1462:
one year for each king. Thiele saw this as evidence that the northern kingdom was measuring the years by a non-accession system (first partial year of reign was counted as year one), whereas the southern kingdom was using the accession method (it was counted as year zero). He also concluded that the calendars for reckoning the years of kings in Judah and Israel were offset by six months, that of Judah starting in Tishri (in the fall) and that of Israel in Nisan (in the spring). This is the conclusion from cross-synchronizations between the two kingdoms which often allows the narrowing of the beginning and/or ending dates of a king within a six-month period, identifying the difference as due to the calendar starting date. Once these were understood, the various reign lengths and cross-synchronisms for these kings was determined, and the sum of reigns for both kingdoms produced 931/930 BCE for the division of the kingdom when working backwards from the
1679:). However, regarding the year, Albright preferred 587 BCE and Thiele advocated 586 BC, and this division among scholars has persisted until the present time. If Zedekiah's years are by accession counting, whereby the year he came to the throne was considered his "zero" year and his first full regnal year, 597/596, was counted as year one, Zedekiah's eleventh year, the year the city fell, would be 587/586. Since Judean regnal years were measured from Tishri in the fall, this would place the end of his reign and the capture of the city in the summer of 586 BCE. Accession counting was the rule for most, but not all, of the kings of Judah, whereas "non-accession" counting was the rule for most, but not all, of the kings of Israel.
19:
1618:
be emended, nor is there any consensus among these scholars on the resultant chronology for the eighth century BCE. This is in contrast with the general consensus among those who accept the biblical and near
Eastern practice of co-regencies that Hezekiah was installed as co-regent with his father Ahaz in 729 BC, and the synchronisms of 2 Kings 18 must be measured from that date, whereas the synchronisms with Sennacherib are measured from the sole reign starting in 716/715 BCE. The two synchronisms to
1438:
1473:, Judah adopted Israel's non-accession method of counting the years of reign, meaning that the first partial year of the king's reign was counted as his first full year, in contrast to the "accession" method previously in use, whereby the first partial year was counted as year "zero", and "year one" was assigned to the first full year of reign. Thiele attributed this change to the rapprochement between Judah and Israel, whereby
1501:. These changes can be inferred by comparison of the textual data in the Bible; however, the biblical texts do not explicitly state whether the reckoning was by accession or non-accession counting, nor do they indicate explicitly when a change was made in the method. Thiele's reckoning has been criticized as arbitrary in its assignment of accession and non-accession dating systems. The official records of
1599:, several scholars have explained these dating problems on the basis of a co-regency between Hezekiah and his father Ahaz between 729 and 716/715 BCE. Assyriologists and Egyptologists recognize that co-regency was practiced in both Assyria and Egypt. After noting that co-regencies were used sporadically in the northern kingdom (Israel),
1747:. The king was led to "his pillar", where a crown was placed upon his head, and "the testimony" given to him, after which he was anointed at the hands of the high priest and his sons. Afterwards, the people "clapped their hands" and shouted "God save the King" as trumpets blew, music played, and singers offered hymns of praise.
1617:
are required among the numerous dates, reign lengths, and synchronisms given in the Bible for this period. In contrast, those who do not accept the
Ancient Near Eastern principle of co-regencies require multiple emendations of the biblical text, and there is no general agreement on which texts should
1445:
There has been considerable academic debate about the actual dates of reigns of the
Judahite kings. Scholars have endeavored to synchronize the chronology of events referred to in the Bible with those derived from other external sources. These scholarly disagreements are reflected in the table above,
1686:
in 1956, however, gave evidence that the years of
Zedekiah were measured in a non-accession sense. This reckoning makes 598/597 BC, the year Zedekiah was installed by Nebuchadnezzar according to Judah's Tishri-based calendar, to be year "one", so that the fall of Jerusalem in his eleventh year would
1453:
Biblical scholars have noted the apparent inconsistencies in the chronology of the kings of Judah and Israel based on the biblical sources. Some have also pointed out the difficulties of cross-synchronising that dating with those of the other cultures of the area. Some have attempted to give as much
1607:
In the kingdom of Judah, on the other hand, the nomination of a co-regent was the common procedure, beginning from David who, before his death, elevated his son
Solomon to the throne.... When taking into account the permanent nature of the co-regency in Judah from the time of Joash, one may dare to
1578:
give the total number of the years the kings of Israel ruled as 143 7/12, while for the kings of Judah the number is 165. This discrepancy, amounting in the case of Judah to 45 years (165−120), has been accounted for in various ways; each of those positions must allow for
