1449:Herzegovina uprising
1237:Kristapor Mikayelian
1080:Christapor Mikaelian
974:Armenian nationalism
877:Diyùr-ı Bekr Vilayet
788:, sought to convert
676:Treaty of Adrianople
467:Age of Enlightenment
371:Contemporary Armenia
7656:Central Depository
7358:Independent Armenia
7137:KuraâAraxes culture
7044:Republic of Artsakh
7039:Republic of Armenia
6075:Mountainous Armenia
5884:Republic of Armenia
4838:, pp. 145â147)
4385:Suny, Ronald Grigor
4370:Giuzalian, Garnik.
4247:. pp. 19, 42.
4066:Chalabian, Antranig
3850:Armenian revolution
3527:ensued against the
3450:Daniel Bek-Pirumyan
3307:Alexander Khatisian
3169:, on March 3, 1918
3145:On October 30, the
3111:Armistice of Mudros
2983:conference was held
2928:Transcaucasian Seim
2881:February Revolution
2843:. Foreign Minister
2519:), and E. Aknouni (
2325:Siege of Adrianople
2282:At the time of the
2263:1913, Garegin Njdeh
2184:Chamber of Deputies
2163:Once in power, the
2116:In 1908, after the
1871:Khanasor Expedition
1588:was established in
1260:Western governments
1245:Gugunian Expedition
1210:Christopher Ohanian
1120:Christopher Ohanian
953:and socialist. The
790:Gregorian Armenians
758:Armenian newspapers
637:rise of nationalism
615:Republic of Armenia
572:Republic of Armenia
376:Republic of Artsakh
126:Nairi Confederation
81:KuraâAraxes culture
7686:Telecommunications
7607:more on government
7431:Armenian highlands
7209:Kingdom of Armenia
7202:Satrapy of Armenia
7017:Political entities
6867:Rafayel Ishkhanian
6817:Mikayel Nalbandian
6463:Hamidian massacres
6427:Van Defense (1896)
5870:The New York Times
5572:Pasdermadjian 1918
5517:Pasdermadjian 1918
5081:Ronald Grigor Suny
4993:St. Martin's Press
4239:, Anahide (1984).
4159:Chalabian, Antrang
3832:also known as the
3700:
3674:Soghomon Tehlirian
3517:
3514:Franco-Turkish War
3501:Franco-Turkish War
3295:
3143:
3115:William M. Thomson
2998:Tovmas Nazarbekian
2996:was to consist of
2924:October Revolution
2901:
2890:Tovmas Nazarbekian
2833:
2776:The Twenty Martyrs
2774:On June 15, 1915,
2497:Ottoman government
2372:Bergmann Offensive
2335:The reform package
2195:
2072:Hamidiye (cavalry)
1955:Diyarbakır vilayet
1938:Diyarbekir Vilayet
1863:Hamidian Massacres
1805:on July 21, 1905.
1516:self-determination
1499:Congress of Berlin
1426:Congress of Berlin
1309:Nerses Varjabedian
1194:Avetis Nazarbekian
1104:Avetis Nazarbekian
782:
564:October Revolution
544:Ottoman government
503:Kurdish irregulars
465:Influenced by the
276:Kingdom of Cilicia
256:Kingdom of Artsakh
236:Kingdom of Armenia
226:Emirate of Armenia
186:Kingdom of Sophene
166:Kingdom of Armenia
156:Satrapy of Armenia
61:
8030:
8029:
7995:
7994:
7847:Ethnic minorities
7722:
7721:
7623:
7622:
7586:Political parties
7571:National Assembly
7539:Foreign relations
7501:
7500:
7399:
7398:
7374:Armenian genocide
7255:Bagratuni Armenia
7224:Byzantine Armenia
7197:Achaemenid Empire
7182:Kingdom of Urartu
7052:
7051:
6983:Karabakh movement
6978:February Uprising
6812:Khachatur Abovian
6619:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6561:Political parties
6546:Drastamat Kanayan
6475:Armenian genocide
6369:Until World War I
6211:978-0-313-31516-9
5985:See Hovannisian.
5886:, pp. 88â90.
5838:978-90-8964-183-0
5560:978-1-56859-151-3
5532:, pp. 43â44)
5505:978-0-8166-0575-0
5416:978-0-691-02549-0
5164:, pp. 61â62)
5138:, pp. 59â60)
5097:Shaw, Stanford J.
5066:, pp. 42â47)
4884:978-0-9641569-1-3
4795:978-0-631-22037-4
4765:978-0-7658-0205-7
4563:Dadrian, Vahakn N
4072:. Southfield, MI.
3984:Gomidas Institute
3982:. Princeton, NJ:
3770:are not covered.
3748:Armenian diaspora
3666:Armenian genocide
3662:Operation Nemesis
3658:
3657:
3650:
3590:Operation Nemesis
3519:In January 1920,
3429:
3428:
3421:
3252:Wilsonian Armenia
3232:Wilsonian Armenia
3230:formulating the "
3151:Caucasus Campaign
2752:of April 24, 1915
2725:Drastamat Kanayan
2670:Caucasus Campaign
2561:Russian Armenians
2537:Russian Armenians
2483:Armenian genocide
2357:Dutch East Indies
2068:Kurdish chiefdoms
1873:was the Armenian
1850:In May 1889, the
1696:
1668:
1640:
1594:Armenian diaspora
1538:Armenian diaspora
1528:Tsar Alexander II
1523:William Gladstone
1457:Kumanovo uprising
1442:Armenian question
1406:Negotiations for
1349:Raphael Patkanian
1345:Mikael Nalbandian
1202:Gevorg Gharadjian
1112:Gevorg Gharadjian
968:The discovery of
928:French Revolution
905:Trebizond Vilayet
893:Kastamonu Vilayet
805:Tsar Alexander II
798:French Revolution
770:Armenian Highland
738:Ottoman Armenians
617:was established.
