Battle of the Bulge

4801: 5666:(as part of the enquiry set up by the Chiefs of Staff) with writing a report on the lessons to be learned from the handling of pre-battle Ultra. The report concluded that "the costly reverse might have been avoided if Ultra had been more carefully considered". "Ultra intelligence was plentiful and informative" though "not wholly free from ambiguity", "but it was misread and misused". Lucas and Calvocoressi noted that "intelligence staffs had been too apt to assume that Ultra would tell them everything". Among the signs misread were the formation of the new 6th Panzer Army in the build-up area (west bank of the Rhine about Cologne); the new 'Star' (signals control-network) noted by the 'Fusion Room' traffic-analysts, linking "all the armoured divisions , including some transferred from the Russian front"; the daily aerial reconnaissance of the lightly defended target area by new 4780:

strategically unimportant area, did not launch the attack until 3 January. In addition, a series of renewed German attempts to re-encircle and seize Bastogne using units moved to the southern shoulder of the salient from the north, put Patton in a desperate fight for the initiative, with the German maintaining offensive operations in sectors north and east of Bastogne until 7 January, and resulting in heavier fighting than during the 21–26 December siege of Bastogne itself; in addition, Patton's Third Army would have to clear out the "Harlange Pocket" east of Bastogne on the Belgian-Luxembourg border. One of these fierce actions around Bastogne occurred on 2 January, the Tiger IIs of German Heavy Tank Battalion 506 supported an attack by the 12th SS Hitlerjugend division against U.S. positions of the 6th Armored Division near Wardin and knocked out 15 Sherman tanks.

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only cheerful faces at this table." Patton, realizing what Eisenhower implied, responded, "Hell, let's have the guts to let the bastards go all the way to Paris. Then, we'll really cut 'em off and chew 'em up." Eisenhower, after saying he was not that optimistic, asked Patton how long it would take to turn his Third Army, located in northeastern France, north to counterattack. To the disbelief of the other generals present, Patton replied that he could attack with two divisions within 48 hours. Unknown to the other officers present, before he left, Patton had ordered his staff to prepare three contingency plans for a northward turn in at least corps strength. By the time Eisenhower asked him how long it would take, the movement was already underway. On 20 December, Eisenhower removed the First and Ninth U.S. Armies from Gen. Bradley's

5619: 4833: 4396: 5238: 4562: 3818: 4306:; when asked about their mission, some of them claimed they had been told to go to Paris to either kill or capture General Dwight Eisenhower. Security around the general was greatly increased, and Eisenhower was confined to his headquarters. Because Skorzeny's men were captured in American uniforms, they were executed as spies. This was the standard practice of every army at the time, as many belligerents considered it necessary to protect their territory against the grave dangers of enemy spying. Skorzeny said that he was told by German legal experts that as long he did not order his men to fight in combat while wearing American uniforms, such a tactic was a legitimate 5512:(200 killed, 969 wounded, and 239 missing.) T.N. Dupuy, David Bongard, and Richard Anderson list battle casualties for XXX Corps combat units as 1,462, including 222 killed, 977 wounded, and 263 missing to 16 January 1945 inclusive. Casualties among American divisions (excluding attached elements, corps and army-level combat support, and rear-area personnel) totaled 62,439 from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945, inclusive: 6,238 killed, 32,712 wounded, and 23,399 missing. Historian Charles B. MacDonald lists 81,000 American casualties, 41,315 during the defensive phase and 39,672 during the drive to flatten the "Bulge" through 28 January. 4821: 5307: 4276:"), Otto Skorzeny successfully infiltrated a small part of his battalion of English-speaking Germans disguised in American uniforms behind the Allied lines. Although they failed to take the vital bridges over the Meuse, their presence caused confusion out of all proportion to their military activities, and rumors spread quickly. Even General George Patton was alarmed and, on 17 December, described the situation to General Dwight Eisenhower as "Krauts ... speaking perfect English ... raising hell, cutting wires, turning road signs around, spooking whole divisions, and shoving a bulge into our defenses." 850: 520: 479: 338: 324: 310: 282: 263: 3450: 3277: 3076: 895: 549: 450: 432: 414: 396: 378: 358: 197: 4641:. With casualties mounting, and running short on replacements, tanks, ammunition, and supplies, Seventh Army was forced to withdraw to defensive positions on the south bank of the Moder River on 21 January. The German offensive drew to a close on 25 January. In the bitter, desperate fighting of Operation Nordwind, VI Corps, which had borne the brunt of the fighting, suffered a total of 14,716 casualties. The total for Seventh Army for January was 11,609. Total casualties included at least 9,000 wounded. First, Third, and Seventh Armies suffered a total of 17,000 hospitalized from the cold. 3394: 3260: 3238: 3020: 3006: 2978: 534: 239: 4000: 223: 4428:), coming due west had been engaged and much slowed and frustrated in outlying battles at defensive positions up to 16 kilometers (10 mi) from the town proper, but these defensive positions were gradually being forced back onto and into the hasty defenses built within the municipality. Moreover, the sole corridor that was open (to the southeast) was threatened and it had been sporadically closed as the front shifted, and there was expectation that it would be completely closed sooner than later, given the strong likelihood that the town would soon be surrounded. 11674: 5390:, to ensure the vital areas were held securely, and to create reserves for counter-attack. I embarked on these measures: I put British troops under command of the Ninth Army to fight alongside American soldiers, and made that Army take over some of the First Army Front. I positioned British troops as reserves behind the First and Ninth Armies until such time as American reserves could be created. Slowly but surely the situation was held, and then finally restored. Similar action was taken on the southern flank of the bulge by Bradley, with the Third Army. 11835: 2620: 5556:

assault guns. Hermann Jung gave figures for 600 German tanks across the entire western front from December 16, 1944, to February 1, 1945. Other sources place German losses in the range of 600–800: Magna E. Bauer's review of OKW records suggests 324 losses in December (77 Panzer IVs, 132 Panthers, 13 Tigers, and 102 assault guns) and even more in January. American losses over the same period were similarly heavy, totaling from 733 tanks and tank destroyers (exclusive of other types and losses suffered by British XXX Corps) to 800 in tanks alone.

2671:('People's Grenadier') units formed from a mix of battle-hardened veterans and recruits formerly regarded as too young, too old or too frail to fight. Training time, equipment and supplies were inadequate during the preparations. German fuel supplies were precarious—those materials and supplies that could not be directly transported by rail had to be horse-drawn to conserve fuel, and the mechanized and panzer divisions would depend heavily on captured fuel. As a result, the start of the offensive was delayed from 27 November until 16 December. 4760: 4258:, while a bit farther north, parts of 2nd Panzer Division were in sight of the Meuse near Dinant at Foy-Nôtre-Dame. A hastily assembled British blocking force on the east side of the river prevented the German Battlegroup Böhm from approaching the Dinant bridge. The 29th Armoured Brigade ambushed the Germans knocking out three Panthers and a number of vehicles in and around Foy-Nôtre-Dame. By late Christmas Eve the advance in this sector was stopped, as Allied forces threatened the narrow corridor held by the 2nd Panzer Division. 1926: 5423:

Americans in the Ardennes (for every British soldier there were thirty to forty Americans in the fight), and that it belittled the part played by Bradley, Patton and other American commanders. In the context of Patton's and Montgomery's well-known antipathy, Montgomery's failure to mention the contribution of any American general besides Eisenhower was seen as insulting. Indeed, Bradley and his American commanders were already starting their counterattack by the time Montgomery was given command of 1st and 9th U.S. Armies.

5371:) on the northern shoulder of the German penetration lost communications with adjacent armies, as well as with Bradley's headquarters in Luxembourg City to the south of the "bulge". Consequently, at 10:30 a.m. on 20 December, Eisenhower transferred the command of the U.S. First and Ninth Armies temporarily from Bradley to Montgomery. Command of the U.S. First Army reverted to the U.S. 12th Army Group on 17 January 1945, and command of the U.S. Ninth Army reverted to the U.S. 12th Army Group on 4 April 1945. 15896: 4444: 4174: 3405: 3249: 3042: 875: 527: 507: 296: 5386:, who arrived for a conference at 11 am, I left at noon for the H.Q. of the First Army, where I had instructed Simpson to meet me. I found the northern flank of the bulge was very disorganized. Ninth Army had two corps and three divisions; First Army had three corps and fifteen divisions. Neither Army Commander had seen Bradley or any senior member of his staff since the battle began, and they had no directive on which to work. The first thing to do was to see the battle on the northern flank 3381: 3177: 2956: 2888: 3053: 3031: 2992: 3433: 3419: 210: 3900: 5281:

fuel their vehicles. As the battle ensued, on the northern shoulder of the offensive, Dietrich stopped the armored assault on the twin villages after two days and changed the axis of their advance southward through the hamlet of Domäne Bütgenbach. The headlong drive on Elsenborn Ridge lacked needed support from German units that had already bypassed the ridge. Dietrich's decision unknowingly played into American hands, as Robertson had already decided to abandon the villages.

