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vessels, but principally modified transport ships. These were slower, but less recognizable. In both world wars, these ships were vulnerable to attack, and were withdrawn before the war ended. Many were sunk after being caught by regular warships – an unequal battle, since auxiliary cruisers had
320:
researched from the early stages of the First World War suggests that the express liners had greater speed than most warships (few warships of the period could exceed 21 knots), which made them suitable as AMCs. The downside proved to be their high fuel consumption; using them in a purely AMC role
808:
missile that could be disguised and launched from a shipping container, in theory enabling any cargo ship to be armed with an anti-ship missile. This type of missile was allegedly capable of disabling or even sinking an aircraft carrier, but "it's not known how many of them would have to hit a
457:(HSK), usually approached her target under a false flag with guns concealed, and sometimes with her appearance altered with fake funnels and masts and often a fake paint scheme. The victim was thus engaged at point-blank range and had no chance to escape. In World War I, the
791:. Another exception were various ships of the Soviet Union's Merchant Marine (MORFLOT) during the Cold War (MORFLOT often operated as an adjunct to Soviet foreign and military policy, both overtly and otherwise).
1309:
558:
To preserve their cover, these ships flew the flags of neutral or occasionally Allied nations. They were refueled and provisioned from special supply ships, from
Japanese island bases or from
783:, became armed in 1999 to avoid the cost of a Royal Navy escort. Travelling together in convoy during these ships' intermittent voyages, they have an onboard escort of armed police from the
465:
for fastest North
Atlantic crossings, but they made obvious and easy targets because of their very familiar silhouettes. The Germans, therefore, soon moved on to using captured and refitted
265:
used auxiliary cruisers. While the
British used armed passenger liners defensively for protecting their shipping, the German approach was to use them offensively to attack enemy shipping.
378:, when the German ship attacked the convoy. Though she and five vessels of the convoy were sunk, this enabled the rest of the convoy to escape. Her master, Acting Captain
1302:
1061:
701:. During World War II, German auxiliary cruisers are believed to have either sunk or captured some 800,000 long tons (812,838 t) of Allied shipping. Compare to the
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in less than three months. The ships were vulnerable to enemy fire because they lacked warship armour, and they used local control of guns rather than director
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274:
489:, had a legendary journey, sinking or capturing a total of 15 ships in 1914 and 1915, before finally running out of supplies and having to put into port in
81:
While armed merchantmen are clearly inferior to purpose-built warships, sometimes they have scored successes in combat against them. Examples include
717:(from catapult armed merchantman) was a British merchantman fitted with a catapult that could launch, but not recover, a single fighter aircraft.
249:
for a 15-day trial armed with eight 6-inch guns, two 3.5-inch (89 mm) guns, six 37-millimetre (1.46 in) guns, and two torpedo boats.
173:
In 1856, privateering (or seizure of a belligerent country's merchant ships as a private enterprise) lost international sanction under the
212:
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responded to the precedent by asking their shipping companies to design fast steamers with provision for mounting guns in time of war.
1344:
532:
operated ten very successful auxiliary cruisers, ranging in tonnage from 3,860 to 9,400; typically these vessels were equipped with:
544:
Smaller armaments (typically hidden away behind specially designed and hinged bulwarks, or beneath fake deckhouses and/or skylights)
70:, many merchantmen would be routinely armed, especially those engaging in long distance and high value trade. In more modern times,
278:
141:. However, many East Indiamen also travelled on their own, and therefore were heavily armed in order to defend themselves against
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were employed for convoy protection against enemy warships. They ultimately proved to have limited value and many, particularly
17:
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posthumously for his actions. Another famous action involving an armed merchant cruiser was the
November 1939 battle between
1905:
1339:
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was also sunk in the engagement. This was the only occasion in history when an armed merchantman managed to sink a modern
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986:
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679:. This small vessel, which captured or sank 22 merchantmen, encountered three British AMCs in her career, defeating
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316:, were later converted into troopships, a role for which they were more suited. Documentary evidence quoted by the
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2110:
747:, it was up until the early 2010s very unusual for modern merchant ships to be armed, save for maybe a number of
493:, where the Americans interned her and eventually converted her into the United States Navy troop transport USS
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equipped with guns, usually for defensive purposes, either by design or after the fact. In the days of sail,
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1802:
816:, forces loyal to Gaddafi armed several merchant vessels and attempted to use them to blockade the port of
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or "MAC" was a
British or Dutch cargo ship with a flight deck that could carry a small number of aircraft.
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made similar agreements with their shipyards. In 1892 Russia likewise built two more auxiliary cruisers.