611:Armenian diaspora
599:friendship treaty
587:Ankara government
576:Southern Caucasus
556:Russian Armenians
548:Armenian genocide
499:guerrilla warfare
471:French Revolution
429:
428:
336:National movement
326:Armenian genocide
321:Armenian question
251:Kingdom of Syunik
196:Byzantine Armenia
16:(Redirected from
8085:
8015:
8008:
7733:
7732:
7696:Waste management
7634:
7633:
7512:
7511:
7419:
7418:
7407:
7320:Karabakh Khanate
7229:Sasanian Armenia
7112:
7111:
7108:
7079:
7072:
7065:
7056:
7055:
6993:Khojaly massacre
6922:Movses Gorgisyan
6862:Silva Kaputikyan
6847:Avetis Aharonian
6827:Mkrtich Khrimian
6658:
6657:
6646:
6639:
6632:
6623:
6622:
6500:Shabin-Karahisar
6349:
6348:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6296:
6287:
6275:
6261:
6237:
6215:
6190:
6172:
6153:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6115:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6088:
6077:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6056:. 28 August 2007
6046:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6032:
6009:
6003:
5996:
5990:
5989:, p. 192, map 4.
5983:
5977:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5936:
5930:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5908:. 1919. p.
5903:
5893:
5887:
5880:
5874:
5865:
5859:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5822:
5816:
5813:Firuz Kazemzadeh
5810:
5804:
5797:
5788:
5787:
5773:
5767:
5764:Hovannisian 1967
5760:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5744:. WorldStatesmen
5737:
5731:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5630:
5624:
5619:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5581:
5575:
5568:
5562:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5533:
5530:Hovannisian 1967
5526:
5520:
5513:
5507:
5497:
5491:
5488:
5471:
5468:
5462:
5452:
5446:
5443:
5434:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5402:
5393:
5390:
5384:
5381:
5375:
5368:
5362:
5355:
5349:
5346:Hovannisian 1967
5342:
5336:
5335:
5315:
5309:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5274:
5268:. Archived from
5267:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5243:
5240:
5234:
5227:
5218:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5186:
5171:
5165:
5158:
5152:
5145:
5139:
5132:
5126:
5123:
5117:
5110:
5104:
5094:
5088:
5073:
5067:
5060:
5051:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5028:
5022:
5015:
5009:
5002:
4996:
4985:
4979:
4972:
4966:
4959:
4950:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4932:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4851:. Archived from
4845:
4839:
4832:
4823:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4745:
4739:
4729:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4689:
4683:
4676:
4665:
4658:
4652:
4645:
4636:
4635:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4602:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4572:
4559:
4553:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4533:
4525:
4519:
4512:
4501:
4494:
4488:
4481:
4468:
4467:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4381:
4375:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4360:. Watertown, MA.
4348:
4342:
4341:
4325:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4245:Zoryan Institute
4233:
4227:
4226:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4107:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4073:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4014:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3871:
3852:
3830:
3789:
3723:
3722:R.G. Hovannisian
3681:
3653:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3633:
3602:
3594:
3547:Treaty of Ankara
3536:Sarkis Torossian
3525:Battle of Marash
3470:Dmitry Mirimanov
3424:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3373:
3365:
3228:Treaty of SĂšvres
3217:Jaques Bagratuni
3209:Avetis Aharonyan
3155:Persian Campaign
3102:, and Zangezur.
3047:Colonel Avetisov
3037:, forged by the
2963:Andranik in 1918
2960:
2946:
2815:Battle of Bitlis
2719:Persian Campaign
2715:Battle of Dilman
2703:
2648:
2633:
2525:Behaeddin Shakir
2501:Ottoman Armenian
2306:First Balkan War
2272:
2260:
2106:Battle of Sulukh
1993:Zeitun Rebellion
1986:Sasun resistance
1926:
1912:
1894:Andranik Ozanian
1821:
1762:occurred in the
1748:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1559:chairman of the
1550:
1530:'s idealism nor
1503:Treaty of Berlin
1455:and the Serbian
1451:, the Bulgarian
1421:
1403:
1387:
1361:Mkrtich Khrimian
1341:Ardzvi Vaspurkan
1323:Mkrtich Khrimian
1319:
1305:
1218:Manuel Manuelian
1198:Mariam Vardanian
1148:(later known as
1128:Manuel Manuelian
1108:Mariam Vardanian
1096:
1068:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
915:National Revival
727:Edict of GĂŒlhane
688:Ottoman Armenian
442:
421:
414:
407:
289:Early modern age
201:Sasanian Armenia
48:
30:
29:
21:
8093:
8092:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8026:
8018:
8011:
8004:
7991:
7972:National anthem
7935:
7885:
7818:
7718:
7700:
7661:Dram (currency)
7619:
7497:
7408:
7395:
7362:
7336:
7332:Russian Armenia
7290:Ottoman Armenia
7233:
7219:Parthian Empire
7192:Orontid dynasty
7102:
7101:
7092:
7083:
7053:
7048:
7012:
6941:
6937:Jirair Sefilian
6932:Vazgen Sargsyan
6927:Monte Melkonian
6872:Monte Melkonian
6797:
6768:Armenian fedayi
6753:Armenakan Party
6749:Defunct parties
6690:
6662:
6652:
6650:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6555:
6514:
6456:
6342:
6337:
6284:
6258:
6234:
6212:
6169:
6142:
6137:
6129:
6125:
6109:
6108:
6102:
6100:
6090:
6089:
6080:
6073:
6069:
6059:
6057:
6054:The Independent
6048:
6047:
6043:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6010:
6006:
5997:
5993:
5984:
5980:
5971:
5967:
5960:
5937:
5933:
5928:
5924:
5914:
5912:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5881:
5877:
5866:
5862:
5850:
5846:
5839:
5823:
5819:
5811:
5807:
5798:
5791:
5774:
5770:
5766:, pp. 198)
5761:
5757:
5747:
5745:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5725:
5720:
5716:
5705:
5701:
5694:
5680:
5676:
5669:
5655:
5651:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5605:
5582:
5578:
5569:
5565:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5536:
5527:
5523:
5514:
5510:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5474:
5469:
5465:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5437:
5428:
5424:
5417:
5403:
5396:
5391:
5387:
5382:
5378:
5369:
5365:
5359:Armenian Review
5356:
5352:
5343:
5339:
5332:
5316:
5312:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5278:
5276:
5275:on 25 July 2011
5272:
5265:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5228:
5221:
5212:
5208:
5200:
5189:
5172:
5168:
5159:
5155:
5146:
5142:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5111:
5107:
5095:
5091:
5074:
5070:
5061:
5054:
5048:Nalbandian 1963
5045:
5041:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5021:, pp. 10?)
