655:
Aristobulus's rule do not bear the title of "king," fueling doubts about his royal status. This discrepancy aligns with conflicting accounts from Strabo, who credits
Alexander Jannaeus as the inaugural Hasmonean king. The enduring debate hinges on the intricacies of Hasmonean leadership, with scholars pondering whether Aristobulus held both the high priesthood and kingship simultaneously. The absence of the royal designation on his coins, reminiscent of the later hesitancy seen in Alexander Jannaeus's reign, adds a layer of complexity to understanding the political dynamics within the Hasmonean rule.
573:
against his brother's life. The queen had bribed the messenger whom
Aristobulus sent to his brother; she altered the original message. Instead of having Antigonus arrive at his brother's palace unarmed, she suggested that Antigonus should wear his new body armour, which he had made in Galilee as a presentation upon Aristobulus's request. Incensed with suspicion at finding his brother armed, Aristobulus killed his brother. In frantic regret at this rash execution, Aristobulus's health drastically declined until his death shortly thereafter. Queen Salome then released Aristobulus's brothers, selecting
564:, and conspirators; they had spread rumours about Antigonus attempting to seize the throne once he was seen in armour at the festival. Wearing a military uniform was considered unorthodox during the occasion, was then informed by "evil men" that his brother was sending soldiers to murder him and Aristobulus became estranged from Antigonus after he heard this rumour. Aristobulus was then informed by "evil men" that his brother was sending citadel ofs to murder him. Believing the report, he lowered himself in the fortified citadel Baris, which was molested and had defensive towers.
91:
669:
between traditionalist
Pharisees and the Hasmonean monarch set the stage for subsequent power struggles within the Jewish community, contributing to the complex socio-political landscape of the time. Thus, the legacy of Aristobulus I extends beyond the numismatic uncertainties, encompassing the intricate interplay between religious convictions and political ambitions that characterised this pivotal period in Judean history.
553:. Unfamiliar with ceremonial festivities, Antigonus arrived armed with escorting soldiers. According to Kenneth Atkinson, Antigonus had returned from a successful, unspecified military campaign. He further states that Josephus did not mention the location of the campaign. Atkinson presumes it to be Galilee since Antigonus had fine armour and military decorations procured in the region, as stated in Josephus's
22:
1052:
523:
and states, "This man was a kindly person and very serviceable to the Jews, for he acquired additional territory for them and brought over to them a portion of the
Ituraean nation, whom he joined to them by the bond of circumcision." This passage has been generally accepted as evidence for Josephus's
456:
According to John
Hyrcanus's instructions, the country was to be placed in the hands of his wife after his death, and Aristobulus was originally to receive only the high priesthood. Instead, Aristobulus had his mother imprisoned, where she starved to death, thereby securing for himself both the high
668:
as the rightful kings, vehemently opposed
Aristobulus's claims to the throne. This ideological conflict resulted in a massive rebellion initiated by the Pharisees, seeking to depose Aristobulus. However, his untimely death pre-empted any resolution to this religious and political turmoil. The clash
645:
According to
Kenneth Atkinson, Alexander Jannaeus faced opposition for having the kingship title minted on his coins. Alexander had many of those coins overstruck to replace the kingship title with the high priesthood. Atkinson considers the overstruck coins as evidence that the title of "king" was
641:
Doubts concerning
Josephus's assertion that Aristobulus was the first Hasmonean monarch are indicated by his coins, which do not contain the title of "king." Josephus's statement also conflicts with Strabo, who states that Alexander Jannaeus was the first king rather than a high priest. However, no
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The brief yet impactful reign of
Aristobulus I left a lasting imprint on the Hasmonean dynasty, sparking historical debates about his true status as a monarch. While Josephus asserts that Aristobulus was the first Hasmonean king, numismatic evidence complicates this claim. The coins minted during
589:
did not commence until the leadership of John
Hyrcanus. Like his father, Aristobulus minted his coins solely with the title of the high priesthood, using Hebrew inscriptions. It was not until Alexander Jannaeus that both the roles of kingship and the high priesthood were minted onto the coins.
572:
The queen, contemplating the possibility of being tortured and killed if Antigonus became king once Aristobulus died from his deteriorating health, deliberately advised Antigonus to enter, armed, into a meeting with his brother. However, he had been summoned to address suspicions of conspiracy
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524:
reliance on Strabo and Timagenes's writings. The exact location of the confrontation and the territory that the Ituraeans occupied are unknown. Most scholars assume the Ituraean territory to be northern Galilee. According to Kenneth Atkinson, there is no evidence of forced
619:
categorised them into two groups. Twenty coins are inscribed with "Jehudah the high priest and the assembly of the Jews" (), and another seven with the inscriptions of "Jehudah the high priest and the assembly of the Jews" (). Each coin has a value of one
612:(67–63 BCE), who was also a king and high priest. However, the longstanding debate has leaned more towards Aristobulus I, since new numismatic evidence indicates that Aristobulus I had his coins minted with the name "Judah".