Hezekiah's first six
1461:
calculated the dates of the reigns of the kings of Judah from the division of the kingdom, which he calculates to have been in 931–930 BCE. Thiele noticed that for the first seven kings of Israel (ignoring Zimri's seven-day reign), the synchronisms to Judean kings fell progressively behind by
1591:
ascended the throne twenty-nine years later, at the age of twelve. This places his birth in the seventeenth year of his father's reign, suggesting
Hezekiah's age as forty-two, if he was twenty-five at his ascension. It is more probable that Ahaz was twenty-one or twenty-five when Hezekiah was born
1505:
show that he switched (arbitrarily) to non-accession reckoning for his reign, in contrast with the accession method used for previous kings of
Assyria. Tiglath-Pileser left no record for modern historians to indicate which dating method he used, nor whether he was switching from the method used by
1612:
Among the numerous scholars who have recognized the co-regency between Ahaz and
Hezekiah are Kenneth Kitchen, Leslie McFall and Jack Finegan. McFall, in his 1991 article, argues that if 729 BCE (that is, the Judean regnal year beginning in Tishri of 729) is taken as the start of the Ahaz/Hezekiah
1428:
regarding
Jeremiah 36:3 disputes that King Jehoiakim died of natural causes, asserting that the king rebelled against Babylon several years after these events (II Kings 24:1) and was attacked by numerous bands from various nations subject to Babylon (II Kings 24:2), concluding that he came to a
1622:
of Israel in 2 Kings 18 are then in agreement with the dates of Hoshea's reign that can be determined from Assyrian sources, as is the date of Samaria's fall as stated in 2 Kings 18:10. An analogous situation of two ways of measurement, both equally valid, is encountered in the dates given for
1646:
Scholars who accept the principle of co-regencies note that abundant evidence for their use is found in the biblical material itself. The agreement of scholarship built on these principles with both biblical and secular texts was such that the Thiele/McFall chronology was accepted as the best
1550:
invaded Judah in the 14th year of Hezekiah's reign. Assyrian records date this invasion to 701 BC, and Hezekiah's reign would therefore begin in 716/715 BC. This dating would be confirmed by the account of Hezekiah's illness in chapter 20, which immediately follows Sennacherib's departure
1715:, with an unfixed starting point during SeptemberโOctober on the Gregorian calendar. Accordingly, an event which takes place after 1 Tishri, for example, in November and December on the Gregorian calendar, would fall in the following year in the Hebrew calendar used for biblical dating.
1518:
when a son's reign may begin prior to the end of his father's reign. In those situations, years of reign are specified in terms of both the father and of the son. At times, the period of co-regency is clearly indicated, while in others it must be inferred from the source material.
1695:(Evil Merodach) as 562/561 BC, which was the 37th year of Jehoiachin's captivity according to 2 Kings 25:27. These Babylonian records related to Jehoiachin's reign are consistent with the fall of the city in 587 but not in 586, vindicating Albright's reckoning.
1579:
years to have fallen before 722 BCE. (However, Hezekiah beginning to reign before 722 BCE is consistent with a co-regency of Ahaz and Hezekiah from 729 BC.) Nor is it clearly known how old Hezekiah was when called to the throne; although
1613:
co-regency, and 716/715 BCE as the date of the death of Ahaz, then all the extensive chronological data for Hezekiah and his contemporaries in the late eighth century BCE are in harmony. Further, McFall found that no
1674:
Historically, there has been considerable controversy over the date when Jerusalem was captured the second time and Zedekiah's reign came to an end. There is no dispute about the month, the summer month of Tammuz
1416:
His reign saw the second rebellion against Nebuchadnezzar (588–586 BC). Jerusalem was captured after a lengthy siege, the temple burnt, Zedekiah blinded and taken into exile, and Judah reduced to a
1454:
historical weight as possible to the biblical sources, while others discount their reliability as historic sources, some even denying any historical value to the biblical sources at all.
1506:
his predecessors; this is instead determined by comparison of the relevant texts by Assyriologists, the same as Thiele did for the regnal data of Judah and Israel.
1559:) that he would live fifteen more years (29−15=14). These problems are all addressed by scholars who make reference to the ancient Near Eastern practice of
1542:
calculated the date as 723 BC. If Albright's or Thiele's dating are correct, then Hezekiah's reign would begin in either 729 or 727 BCE. On the other hand,
2177:
1635:(853/852 BC), but his reign is also reckoned according to another method as starting in the second year of the coregency of Jehoshaphat and his son
1608:
conclude that dating the co-regencies accurately is indeed the key for solving the problems of biblical chronology in the eighth century B.C."
2561:
1961:
1881:
1570:, another set of calculations shows it is probable that Hezekiah did not ascend the throne before 722 BCE. By Albright's calculations,
629:
Death: killed by his officials namely: Zabad, son of Shimeath, an Ammonite woman, and Jehozabad, son of Shimrith, a Moabite woman.
1903:
2170:
1885:, (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965; 3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983).