5019:Nalbandian 1963
5016:
5012:
5006:Nalbandian 1963
5003:
4999:
4986:
4982:
4978:, pp. 119)
4976:Nalbandian 1963
4973:
4969:
4963:Nalbandian 1963
4960:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4929:Nalbandian 1963
4926:
4922:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4871:
4867:
4858:
4856:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4836:Nalbandian 1963
4833:
4826:
4820:Nalbandian 1963
4817:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4796:
4777:
4773:
4766:
4746:
4742:
4730:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4703:
4699:
4690:
4686:
4680:Nalbandian 1963
4677:
4668:
4662:Nalbandian 1963
4659:
4655:
4649:Nalbandian 1963
4646:
4639:
4632:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4560:
4556:
4547:
4543:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4518:, pp. 237)
4513:
4504:
4498:Armenian People
4495:
4491:
4487:, pp. 236)
4482:
4471:
4464:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4382:
4378:
4369:
4365:
4357:Armenian Review
4352:Vratsian, Simon
4349:
4345:
4338:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4098:
4091:
4075:
4074:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3986:. p. 172.
3976:
3972:
3965:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3878:. Los Angeles:
3872:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3800:
3776:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3692:
3687:
3660:
3654:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3619:
3603:
3592:
3555:
3503:
3497:
3489:Askanaz Mravian
3462:Movses Silikyan
3425:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3390:
3374:
3363:
3357:
3303:Kùzım Karabekir
3283:
3273:
3268:
3205:
3203:
3184:
3179:Treaty of Batum
3127:
3019:Treaty of Batum
2968:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2936:
2877:
2845:Aristide Briand
2829:Republic of Van
2796:Republic of Van
2788:
2731:, Toutakh, and
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2682:Arshak Gavafian
2662:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2582:
2577:
2557:Russian Armenia
2499:of the CUP and
2489:
2479:
2463:
2442:
2436:
2424:Prince Golitsin
2399:
2393:
2388:
2380:Armenian Church
2337:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2250:
2173:
2142:
2126:
2074:
2060:
2035:
2029:
1959:Batman Province
1951:sanjak of Siirt
1944:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1902:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1811:
1809:Lake Van Region
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1738:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1623:
1607:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1514:as a model for
1461:Treaty of Paris
1444:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1377:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1295:
1235:was founded by
1206:Ruben Khan-Azat
1144:(Hunchak), and
1140:(Dashnak), the
1134:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1116:Ruben Khan-Azat
1097:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1069:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
982:
963:Russian Armenia
939:
937:
935:
923:
917:
881:Erzurum Vilayet
794:William Goodell
746:Armenian millet
731:millet-i sadika
692:Russian Armenia
656:Tsar Nicholas I
633:
623:
605:, of which the
570:proclaimed the
511:Armenakan Party
509:(Hunchak), the
456:Russian Empires
425:
381:
380:
361:Armenian S.S.R.
351:
341:
340:
331:Western Armenia
316:Armenian Oblast
311:Russian Armenia
306:Ottoman Armenia
296:Iranian Armenia
291:
281:
280:
261:Zakarid Armenia
221:
211:
210:
171:Armenian Empire
151:
141:
140:
71:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8091:
8081:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8028:
8027:
8025:
8024:
8017:
8016:
8009:
8001:
8000:
7997:
7996:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7947:Armenian Cross
7943:
7941:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7895:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7828:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7788:
7787:
7782:
7772:
7767:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7736:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7710:
7708:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7676:Pension reform
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7637:
7631:
7625:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7617:
7610:
7603:
7598:
7596:Prime Minister
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7557:
7556:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7515:
7509:
7503:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7466:Municipalities
7463:
7458:
7453:
7451:Extreme points
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7422:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7370:
7368:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7355:
7353:Soviet Armenia
7350:
7344:
7342:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7315:Erivan Khanate
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7241:
7239:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7194:
7189:
7187:Median kingdom
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7118:
7116:
7109:
7094:
7093:
7082:
7081:
7074:
7067:
7059:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6949:
6947:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6917:Hagop Hagopian
6914:
6912:Garegin Nzhdeh
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6892:Kevork Chavush
6889:
6884:
6879:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6857:Kevork Ajemian
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6837:Garegin Nzhdeh
6834:
6832:Shahan Natalie
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6746:
6745:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6713:
6707:
6705:Adequate Party
6702:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6681:
6676:
6674:United Armenia
6670:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6649:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6626:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6602:
6596:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6576:
6570:
6563:
6562:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6551:Garegin Nzhdeh
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6531:Kevork Chavush
6528:
6523:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6472:
6469:Adana massacre
6466:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6371:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6336:
6335:
6328:
6321:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6304:. I.B. Tauris.