4331: 4122: 3576: 3224: 3208: 3197: 5296: 4490: 5903:

Battle Participation, 1 June 1945' (copy CMH), which notes 11,609 Seventh Army battle casualties for the period, plus 2,836 cases of trench foot and 380 cases of frostbite, and estimates about 17,000 Germans killed or wounded with 5,985 processed prisoners of war. But the VI Corps AAR for January 1945 puts its total losses at 14,716 (773 killed, 4,838 wounded, 3,657 missing, and 5,448 nonbattle casualties); and Albert E. Cowdrey and Graham A. Cosmas,

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the attack from the south under Patton was steady but slow and involved heavy losses, and Montgomery was trying to avoid this situation. Morelock states that Monty was preoccupied with being allowed to lead a "single thrust offensive" to Berlin as the overall commander of Allied ground forces, and that he accordingly treated the Ardennes counteroffensive "as a sideshow, to be finished with the least possible effort and expenditure of resources."

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was about the paratroopers. Actually, the 10th Armored Division was in there December 18th, a day before we were, and had some very hard fighting before we ever got into it, and I sincerely believe that we would never have been able to get into Bastogne if it had not been for the defensive fighting of the three elements of the 10th Armored Division who were first into Bastogne and protected the town from invasion by the Germans."

4161:(106th Infantry), successfully resisted the German attacks, significantly slowing the German advance. At Montgomery's orders, St. Vith was evacuated on 21 December; U.S. troops fell back to entrenched positions in the area, presenting an imposing obstacle to a successful German advance. By 23 December, as the Germans shattered their flanks, the defenders' position became untenable and U.S. troops were ordered to retreat west of the 3653: 5322: 5491: 4357:

was responsible for an 18-kilometer (11 mi) front while its 2nd Battalion was withheld as the divisional reserve. Panzer columns took the outlying villages and widely separated strong points in bitter fighting, and advanced to points near Bastogne within four days. The struggle for the villages and American strong points, plus transport confusion on the German side, slowed the attack sufficiently to allow the

4752: 5907:, draft CMH MS (1988), pp. 54–55, a forthcoming volume in the United States Army in World War II series, reports Seventh Army hospitals processing about 9,000 wounded and 17,000 'sick and injured' during the period. Many of these may have been returned to their units, and others may have come from American units operating in the Colmar area but still supported by Seventh Army medical services." 5680:

to know how much reconnaissance was flown over the Eiffel sector on the U.S. First Army Front". E. J. N. Rose, head Air Adviser in Hut 3, read the paper at the time and described it in 1998 as "an extremely good report" that "showed the failure of intelligence at SHAEF and at the Air Ministry". Lucas and Calvocoressi "expected heads to roll at Eisenhower's HQ, but they did no more than wobble".

2048:. On 26 December the lead element of Patton's U.S. Third Army reached Bastogne from the south ending the siege. Although the offensive was effectively broken by 27 December, when the trapped units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break-out attempts with only partial success, the battle continued for another month before the front line was effectively restored to its position prior to the attack. 76: 2462:('Plan Martin'). The two field marshals combined their plans to present a joint "small solution" to Hitler. When they offered their alternative plans, Hitler would not listen. Rundstedt later testified that while he recognized the merit of Hitler's operational plan, he saw from the very first that "all, absolutely all conditions for the possible success of such an offensive were lacking." 4455:, and Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division. Conditions inside the perimeter were tough—most of the medical supplies and medical personnel had been captured. Food was scarce, and by 22 December artillery ammunition was restricted to 10 rounds per gun per day. The weather cleared the next day and supplies (primarily ammunition) were dropped over four of the next five days. 4365:) to reach Bastogne by truck on the morning of 19 December. The fierce defense of Bastogne, in which American paratroopers particularly distinguished themselves, made it impossible for the Germans to take the town with its important road junctions. The panzer columns swung past on either side, cutting off Bastogne on 20 December but failing to secure the vital crossroads. 3547:, and then Elsenborn Ridge was led by the units personally selected by Adolf Hitler. The 6th Panzer Army was given priority for supply and equipment and was assigned the shortest route to the ultimate objective of the offensive, Antwerp. The 6th Panzer Army included the elite of the Waffen-SS, including four Panzer divisions and five infantry divisions in three corps. SS- 5482:, writing in 1997, maintained that "Putting Monty in command of the northern flank had no effect on the battle". Ambrose wrote that: "Far from directing the victory, Montgomery had gotten in everyone's way, and had botched the counter-attack." Bradley blamed Montgomery's "stagnating conservatism" for his failure to counterattack when ordered to do so by Eisenhower. 4381:

ordered vast reinforcements to the area. Within a week 250,000 troops had been sent. General Gavin of the 82nd Airborne Division arrived on the scene first and ordered the 101st to hold Bastogne while the 82nd would take the more difficult task of facing the SS Panzer Divisions; it was also thrown into the battle north of the bulge, near Elsenborn Ridge.

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simultaneous attack on all sides. The assault, despite initial success by its tanks in penetrating the American line, was defeated and all the tanks destroyed. On the following day of 26 December the spearhead of Gen. Patton's 4th Armored Division, supplemented by the 26th (Yankee) Infantry Division, broke through and opened a corridor to Bastogne.

5469:, a British author who has since been accused of putting words in the mouths of German generals, and attempting to "rewrite the historical record". After conducting several interviews via an interpreter, Liddell Hart in a subsequent book attributed to Manteuffel the following statement about Montgomery's contribution to the battle in the Ardennes: 4788:

Third Army and First Army linking up on 16 January with the capture of Houffalize. Sixth Panzer Army left the Ardennes and ceded its sector to the Fifth Panzer Army on 22 January, while St. Vith was recaptured by the Americans on 23 January, and the last German units participating in the offensive did not return to their start line until February.

2036:, blocked German access to key roads to the northwest and west which they had counted on for success. This congestion and terrain that favored the defenders, threw the German advance behind schedule and allowed the Allies to reinforce the thinly placed troops. The farthest west the offensive reached was the village of Foy-Nôtre-Dame, south east of 5415:

have the picture of British troops fighting on both sides of the Americans who have suffered a hard blow." He stated that he (i.e., the German) was "headed off ... seen off ... and ... written off ... The battle has been the most interesting, I think possibly one of the most interesting and tricky battles I have ever handled."

2519:, 'Battle of the Ardennes'. The battle was militarily defined by the Allies as the Ardennes Counteroffensive, which included the German drive and the American effort to contain and later defeat it. The phrase 'Battle of the Bulge' was coined by contemporary press to describe the way the Allied front line bulged inward on wartime news maps. 5633:. The rapid advance by the German forces who surrounded the town, the spectacular resupply operations via parachute and glider, along with the fast action of General Patton's Third U.S. Army, all were featured in newspaper articles and on radio and captured the public's imagination; there were no correspondents in the area of 3703:. After a brief battle the lightly armed Americans surrendered. They were disarmed and, with some other Americans captured earlier (approximately 150 men), sent to stand in a field near the crossroads under light guard. About fifteen minutes after Peiper's advance guard passed through, the main body under the command of SS- 2708:

the Germans wanted them to believe-–that preparations were being carried out only for defensive, not offensive, operations. The Allies relied too much on Ultra, not human reconnaissance. In fact, because of the Germans' efforts, the Allies were led to believe that a new defensive army was being formed around

2860:, close enough for the generals and Panzer Corps commanders who were to lead the attack to visit Adlerhorst on 11 December, traveling there in an SS-operated bus convoy. With the castle acting as overflow accommodation, the main party was settled into the Adlerhorst's Haus 2 command bunker, including Gen. 4630:), and separate from the Ardennes Offensive, was the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front. The weakened Seventh Army had, at Eisenhower's orders, sent troops, equipment, and supplies north to reinforce the American armies in the Ardennes, and the offensive left it in dire straits. 6243: 3833:. Peiper's forces were already behind his timetable because of the stiff American resistance and because when the Americans fell back, their engineers blew up bridges and emptied fuel dumps. Peiper's unit was delayed and his vehicles denied critically needed fuel. They took 36 hours to advance from the 4800: 5532:

The German High Command estimated that they lost between 81,834 and 98,024 men on the Western Front between 16 December 1944 and 25 January 1945; the accepted figure was 81,834, of which 12,652 were killed, 38,600 were wounded, and 30,582 were missing. Allied estimates on German casualties range from

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The operations of the American 1st Army had developed into a series of individual holding actions. Montgomery's contribution to restoring the situation was that he turned a series of isolated actions into a coherent battle fought according to a clear and definite plan. It was his refusal to engage in

5430:

Many American officers had already grown to dislike Montgomery, who was seen by them as an overly cautious commander, arrogant, and all too willing to say uncharitable things about the Americans. However, on 18 January 1945 Churchill stated to Parliament "the United States troops have done almost all

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Twenty years after the battle, General McAuliffe praised the men of the 10th Armored "Tiger" Division saying, "It's always seemed regrettable to me, that Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division didn't get the credit it deserved in the battle of Bastogne. All of the newspaper and radio talk