1477:, Jehoram's father, united with Ahab at the battle of Ramoth-Gilead, and chose a daughter for his son from the house of Ahab (
2124:
2068:
1979:
1861:
1819:
2225:
2187:
2137:
1771:
1766:
1592:(suggesting an error in the text), and that the latter was thirty-two at the birth of his son and successor, Manasseh.
1199:, king of Egypt, dethroned him, and Jehoahaz was replaced by his brother, Eliakim. Carried off to Egypt, where he died.
2163:
1912:
1890:
1707:. Years in the Gregorian calendar commence on 1 January, whereas year numbers for dating biblical events start on 1
1687:
have been 588/587 BC, i.e. in the summer of 587 BCE. The Bablyonian Chronicles fairly precisely date the capture of
2017:
Nadav Na'aman, "Historical and Chronological Notes on the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah in the Eighth Century B.C."
1756:
1703:
Further potential confusion arises from the convention of dating reigns of the Israelite kings in reference to the
2582:
101:
2260:
1776:
1664:
1531:
51:
1691:
and the start of Zedekiah's reign, and they also give the accession year of Nebuchadnezzar's successor
1671:. Zedekiah's installation as king by Nebuchadnezzar can thus be dated to the early spring of 597 BC.
1139:
Death: shot by archers during the battle against Neco of Egypt. He died upon his arrival on Jerusalem.
2203:
1786:
23:
1596:
47:
2149:
1811:
History and the Hebrew Bible: Studies in Ancient Israelite and Ancient Near Eastern Historiography
1555:). This would date his illness to Hezekiah's 14th year, which is confirmed by Isaiah's statement (
2540:
2152:
The Jewish Virtual Library provides a chart of the Kings of Judah and Israel, with academic dates
2143:
1761:
1907:(2003) by Kenneth Kitchen. Grand Rapids and Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
1522:
As an example of the reasoning that finds inconsistencies in calculations when coregencies are
1351:
Jerusalem was captured by the Babylonians and Jehoiachin deposed on 16 March, 597 BCE. Called
2140:
Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1809:
1683:
1660:
963:
97:
18:
1848:
1258:
105:
86:
1446:
which contains scholarly attempts to date the reigns of Judahite monarchs in terms of the
8:
2345:
1744:
1728:
1535:
1502:
897:
125:
2119:
Leslie McFall, โA Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles,โ
1974:
Leslie McFall, โA Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles,โ
2520:
2330:
1704:
1614:
1583:
states that he was twenty-five years of age, his father died at the age of thirty-six (
1447:
1429:
violent death and a disgraceful burial as foretold by Jeremiah (Jer. 22:13–19).
2556:
2495:
2470:
2455:
2350:
2335:
2320:
2315:
2019:
1908:
1886:
1857:
1845:
As to the Babylonian captivity deporting a minority of the Judahite population, see:
1815:
1624:
1588:
1567:
1346:
1181:
1146:
1008:
973:
70:
685:
Death: killed in Lachish by the men sent by his officials who conspired against him.
2525:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2410:
2380:
2280:
1781:
1732:
1724:
1636:
1600:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1470:
1463:
1262:
771:
671:
636:
615:
579:
498:
463:
442:
407:
66:
35:
2395:
2275:
1805:
1712:
1539:
1458:
1425:
752:
735:
699:
692:
239:
137:
129:
1847:
Klaus-Peter Adam; Mark Leuchter (2010). Klaus-Peter Adam; Mark Leuchter (eds.).
1587:) and it is not likely that Ahaz had a son at the age of eleven. Hezekiah's son
1083:
Death: killed by his officials, who were killed later on by the people of Judah.
2535:
1640:
1543:
1527:
1482:
1356:
1834:
1632:
1584:
1580:
1556:
1552:
1478:
2576:
2515:
2510:
2460:
2155:
1676:
1069:
1034:
570:
Death: killed by the troops assigned by Jehoiada the Priest to protect Joash.
133:
1349:
of Babylon sent for him and brought him to Babylon, where he lived and died.
2505:
2400:
2290:
2198:
330:
295:
124:
Most modern historians follow either the older chronologies established by
113:
43:
1853:, Soundings in Kings: Perspectives and Methods in Contemporary Scholarship
2530:
2405:
2340:
2285:
2240:
1692:
1628:
1627:, whose first year is synchronized to the 18th year of the sole reign of
1574:'s initial year was 842 BC; and between it and Samaria's destruction the
1547:
1474:
959:
386:
351:
93:
1515:
1332:
1315:
1279:
1272:
1025:
141:
78:
1950:(Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1994) 232, n.3.