6297:
6288:
6282:
6262:
6256:
6238:
6232:
6216:
6210:
6191:
6173:
6167:
6154:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6123:
6078:
6067:
6041:
6024:
6004:
6002:, pp. 243-247.
5991:
5978:
5976:, pp. 394-396.
5965:
5958:
5931:
5922:
5888:
5875:
5860:
5844:
5837:
5817:
5805:
5789:
5768:
5755:
5732:
5723:
5714:
5699:
5692:
5674:
5667:
5649:
5625:
5614:
5603:
5576:
5574:, pp. 21)
5563:
5543:
5534:
5521:
5519:, pp. 17)
5508:
5492:
5472:
5463:
5459:A Shameful Act
5447:
5435:
5422:
5415:
5394:
5385:
5376:
5363:
5350:
5348:, pp. 39)
5337:
5330:
5310:
5295:
5286:
5253:
5244:
5235:
5233:, pp. 44)
5219:
5217:, pp. 61)
5206:
5187:
5166:
5153:
5151:, pp. 60)
5140:
5127:
5118:
5116:, pp. 59)
5105:
5089:
5085:Norman Naimark
5068:
5052:
5039:
5023:
5010:
5008:, pp. 80)
4997:
4980:
4967:
4965:, pp. 84)
4951:
4942:
4933:
4931:, pp. 76)
4920:
4911:
4902:
4890:
4883:
4865:
4840:
4824:
4822:, pp. 86)
4811:
4802:
4794:
4771:
4764:
4740:
4721:
4709:
4697:
4684:
4682:, pp. 52)
4666:
4664:, pp. 51)
4653:
4651:, pp. 48)
4637:
4630:
4624:. p. 27.
4612:
4603:
4590:
4583:
4554:
4541:
4520:
4502:
4489:
4469:
4462:
4441:
4434:
4413:
4403:
4376:
4363:
4343:
4336:
4310:
4303:
4285:
4278:
4260:
4253:
4228:
4221:
4203:
4196:
4178:
4171:
4150:
4143:
4125:
4118:
4089:
4057:
4050:
4032:
4025:
3999:
3992:
3970:
3963:
3945:
3938:
3920:
3913:
3895:
3888:
3882:. p. 27.
3862:
3861:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3780:Harissa (dish)
3775:
3772:
3744:Russian Empire
3740:Ottoman Empire
3729:
3726:
3719:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3670:Shahan Natalie
3656:
3655:
3606:
3604:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3576:Garegin Nzhdeh
3554:
3551:
3496:
3493:
3481:Treaty of Kars
3427:
3426:
3377:
3375:
3368:
3356:
3353:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:Woodrow Wilson
3256:Armenian state
3244:Woodrow Wilson
3186:
3173:, on March 14
3126:
3123:
3072:Battle of Baku
2962:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2876:
2873:
2869:Edmund Allenby
2853:Sir Mark Sykes
2787:
2784:
2780:Bayazid Square
2705:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2636:3rd Battalion
2635:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2601:, the Russian
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:Armed movement
2573:
2513:Arshak Vramian
2509:Simon Vratsian
2478:
2475:
2462:
2459:
2435:
2432:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2361:Norwegian Army
2336:
2333:
2298:Garegin Nzhdeh
2274:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2172:
2169:
2141:
2138:
2130:Abdul Hamid II
2125:
2122:
2110:Kevork Chavush
2059:
2056:
2028:
2025:
2017:Sasun Uprising
1967:Aleppo Vilayet
1942:Aleppo Vilayet
1928:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1867:Defense of Van
1852:Bashkale Clash
1839:Bitlis Vilayet
1823:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1784:Abdul Hamid II
1774:, seizing the
1750:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1722:Abdul Hamid II
1714:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1672:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1644:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1555:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1484:Russian Empire
1453:April Uprising
1423:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1321:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1226:main newspaper
1214:Gabriel Kafian
1163:In 1885, the "
1124:Gabriel Kafian
1098:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1084:Simon Zavarian
1070:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:
981:
978:
916:
913:
869:Bitlis Vilayet
865:Ankara Vilayet
861:Aleppo Vilayet
803:In the 1880s,
778:Russian Empire
774:Ottoman Empire
708:initiated the
649:Russian Empire
645:Ottoman Empire
622:
619:
491:Kurdish tribes
487:Armenian elite
460:Armenian state
427:
426:
424:
423:
416:
409:
401:
398:
397:
383:
382:
379:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
352:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
301:Five Melikdoms
298:
292:
287:
286:
283:
282:
279:
278:
273:
271:Mongol Armenia
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
222:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
152:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
86:Legend of Hayk
83:
78:
72:
67:
66:
63:
62:
51:
50:
41:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8090:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8023:
8020:
8019:
8014:
8010:
8007:
8003:
8002:
7998:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7932:
7931:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7888:
7882:
7881:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7869:Social issues
7867:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7765:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7725:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7707:
7703:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7626:
7616:
7615:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7516:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7504:
7494:
7493:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7423:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7406:
7392:
7391:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7333:
7330:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7305:Afsharid Iran
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7214:Roman Armenia
7212:
7210:
7207:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7110:
7106:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7080:
7075:
7073:
7068:
7066:
7061:
7060:
7057:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6944:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6902:Aram Manukian
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6887:Aghbiur Serob
6885:
6883:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6852:Hayk Asatryan
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6695:Organizations
6693:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6680:
6679:Tseghakronism
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6656:
6647:
6642:
6640:
6635:
6633:
6628:
6627:
6624:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6584:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6541:Aram Manukian
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6526:Aghbiur Serob
6524:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6341:
6334:
6329:
6327:
6322:
6320:
6315:
6314:
6311:
6303:
6298:
6294:
6289:
6285:
6283:0-520-00574-0
6279:
6274:
6273:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6257:0-8050-7932-7
6253:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6233:1-903656-19-2
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6198:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6168:0-86307-181-3
6164:
6160:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6132:
6127:
6119:
6113:
6099:
6095:
6094:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6076:
6071:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6038:
6027:
6025:9780688112837
6021:
6017:
6016:
6008:
6001:
5998:Hovannisian.