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The 109th and 110th Regiments of the 28th Division fared worse, as they were spread so thinly that their positions were easily bypassed. Both offered stubborn resistance in the face of superior forces and threw the German schedule off by several days. The 110th's situation was by far the worst, as it

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Unlike the German forces on the northern and southern shoulders who were experiencing great difficulties, the German advance in the center gained considerable ground. The Fifth Panzer Army was spearheaded by the 2nd Panzer Division while the Panzer Lehr Division (Elite Armored Demonstration Division)

4015:

The stiff American defense prevented the Germans from reaching the vast array of supplies near the Belgian cities of Liège and Spa and the road network west of the Elsenborn Ridge leading to the Meuse River. After more than 10 days of intense battle, they pushed the Americans out of the villages, but

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Regiment in an attack and a company of Fallschirmjäger to infiltrate their lines. He followed this with a Panzer attack, gaining the eastern edge of the town. An American tank battalion arrived but, after a two-hour tank battle, Peiper finally captured Stoumont at 10:30. Knittel joined up with Peiper

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Peiper attacked Stavelot on 18 December but was unable to capture the town before the Americans evacuated a large fuel depot. Three tanks attempted to take the bridge, but the lead vehicle was disabled by a mine. Following this, 60 grenadiers advanced forward but were stopped by concentrated American

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to the north, where the 2nd Division had knocked a sizable dent in the Siegfried Line. Heavy snowstorms engulfed parts of the Ardennes area. While having the effect of keeping the Allied aircraft grounded, the weather also proved troublesome for the Germans because poor road conditions hampered their

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to assassinate Hitler resulted in much tighter security and fewer leaks. The foggy autumn weather also prevented Allied reconnaissance aircraft from correctly assessing the ground situation. German units assembling in the area were even issued charcoal instead of wood for cooking fires to cut down on

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and the damage it could inflict on the German offensive and its supply lines; the progress had to be rapid—the Meuse River, halfway to Antwerp, had to be reached by day 4; and Allied fuel supplies would have to be captured intact along the way because the combined Wehrmacht forces were short on fuel.

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Model and von Rundstedt, expressed concern as to whether the goals of the offensive could be realized. Model and von Rundstedt both believed aiming for Antwerp was too ambitious, given Germany's scarce resources in late 1944. At the same time, they felt that maintaining a purely defensive posture (as

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in 1940, and aimed at splitting the armies along the U.S.-British lines and capturing Antwerp. The plan banked on unfavorable weather, including heavy fog and low-lying clouds, which would minimize the Allied air advantage. Hitler originally set the offensive for late November, before the anticipated

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due to bad weather. American forces were using this region primarily as a rest area for the U.S. First Army, and the lines were thinly held by fatigued troops and inexperienced replacement units. The Germans also took advantage of heavily overcast weather conditions that grounded the Allies' superior

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For its part, Hut 3 had grown "shy of going beyond its job of amending and explaining German messages. Drawing broad conclusions was for the intelligence staff at SHAEF, who had information from all sources," including aerial reconnaissance. Lucas and Calvocoressi added that "it would be interesting

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In response to the early success of the offensive, on 6 January Churchill contacted Stalin to request that the Soviets put pressure on the Germans on the Eastern Front. On 12 January, the Soviets began the massive Vistula–Oder Offensive, originally planned for 20 January. It had been brought forward

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The Battle of the Bulge was the bloodiest battle for U.S. forces during World War II. A preliminary Army report restricted to the First and Third U.S. Armies listed 75,482 casualties (8,407 killed, 46,170 wounded and 20,905 missing); British XXX Corps losses to 17 January 1945 were recorded as 1,408

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Focusing exclusively on his own generalship, Montgomery continued to say he thought the counteroffensive had gone very well but did not explain the reason for his delayed attack on 3 January. He later attributed this to needing more time for preparation on the northern front. According to Churchill,

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Then Montgomery described the course of the battle for a half-hour. Coming to the end of his speech he said he had "employed the whole available power of the British Group of Armies; this power was brought into play very gradually ... Finally it was put into battle with a bang ... you thus

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On 7/8 January 1945, Hitler agreed to gradually withdraw forces from the tip of the Ardennes salient to east of Houffalize to avoid being cut off, but the Germans continued to resist in the salient and were only gradually pushed back otherwise. Considerable fighting went on for another 3 weeks, with

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For these reasons Allied High Command considered the Ardennes a quiet sector, relying on assessments from their intelligence services that the Germans were unable to launch any major offensive operations this late in the war. What little intelligence they had led the Allies to believe precisely what

2555:

The OKW decided by mid-September, at Hitler's insistence, that the offensive would be mounted in the Ardennes, as was done in 1940. In 1940 German forces had passed through the Ardennes in three days before engaging the enemy, but the 1944 plan called for battle in the forest itself. The main forces

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One of the few advantages held by the German forces in November 1944 was that they were no longer defending all of Western Europe. Their front lines in the west had been considerably shortened by the Allied offensive and were much closer to the German heartland. This drastically reduced their supply

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those in the northern Alsace who filled in the vacuum created by the U.S. Third Army racing north, engaged in the concurrent Operation Nordwind diversion in central and southern Alsace launched to weaken Allied response in the Ardennes, and provided reinforcements to units fighting in the Ardennes.

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T.N. Dupuy's estimates based on fragmentary German records and oral testimony suggests casualties among divisions and brigades alone (excluding attached elements, corps and army-level combat support, and rear-area personnel) totaled 74,459 from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945, inclusive: 11,048

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lists 105,102 casualties for the entire "Ardennes-Alsace" campaign, including 19,246 killed, 62,489 wounded, and 26,612 captured or missing; this number incorporates losses not just for the Battle of the Bulge but also all losses suffered during the period by units with the "Ardennes-Alsace" battle

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On the same day as Hitler's withdrawal order of 7 January, Montgomery held his press conference at Zonhoven. Montgomery started with giving credit to the "courage and good fighting quality" of the American troops, characterizing a typical American as a "very brave fighting man who has that tenacity

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in Germany had been agreed upon in February 1944, and a faster Allied advance in the autumn of 1944 would not have altered this. The Soviet Union would have also benefited from a rapid German collapse, and its participation in the war against Japan was greatly desired. There were reservations about

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units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break-out attempts, again only with partial success, as major quantities of equipment fell into Allied hands. Further Allied pressure out of Marche finally led the German command to the conclusion that no further offensive action towards the Meuse was possible.

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Gen. Eisenhower, realizing that the Allies could destroy German forces much more easily when they were out in the open and on the offensive than if they were on the defensive, told his generals, "The present situation is to be regarded as one of opportunity for us and not of disaster. There will be

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On 22/23 December German forces reached the woods of Foy-Nôtre-Dame, only a few kilometers ahead of Dinant. The narrow corridor caused considerable difficulties, as constant flanking attacks threatened the division. On 24 December, German forces made their furthest penetration west. The Panzer Lehr

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The U.S. 99th Infantry Division, outnumbered five to one, inflicted casualties in the ratio of 18 to one. The division lost about 20% of its effective strength, including 465 killed and 2,524 evacuated due to wounds, injuries, fatigue, or trench foot. German losses were much higher. In the northern

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Peiper advanced north-west towards Büllingen, keeping to the plan to move west, unaware that if he had turned north he had an opportunity to flank and trap the entire 2nd and 99th Divisions. Instead, intent on driving west, Peiper turned south to detour around Hünningen, choosing a route designated

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was actually the decisive component of the Battle of the Bulge. Untested troops of the 99th Infantry Division prevented the best equipped armored units of the German army from advancing and forced them to reroute their troops to unfavorable alternative routes that considerably slowed their advance.

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Despite his positive remarks about American soldiers, the overall impression given by Montgomery, at least in the ears of the American military leadership, was that he had taken the lion's share of credit for the success of the campaign and had been responsible for rescuing the besieged Americans.