394:
described Aristobulus's regime as kindly and "very serviceable to the Jews" on account of his conquests and the integration of "a portion of the Ituraean nation whom he joined to them by the bond of circumcision."
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The dual assertion of high priesthood and kingship by Aristobulus I not only fueled debates among historians but also heightened religious tensions during his reign. The Pharisees, staunch believers in the
601:. By 2016, archaeologists had unearthed thirty coins at Gamla, the largest quantity to date. The majority of these coins were minted during his actual reign, while a small number were minted afterwards.
449:, but the brothers captured Samaria towards the end of John's reign, razing the city and enslaving its inhabitants. Their forces subsequently captured Scythopolis and the entire region south of
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still problematic during Alexander's reign. Atkinson concludes that "the absence of any royal designation on Aristobulus's coins does not indicate that he was never an actual monarch."
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Josephus does not name Hyrcanus's wife. He states that Aristobulus and Antigonus were the eldest of the five brothers, but that Aristobulus was the firstborn. The other three were
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states that he was the first Jew in "four hundred and eighty-three years and three months" to have established a monarchy since the return from the
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priesthood and the kingship. He then imprisoned all of his brothers, except for Antigonus, to protect himself from possible familial retaliation.
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1964:
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evidence does not suggest that Aristobulus assumed the title of king. There is also the possibility that the coins could be attributed to
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between them. The inscriptions on his coins are almost identical to those on the coins of his father and his brother Alexander Jannaeus.
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With sudden abdominal pains, Aristobulus's health gradually deteriorated, compelling him to return to his palace during the festival of
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1255:
356:, strongly opposed this. They launched a massive rebellion, but Aristobulus died before any attempt to depose him could be made.
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13.319 during Aristobulus I's conquest, where Josephus writes, "He brought over to them a portion of the Ituraean nation."
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origin and is an epithet meaning "best-advising." Aristobulus I was the first Hasmonean to adopt the name, but his
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Aristobulus and his brother Antigonus were entrusted by their father, John Hyrcanus, with the conquest of
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Due to his short reign of one year, only a small number of coins bearing the name "Judah" are available.
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324:, reigning from 104 BCE until his death the following year. He was the eldest of the five sons of
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The Language Environment of First Century Judaea: Jerusalem Studies in the Synoptic Gospels
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In his morbid state, Aristobulus fell prey to the factious influence of his wife, Queen
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The majority of Aristobulus's coins were discovered primarily in the regions of
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and taken territory from them. The conquered Ituraeans were compelled to accept
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437:. They laid siege to the city and, when the inhabitants requested aid from the
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Hasmonean relinquished the high priesthood in favour of the kingship.
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were not concerned about Aristobulus taking the title of king, but the
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The major sources on Aristobulus's life from antiquity are Josephus's
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520:
349:
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Josephus' Jewish War and its Slavonic Version: A Synoptic Comparison
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996:
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2018:
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477:
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2013:
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The Ituraeans and the Roman Near East: Reassessing the Sources
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in order to remain on their land. The Ituraeans had been an
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Heritage and Hellenism: The Reinvention of Jewish Tradition
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that expanded southwards from the Lebanese Beq'a into the
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and Golan; the largest quantity of coins originated from
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in the fourth century BCE following the collapse of the
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to claim both the high priesthood and the kingship. The
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933:
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1235:
From Joshua to Caiaphas: High Priests After the Exile
1033:
A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond
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425:. Josephus does not explain why he was called this.
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1257:
A Provocative People: A Secular History of the Jews
1128:
Kings of the Jews: The Origins of the Jewish Nation
885:
545:. His brother Antigonus would eventually return to
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267:
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1103:Elwell, Walter A.; Comfort, Philip Wesley (2001).
780:
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328:, the previous leader. The Roman-Jewish historian
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1213:The Hasmoneans: Ideology, Archaeology, Identity
848:Jewish Women’s Archive website, Hasmonean Women
35:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
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1167:
835:
659:Historical significance and religious tensions
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383:called the Ituraeans. Josephus, quoting from
1756:List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel
415:name was Judah. He was also referred to as
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371:. His reign is particularly noted for the
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1051:Buth, Randall; Notley, R. Steven (2013).