5995:
5988:
5982:
5975:
5972:Hovannisian.
5969:
5961:
5959:0-520-08804-2
5955:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5935:
5926:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5882:Hovannisian.
5879:
5872:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5853:
5848:
5840:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5821:
5814:
5809:
5802:
5796:
5794:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5772:
5765:
5759:
5743:
5736:
5727:
5718:
5710:
5703:
5695:
5693:9789756516249
5689:
5685:
5678:
5670:
5668:9781466817081
5664:
5660:
5653:
5637:
5629:
5623:
5618:
5612:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5538:
5531:
5525:
5518:
5512:
5506:
5502:
5496:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5467:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5442:
5440:
5432:
5431:Les Arméniens
5426:
5418:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5399:
5389:
5380:
5373:
5367:
5360:
5354:
5347:
5341:
5333:
5331:9781412833165
5327:
5323:
5322:
5314:
5308:
5304:
5303:Philip Mansel
5299:
5290:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5248:
5239:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5216:
5215:McDowall 2004
5210:
5203:
5202:Denise Natali
5198:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5184:
5183:0-312-10168-6
5180:
5176:
5170:
5163:
5162:McDowall 2004
5157:
5150:
5149:McDowall 2004
5144:
5137:
5136:McDowall 2004
5131:
5122:
5115:
5114:McDowall 2004
5109:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5065:
5064:McDowall 2004
5059:
5057:
5050:, p. 74)
5049:
5043:
5035:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5014:
5007:
5001:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4977:
4971:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4946:
4937:
4930:
4924:
4915:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4886:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4855:on 2018-07-09
4854:
4850:
4844:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4821:
4815:
4806:
4797:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4785:The Armenians
4781:
4775:
4767:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4744:
4738:
4737:975-7430-00-5
4734:
4728:
4726:
4718:
4713:
4706:
4701:
4694:
4688:
4681:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4663:
4657:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4633:
4631:9780549722977
4627:
4623:
4616:
4607:
4600:
4594:
4586:
4584:1-57181-666-6
4580:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4551:
4545:
4537:
4536:Faith Matters
4530:
4524:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4499:
4496:Bournoutian.
4493:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4465:
4463:9781412844680
4459:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4437:
4435:9780312048471
4431:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4410:
4406:
4404:9780253207739
4400:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4373:
4367:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4339:
4337:9781139445399
4333:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4314:
4306:
4304:9781412841191
4300:
4296:
4289:
4281:
4279:9781400096770
4275:
4271:
4264:
4256:
4254:9780916431044
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4237:Ter Minassian
4232:
4224:
4222:9788772887081
4218:
4214:
4207:
4199:
4197:9780962871511
4193:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4172:9781604440782
4168:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4146:
4144:9781139494120
4140:
4136:
4129:
4121:
4119:9780203929223
4115:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4096:
4094:
4085:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4053:
4051:9780943071145
4047:
4043:
4036:
4028:
4026:9780231511339
4022:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4003:
3995:
3993:9781903656099
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3966:
3964:9781412848343
3960:
3956:
3949:
3941:
3939:9780691151335
3935:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3914:9781598843361
3910:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3889:9780549722977
3885:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3718:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3696:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3652:
3649:
3641:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3607:This section
3605:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3560:Syunik region
3550:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:Joseph Stalin
3451:
3447:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3437:11th Red Army
3434:
3423:
3420:
3412:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3378:This section
3376:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2994:Armenian army
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2959:
2945:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:Hakob Zavriev
2897:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2800:Aram Manukian
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:Mehmed Talaat
2745:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2702:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2639:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2563:assembled in
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:Transcaucasia
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:Stepan Zorian
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2407:anti-clerical
2404:
2398:
2397:Russification
2383:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2302:Boris Sarafov
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2271:
2259:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2050:to found an "
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:Hrayr Dzhoghk
2006:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1971:KahramanmaraĆ
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1953:which was in
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1925:
1911:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1877:'s response.