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The only encounters between Allied and Axis auxiliary cruisers in World War II were all with the raider
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In 1890 German and
British shipyards built new civilian ships designed for wartime conversion, and
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was motivated by desperation. She was not the most successful German raider of World War II (both
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which, after a battle that caused heavy damage on both sides, sank the German auxiliary cruiser
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East
Indiamen of various European countries were heavily armed for their long journeys to the
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to disrupt trade chiefly during both World War I and World War II, particularly by
Germany.
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853:. Significant use of this type of ship was made by Britain and Germany in both World Wars.
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In 2007, facing a chronic shortage of naval vessels the Cuban Navy placed into service the
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they had taken. To counter the effectiveness of these disguises, the Allies introduced the
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Since the late 19th century various navies have used armed merchant ships in the role of
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material between them to produce 50–60 nuclear weapons, these ships, beginning with the
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Personal account of Lt. Surgeon J. Robart who served on the Armed
Merchant Cruiser HMS
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was a former passenger liner that sank two freighters in 1914 before being caught by
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In April 2010, it was reported that a
Russian company was offering a version of the
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149:. They also defended themselves against warships, scoring signal victories at the
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and its successors and are equipped with two or three 30 mm (1.18 in)
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The German practice was to arm merchantmen with hidden weapons and use them as
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CAM and MAC ships remained as civilian ships operated by civilian crews, with
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German Raiders: The Story of the German Navy's Auxiliary Cruisers, 1895–1945
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poor fire control and no armor. There were, however, a few success stories.
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announced that British merchant shipping passing through areas known for
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List of cruisers of the United States Navy § Armed merchant cruisers
177:. From 1861 to 1865 European countries built high-speed ships to run the
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1941:
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497:. The most famous German commerce raider of World War I probably was
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in 1942 to identify individual ships on a one-by-one basis with the
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to repel boarders. One notable exception to this were the ships of
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initially used fast passenger ships, such as past holders of the
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Merchant ship equipped with guns, usually for defensive purposes
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would have burned through the Admiralty reserve supplies of
867:– Saint Paul SP-1643 – Spanish–American War (United States)
503:, a sailing ship under the command of the legendary Count
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system would be used whereby the ships were escorted by a
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Convoy escort movements for Royal Navy AMCs, World War 2
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carrier to knock it out of action, much less sink it."
1225:, 2001, Praeger, Westport (Connecticut) and London,
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19 November 1941, off the coast of Western Australia
168:
1269:fact sheet and photo gallery for the German liner
1200:"Somali piracy: Armed guards to protect UK ships"
308:The armed merchant cruisers (AMC) of the British
2259:
1186:"Arming Container Ships With Anti-Ship Missiles"
1133:"Nuclear fuel ships to be armed with heavy guns"
89:and chasing off regular French warships in the
1040:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
613:) managed to surprise and sink the Australian
1303:
856:Some of the ships used in this role include:
1035:
332:A famous AMC of World War I was the British
329:, which reduced their effective fire power.
245:mobilized the provisional auxiliary cruiser
115:was also destroyed and had to be scuttled.
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185:. Some of these were armed and served as
823:In October 2011, British Prime Minister
572:
282:
279:List of cruisers of the Second World War
29:
1002:List of auxiliary and merchant cruisers
915:– Spanish Civil War (Nationalist Spain)
841:List of auxiliary and merchant cruisers
654:scored higher kill tonnages). Another,
195:purchased three ships in 1878 of 6,000
161:purchased several that it converted to
14:
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1159:"UK British nuclear fuel ships armed"
1130:
623:, which approached too close, though
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100:sinking the Australian light cruiser
1236:The Oxford Companion to World War II
519:were each much more successful than
1246:The Cruise of the Kronprinz Wilhelm
434:used auxiliary cruisers during the
118:
24:
1105:"Nuclear fuel ship docks in Japan"
987:Defensively equipped merchant ship
831:were permitted to carry firearms.
47:dueling at close range during the
25:
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1253:
757:Pacific Nuclear Transport Limited
169:Development of auxiliary cruisers
526:In World War II, Nazi Germany's
369:in November 1940, stood off the
1248:, 1928, published by Doubleday.
1188:. StrategyPage. April 14, 2010.
1131:Brown, Paul (20 January 1999).
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1417:Anti-submarine warfare carrier
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947:– World War II (Great Britain)
939:– World War II (Great Britain)
759:, which are used to transport
300:near the Brazilian islands of
95:German auxiliary cruiser
13:
1:
1335:Naval ship classes in service
1017:
907:– World War I (Great Britain)
883:– Russo-Japanese War (Russia)
769:British Nuclear Fuels Limited
588:the German auxiliary cruiser
346:near the Brazilian island of
1803:Harbour defence motor launch
1223:Hitler's Secret Pirate Fleet
1022:
875:– Russo-Japanese War (Japan)
834:
603:In one incident, the German
7:
2086:Ballistic missile submarine
1932:Mine countermeasures vessel
1036:Schmalenbach, Paul (1977).