1485:). This convention was followed in Judah for the next three monarchs:
1437:
2475:
2215:
1560:
1241:
1206:
109:
62:
2485:
2480:
2450:
2420:
2390:
2360:
2270:
1740:
1688:
1668:
1497:, returning to Judah's original accession reckoning in the time of
1490:
1400:
1365:
1352:
1196:
942:
907:
775:
767:
556:
519:
218:
183:
82:
55:
2355:
2309:
2250:
1965:(3rd ed.; Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983) pp. 134, 217.
1647:
chronology for the kingdom period in Jack Finegan's encyclopedic
893:
39:
1663:
give 2 Adar (16 March), 597 BC, as the date that Nebuchadnezzar
2465:
2440:
2435:
2370:
1708:
1619:
1125:
1090:
820:
785:
274:
65:. All of the kings of Judah lived and died in Judah except for
2365:
2295:
2245:
1846:
900:
records he received tribute from Ahaz; compare 2 Kings 16:7-9
74:
1534:(the Northern Kingdom) to the 6th year of Hezekiah's reign.
2445:
2325:
2305:
2300:
2235:
1736:
1571:
1538:
dated the fall of the Kingdom of Israel to 721 BC, whereas
876:
841:
58:
as their monarch, leaving him as solely the King of Judah.
1948:
The Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria
512:
Death: killed by Jehu, who usurped the throne of Israel
1514:
Additional potential confusion arises from periods of
2146:
A synchronized chart of the kings of Judah and Israel
572:
Queen Mother, widow of Jehoram and mother of Ahaziah
1024:Mentioned in Assyrian records as a contemporary of
2110:(London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1956) 73.
2108:Chronicles of Chaldean Kings in the British Museum
1698:
2058:(rev. ed.; Peabody MA: Hendrickson, 1998) p. 246.
1743:. This ceremony took place in the doorway of the
1643:); both methods refer to the same calendar year.
2574:
1839:
1804:
1654:
1457:Using the information in Kings and Chronicles,
2185:
1723:A detailed account of a coronation in ancient
140:, all of which are shown below. All dates are
24:kings of Judah, along with the kings of Israel
2171:
2067:Leslie McFall, "Translation Guide" pp. 4-45 (
34:were the monarchs who ruled over the ancient
2562:List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel
1441:The breakup of the united Kingdom of Solomon
2150:Ancient Jewish History: The Kings of Israel
2008:(Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1965) p. 1160.
116:, the Kingdom of Judah came to its demise.
2178:
2164:
2084:chapter 3, "Coregencies and Rival Reigns."
1962:The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings
1882:The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings
1798:
1261:occurred in the fourth year of his reign (
2045:Leslie McFall, "Translation Guide" p.42.
1995:(Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1977).
1875:
1873:
1436:
778:took place in Uzziah's 48th regnal year.
61:The capital of the Kingdom of Judah was
17:
1904:On the Reliability of the Old Testament
2575:
1667:, thus putting an end to the reign of
2159:
1870:
1718:
1469:Thiele showed that for the reign of
1772:Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)
1767:History of ancient Israel and Judah
1731:23:11, in which the seven-year-old
1286:Reigned for 3 months & 10 days.
13:
2138:The Jewish History Resource Center
92:Judah was conquered in 587 or 586
14:
2594:
2131:
174:
85:who were deported as part of the
69:(who died at Megiddo in Israel),
1757:Chronicles of the Kings of Judah
2113:
2100:
2095:Handbook of Biblical Chronology
2087:
2074:
2061:
2056:Handbook of Biblical Chronology
2048:
2039:
2026:
2011:
1998:
1985:
1968:
1856:. Fortress Press. pp. 2โ.
1699:Synchronism to Gregorian dating
1649:Handbook of Biblical Chronology
132:, or the newer chronologies of
1953:
1940:
1927:
1918:
1896:
1828:
1727:is found in 2 Kings 11:12 and
100:under Nebuzaradan, captain of
50:split, with the people of the
1:
1792:
1509:
1432:
456:Death: severe stomach disease
2032:See Kitchen's chronology in
1993:Ancient Egyptian Coregencies
1814:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 90.
1655:Synchronism to fall of Judah
38:, which was formed in about
7:
1777:Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
1750:
10:
2599:
1566:Following the approach of
344:Death: severe foot disease
52:northern Kingdom of Israel
2549:
2494:
2379:
2259:
2224:
2204:Kings of Israel and Judah
2194:
1787:Kings of Israel and Judah
172:
2144:Complete Bible Genealogy
1665:first captured Jerusalem
106:deportation of the elite
104:'s body-guard. With the
73:(who died a prisoner in
48:United Kingdom of Israel
2541:Antigonus II Mattathias
1762:Chronology of the Bible
1682:The publication of the
119:
108:and the destruction of
2583:Kings of ancient Judah
1610:
1442:
165:Regnal Name and style
27:
1684:Babylonian Chronicles
1661:Babylonian Chronicles
1605:
1440:
1371:Reigned for 11 years.