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The German staff planning and organization of the attack was well done. Most of the units committed to the offensive reached their jump off points undetected. They were for the most part well organized and supplied for the attack, although they were counting on capturing American gasoline dumps to

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soldiers would clog the roads the tanks needed for their rapid advance. In fact, their horse-drawn artillery and rocket units became a significant obstacle to the armored units. Other than making futile objections to Hitler in private, Dietrich generally stayed out of planning the offensive. Model

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kept the 9th Panzer Division at Marche busy. As a result, parts of the 2nd Panzer Division were cut off. The Panzer-Lehr division tried to relieve them, but was only partially successful, as the perimeter held. For the next two days the perimeter was strengthened. On 26 and 27 December the trapped

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The parachute drop was a complete failure. Heydte ended up with a total of around 300 troops. Too small and too weak to counter the Allies, they abandoned plans to take the crossroads and instead converted the mission to reconnaissance. With only enough ammunition for a single fight, they withdrew

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in December of his suspicions. Bedell Smith sent Strong to warn Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, the commander of the 12th Army Group, of the danger. Bradley's response was succinct: "Let them come." Historian Patrick K. O'Donnell writes that on 8 December 1944 U.S. Rangers at great cost took Hill

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A footnote in the U.S. Army's official history volume "Riviera to the Rhine" makes the following note on U.S. Seventh Army casualties: "As elsewhere, casualty figures are only rough estimates, and the figures presented are based on the postwar 'Seventh Army Operational Report, Alsace Campaign and

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The Ardennes offensive was also named Rundstedt-Offensive, but von Rundstedt strongly objected "to the fact that this stupid operation in the Ardennes is sometimes called the 'Rundstedt-Offensive'. This is a complete misnomer. I had nothing to do with it. It came to me as an order complete to the

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jets "as a matter of greatest urgency"; the marked increase in railway traffic in the build-up area; the movement of 1,000 trucks from the Italian front to the build-up area; disproportionate anxiety about tiny hitches in troop movements, suggesting a tight timetable; the quadrupling of Luftwaffe

5564:

Although the Germans managed to begin their offensive with complete surprise and enjoyed some initial successes, they were not able to seize the initiative on the Western Front. While the German command did not reach its goals, the Ardennes operation inflicted heavy losses and set back the Allied

5394:

Due to the news blackout imposed on the 16th, the change of leadership to Montgomery did not become public information until SHAEF announced that the change in command had "absolutely nothing to do with failure on the part of the three American generals". The announcement resulted in headlines in

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and Cheneux. At Cheneux, the advance guard was attacked by American fighter-bombers, destroying two tanks and five halftracks, blocking the narrow road. The group began moving again at dusk at 16:00 and was able to return to its original route at around 18:00. Of the two bridges remaining between

3809:. Some of the injuries sustained before death included bayonet wounds to the head, broken legs, and their fingers cut off. The perpetrators were never punished for this crime. In 2001, a group of people began working on a tribute to the eleven black American soldiers to remember their sacrifices. 2853:(eyrie) command complex, co-located with OB West's base at Kransberg Castle. Believing in omens and the successes of his early war campaigns that had been planned at Kransberg, Hitler had chosen the site from which he had overseen the successful 1940 campaign against France and the Low Countries. 2250:

Montgomery and Bradley both pressed for priority delivery of supplies to their respective armies so they could continue their individual lines of advance and maintain pressure on the Germans, while Eisenhower preferred a broad-front strategy. He gave some priority to Montgomery's northern forces.

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Includes complete headquarters and attachment strength for First Army, V Corps, and VIII Corps, and the complete strength of the 78th, 99th, 106th, 28th, and 4th Infantry Divisions and 7th & 9th Armored Divisions. Due to the accounting method employed in "Hitler's Last Gamble," this does not

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issued battle credit in the form of the Ardennes-Alsace campaign citation to units and individuals that took part in operations in northwest Europe. The citation covered troops in the Ardennes sector where the main battle took place, as well as units further south in the Alsace sector, including

5595:

During World War II, most U.S. black soldiers still served only in maintenance or service positions, or in segregated units. Because of troop shortages during the Battle of the Bulge, Eisenhower decided to integrate the service for the first time. This was an important step toward a desegregated

5450:

Montgomery later said, "Distorted or not, I think now that I should never have held that press conference. So great were the feelings against me on the part of the American generals that whatever I said was bound to be wrong. I should therefore have said nothing." Eisenhower commented in his own

5245:

After officers of the regular German Army attempted to assassinate him, Hitler had increasingly trusted only the Nazi Party SS and its armed branch, the Waffen-SS. He entrusted them with carrying out his decisive counterattack. But following the Allied Normandy invasion, the SS armored units had

4466:, noted that McAuliffe's initial reply would be "tough to beat." Thus McAuliffe wrote on the paper, which was typed up and delivered to the Germans, the line he made famous and a morale booster to his troops: "NUTS!" That reply had to be explained, both to the Germans and to non-American Allies. 4380:

of Brandenberger's command was able to thrust forward 19 km (12 mi) on the inner flank to partially fulfill its assigned role. Eisenhower and his principal commanders realized by 17 December that the fighting in the Ardennes was a major offensive and not a local counterattack, and they

5422:

His comments were interpreted as self-promoting, particularly his claim that when the situation "began to deteriorate," Eisenhower had placed him in command in the north. Patton and Eisenhower both felt this was a misrepresentation of the relative share of the fighting played by the British and

5233:

The plan and timing for the Ardennes attack sprang from the mind of Adolf Hitler. He believed a critical fault line existed between the British and American military commands, and that a heavy blow on the Western Front would shatter this alliance. Planning for the "Watch on the Rhine" offensive

4767:

While the German offensive toward the Meuse had ground to a halt by the end of December, they still controlled a dangerous salient in the Allied line. Patton's Third Army in the south, centered around Bastogne, would attack north, Montgomery's forces in the north would strike south, and the two

4513:

By 24 December the German advance was effectively stalled short of the Meuse. Units of the British XXX Corps were holding the bridges at Dinant, Givet, and Namur and U.S. units were about to take over. The Germans had outrun their supply lines, and shortages of fuel and ammunition were becoming

4132:

The Germans fared better in the center (the 32 km (20 mi) Schnee Eifel sector) as the Fifth Panzer Army attacked positions held by the U.S. 28th and 106th Infantry Divisions. The Germans lacked the overwhelming strength that had been deployed in the north, but still possessed a marked

3631:

Peiper did not begin its advance until nearly 16:00, more than 16 hours behind schedule and didn't reach Bucholz Station until the early morning of 17 December. Their intention was to control the twin villages of Rocherath-Krinkelt which would clear a path to the high ground of Elsenborn Ridge.

5565:

invasion of Germany by several weeks. The High Command of the Allied forces had planned to resume the offensive by early January 1945, after the wet season rains and severe frosts, but those plans had to be postponed until 29 January 1945 in connection with the unexpected changes in the front.

5555:

Christer Bergström lists between 527 and 554 losses to all causes among German tanks, tank destroyers, and assault guns during the campaign, of which 324 were lost in combat. Of the German write-offs, 16–20 were Tigers, 191–194 Panthers, 141–158 Panzer IVs, and 179–182 were tank destroyers and

4480:

on Christmas Eve for its main assault the next day. Because it lacked sufficient troops and those of the 26th VG Division were near exhaustion, the XLVII Panzerkorps concentrated its assault on several individual locations on the west side of the perimeter in sequence rather than launching one

3663:

At 4:30 a.m. on 17 December 1944, the 1st SS Panzer Division was approximately 16 hours behind schedule when the convoys departed the village of Lanzerath enroute west to the town of Honsfeld. After capturing Honsfeld, Peiper detoured from his assigned route to seize a small fuel depot in

2403:

Hitler felt that his mobile reserves allowed him to mount one major offensive. Although he realized nothing significant could be accomplished in the Eastern Front, he still believed an offensive against the Western Allies, whom he considered militarily inferior to the Red Army, would have some

5234:

emphasized secrecy and the commitment of overwhelming force. Due to the use of landline communications within Germany, motorized runners carrying orders, and draconian threats from Hitler, the timing and mass of the attack was not detected by Ultra codebreakers and achieved complete surprise.

2662:

and various infantry units to form a defensive line as the battle unfolded. By this time the German Army suffered from an acute manpower shortage, and the force had been reduced to around 30 divisions. Although it retained most of its armor, there were not enough infantry units because of the

4832: 4779:

Eisenhower wanted Montgomery to go on the counter offensive on 1 January, with the aim of meeting up with Patton's advancing Third Army and cutting off German troops at the tip of the salient, trapping them in a pocket. Montgomery, refusing to risk underprepared infantry in a snowstorm for a

2895:

On 16 December 1944 at 05:30, the Germans began the assault with a massive, 90-minute artillery barrage using 1,600 artillery pieces across a 130-kilometer (80 mi) front on the Allied troops facing the 6th Panzer Army. The Americans' initial impression was that this was the anticipated,

5609:

in German front lines on wartime news maps, and it became the most widely used name for the battle. The offensive was planned by the German forces with utmost secrecy, with minimal radio traffic and movements of troops and equipment under cover of darkness. Intercepted German communications

4137:

and forced their surrender, a tribute to the way Manteuffel's new tactics had been applied. The official U.S. Army history states: "At least seven thousand were lost here and the figure probably is closer to eight or nine thousand. The amount lost in arms and equipment, of course, was very

4073:

It was the German paratroopers' only nighttime drop during World War II. Heydte was given only eight days to prepare prior to the assault. He was not allowed to use his own regiment because their movement might alert the Allies to the impending counterattack. Instead, he was provided with a

2484:

The positions of the Allied armies stretched from southern France all the way north to the Netherlands. German planning for the counteroffensive rested on the premise that a successful strike against thinly manned stretches of the line would halt Allied advances on the entire Western Front.