1002:
951:
774:
500:. They are first mentioned in Josephus's
59:Learn how and when to remove this message
1085:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
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472:Aristobulus had gone to war against the
429:Early campaigns and monarchy established
536:
528:in Galilee during Aristobulus's reign.
2337:2nd-century BCE high priests of Israel
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1168:Leeming, Henry; Leeming, Kate (2002).
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336:captivity. Aristobulus was the first
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445:. Antiochus successfully escaped to
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630:. On the opposite side, there is a
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1153:. University of California Press.
568:Death of Antigonus and Aristobulus
14:
2348:
2332:2nd-century BC Hasmonean monarchs
549:to celebrate the festival at the
626:and bears the inscriptions in a
519:which was originally written by
441:, defeated a relief army led by
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20:
1023:
421:, meaning he was an admirer of
2245:Elioneus ben Simon Cantatheras
1216:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
1195:. Cambridge University Press.
1132:. Jewish Publication Society.
98:Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum
83:King and High Priest of Judaea
71:King and High Priest of Judaea
1:
2235:Simon Cantatheras ben Boethus
650:Legacy and historical debates
117:
1231:VanderKam, James C. (2004).
1109:. Tyndale House Publishers.
672:
398:
7:
1088:. Oxford University Press.
1082:Coogan, Michael D. (2001).
309:
10:
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1030:Atkinson, Kenneth (2016).
836:Leeming & Leeming 2002
580:
2296:Mattathias ben Theophilus
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1398:Kings of Israel and Judah
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1254:Wine, Sherwin T. (2012).
1036:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1005:, pp. 314 & 315.
758:Elwell & Comfort 2001
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1147:Gruen, Erich S. (2002).
1106:Tyndale Bible Dictionary
2261:Ananias son of Nedebeus
2174:Matthias ben Theophilus
1735:Antigonus II Mattathias
930:, pp. 86 & 87.
906:, pp. 25 & 26.
702:, pp. 37 & 38.
511:13.319 is a quote from
368:Antiquities of the Jews
979:Buth & Notley 2013
880:Buth & Notley 2013
517:Historica Hypomnemata,
443:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
95:Woodcut portrait from
2322:2nd-century BC births
2276:Joseph Cabi ben Simon
2230:Theophilus ben Ananus
1340:High Priest of Judaea
1189:Myers, E. A. (2010).
1124:Gelb, Norman (2010).
1077:on December 19, 2023.
390:Historica Hypomnemata
315:High Priest of Israel
152:High Priest of Judaea
2286:Jesus son of Damneus
2256:Josephus ben Camydus
1210:Regev, Eyal (2013).
537:Feast of Tabernacles
234:Judah Aristobulus I,
135:Monarchy established
2301:Phannias ben Samuel
2250:Jonathan ben Ananus
2240:Matthias ben Ananus
2225:Jonathan ben Ananus
2184:Eleazar ben Boethus
2164:Jesus, son of Fabus
1692:(Hasmonean dynasty)
532:Death and successor
468:Conquest of Galilee
2215:Simon ben Camithus
2210:Eleazar ben Ananus
2194:Joazar ben Boethus
2179:Joazar ben Boethus
2109:Alexander Jannaeus
1715:Alexander Jannaeus
1577:(southern kingdom)
1457:(northern kingdom)
1344:104–103 BCE
1331:Alexander Jannaeus
1325:104–103 BCE
1239:. Fortress Press.
577:as the next king.
575:Alexander Jannaeus
462:Alexander Jannaeus
171:Alexander Jannaeus
145:Alexander Jannaeus
39:You can assist by
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2308:
2281:Ananus ben Ananus
2271:Ishmael ben Fabus
2205:Ishmael ben Fabus
2169:Simon ben Boethus
1810:
1764:
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1751:Jewish leadership
1422:(united monarchy)
1348:
1347:
1328:Succeeded by
1289:Hasmonean Dynasty
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2291:Joshua ben Gamla
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1720:Salome Alexandra
1382:Israel and Judah
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1311:Preceded by
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1070:. Archived from
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777:, pp. 314.
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585:The minting of
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2189:Joshua ben Sie
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2119:Aristobulus II
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1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1403:Kings of Judah
1395:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1321:King of Judaea
1317:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1286:
1284:Aristobulus I
1283:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1251:
1245:
1228:
1222:
1207:
1201:
1186:
1180:
1165:
1159:
1144:
1138:
1121:
1115:
1100:
1094:
1079:
1066:
1048:
1042:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1007:
1003:VanderKam 2004
995:
983:
981:, p. 154.
968:
966:, p. 175.
956:
954:, p. 318.