975:
541:15 cm (6 in) guns
10:
2289:
2133:Submarine aircraft carrier
1515:Pre-dreadnought battleship
1325:in 19th and 20th centuries
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751:and the use of the ship's
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49:action of 29 February 1916
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2028:General stores issue ship
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1697:Amphibious transport dock
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1472:Merchant aircraft carrier
1462:Interdiction Assault Ship
1402:
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891:– World War I (Australia)
722:merchant aircraft carrier
708:
473:Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse
350:in 1914. By coincidence,
257:In both World Wars, both
74:were used offensively as
2106:Deep-submergence vehicle
2096:Cruise missile submarine
2023:Fast combat support ship
1666:Guided-missile destroyer
1524:Standard-type battleship
931:– World War II (Germany)
923:– World War II (Germany)
449:. An auxiliary cruiser,
1702:Amphibious warfare ship
1412:Amphibious assault ship
1242:Alfred von Niezychowski
971:– World War II (Canada)
899:– World War I (Germany)
851:armed merchant cruisers
269:Armed merchant cruisers
205:Russian Volunteer Fleet
187:Confederate States Navy
155:action of 4 August 1800
1778:Armed boarding steamer
1742:Landing Ship Logistics
1737:Landing ship, infantry
1563:Guided missile cruiser
1467:Light aircraft carrier
963:– World War II (Japan)
955:– World War II (Italy)
771:. Transporting enough
733:Royal Netherlands Navy
699:Action of 4 April 1941
693:and later sinking HMS
600:
599:before being scuttled.
365:, the sole escort for
305:
51:
18:Armed merchant cruiser
1978:Auxiliary repair dock
1927:Destroyer minesweeper
1823:Ocean boarding vessel
1727:Landing Craft Support
1722:Landing craft carrier
1442:Fighter catapult ship
814:2011 Libyan civil war
576:
537:Observation seaplanes
286:
33:
2204:Littoral combat ship
1757:Landing Ship Vehicle
1500:Coastal defence ship
459:Imperial German Navy
455:Handels-Stör-Kreuzer
436:Spanish–American War
432:United States Navies
327:fire-control systems
243:Imperial German Navy
175:Declaration of Paris
2058:Replenishment oiler
1961:Command and support
1747:Landing Ship Medium
1610:Unprotected cruiser
1452:Flight deck cruiser
1113:. 27 September 1999
997:Hired armed vessels
982:Armed merchant ship
765:reprocessed uranium
483:. Her sister ship,
358:. In World War II,
304:, 14 September 1914
151:Battle of Pulo Aura
91:Battle of Pulo Aura
2273:Auxiliary cruisers
2174:Breastwork monitor
2038:Joint support ship
1993:Combat stores ship
1788:Coastal motor boat
1752:Landing Ship, Tank
1732:Landing Ship Heavy
1631:Convoy rescue ship
1457:Helicopter carrier
1206:. 30 October 2011.
1091:2011-06-14 at the
847:auxiliary cruisers
761:spent nuclear fuel
743:Despite a rise in
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582:single ship action
580:in 1940. During a
416:Auxiliary cruisers
412:was quickly sunk.
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183:American Civil War
111:in 1941, although
72:auxiliary cruisers
52:
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2159:Armed merchantman
2101:Cruiser submarine
2091:Coastal submarine
1858:Fast attack craft
1712:Dock landing ship
1590:Protected cruiser
1573:Pocket battleship
1530:Treaty battleship
1520:Super-dreadnought
1404:Aircraft carriers
1352:Operational zones
1267:Kronprinz Wilhelm
1260:Hilfskreuzer page
1221:Duffy, James P.,
799:class of frigates
564:check-mate system
505:Felix von Luckner
486:Kronprinz Wilhelm
408:. Outgunned, the
371:pocket battleship
354:was disguised as
163:ships of the line
93:in 1804, and the
87:ships of the line
56:armed merchantman
16:(Redirected from
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2194:Floating battery
2128:Midget submarine
2081:Attack submarine
2063:Submarine tender
2013:Destroyer tender
1843:Submarine chaser
1707:Attack transport
1651:Escort destroyer
1646:Destroyer leader
1641:Destroyer escort
1548:Aircraft cruiser
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507:. However, both
447:commerce raiders
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384:Victoria Cross
375:Admiral Scheer
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179:Union Blockade
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1167:. 8 July 1999
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38:
32:
19:
2179:Capital ship
2164:Arsenal ship
2158:
2003:Crane vessel
1998:Command ship
1937:Mine planter
1915:Mine warfare
1881:Missile boat
1848:Torpedo boat
1808:Motor launch
1771:Patrol craft
1676:Radar picket
1482:Supercarrier
1275:
1266:
1245:
1235:
1222:
1194:
1180:
1169:. Retrieved
1162:
1153:
1142:. Retrieved
1138:The Guardian
1136:
1126:
1115:. Retrieved
1108:
1099:
1081:
1070:. Retrieved
1066:the original
1062:"Carmania I"
1056:
1037:
1031:
968:Prince David
967:
959:
950:
943:
935:
927:
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895:
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872:Shinano Maru
871:
865: (1895)
862:
855:
850:
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844:
822:
811:
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781:Pacific Teal
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742:
739:21st century
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662:Liberty ship
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529:Kriegsmarine
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520:
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509:
499:
494:
485:
479:
472:
454:
451:Hilfskreuzer
450:
444:
438:of 1898. In
425:
409:
404:
398:
389:
380:Edward Fegen
374:
367:convoy HX 84
361:
355:
351:
342:
335:
331:
314:ocean liners
307:
296:
289:
256:
253:20th century
246:
241:In 1895 the
240:
217:
199:(6,100
191:
172:
128:
112:
109:their battle
103:
96:
80:
71:
55:
53:
43:
36:
2214:Mother ship
2053:Repair ship
1952:Minesweeper
1828:Patrol boat
1783:Armed yacht
1505:Dreadnought
1492:Battleships
1319:Naval ships
960:Aikoku Maru
812:During the
789:autocannons
570:in London.