5695:

as file HW 13/45. It sets out the various indications of an impending offensive that were received, then offers conclusions about the wisdom conferred by hindsight; the dangers of becoming wedded to a fixed view of the enemy's likely intentions; over-reliance on "Source" (i.e. ULTRA); and

3677:

difficult; at the exit to the village of Thirimont, the armored spearhead was unable to travel the road directly to Ligneuville, and Peiper deviated from the planned route, and rather than turn to the left, the armored spearhead turned to the right, and advanced towards the crossroads of

2306:, but no decisive breakthrough was achieved. There were 96 Allied divisions at or near the front, with an estimated ten more divisions on the way from the United Kingdom. Additional Allied airborne units remained in England. The Germans could field a total of 55 understrength divisions. 4246:, ordered the division to turn westwards towards Dinant and the Meuse, leaving only a blocking force at Marche-en-Famenne. Although advancing only in a narrow corridor, 2nd Panzer Division was still making rapid headway, leading to jubilation in Berlin. Headquarters now freed up the 2635:, recently brought back up to strength and re-equipped after heavy fighting during Operation Market Garden, was located just north of the Ardennes battlefield and tasked with holding U.S. forces in place, with the possibility of launching its own attack given favorable conditions. 5277:

and Manteuffel, technical experts from the eastern front, told Hitler that a limited offensive with the goal of surrounding and crushing the American 1st Army would be the best goal their offensive could hope to achieve. Their ideas shared the same fate as Dietrich's objections.

4411:

on 19 December. By this time, the town of Bastogne and its network of 11 hard-topped roads leading through the widely forested mountainous terrain with deep river valleys and boggy mud of the Ardennes region was under severe threat. Bastogne had previously been the site of the

4152:

In the center, the town of St. Vith, a vital road junction, presented the main challenge for both von Manteuffel's and Dietrich's forces. The defenders, led by the 7th Armored Division, included the remaining regiment of the 106th U.S. Infantry Division, with elements of the

5568:

The Allies pressed their advantage following the battle. By the beginning of February 1945, the lines were roughly where they had been in December 1944. In early February, the Allies launched an attack all along the Western front: in the north under Montgomery, they fought

5269:

Despite their loyalty, none of the German field commanders entrusted with planning and executing the offensive believed it was possible to capture Antwerp. Even Dietrich believed the Ardennes was a poor area for armored warfare and that the inexperienced and badly equipped

5589:

from 20 January to 12 January because meteorological reports warned of a thaw later in the month, and the tanks needed hard ground for the offensive (and the advance of the Red Army was assisted by two Panzer Armies (5th and 6th) being redeployed for the Ardennes attack).

3670:

infantry summarily executed dozens of U.S. POWs. Afterwards, Peiper advanced to the west, towards the River Meuse and captured Ligneuville, bypassing the towns of Mödersheid, Schoppen, Ondenval, and Thirimont. The terrain and poor quality of the roads made the advance of

2404:

chances of success. Hitler believed he could split the Allied forces and compel the Americans and British to settle for a separate peace, independent of the Soviet Union. Success in the west would give the Germans time to design and produce more advanced weapons (such as

5925:"Initial" is the sum total of all unit rosters of the respective combatants at the point at which those units entered the battle, while "Final" reflects the state of those units on 16 January 1945. For the strength of the opposing sides at any one time, see table above. 2544:

There is a popular impression that the chief trouble in the Ardennes is the lack of good roads. As anyone on the ground will agree, the Ardennes has a fairly good road system. It is not the lack of roads as much as the lack of almost anything else on which to move that

2522:

While the Ardennes Counteroffensive is the correct term in Allied military language, the official Ardennes-Alsace campaign reached beyond the Ardennes battle region, and the most popular description in English speaking countries remains simply 'Battle of the Bulge'.

4514:

critical. Up to this point the German losses had been light, notably in armor, with the exception of Peiper's losses. On the evening of 24 December, Manteuffel recommended to Hitler's Military Adjutant a halt to all offensive operations and a withdrawal back to the

2879:, who was put in charge of Operation Stösser, von der Heydte gave Operation Stösser less than a 10% chance of succeeding. Model told him it was necessary to make the attempt: "It must be done because this offensive is the last chance to conclude the war favorably." 5345:

whether the Allied logistical system possessed the required flexibility to support the narrow-front strategy, the reality of terrain and logistics argued strongly against it, and the consequences if the narrow front advance had failed would have been very severe.

3890:

Knittel crossed the bridge at Stavelot around 19:00 against American forces trying to retake the town. Knittel pressed forward towards La Gleize, and shortly afterward the Americans recaptured Stavelot. Peiper and Knittel both faced the prospect of being cut off.

2086:

Allied forces eventually came to more than 700,000 men; from these there were from 77,000 to more than 83,000 casualties, including at least 8,600 killed. The "Bulge" was the largest and bloodiest single battle fought by the United States in World War II and the

2782:

taken from corpses and prisoners of war. Their job was to go behind American lines and change signposts, misdirect traffic, generally cause disruption and seize bridges across the Meuse River. By late November another ambitious special operation was added: Col.

2722:, i.e., anti-aircraft cannons) in the area and the artificial multiplication of radio transmissions in the area. All of this meant that the attack, when it came, completely surprised the Allied forces. Remarkably, the U.S. Third Army intelligence chief, Colonel 4581:. Hundreds of planes attacked Allied airfields, destroying or severely damaging some 465 aircraft. The Luftwaffe lost 277 planes, 62 to Allied fighters and 172 mostly because of an unexpectedly high number of Allied flak guns, set up to protect against German 5431:

the fighting". He ended with "Care must be taken in telling our proud tale not to claim for the British Army an undue share of what is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever famous American victory."

2373:, leaving the German Army with little battlefield intelligence and no way to interdict Allied supplies. The converse was equally damaging; daytime movement of German forces was rapidly noticed, and interdiction of supplies combined with the bombing of the 2246:

brought supplies to front-line troops, but used up five times as much fuel to reach the front line near the Belgian border. By early October, the Allies had suspended major offensives to improve their supply lines and supply availability at the front.

3921:

did not have sufficient fuel to cross the bridge west of Stoumont and continue his advance. He maintained his lines west of Stoumont for a while, until the evening of 19 December when he withdrew them to the village edge. On the same evening the U.S.

4469:

Both 2nd Panzer and Panzer-Lehr division moved forward from Bastogne after 21 December, leaving only Panzer-Lehr division's 901st Regiment to assist the 26th Volksgrenadier-Division in attempting to capture the crossroads. The 26th VG received one

9830:

The Operations of the 3rd Battalion, 395th Infantry (99th Infantry Division) Prior to and During the German Counter-Offensive, 10 November – 24 December 1944 (Ardennes Campaign) (Personal Experience of a Company Commander and Battalion Operations

2563:

Four armies were selected for the operation. Adolf Hitler personally selected for the counter-offensive on the northern shoulder of the western front the best troops available and officers he trusted. The lead role in the attack was given to the

6852: 2416:) and permit the concentration of forces in the east. After the war ended, this assessment was generally viewed as unrealistic, given Allied air superiority throughout Europe and their ability to continually disrupt German offensive operations. 4462:, acting commander of the 101st, was told of the German demand to surrender, in frustration he responded, "Nuts!" After turning to other pressing issues, his staff reminded him that they should reply to the German demand. One officer, Lt. Col. 2589:. They were given priority for supply and equipment and assigned the shortest route to the primary objective of the offensive, Antwerp, starting from the northernmost point on the intended battlefront, nearest the important road network hub of 4185:

To protect the river crossings on the Meuse at Givet, Dinant and Namur, Montgomery ordered those few units available to hold the bridges on 19 December. This led to a hastily assembled force including rear-echelon troops, military police and

2432:. The disputes between Montgomery and Bradley were well known, and Hitler hoped he could exploit this disunity. If the attack were to succeed in capturing Antwerp, four complete armies would be trapped without supplies behind German lines. 3747:. They destroyed a number of American armored units and vehicles, and took several dozen prisoners who were subsequently murdered. Peiper also captured 50,000 US gallons (190,000 L; 42,000 imp gal) of fuel for his vehicles. 2735:

400 during the Battle of the Hürtgen Forest. The next day GIs who relieved the Rangers reported a considerable movement of German troops inside the Ardennes in the enemy's rear, but that no one in the chain of command connected the dots.

9412: 5434:

Montgomery subsequently recognized his error and later wrote: "Not only was it probably a mistake to have held this conference at all in the sensitive state of feeling at the time, but what I said was skillfully distorted by the enemy."