1330:ืื-ืืืืืงืื ืืื ืืืืื
1255:Death: Natural Causes
1212:Reigned for 11 years.
1152:Reigned for 3 months.
1096:Reigned for 31 years.
1022:Death: natural causes
979:Reigned for 55 years.
956:Death: Natural Causes
913:Reigned for 29 years.
890:Death: natural causes
847:Reigned for 16 years.
834:Death: natural causes
791:Reigned for 16 years.
774:wrote that the First
706:Reigned for 52 years.
642:Reigned for 29 years.
613:ืื-ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื
586:Reigned for 40 years.
400:Death: natural causes
357:Reigned for 25 years.
301:Reigned for 41 years.
288:Death: natural causes
232:Death: natural causes
189:Reigned for 17 years.
150:Common/Biblical name
98:Neo-Babylonian Empire
22:The genealogy of the
21:
2034:New Bible Dictionary
2006:New Bible Dictionary
2004:J. D. Douglas, ed.,
1991:William J. Murnane,
1739:against the usurper
1313:ืื-ืืืืืงืื ืืื ืืืืื
1259:Battle of Carchemish
1040:Reigned for 2 years.
818:ืื-ืขืืืื ืืื ืืืืื
527:Reigned for 6 years.
496:ืื-ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืื
413:Reigned for 8 years.
245:Reigned for 3 years.
87:Babylonian captivity
2498:(Hasmonean dynasty)
1978:148 (1991) p. 33. (
1745:Temple in Jerusalem
1615:textual emendations
1595:Since Albright and
1536:William F. Albright
1503:Tiglath-Pileser III
1398:ืื-ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืื
1239:ืื-ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืื
1179:ืื-ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืื
1006:ืื-ืืืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื
898:Tiglath-Pileser III
750:ืื-ืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืืื
669:ืื-ืืืืืฉ ืืื ืืืืื
469:Reigned for 1 year.
440:ืื-ืืืืฉืคื ืืื ืืืืื
272:ืื-ืจืืืขื ืืื ืืืืื
126:William F. Albright
42:, according to the
2521:Alexander Jannaeus
2383:(southern kingdom)
2263:(northern kingdom)
2082:Mysterious Numbers
1935:Mysterious Numbers
1705:Gregorian calendar
1530:dates the fall of
1448:Gregorian calendar
1443:
1424:A footnote in the
1123:ืื-ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื
1067:ืื-ืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืื
958:Contemporary with
733:ืื-ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืื
554:ืืช-ืขืืจื ืืืืช ืืืืื
328:ืื-ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื
28:
2570:
2569:
2557:Jewish leadership
2228:(united monarchy)
2121:Bibliotheca Sacra
2020:Vetus Testamentum
1976:Bibliotheca Sacra
1959:Edwin R. Thiele,
1863:978-1-4514-1263-5
1821:978-3-16-149809-1
1719:Coronation ritual
1625:Jehoram of Israel
1422:
1421:
1418:
1414:Death: In prison.
1410:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1359:
1347:Nebuchadnezzar II
1341:
1325:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1266:
1251:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1200:
1191:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1140:
1135:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1084:
1079:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1028:
1018:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
967:
952:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
901:
886:
874:ืื-ืืืชื ืืื ืืืืื
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
835:
830:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
779:
762:
745:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
686:
681:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
630:
625:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
573:
566:
548:
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538:
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528:
513:
508:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
457:
452:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
401:
396:
384:ืื-ืืกื ืืื ืืืืื
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
345:
340:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
289:
284:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
233:
228:
216:ืื-ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืื
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
2590:
2526:Salome Alexandra
2188:Israel and Judah
2180:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2023:36 (1986) p. 91.