952:VanderKam 2004
944:
932:
920:
908:
896:
884:
882:, p. 153.
872:
851:
840:
838:, p. 116.
825:
823:, p. 337.
810:
798:
796:, p. 175.
779:
775:VanderKam 2004
762:
760:, p. 109.
750:
733:
716:
714:, p. 174.
704:
692:
690:, p. 174.
676:
674:
671:
660:
657:
651:
648:
610:Aristobulus II
582:
579:
569:
566:
538:
535:
533:
530:
469:
466:
430:
427:
400:
397:
381:Semitic people
362:The Jewish War
322:king of Judaea
317:and the first
229:
228:
223:
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218:
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210:
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199:
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177:
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172:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
125: 103 BCE
115:
111:
110:
108:King of Judaea
104:
103:
94:
86:
85:
79:
78:
70:
67:
66:
49:September 2023
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2349:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:103 BC deaths
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
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2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2140:Jewish Revolt
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:Aristobulus I
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Aristobulus I
1708:
1706:
1705:John Hyrcanus
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1678:
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1598:
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1361:
1356:
1355:
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1342:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1305:Jewish titles
1302:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1278:
1269:
1267:9780985151607
1263:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1246:9781451410662
1242:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1225:
1223:9783525550434
1219:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1202:9781139484817
1198:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1181:9789004331143
1177:
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1160:9780520235069
1156:
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1145:
1141:
1139:9780827609136
1135:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1118:
1116:9780842370899
1112:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1095:9780195139372
1091:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1067:9789004264410
1063:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1043:9780567669032
1039:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1017:, p. 83.
1016:
1015:Atkinson 2016
1011:
1004:
999:
993:, p. 89.
992:
991:Atkinson 2016
987:
980:
975:
973:
965:
960:
953:
948:
942:, p. 97.
941:
940:Atkinson 2016
936:
929:
928:Atkinson 2016
924:
918:, p. 96.
917:
916:Atkinson 2016
912:
905:
900:
894:, p. 24.
893:
888:
881:
876:
870:, p. 81.
869:
868:Atkinson 2016
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
849:
844:
837:
832:
830:
822:
817:
815:
808:, p. 99.
807:
806:Atkinson 2016
802:
795:
790:
788:
786:
784:
776:
771:
769:
767:
759:
754:
748:, p. 25.
747:
742:
740:
738:
731:, p. 80.
730:
729:Atkinson 2016
725:
723:
721:
713:
708:
701:
696:
689:
684:
682:
677:
670:
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629:
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552:
548:
544:
529:
527:
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518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:Golan Heights
487:
483:
479:
475:
465:
463:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
424:
423:Greek culture
420:
419:
414:
410:
406:
396:
393:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:
364:
363:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:John Hyrcanus
323:
320:
316:
311:
305:
296:
290:
239:
238:Aristobulus I
235:
227:
224:
220:
217:John Hyrcanus
216:
212:
209:
206:
204:
200:
197:
194:
190:
187:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
162:John Hyrcanus
160:
156:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
116:
112:
109:
105:
100:
99:
92:
87:
84:
80:
77:Aristobulus I
75:
63:
60:
52:
42:
36:
34:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
2103:
2094:Simon Thassi
1885:First Temple
1798:High Priests
1709:
1700:Simon Thassi
1393:Davidic line
1338:
1319:
1295:
1287:
1274:
1260:. IISHJ-NA.
1256:
1234:
1212:
1191:
1170:
1149:
1127:
1105:
1084:
1072:the original
1053:
1032:
1024:Bibliography
1010:
998:
986:
959:
947:
935:
923:
911:
899:
887:
875:
843:
801:
753:
707:
695:
662:
653:
644:
640:
636:pomegranates
621:
614:
603:
592:
584:
571:
559:
554:
540:
516:
508:
506:
501:
494:Mount Hermon
482:circumcision
471:
459:
455:
451:Mount Carmel
432:
416:
404:
402:
388:
366:
360:
358:
354:Davidic line
310:Aristóboulos
299:Ἀριστόβουλος
237:
233:
232:
134:
96:
82:
55:
46:
33:copy editing
31:may require
30:
2114:Hyrcanus II
1918:Jehoshaphat
1725:Hyrcanus II
1600:Jehoshaphat
1535:Jeroboam II
1435:Ish-bosheth
821:Coogan 2001
526:Judaization
509:Antiquities
507:Josephus's
502:Antiquities
447:Scythopolis
418:Philhellene
405:Aristobulus
373:Judaization
338:Hebrew king
158:Predecessor
131:Predecessor
2316:Categories
2252:(restored)
2196:(restored)
2160:(restored)
2099:Hyrcanus I
1965:Azariah IV
1817:Tabernacle
1465:Jeroboam I
1380:Rulers of
964:Regev 2013
904:Myers 2010
892:Myers 2010
746:Myers 2010
700:Gruen 2002
632:cornucopia
606:numismatic
555:Jewish War
486:Arab tribe
478:Jewish law
334:Babylonian
183:c. 103 BCE
123: – c.