5524:, and the Battle of Hürtgen Forest during that time period. For the period of December 1944 – January 1945 on the entire western front, Forrest Pogue gives a total of 28,178 U.S. military personnel captured, including shot down airmen. 3986:

In La Gleize, Peiper set up defenses waiting for German relief. When the relief force was unable to penetrate the Allied lines, he decided to break through the Allied lines and return to the German lines on 23 December. The men of the

4345:, then increasing the pressure on the key road centers of St. Vith and Bastogne. The more experienced U.S. 28th Infantry Division put up a much more dogged defense than the inexperienced soldiers of the 106th Infantry Division. The 3714:

arrived. The SS troopers suddenly opened fire on the prisoners. As soon as the firing began, the prisoners panicked. Most were shot where they stood, though some managed to flee. Accounts of the killing vary, but at least 84 of the

2395:, literally, 'Hunter Deployment') implied preparation for an offensive operation. Ultra also picked up communiqués regarding extensive rail and road movements in the region, as well as orders that movements should be made on time. 5411:

in battle which makes a great soldier", and went on to talk about the necessity of Allied teamwork, and praised Eisenhower, stating, "Teamwork wins battles and battle victories win wars. On our team, the captain is General Ike."

2336:

Hitler initially promised his generals a total of 18 infantry and 12 armored or mechanized divisions "for planning purposes." The plan was to pull 13 infantry divisions, two parachute divisions and six armored divisions from the

5784:

Ellis and Warhurst cite 200 killed, 969 wounded, and 239 missing; Dupuy, Bongard, and Anderson provide higher figures of 222 killed, 977 wounded, and 263 missing among line combat units from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945,

5696:

improvements in German security. It also stresses the role played by poor Allied security: "The Germans have this time prevented us from knowing enough about them; but we have not prevented them knowing far too much about us".

2616:, with the task of protecting the flank. This Army was made up of only four infantry divisions, with no large-scale armored formations to use as a spearhead unit. As a result, they made little progress throughout the battle. 6201: 2241:

were successful. This destruction hampered the German response to the invasion, but it proved equally hampering to the Allies, as it took time to repair the rail network's tracks and bridges. A trucking system nicknamed the

4783:

At the start of the offensive, the First and Third U.S. Armies were separated by about 40 km (25 mi). American progress in the south was also restricted to about a kilometer or a little over half a mile per day.

5402:

Montgomery requested permission from Churchill to give a press conference to explain the situation. Though some of his staff were concerned at how the press conference would affect Montgomery's image, it was cleared by

4505:

started attacking the German troops on the roads. Allied air forces also helped the defenders of Bastogne, dropping much-needed supplies—medicine, food, blankets, and ammunition. A team of volunteer surgeons flew in by

3566:

heavy tank, consumed 2 US gallons of fuel per mile (470 litres per 100 km), and the Germans only had enough fuel for an estimated 90 to 100 miles (140 to 160 km) of travel, not nearly enough to reach Antwerp.

2682:

had provided valuable intelligence about German dispositions. Once they reached the German border, this source dried up. In France, orders had been relayed within the German army using radio messages enciphered by the

2158:

The Allies defended the Ardennes line very thinly, due to the favorable defensive terrain (a densely wooded highland with deep river valleys and a rather thin road network) and because they had intelligence that the

2183:

and west of the original invasion beaches, but the Germans had thoroughly wrecked and mined the harbor before it could be taken. It took many months to rebuild its cargo-handling capability. The Allies captured the

5332:

One of the fault lines between the British and American high commands was Eisenhower's commitment to a broad front advance. This view was opposed by the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Field Marshal

2385:

problems despite Allied control of the air. Additionally, their extensive telephone and telegraph network meant that radios were no longer necessary for communications, which lessened the effectiveness of Allied

4108:

Following the Malmedy massacre, on New Year's Day 1945, having previously received orders to take no prisoners, American soldiers executed approximately sixty German prisoners of war near the Belgian village of

4775:

The temperature during that January was extremely low, which required weapons to be maintained and truck engines run every half-hour to prevent their oil from congealing. The offensive went forward regardless.

4597:, losing 40 of their own planes while damaging only four American planes. While the Allies recovered from their losses within days, the operation left the Luftwaffe ineffective for the remainder of the war. 5256:, commander of the 12th SS Panzer (Armor) Division, captured by Belgian partisans on 6 September 1944. Thus Hitler gave responsibility for the key right flank of the assault to the best SS troops and a few 5580:

The German losses in the battle were especially critical: their last reserves were now gone, the Luftwaffe had been shattered, and remaining forces throughout the West were being pushed back to defend the

4794:, addressing the House of Commons following the Battle of the Bulge said, "This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever-famous American victory." 2742:

led it to be used as a training ground for new units and a rest area for units that had seen hard fighting. The U.S. units deployed in the Ardennes thus were a mixture of inexperienced troops (such as the

5451:

memoirs: "I doubt if Montgomery ever came to realize how resentful some American commanders were. They believed he had belittled them—and they were not slow to voice reciprocal scorn and contempt."

2730:

all correctly predicted the German offensive capability and intention to strike the U.S. VIII Corps area. These predictions were largely dismissed by the U.S. 12th Army Group. Strong had informed

9420: 7462: 5520:

credit (the entirety of U.S. First, Third and Seventh Armies), which includes losses suffered during the German offensive in Alsace, Operation Nordwind as well as forces engaged in the Saar and

8411: 4287:'s girlfriend, baseball scores, or the capital of a particular U.S. state—though many could not remember or did not know. General Omar Bradley was briefly detained when he correctly identified 4133:

numerical and material superiority over the very thinly spread 28th and 106th divisions. They succeeded in surrounding two largely intact regiments (422nd and 423rd) of the 106th Division in a

2171:

The Allies faced major supply issues, due to the rate of their advance coupled with the initial lack of deep-water ports. Over-the-beach supply operations using the Normandy landing areas, and

5348:

Montgomery's Chief of Staff, Major-General Francis de Guingand, stated in his post-war account that he had opposed Montgomery's narrow front strategy on political and administrative grounds.

2312:

first outlined his planned counter-offensive to his generals on 16 September 1944. The goal was to pierce the thinly held lines of the U.S. First Army between Monschau and Wasserbillig with

2023:

The Germans achieved a total surprise attack on the morning of 16 December 1944, due to a combination of Allied overconfidence, preoccupation with Allied offensive plans elsewhere and poor

4302:

The tightened security nonetheless made things very hard for the German infiltrators, and a number of them were captured. Even during interrogation, they continued their goal of spreading

2389:

intercepts. Nevertheless, some 40–50 messages per day were decrypted by Ultra. They recorded the quadrupling of German fighter forces, and a term used in an intercepted Luftwaffe message (

5443:

explained that "my dispatch to the BBC about it was intercepted by the German wireless, re-written to give it an anti-American bias, and then broadcast by Arnhem Radio, which was then in

3743:

Peiper entered Honsfeld, where they encountered one of the 99th Division's rest centers, clogged with confused American troops. They quickly captured portions of the 3rd Battalion of the

4501:

On 23 December the weather conditions started improving, allowing the Allied air forces to attack. They launched devastating bombing raids on the German supply points in their rear, and

16299: 4310:. Skorzeny and his men were fully aware of their likely fate, and most wore their German uniforms underneath their American ones in case of capture. Skorzeny was tried by an American 1340: 1143: 5356:

Montgomery differed from the U.S. command in how to respond to the German attack and his public statements to that effect caused tension in the American high command. Major-General

3860:

Peiper and the Meuse, the bridge over the Lienne was blown by the Americans as the Germans approached. Peiper turned north and halted his forces in the woods between La Gleize and

2088: 4230:

was passed at Ourtheville on 21 December. Lack of fuel held up the advance for one day, but on 23 December the offensive was resumed towards the two small towns of Hargimont and

3851:, leaving the bulk of his strength in Stavelot. When they reached it at 11:30 on 18 December, retreating U.S. engineers blew it up. Peiper detoured north towards the villages of 5605:'Operation Watch on the Rhine', while the Allies designated it the Ardennes Counteroffensive. The phrase "Battle of the Bulge" was coined by contemporary press to describe the 9622: 2638:

For the offensive to be successful, four criteria were deemed critical: the attack had to be a complete surprise; the weather conditions had to be poor to neutralize Allied

16304: 4349:(the most northerly of the 28th Division's regiments), holding a continuous front east of the Our, kept German troops from seizing and using the Our River bridges around 4138:

substantial. The Schnee Eifel battle, therefore, represents the most serious reverse suffered by American arms during the operations of 1944–45 in the European theater."

14467: 5290: 4820: 14212: 4523:

Disagreement and confusion at the Allied command prevented a strong response, throwing away the opportunity for a decisive action. In the center, on Christmas Eve, the

3979:

Peiper on 22 December, and although the Germans had run out of food and had virtually no fuel, they continued to fight. A Luftwaffe resupply mission went badly when SS-

13820: 7677: 9829: 8844: 3619: 3583:

The attacks by the Sixth Panzer Army's infantry units in the north fared badly because of unexpectedly fierce resistance by the U.S. 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions.

2079:) also sustained heavy losses. In the wake of the defeat, many experienced German units were effectively out of men and equipment, and the survivors retreated to the 15818: 13836: 7141: 5596:

United States military. More than 2,000 black soldiers had volunteered to go to the front. A total of 708 black Americans were killed in combat during World War II.