1876:
1872:
1868:
1865:in 1896, the
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1820:
1806:
1804:
1803:Yıldız Mosque
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1747:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1705:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1614:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:In 1885, the
1582:
1580:
1579:United States
1576:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1526:that neither
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1409:
1402:
1392:
1386:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1318:
1310:
1304:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:Stepan Zorian
1073:
1067:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
997:
995:
991:
987:
977:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:rights of man
941:
931:
929:
922:
912:
910:
906:
902:
901:Sivas Vilayet
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:Ä°zmir Vilayet
882:
878:
874:
873:Bursa Vilayet
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:Adana Vilayet
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
810:
809:Russification
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
779:
775:
771:
766:
762:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
699:Russification
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
632:
628:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
581:By 1920, the
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
438:
434:
422:
417:
415:
410:
408:
403:
402:
400:
399:
396:
392:
388:
385:
384:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
350:
345:
344:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
290:
285:
284:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
220:
215:
214:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
176:Roman Armenia
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
161:Armenia Minor
159:
157:
154:
153:
150:
145:
144:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
70:
65:
64:
57:
53:
52:
49:
43:
42:
37:
32:
31:
19:
7967:Mount Ararat
7957:Coat of arms
7928:
7878:
7824:Demographics
7811:
7745:Architecture
7651:Central Bank
7612:
7605:
7549:Human rights
7524:Constitution
7490:
7486:Shirak Plain
7426:Ararat Plain
7388:
7383:
7300:Safavid Iran
7285:Kara Koyunlu
6957:
6683:
6591:
6339:
6301:
6292:
6271:
6245:
6242:Akçam, Taner
6223:
6195:
6181:
6158:
6148:
6130:
6126:
6101:. Retrieved
6092:
6070:
6060:11 September
6058:. Retrieved
6053:
6044:
6036:
6029:. Retrieved
6014:
6007:
5999:
5994:
5986:
5981:
5973:
5968:
5944:
5934:
5925:
5913:. Retrieved
5904:. New York:
5897:
5891:
5883:
5878:
5868:
5863:
5855:
5847:
5827:
5820:
5808:
5778:
5771:
5758:
5746:. Retrieved
5735:
5726:
5717:
5708:
5702:
5683:
5677:
5658:
5652:
5640:. Retrieved
5628:
5617:
5606:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5566:
5551:
5546:
5537:
5524:
5511:
5495:
5466:
5450:
5433:, pp. 159-62
5430:
5425:
5406:
5388:
5379:
5371:
5366:
5358:
5353:
5340:
5320:
5313:
5298:
5289:
5277:. Retrieved
5270:the original
5256:
5247:
5238:
5209:
5174:
5169:
5156:
5143:
5130:
5121:
5108:
5100:
5092:
5076:
5071:
5042:
5032:
5026:
5013:
5000:
4988:
4983:
4970:
4945:
4936:
4923:
4914:
4905:
4898:
4893:
4874:
4868:
4857:. Retrieved
4853:the original
4843:
4814:
4805:
4784:
4774:
4750:
4743:
4712:
4705:Vital Cuinet
4700:
4692:
4691:G. Warneck,
4687:
4656:
4621:
4615:
4606:
4598:
4593:
4568:
4557:
4549:
4544:
4535:
4523:
4516:Peimani 2009
4497:
4492:
4485:Peimani 2009
4453:
4444:
4425:
4416:
4408:
4389:
4379:
4371:
4366:
4355:
4346:
4321:
4313:
4294:
4288:
4269:
4263:
4240:
4231:
4212:
4206:
4187:
4181:
4162:
4153:
4134:
4128:
4103:
4069:
4060:
4041:
4035:
4010:
4002:
3979:
3973:
3954:
3948:
3929:
3923:
3904:
3898:
3875:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3794:resistance.
3777:
3737:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3659:
3644:
3635:
3620:Please help
3608:
3572:
3556:
3540:
3533:
3518:
3478:
3448:
3444:Boris Legran
3441:
3430:
3415:
3406:
3391:Please help
3379:
3350:
3348:(Zangezur).
3315:
3296:
3225:
3213:Boghos Nubar
3206:
3183:
3144:
3104:
3076:
3043:Baku Commune
3024:
3006:Alexandropol
2991:
2972:
2969:
2949:October 1918
2917:
2902:
2878:
2841:Quai d'Orsay
2837:Boghos Nubar
2834:
2808:
2790:In 1915 the
2789:
2773:
2769:Siege of Van
2766:
2756:
2737:
2723:
2712:
2663:
2620:Alexandrapol
2583:
2490:
2464:
2443:
2416:
2400:
2365:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2322:
2288:
2281:
2239:
2196:
2162:
2154:
2143:
2134:Pan-Islamism
2127:
2115:
2104:At the 1907
2103:
2095:
2075:
2036:
2005:committeemen
1997:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1945:
1879:
1860:
1849:
1842:
1796:
1788:Papken Siuni
1776:Ottoman Bank
1769:
1757:
1716:
1713:Hamidian Era
1583:
1572:
1557:Boghos Nubar
1520:
1496:
1469:
1445:
1424:
1353:
1340:
1337:Hiusissapile
1336:
1332:
1330:
1264:
1250:In 1890 the
1249:
1231:In 1889 the
1230:
1187:
1180:
1162:
1154:
1135:
986:Six vilayets
983:
967:
943:
933:
924:
853:Vital Cuinet
814:
802:
783:
735:
730:
706:AbdĂŒlmecid I
703:
696:
672:declared war
634:
603:Soviet Union
580:
537:
522:
483:Tanzimat Era
464:
443:
432:
430:
335:
111:ArmeâShupria
7987:Pomegranate
7641:Agriculture
7614:on politics
7554:LGBT rights
7446:Earthquakes
7147:Hayasa-Azzi
6607:(1916â1920)
6601:(1914â1917)
5801:Missen 1984
5455:Taner Akcam
4450:Auron, Yair
3458:Great Purge
3338:Nakhichevan
3318:Elizavetpol
3068:Azerbaijani
2811:Halil Pasha
2674:Kars Oblast
2329:Momchilgrad
2284:Balkan Wars
2190:during the
1961:of Turkey.