2015:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1900:
1894:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1843:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1802:
1782:Kingdom of Judah
1735:is crowned in a
1637:Jehoram of Judah
1464:Battle of Qarqar
1413:
1408:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1355:in Jeremiah and
1344:
1339:
1323:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1254:
1249:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1194:
1189:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1138:
1133:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1082:
1077:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1021:
1016:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
964:Merodach-Baladan
955:
950:
940:ืื-ืืื ืืื ืืืืื
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
889:
884:
867:735/31–715
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
833:
828:
811:750–735/30
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
772:George Syncellus
765:
760:
743:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
684:
679:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
628:
623:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
569:
564:
546:
541:
536:
531:
524:
511:
506:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
455:
450:
432:
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417:
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399:
394:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
343:
338:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
287:
282:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
231:
226:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
147:
146:
36:Kingdom of Judah
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2545:
2497:
2490:
2382:
2375:
2262:
2255:
2227:
2220:
2190:
2184:
2134:
2129:
2118:
2114:
2106:D. J. Wiseman,
2105:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2027:
2016:
2012:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1986:
1973:
1969:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1901:
1897:
1893:, 9780825438257
1878:
1871:
1864:
1844:
1840:
1835:2 Kings 25:8โ21
1833:
1829:
1822:
1806:Hans M. Barstad
1803:
1799:
1795:
1753:
1721:
1713:Hebrew calendar
1701:
1657:
1512:
1479:1 Kings 22:1โ38
1435:
1426:Amplified Bible
1415:
1407:
1399:
1369:
1350:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1284:
1276:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1210:
1188:
1180:
1150:
1132:
1124:
1094:
1076:
1068:
1038:
1023:
1015:
1007:
977:
962:of Assyria and
957:
949:
941:
911:
891:
883:
875:
845:
827:
819:
789:
770:
759:
751:
746:
742:
734:
704:
696:
678:
670:
640:
622:
614:
584:
571:
563:
555:
526:
523:
505:
497:
467:
449:
441:
411:
393:
385:
355:
337:
329:
299:
281:
273:
243:
225:
217:
187:
177:
138:Kenneth Kitchen
130:Edwin R. Thiele
122:
12:
11:
5:
2596:
2586:
2585:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2536:Aristobulus II
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
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2463:
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2423:
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2398:
2393:
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2374:
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2353:
2348:
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2338:
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2328:
2323:
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2313:
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2298:
2293:
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2273:
2267:
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2257:
2256:
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2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2209:Kings of Judah
2201:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2133:
2132:External links
2130:
2128:
2127:
2123:148 (1991) 45.
2112:
2099:
2093:Jack Finegan,
2086:
2073:
2060:
2054:Jack Finegan,
2047:
2038:
2025:
2010:
1997:
1984:
1967:
1952:
1946:Hayim Tadmor,
1939:
1926:
1924:Jeremiah 52:11
1917:
1895:
1879:Edwin Thiele,
1869:
1862:
1838:
1827:
1820:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1720:
1717:
1700:
1697:
1656:
1653:
1576:Books of Kings
1511:
1508:
1434:
1431:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1404:ben Yoโshiyahu
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1361:
1360:
1342:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1268:
1267:
1252:
1245:ben Yoโshiyahu
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1185:ben Yoโshiyahu
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1030:
1029:
1019:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
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969:
968:
953:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
903:
902:
887:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
837:
836:
831:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
781:
780:
763:
756:ben โAmatzyahu
739:ben โAmatzyahu
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
688:
687:
682:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
632:
631:
626:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
575:
574:
567:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
515:
514:
509:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
459:
458:
453:
446:ben Yehoshafat
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
403:
402:
397:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
347:
346:
341:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
291:
290:
285:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
235:
234:
229:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
179:
178:
176:
175:House of David
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
121:
118:
102:Nebuchadnezzar
32:Kings of Judah
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2595:
2584:
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2580:
2578:
2563:
2560:
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2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Aristobulus I
2514:
2512:
2511:John Hyrcanus
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2484:
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2429:
2427:
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2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1921:
1914:
1913:0-8028-4960-1
1910:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1891:0-8254-3825-X
1888:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1836:
1831:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1677:Jeremiah 52:6
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1601:Nadav Na'aman
1598:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:2 Kings 18:10
1525:
1520:
1517:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1439:
1430:
1427:
1412:
1409:Melekh Yehuda
1405:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1391:597–586
1389:
1386:597–586
1384:
1381:597–586
1379:
1376:597–587
1374:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1340:Melekh Yehuda
1337:
1336:ben Yehoyaqim
1335:
1329:
1324:Melekh Yehuda
1320:
1319:ben Yehoyaqim
1318:
1312:
1309:
1306:598–597
1304:
1301:598–597
1299:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1250:Melekh Yehuda
1246:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1232:609–598
1230:
1227:609–598
1225:
1222:609–598
1220:
1217:609–598
1215:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1190:Melekh Yehuda
1186:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1134:Melekh Yehuda
1130:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1116:640–609
1114:
1111:640–609
1109:
1106:641–609
1104:
1101:640–609
1099:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1078:Melekh Yehuda
1074:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1060:642–640
1058:
1055:642–640
1053:
1050:643–641
1048:
1045:642–640
1043:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1017:Melekh Yehuda
1013:
1012:ben Hizqiyahu
1011:
1005:
1002:
999:687–642
997:
994:697–642
992:
989:687–643
987:
984:687–642
982:
976:
975:
971:
970:
965:
961:
954:
951:Melekh Yehuda
947:
945:
939:
936:
933:715–687
931:
928:726–697
926:
923:716–687
921:
918:715–687
916:
910:
909:
905:
904:
899:
895:
888:
885:Melekh Yehuda
881:
879:
873:
870:
865:
862:742–726
860:
857:732–716
855:
852:735–715
850:
844:
843:
839:
838:
832:
829:Melekh Yehuda
825:
823:
817:
814:
809:
806:758–742
804:
801:740–732
799:
796:742–735
794:
788:
787:
783:
782:
777:
773:
769:
764:
761:Melekh Yehuda
757:
755:
749:
744:Melekh Yehuda
740:
738:
732:
729:
726:776–736
724:
721:788–736
719:
716:767–740
714:
711:783–742
709:
702:
701:
695:
694:
690:
689:
683:
680:Melekh Yehuda
676:
674:
668:
665:
662:796–776
660:
657:805–776
655:
652:796–767
650:
647:800–783
645:
639:
638:
634:
633:
627:
624:Melekh Yehuda
620:
619:ben โAhazyahu
618:
612:
609:
606:835–796
604:
601:835–802
599:
596:835–796
594:
591:837–800
589:
583:
581:
577:
576:
568:
565:Malkat Yehuda
561:
559:
553:
550:
547:841–835
545:
542:842–835
540:
537:841–835
535:
532:842–837
530:
522:
521:
517:
516:
510:
507:Melekh Yehuda
503:
501:
495:
492:
489:842–841
487:
484:843–842
482:
479:841–841
477:
474:842–842
472:
466:
465:
461:
460:
454:
451:Melekh Yehuda
447:
445:
439:
436:
433:849–842
431:
428:851–843
426:
423:848–841
421:
418:849–842
416:
410:
409:
405:
404:
398:
395:Melekh Yehuda
391:
389:
383:
380:
377:871–849
375:
372:870–845
370:
367:870–848
365:
362:873–849
360:
354:
353:
349:
348:
342:
339:Melekh Yehuda
335:
333:
327:
324:
321:912–871
319:
316:911–870
314:
311:911–870
309:
306:913–873
304:
298:
297:
293:
292:
286:
283:Melekh Yehuda
279:
277:
271:
268:
265:915–912
263:
260:914–911
258:
255:913–911
253:
250:915–913
248:
242:
241:
237:
236:
230:
227:Melekh Yehuda
223:
221:
215:
212:
209:931–915
207:
204:931–914
202:
199:931–913
197:
194:922–915
192:
186:
185:
181:
180:
171:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
143:
139:
135:
134:Gershon Galil
131:
127:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
25:
20:
16:
2506:Simon Thassi
2208:
2199:Davidic line
2120:
2115:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2063:
2055:
2050:
2041:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2013:
2005:
2000:
1992:
1987:
1975:
1970:
1960:
1955:
1947:
1942:
1934:
1929:
1920:
1902:
1898:
1880:
1852:
1849:
1841:
1830:
1810:
1800:
1729:2 Chronicles
1722:
1702:
1681:
1673:
1658:
1648:
1645:
1641:2 Kings 1:17
1631:of Judah in
1611:
1606:
1594:
1585:2 Kings 16:2
1581:2 Kings 18:2
1575:
1565:
1557:2 Kings 18:5
1546:states that
1540:E. R. Thiele
1523:
1521:
1513:
1483:2 Kings 8:18
1468:
1459:Edwin Thiele
1456:
1452:
1444:
1423:
1401:
1395:
1364:
1345:Death: King
1333:
1327:
1316:
1310:
1278:
1271:
1242:
1236:
1205:
1182:
1176:
1145:
1126:
1120:
1089:
1070:
1064:
1033:
1009:
1003:
972:
943:
937:
906:
877:
871:
840:
824:ben โUziyahu
821:
815:
784:
753:
747:
736:
730:
698:
691:
672:
666:
635:
616:
610:
578:
557:
551:
518:
499:
493:
462:
443:
437:
406:
387:
381:
350:
331:
325:
294:
278:ben Rehavโam
275:
269:
238:
219:
213:
182:
123:
91:
60:
44:Hebrew Bible
31:
29:
15:
2531:Hyrcanus II
2406:Jehoshaphat
2341:Jeroboam II
2241:Ish-bosheth
1693:Amel-Marduk
1633:2 Kings 3:1
1629:Jehoshaphat
1548:Sennacherib
1526:ruled out,
1475:Jehoshaphat
1466:in 853 BC.
1073:ben Menashe
966:of Babylon.
960:Sennacherib
675:ben Yehoash
502:ben Yehoram
352:Jehoshaphat
334:ben โAviyam
222:ben Shelomo
46:, when the
2271:Jeroboam I
2186:Rulers of
1793:References
1689:Jehoiachin
1669:Jehoaichin
1568:Wellhausen
1553:2 Kings 20
1516:co-regency
1510:Co-regency
1433:Chronology
1402:Tzidqiyahu
1317:Yehoyakhin
1273:Jehoiachin
1127:Yoโshiyahu
1026:Esarhaddon
673:โAmatzyahu
388:Yehoshafat
54:rejecting
2476:Jehoiakim
2346:Zechariah
2216:Maccabees
1851:"Preface"
1603:writes,
1561:coregency
1417:province.