2560:. The close terrain of the Ardennes would make rapid movement difficult, though open ground beyond the Meuse offered the prospect of a successful dash to the coast. 953: 12313: 12308: 12161: 5465:

After the war Manteuffel, who commanded the 5th Panzer Army in the Ardennes, was imprisoned awaiting trial for war crimes. During this period he was interviewed by

4165:. Since the German plan called for the capture of St. Vith by 18:00 on 17 December, the prolonged action in and around it dealt a major setback to their timetable. 3622:

along with four Forward Air Controllers held up the battalion of about 500 German paratroopers until sunset, about 16:00, causing 92 casualties among the Germans.

2091:. It was one of the most important battles of the war, as it marked the last major offensive attempted by the Axis powers on the Western front. After this defeat, 14156: 3975:. As he withdrew from Cheneux, American paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division engaged the Germans in fierce house-to-house fighting. The Americans shelled 13759: 13731: 12875: 12202: 3917:

and reported the Americans had recaptured Stavelot to their east. Peiper ordered Knittel to retake Stavelot. Assessing his own situation, he determined that his

12268: 5541:

German historian Hermann Jung lists 67,675 casualties from 16 December 1944 to late January 1945 for the three German armies that participated in the offensive.

3719:

were murdered. A few survived, and news of the killings of prisoners of war spread through Allied lines. Following the end of the war, soldiers and officers of

15797: 14476: 14163: 13297: 12410: 8471:

Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht (Wehrmachtführungsstab) 1940–1945: 1. Januar 1944-22. Mai 1945. Eingeleitet und erläutert von P. E. Schramm. 2 v

2513:('Ardennes Offensive') and Rundstedt-Offensive, both names being generally used nowadays in modern Germany. The French (and Belgian) name for the operation is 1333: 1136: 14779: 14142: 13451: 13076: 12615: 12377: 3964:. Peiper learned that his reinforcements had been directed to gather in La Gleize to his east, and he withdrew, leaving wounded Americans and Germans in the 2442:

had been the case since Normandy) would only delay defeat, not avert it. They thus developed alternative, less ambitious plans that did not aim to cross the

5474:

premature and piecemeal counter-attacks which enabled the Americans to gather their reserves and frustrate the German attempts to extend their breakthrough.

13792: 13738: 12924: 12318: 3130: 2582: 8639: 14249: 13745: 13361: 10589: 5723: 3965: 16364: 12771: 12263: 8091: 7466: 5262:

units under the command of "Sepp" (Joseph) Dietrich, a fanatical political disciple of Hitler, and a loyal follower from the early days of the rise of

4593:

from the German flak guns that were uninformed of the pending large-scale German air operation. The Germans suffered heavy losses at an airfield named

2274:

had achieved only some of its objectives, while its territorial gains left the Allied supply situation stretched further than before. In October, the

16319: 16314: 16309: 14135: 13582: 13458: 11254: 1326: 1129: 4012:

wrote, "... the action of the 2nd and 99th Divisions on the northern shoulder could be considered the most decisive of the Ardennes campaign."

2290:

Despite a lull along the front after the Scheldt battles, the German situation remained dire. While operations continued in the autumn, notably the

13435: 12815: 11640: 10158: 9909: 3593:, but it was closed by two collapsed overpasses that German engineers failed to repair during the first day. Peiper's forces were rerouted through 2901:

advance. Poor traffic control led to massive traffic jams and fuel shortages in forward units. Nearly 10 hours into the assault, one of the German

2814:, aimed at crushing what was left of German resistance on the Eastern Front and thereby opening the way to Berlin. It was hoped that Soviet leader 7274: 5337:, as well as Field Marshal Montgomery, who promoted a rapid advance on a narrow front under his command, with the other allied armies in reserve. 13872: 13184: 5315: 2140: 8145: 3695:

Peiper was near the hamlet of Baugnez, on the height halfway between the town of Malmedy and Ligneuville, when they encountered elements of the

3589:

Peiper, at the head of Sepp Dietrich's Sixth Panzer Army, had been designated to take the Losheim-Losheimergraben road, a key route through the

2507:, a name that deceptively implied the Germans would be adopting a defensive posture along the Western Front. The Germans also referred to it as 13691: 12993: 12594: 11662: 10750: 9163: 4620:) launched a major offensive against the thinly-stretched, 110 kilometers (70 mi) line of the Seventh U.S. Army. This offensive, known as 15690: 5629:

The battle around Bastogne received a great deal of media attention because in early December 1944 it was a rest and recreation area for many

5447:' hands. Monitored at Bradley's HQ, this broadcast was mistaken for a BBC transmission and it was this twisted text that started the uproar." 3960:

Peiper on the morning of 21 December. They failed and were forced to withdraw, and a number were captured, including battalion commander Maj.

3949:, commanding officer of the I SS Panzer Corps, to increase its efforts to back Peiper's battle group, but Priess was unable to break through. 2377:

starved Germany of oil and gasoline. This fuel shortage intensified after the Soviets overran those fields in the course of their August 1944

14483: 14446: 14423: 13944: 12866: 12836: 12533: 11946: 8264: 5757:

strictly reflect the extent of the forces in contact with each other on 16 December; accuracy is considerably improved for the later periods.

5548: 3844:

defensive fire. After a fierce tank battle the next day, the Germans finally entered the town when U.S. engineers failed to blow the bridge.

3774:) divisions, took the key road junction at Losheimergraben just north of Lanzerath and attacked the twin villages of Rocherath and Krinkelt. 946: 14198: 3945:

Sandig, which had been ordered to take Stavelot, launched another attack without success. Sixth Panzer Army commander Sepp Dietrich ordered

2114:

on 15 August 1944, the Allies advanced towards Germany more quickly than anticipated. The speed of the advance of the Allies caused several

14576: 14432: 14416: 14388: 13636: 12843: 2825:, and the close advance of the Red Army which would seize the site on 27 January 1945, Hitler and his staff had been forced to abandon the 2643:

The General Staff estimated they only had enough fuel to cover one third to one half of the ground to Antwerp in heavy combat conditions.

15333: 14400: 14312: 14256: 14219: 13501: 11732: 10509: 10219: 8421: 3696: 3562:

Peiper, consisting of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles, which was charged with leading the main effort. Its newest and most powerful tank, the

2532: 1908: 1639: 1105: 5934:

David Eggenberger cites the official name as Ardennes-Alsace campaign, and describes this battle as the "Second Battle of the Ardennes".

14305: 13037: 11187: 10253: 9849: 7115: 5360:, Chief of Staff of Montgomery's 21st Army Group, rose to the occasion, and personally smoothed over the disagreements on 30 December. 4458:

Despite determined German attacks, the perimeter held. The German commander, Lüttwitz, requested Bastogne's surrender. When Brig. Gen.

2071:. The battle severely depleted Germany's armored forces, which remained largely unreplaced throughout the remainder of the war. German 1153: 15811: 14439: 12829: 12787: 9549: 4452: 3783: 3755: 3497: 3492: 3324: 2897: 2818:

would delay the start of the operation once the German assault in the Ardennes had begun and wait for the outcome before continuing.

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was tasked with contributing 100 men from each of its regiments. In loyalty to their commander, 150 men from Heydte's own unit, the

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Bradley and Patton both threatened to resign unless Montgomery's command was changed. Eisenhower, encouraged by his British deputy

4807: 4569:

On 1 January, in an attempt to keep the offensive going, the Germans launched two new operations. At 09:15, the Luftwaffe launched

3342: 3306: 3301: 2876: 2449: 939: 17: 7639: 4719: 3983:

Wilhelm Mohnke insisted the grid coordinates supplied by Peiper were wrong, parachuting supplies into American hands in Stoumont.

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fighter forces in the West; and decrypts of Japanese diplomatic signals from Berlin to Tokyo, mentioning "the coming offensive".

5618: 4346: 4195: 4157:

and 28th U.S. Infantry Division. These units, which operated under the command of Generals Robert W. Hasbrouck (7th Armored) and

3953: 3744: 3479: 3232: 3227: 3211: 3200: 2986: 2837:, in which they had coordinated much of the fighting on the Eastern Front. After a brief visit to Berlin, Hitler traveled on his 2748: 2663:

defensive needs in the East. These 30 newly rebuilt divisions used some of the last reserves of the German Army. Among them were

81: 9796:, Victory in the West: History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series, vol. II, Naval and Military Press, 7321: 4691: 4451:

By 21 December the Germans had surrounded Bastogne, which was defended by the 101st Airborne Division, the all African American

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towards Germany and attacked the rear of the American lines. Only about 100 of his weary men finally reached the German rear.