121: 104
41:editing it
2134:Herodians
2124:Antigonus
2079:Hasmonean
2049:Onias III
1913:Jehoiarib
1903:Azariah I
1870:Ahimelech
1670:Jehoiakim
1540:Zechariah
1410:Maccabees
1174:. BRILL.
1060:. BRILL.
794:Gelb 2010
712:Wine 2012
688:Gelb 2010
673:Citations
547:Jerusalem
521:Timagenes
474:Ituraeans
403:The name
399:Etymology
350:Pharisees
342:Sadducees
319:Hasmonean
304:romanized
208:Hasmonean
186:Jerusalem
168:Successor
141:Successor
2266:Jonathan
2220:Caiaphas
2158:Ananelus
2148:Ananelus
2064:Onias IV
2059:Menelaus
2044:Simon II
2039:Onias II
2034:Manasseh
1999:Eliashib
1951:Hoshaiah
1933:Zedekiah
1923:Jehoiada
1875:Abiathar
1835:Phinehas
1744:See also
1680:Zedekiah
1675:Jeconiah
1665:Jehoahaz
1650:Manasseh
1645:Hezekiah
1615:Athaliah
1585:Rehoboam
1555:Pekahiah
1525:Jehoahaz
344:and the
330:Josephus
313:was the
222:Religion
2081:dynasty
2069:Alcimus
2029:Eleazar
2024:Simon I
2019:Onias I
2009:Johanan
1994:Joiakim
1970:Seraiah
1960:Hilkiah
1955:Shallum
1898:Ahimaaz
1840:Abishua
1830:Eleazar
1625:Amaziah
1620:Jehoash
1610:Ahaziah
1605:Jehoram
1550:Menahem
1545:Shallum
1530:Jehoash
1515:Jehoram
1510:Ahaziah
1504:Jezebel
1445:Solomon
1298:103 BCE
595:Galilee
581:Coinage
435:Samaria
377:Galilee
346:Essenes
306::
226:Judaism
203:Dynasty
2137:to the
2014:Jaddua
2004:Joiada
1989:Joshua
1981:exilic
1940:Jotham
1928:Pediah
1865:Ahijah
1860:Ahitub
1802:Israel
1660:Josiah
1635:Jotham
1630:Uzziah
1590:Abijam
1565:Hoshea
1475:Baasha
1455:Israel
1420:Israel
1294:
1276:
1264:
1243:
1220:
1199:
1178:
1157:
1136:
1113:
1092:
1064:
1040:
628:wreath
623:prutah
557:1.76.
551:Temple
543:Sukkot
513:Strabo
413:Hebrew
407:is of
385:Strabo
214:Father
192:Spouse
101:, 1553
2200:Annas
2054:Jason
1979:Post-
1948:Neria
1944:Uriah
1908:Joash
1893:Zadok
1845:Bukki
1825:Aaron
1690:Judea
1575:Judah
1560:Pekah
1490:Tibni
1485:Zimri
1470:Nadab
1440:David
1296:Died:
1075:(PDF)
1058:(PDF)
634:with
599:Gamla
409:Greek
295:Greek
114:Reign
1937:Joel
1850:Uzzi
1807:List
1655:Amon
1640:Ahaz
1520:Jehu
1500:Ahab
1495:Omri
1480:Elah
1430:Saul
1262:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1111:ISBN
1090:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1038:ISBN
604:The
492:and
480:and
365:and
180:Died
1855:Eli
1800:of
1595:Asa
515:'s
453:.
387:'s
375:of
236:or
2318::
971:^
854:^
828:^
813:^
782:^
765:^
736:^
719:^
680:^
301:,
297::
293:;
277:uː
118:c.
1809:)
1805:(
1790:e
1783:t
1776:v
1506:)
1502:(
1373:e
1366:t
1359:v
1270:.
1249:.
1226:.
1205:.
1184:.
1163:.
1142:.
1119:.
1098:.
1046:.
392:,
289:/
286:s
283:ə
280:l
274:j
271:b
268:ˈ
265:ə
262:t
259:s
256:ɪ
253:r
250:æ
247:ˌ
244:/
240:(
62:)
56:(
51:)
47:(
43:.
37:.
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