495:Von Steuben
463:Blue Riband
440:World War I
399:Scharnhorst
181:during the
2268:Ship types
2262:Categories
2240:Ship types
2199:Guard ship
2073:Submarines
2008:Depot ship
1942:Minehunter
1171:2008-08-27
1144:2008-08-27
1117:2008-08-27
1086:PNTL Fleet
1072:2006-07-21
1018:References
992:False flag
944:Rawalpindi
936:Jervis Bay
863:Saint Paul
806:3M-54 Klub
797:Rio Damuji
753:fire hoses
749:small arms
618:HMAS
611:Steiermark
594:HMAS
410:Rawalpindi
390:Rawalpindi
362:Jervis Bay
323:steam coal
310:Royal Navy
273:See also:
234:, and the
159:Royal Navy
147:privateers
102:HMAS
85:mimicking
68:privateers
1947:Minelayer
1762:Troopship
1690:Transport
1656:Escorteur
1636:Destroyer
1377:Broadside
1345:auxiliary
1340:submarine
1023:Citations
912:Mar Negro
835:Ship list
688:HMS
683:Alcantara
681:RMS
568:Admiralty
548:Torpedoes
480:Highflyer
478:HMS
405:Gneisenau
388:HMS
360:HMS
341:SMS
334:RMS
295:SMS
288:RMS
247:Normannia
197:long tons
189:raiders.
37:Alcantara
2189:Flagship
1922:Danlayer
1793:Corvette
1671:KaibĹŤkan
1540:Cruisers
1432:CAM ship
1387:Casemate
1323:warships
1089:Archived
976:See also
920:Kormoran
861:SS
715:CAM ship
695:Voltaire
665:SS
645:Atlantis
633:Kormoran
625:Kormoran
606:Kormoran
590:Kormoran
578:Kormoran
521:Seeadler
500:Seeadler
491:Virginia
356:Carmania
348:Trindade
336:Carmania
302:Trindade
293:sinking
290:Carmania
261:and the
211:and the
153:and the
131:Far East
113:Kormoran
97:Kormoran
2233:Related
2209:Monitor
2143:Wet sub
1988:Collier
1906:Shin'yĹŤ
1901:PT boat
1798:Gunboat
1661:Frigate
1392:Turrets
1276:Ranpura
1238:(2005).
1215:Sources
904:Olympic
888:Berrima
818:Misrata
773:fissile
697:in the
651:Pinguin
629:warship
428:Spanish
259:Germany
209:Germany
143:pirates
139:warship
2138:U-boat
1866:E-boat
1833:Q-ship
1619:Escort
1229:
1044:
1012:Q-ship
952:Ramb I
829:piracy
785:UKAEAC
709:Others
703:Q-ship
640:Sydney
620:Sydney
596:Sydney
560:prizes
467:Allied
277:, and
220:France
193:Russia
135:convoy
104:Sydney
64:piracy
1681:Sloop
1626:Aviso
657:Stier
636:'
592:sank
553:Mines
228:Japan
224:Italy
58:is a
44:Greif
2111:DSRV
1896:MTSM
1321:and
1227:ISBN
1042:ISBN
928:Thor
880:Ural
779:and
763:and
720:The
713:The
686:and
676:Thor
648:and
516:Möwe
513:and
510:Wolf
430:and
426:The
402:and
145:and
66:and
42:SMS
40:and
35:HMS
1891:MTM
1886:MTB
1876:MGB
1871:MAS
1164:BBC
1110:BBC
731:or
584:on
453:or
318:BBC
107:in
54:An
2264::
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1526:)
1522:(
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201:t
20:)
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