1243:Yehoyaqim
1207:Jehoiakim
1183:Yehoโahaz
1129:ben โAmon
946:ben โAhaz
944:Hizqiyahu
880:ben Yotam
560:bat โOmri
500:โAhazyahu
153:Albright
110:Jerusalem
96:, by the
63:Jerusalem
2577:Category
2550:See also
2486:Zedekiah
2481:Jeconiah
2471:Jehoahaz
2456:Manasseh
2451:Hezekiah
2421:Athaliah
2391:Rehoboam
2361:Pekahiah
2331:Jehoahaz
2080:Thiele,
1933:Thiele,
1808:(2008).
1751:See also
1741:Athaliah
1597:Friedman
1589:Manasseh
1524:a priori
1491:Athaliah
1366:Zedekiah
1353:Jeconiah
1334:Yekhonya
1280:Jeconiah
1263:Jeremiah
1197:Necho II
1147:Jehoahaz
974:Manasseh
908:Hezekiah
894:Assyrian
776:Olympiad
768:Tzaraath
737:โUziyahu
520:Athaliah
390:ben โAsa
220:Rehavโam
184:Rehoboam
162:Kitchen
112:and the
83:Zedekiah
79:Jeconiah
71:Jehoahaz
56:Rehoboam
2431:Amaziah
2426:Jehoash
2416:Ahaziah
2411:Jehoram
2356:Menahem
2351:Shallum
2336:Jehoash
2321:Jehoram
2316:Ahaziah
2310:Jezebel
2251:Solomon
2097:p. 246.
2036:p. 220.
1733:Jehoash
1711:of the
1532:Samaria
1499:Amaziah
1495:Jehoash
1487:Ahaziah
1471:Jehoram
1311:ืืืืืืื
1237:ืืืืืงืื
1195:Death:
1010:Menashe
766:Death:
754:โAzarya
700:Azariah
637:Amaziah
617:Yehoash
582:(Joash)
580:Jehoash
558:โAtalya
525:(Queen)
464:Ahaziah
444:Yehoram
408:Jehoram
276:โAviyam
156:Thiele
67:Ahaziah
2466:Josiah
2441:Jotham
2436:Uzziah
2396:Abijam
2371:Hoshea
2281:Baasha
2261:Israel
2226:Israel
1911:
1889:
1860:
1818:
1709:Tishri
1620:Hoshea
1493:, and
1396:ืฆืืงืืื
1357:Esther
1177:ืืืืืื
1121:ืืืฉืืื
1091:Josiah
938:ืืืงืืื
786:Jotham
693:Uzziah
667:ืืืฆืืื
494:ืืืืืื
382:ืืืืฉืคื
240:Abijah
168:Notes
159:Galil
114:Temple
77:) and
40:930 BC
2496:Judea
2381:Judah
2366:Pekah
2296:Tibni
2291:Zimri
2276:Nadab
2246:David
1937:, 58.
1725:Judah
1544:18:13
1328:ืืื ืื
1265:46:2)
1071:โAmon
896:king
878:โAhaz
822:Yotam
748:ืขืืจืื
731:ืขืืืื
611:ืืืืืฉ
552:ืขืชืืื
438:ืืืืจื
214:ืจืืืขื
75:Egypt
2461:Amon
2446:Ahaz
2326:Jehu
2306:Ahab
2301:Omri
2286:Elah
2236:Saul
2069:Link
1980:Link
1909:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1737:coup
1659:The
1572:Jehu
1257:The
1065:ืืืื
1035:Amon
1004:ืื ืฉื
892:The
842:Ahaz
816:ืืืชื
332:โAsa
270:ืืืื
136:and
120:List
81:and
30:The
2401:Asa
1296:598
1291:598
1172:609
1167:609
1162:609
1157:609
872:ืืื
326:ืืกื
296:Asa
142:BCE
128:or
2579::
2071:).
1872:^
1651:.
1563:.
1489:,
1481:,
1450:.
1338:,
1187:,
1075:,
677:,
504:,
448:,
144:.
94:BC
89:.
2312:)
2308:(
2179:e
2172:t
2165:v
1982:)
1915:.
1866:.
1824:.
1675:(
1639:(
1551:(
1406:,
1321:,
1283:)
1277:(
1247:,
1131:,
1014:,
948:,
882:,
826:,
758:,
741:,
703:)
697:(
621:,
562:,
392:,
336:,
280:,
224:,
26:.
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