1861:During the
1835:Van Vilayet
1577:and in the
1488:San Stefano
909:Van Vilayet
903:, 170,433;
883:, 134,967;
871:, 131,300;
841:Chernomorsk
835:, 230,379,
827:, 298,790;
825:Elizavetpol
823:, 439,926;
723:Islamic law
684:Akhaltsikhe
664:Nakhichevan
635:During the
540:World War I
448:World War I
219:Middle Ages
106:Hayasa-Azzi
45:History of
8037:Categories
7792:Literature
7544:Government
7529:Corruption
7456:Lake Sevan
7310:Qajar Iran
7280:Aq Qoyunlu
6907:Armen Garo
6712:(Ramgavar)
6103:2011-02-14
5461:, page 136
5231:Taner 2006
4991:New York.
4859:2006-12-25
4601:, page 198
3815:References
3732:See also:
3678:Azerbaijan
3499:See also:
3359:See also:
3275:See also:
3161:, and the
3100:Nakhchivan
3039:Mensheviks
3011:Sardarapat
2762:Red Sunday
2740:Red Sunday
2733:Malashkert
2656:Sarikamish
2638:Volunteers
2515:, Rostom (
2481:See also:
2438:See also:
2395:See also:
2227:Bulgarians
2158:Ottomanism
2062:See also:
2044:Ubaydullah
2031:See also:
2021:Serob PaĆa
2007:to Sasun.
1936:See also:
1833:See also:
1724:'s reign (
1440:See also:
1293:The Church
1279:Diyarbakır
1177:Marseilles
919:See also:
899:, 79,128;
891:, 48,655;
887:, 15,105;
875:, 88,991;
867:, 94,298;
863:, 37,999;
839:, 52,770;
807:increased
718:Ottomanism
680:Akhalkalak
625:See also:
473:, and the
349:Modern age
69:Prehistory
7842:Education
7706:Transport
7591:President
7561:Judiciary
7534:Elections
7461:Mountains
7414:Geography
7275:Chobanids
7270:Ilkhanate
7265:Sallarids
6744:(Hunchak)
6718:(Dashnak)
6567:Armenakan
6510:Musa Dagh
6465:(1894â96)
6140:Citations
6112:cite book
5642:August 3,
5279:11 August
4800:, p. 276.
4788:. Wiley.
4717:Esat Uras
4078:cite book
3859:Footnotes
3792:Musa Dagh
3756:Armenakan
3638:June 2021
3609:does not
3409:June 2021
3380:does not
3207:In 1919,
3055:Armenians
3051:Baku Army
3022:Armenia.
2886:Petrograd
2831:) in 1916
2817:in 1916.
2729:Alashkert
2652:Volunteer
2594:battalion
2580:1914-1915
2553:Georgians
2529:Ămer Naji
2343:In 1913,
2310:Lozengrad
2294:Bulgarian
2215:Armenians
2207:Albanians
2040:Badrkhans
1856:Armenakan
1532:Gladstone
1472:Nerses II
1365:Jerusalem
1182:L'Armenie
1146:Armenakan
907:, 47,20;
895:, 2,647;
859:, 97,450
847:, 1,652,
845:Daghestan
750:Patriarch
736:In 1863,
704:In 1839,
697:In 1836,
641:Armenians
395:Etymology
191:Commagene
149:Antiquity
8022:Category
7891:Religion
7862:diaspora
7775:Language
7740:Alphabet
7681:Taxation
7566:Military
7507:Politics
7367:By topic
7245:Arminiya
7167:Urumeans
7105:timeline
7090:articles
6897:Andranik
6842:Siamanto
6808:Thinkers
6667:Ideology
6536:Andranik
6268:(1967).
6244:(2006).
6222:(1926).
5942:(1996).
5742:"Turkey"
5635:Ô±Ő¶Ő€ÖŐĄŐ¶Ő«ŐŻ
5429:Ternon.
4782:(2000).
4565:(1995).
4500:, p. 105
4452:(2000).
4424:(1992).
4387:(1993).
4161:(2009).
4068:(1988).
3798:See also
3784:Armenian
3746:and the
3720:â
3342:Karabakh
3246:and the
3096:Karabakh
3079:Zangezur
3059:Russians
2541:Persians
2290:Andranik
2219:Hunchaks
2087:Turcoman
2013:Andranik
1845:Lake Van
1150:Ramgavar
1100:Hentchak
1056:Founding
879:67,718;
843:, 6,223
831:72,967,
776:and the
710:TanzimĂąt
595:Red Army
585:and the
513:and the
437:Armenian
387:Timeline
36:a series
34:Part of
8006:Outline
7977:Apricot
7940:Symbols
7930:more...
7919:Judaism
7880:more...
7813:more...
7807:Theatre
7785:Western
7780:Eastern
7760:Cuisine
7728:Culture
7691:Tourism
7629:Economy
7492:more...
7441:Climate
7390:more...
7172:Diauehi
7152:Mitanni
7122:Origins
7098:History
7086:Armenia
6946:History
6685:Miatsum
6573:Hunchak
6352:History
5915:13 July
5748:July 6,
5622:ĐĐ”ŃĐ°ŃĐžŃ
5598:4836363
5079:, eds.
4995:, 218-9
3630:removed
3615:sources
3485:Yerevan
3401:removed
3386:sources
3326:Yerevan
3137:to the
3083:Yerevan
3064:Ottoman
2813:in the
2717:of the
2616:Yerevan
2419:Gandzak
2411:tsarist
2248:Balkans
2188:Erzurum
2128:Sultan
2083:Kurdish
1875:militia
1764:Kumkapı
1736:Capitol
1429:led to
1241:Fedayee
1190:Hunchak
1157:Erzurum
951:Marxist
660:Yerevan
621:Origins
591:invaded
546:in the
538:During
452:Ottoman
391:Origins
47:Armenia
7857:People
7852:Health
7832:Census
7755:Cinema
7671:Mining
7666:Energy
7581:Police
7471:Rivers
7436:Cities
7341:Modern
7250:Sajids
7238:Middle
7177:Etiuni
7162:Mushki
7100:
7088:
6802:People
6722:Hosank
6593:Fedayi
6581:(1890)
6575:(1887)
6569:(1885)
6490:Zeitun
6477:(1915)
6471:(1909)
6280:
6254:
6230:
6208:
6165:
6031:21 May
6022:
5956:
5835:
5690:
5665:
5596:
5558:
5503:
5413:
5328:
5181:
4881:
4792:
4762:
4735:
4628:
4581:
4460:
4432:
4401:
4334:
4301:
4276:
4251:
4219:
4194:
4169:
4141:
4116:
4048:
4023:
3990:
3961:
3936:
3911:
3886:
3788:ŐŐĄÖŐ«ŐœŐĄ
3774:Legacy
3762:, and
3584:Tabriz
3474:Beirut
3346:Syunik
3322:Tiflis
3289:First
3240:France
3236:SĂšvres
3221:Fresno
3157:, the
3141:, 1919
3107:Shusha
3031:Soviet
3015:Abaran
2859:. The
2744:Ankara
2690:Barduz
2607:Tiflis
2565:Tiflis
2549:Tatars
2467:Kadets
2454:Azeris
2374:. The
2233:and 1
2211:Greeks
2070:, and
1963:Zeitun
1929:Zeytun
1719:Sultan
1590:London
1575:France
1333:Massis
1285:, and
1283:Yozgat
1271:Amasya
1267:Ankara
1256:Tiflis
1222:Geneva
990:Erivan
970:Urartu
849:Kutais
833:Tiflis
821:Erivan
485:, the
477:, the
469:, the
136:Etiuni
116:Mushki
96:Armani
38:on the
8013:Index
7982:Grape
7924:Islam
7874:Women
7837:Crime
7802:Sport
7797:Music
7770:Dance
7476:Lakes
7157:Nairi
7115:Early
6882:Arabo
6822:Raffi
6586:Units
6521:Arabo
5950:40â44
5902:(PDF)
5588:[
5273:(PDF)
5266:(PDF)
4532:(PDF)
4395:67â68
3820:Notes
3564:Tatev
3334:Batum
2865:Cairo
2545:Kurds
2235:Vlach
2231:Serbs
2221:), 5
2213:, 12
2209:, 23
2205:, 25
2203:Arabs
2186:from
2048:Nihri
2001:Sofia
1947:Sason
1888:near
1287:Tokat
1275:Ăorum
889:Ä°zmit
524:amira
121:Urumu
7962:Flag
7764:wine
7142:Hayk
7127:Name
6505:Urfa
6278:ISBN
6252:ISBN
6228:ISBN
6206:ISBN
6163:ISBN
6118:link
6062:2013
6033:2013
6020:ISBN
5954:ISBN
5917:2012
5833:ISBN
5750:2012
5688:ISBN
5663:ISBN
5644:2012
5594:OCLC
5556:ISBN
5501:ISBN
5411:ISBN
5326:ISBN
5281:2011
5179:ISBN
4879:ISBN
4790:ISBN
4760:ISBN
4733:ISBN
4626:ISBN
4579:ISBN
4458:ISBN
4430:ISBN
4399:ISBN
4332:ISBN
4299:ISBN
4274:ISBN
4249:ISBN
4217:ISBN
4192:ISBN
4167:ISBN
4139:ISBN
4114:ISBN
4084:link
4046:ISBN
4021:ISBN
3988:ISBN
3959:ISBN
3934:ISBN
3909:ISBN
3884:ISBN
3848:and
3702:The
3672:and
3613:any
3611:cite
3541:The
3512:and
3479:The
3384:any
3382:cite
3344:and
3332:and
3330:Kars
3279:and
3035:Baku
3013:and
2934:1918
2879:The
2875:1917
2855:and
2786:1916
2750:Bey
2686:Oltu
2664:The
2618:and
2584:The
2551:and
2485:and
2450:Baku
2376:Tsar
2351:The
2229:, 3
2225:, 4
2223:Jews
2197:The
2099:qadi
1984:The
1940:and
1890:Mush
1880:The
1837:and
1797:The
1790:and
1758:The
1730:1909
1726:1876
1694:1904
1689:1901
1684:1894
1666:1897
1661:1896
1656:1889
1638:1905
1633:1890
1628:1896
1565:AGBU
1347:and
1339:and
1216:and
1126:and
994:Kars
992:and
984:The
837:Baku
829:Kars
815:The
682:and
647:and
629:and
454:and
431:The
7750:Art
6495:Van
6098:119
5784:207
4756:106
4575:192
4328:161
4017:204
3782:" (
3624:by
3456:'s
3395:by
3094:at
2827:, (
2738:On
2654:at
2471:SRs
2046:of
1171:by
1169:Van
1072:ARF
8039::
6204:.
6200:.
6187:45
6114:}}
6110:{{
6081:^
6052:.
6035:.
5952:.
5854:.
5792:^
5475:^
5457:,
5438:^
5397:^
5222:^
5190:^
5055:^
4954:^
4827:^
4758:.
4724:^
4669:^
4640:^
4577:.
4534:.
4505:^
4472:^
4407:.
4397:.
4330:.
4112:.
4092:^
4080:}}
4076:{{
4019:.
3866:^
3840:,
3836:,
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