16339: 15354: 15259: 14786: 14532: 14407: 13493: 13467: 13324: 13030: 12947: 12559: 11604: 11583: 11565: 11547: 11529: 11511: 11490: 11472: 11449: 11431: 11306: 11284: 11244: 11157: 11067: 10875: 10808:

World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946

10779: 10651: 10621: 10557: 10499: 10463: 10427: 10287: 10243: 10196: 10125: 10025: 9876: 9665: 9600: 9577: 9446: 9402: 9381: 9328: 9295: 9241: 9130: 9076: 8445: 8247: 7777: 6029: 4839: 4362: 4280: 3759: 3436: 3427: 3422: 3061: 3023: 3009: 2981: 2972: 1903: 1490: 1379: 16349: 10420:

Dog Company: The Boys of Pointe du Hoc – The Rangers Who Accomplished D-Day's Toughest Mission and Led the Way across Europe

15587: 14994: 14880: 14045: 13512: 13508: 13486: 13090: 12011: 10995: 10825: 10518: 10215: 9927: 9837: 9569: 9545: 9044: 8848: 5516: 4698: 4672: 4528: 4524: 4154: 3700: 3408: 3252: 3120: 3045: 2586: 2041: 31: 10985: 7149: 3991:

were forced to abandon their vehicles and heavy equipment, although most of the 800 remaining troops were able to escape.

142: 15502: 14966: 14298: 14284: 13497: 9801: 8566: 8265:"A Very Special Relationship: Basil Liddell Hart, Wehrmacht Generals and the Debate on West German Rearmament, 1945–1953" 5623: 5404: 3847:

Capitalizing on his success and not wanting to lose more time, Peiper rushed an advance group toward the vital bridge at

3115: 3100: 2538: 2378: 1110: 12059: 10913: 9943: 6138: 6109: 2282:, opening the port of Antwerp to shipping. As a result, by the end of October, the supply situation had eased somewhat. 1694: 15711: 15580: 15458: 15036: 14751: 14702: 14460: 14015: 13267: 13106: 12954: 12808: 12513: 11655: 11226: 10687: 10391: 10373: 9516: 9316:

Das Deutsche Reich in der Defensive Strategischer Luftkrieg in Europa, Krieg im Westen und in Ostasien 1943 bis 1944/45

4425: 4395: 4008:

sector opposite the 99th, this included more than 4,000 deaths and the destruction of 60 tanks and big guns. Historian

3125: 2208: 1757: 1407: 1302: 7088: 15827: 14709: 14681: 14498: 14080: 13799: 13766: 11941: 11413: 11391: 11373: 11352: 11331: 11178: 10968: 10940: 10852: 10797: 10726: 10705: 10669: 10579: 10481: 10445: 10409: 10337: 10316: 10305:

Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law: The Experience of International and National Courts

10148: 10104: 10086: 10064: 9975: 9894: 9819: 9780: 9762: 9742: 9683: 9498: 9471: 9259: 9220: 9182: 9112: 9094: 8222: 5574: 4738: 4705: 3319: 2374: 1456: 12982: 12546: 11709: 11704: 11670: 11297:

Brothers, Rivals, Victors: Eisenhower, Patton, Bradley, and the Partnership That Drove the Allied Conquest in Europe

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headquarters. Two separate westbound German columns that were to have bypassed the town to the south and north, the

4239: 3906:-armed American M36 tank destroyers move forward to stem German spearhead near Werbomont, Belgium, 20 December 1944. 2790: 2251:

This had the short-term goal of opening the urgently needed port of Antwerp and the long-term goal of capturing the

2044:

on 24 December 1944. Improved weather conditions from around 24 December permitted air attacks on German forces and

15864: 15022: 14959: 14094: 13930: 13053: 11893: 9338: 9314: 8669: 6338: 5833:

after the operation was given the go-ahead in early December, although its original name remains much better known.

4377: 4083: 3607: 3474: 3140: 2699:

order was imposed on all matters concerning the upcoming offensive. The major crackdown in the Wehrmacht after the

2215: 484: 13607: 11699: 11540:

The Long Road: From Oran to Pilsen: the Oral Histories of Veterans of World War II, European Theater of Operations

3632:

Occupation of this dominating terrain would allow control of the roads to the south and west and ensure supply to

15388: 15229: 15218: 15054: 14813: 14772: 14665: 14603: 13990: 13260: 13129: 13097: 12503: 11767: 11694: 8435: 5544:

The German casualty reports for the involved armies count 63,222 losses from 10 December 1944 to 31 January 1945.

4527:

attempted to attack and cut off the spearheads of the 2nd Panzer Division at the Meuse, while the units from the

3796:

on 17 December 1944. Eleven black American soldiers were tortured after surrendering and then shot by men of the

3337: 2784: 2691:, to give the intelligence known as Ultra. In Germany such orders were typically transmitted using telephone and 992: 45: 13777: 13345: 4687: 4003:

An American soldier escorts a German crewman from his wrecked Panther tank during the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge.

3910:

At dawn on 19 December, Peiper surprised the American defenders of Stoumont by sending infantry from the 2nd SS

3864:. He learned that Stoumont was strongly held and that the Americans were bringing up strong reinforcements from 2712:

in the northern Rhineland, possibly to defend against British attack. This was done by increasing the number of

15774: 15746: 15624: 15417: 14654: 14105: 14031: 13827: 13198: 12917: 12822: 12707: 12459: 12365: 11812: 11807: 11802: 9277: 8647: 4676: 4611: 4535:

In the south, Patton's Third Army was battling to relieve Bastogne. At 16:50 on 26 December, the lead element,

4207: 2926:, both road junctions of great strategic importance. In the south, Brandenberger's Seventh Army pushed towards 2227: 2197: 1215: 15995: 10605: 4322:

stemming from his leadership of Operation Greif but was acquitted. He later moved to Spain and South America.

2333:

and Dinant by the third day, and seize Antwerp and the western bank of the Scheldt estuary by the fourth day.

16344: 16329: 15834: 15767: 15718: 15649: 15474: 14980: 14931: 14695: 14688: 14291: 14052: 13843: 12896: 12518: 11781: 11762: 11648: 10914:

Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II: Final report, 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946

4843: 4561: 4477: 4283:

at these checkpoints grilled troops on things that every American was expected to know, like the identity of

4235: 4079: 3937:

Hansen was still struggling against bad road conditions and stiff American resistance on the southern route.

1393: 1307: 85: 8095: 3817: 2175:

on the beaches, were unable to meet operational needs. The only deep-water port the Allies had captured was

16324: 16264: 15908: 15804: 15179: 15140: 14059: 13894: 13879: 13806: 13785: 13603: 13281: 13067: 13060: 13044: 12755: 12714: 12686: 12610: 12605: 4341:

Further south on Manteuffel's front, the main thrust was delivered by all attacking divisions crossing the

4243: 4187: 2349: 2144: 1985: 1350: 67: 12576: 11260: 4279:

Checkpoints were set up all over the Allied rear, greatly slowing the movement of soldiers and equipment.

4198:, which had turned in its tanks for re-equipping, was told to take back their tanks and head to the area. 1861: 16294: 16289: 16035: 15871: 15195: 15147: 14765: 14737: 14590: 14205: 14184: 13705: 13368: 13274: 12764: 12464: 12355: 11775: 10172: 7678:"World War II: Pathfinders Resupply 101st Airborne Division Troops in Bastogne Via Daring Parachute Drop" 5684: 2028:

air forces for an extended period. American resistance on the northern shoulder of the offensive, around

1449: 10897: 9413:"Peter Calvocoressi: Political writer who served at Bletchley Park and assisted at the Nuremberg trials" 3970: 2423:

attack through the weakly defended Ardennes, mirroring the successful German offensive there during the

2325:

by the end of the first day, get the armor through the Ardennes by the end of the second day, reach the

2299: 2188:

intact in the first days of September, but it was not operational until 28 November. The estuary of the

1992:

which took place from 16 December 1944 to 25 January 1945. It was launched through the densely forested

1706: 1249: 16274: 16269: 16159: 16118: 16085: 15942: 15669: 15165: 15084: 15029: 14917: 14873: 14523: 14149: 14073: 13975: 13852: 13724: 13717: 13677: 13650: 13382: 13315: 12910: 12721: 12651: 12166: 11995: 11898: 10767: 9323:], Das Deutsche Reich und die Zweite Weltkrieg (in German), vol. 7, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 7282: 5733: 4413: 4202:

was significantly reinforced for this effort. Units of the corps which fought in the Ardennes were the

4199: 2811: 2429: 2340: 2055:, 2,600 artillery pieces, and over 1,000 combat aircraft. Between 63,000 and 104,000 of these men were 1876: 1871: 1841: 1733: 1565: 1272: 1200: 1075: 9032:

UK National Archives HW 13/45, "Indications of the German Offensive of December 1944", Part C, para. 5

16359: 16055: 15571: 15488: 15273: 15133: 15105: 14938: 14843: 14633: 14066: 13140: 12794: 11931: 11824: 11629: 5893:

slang. In this case it signified rejection, and was explained to the Germans as meaning "Go to Hell!"

4540: 3594: 3531: 3521: 2052: 2029: 1740: 1480: 1463: 1444: 1369: 1297: 1040: 1014: 13338: 6984:

Statement of General Lauer "the enemy had the key to success within his hands, but did not know it."

2803:, a night-time paratroop drop behind the Allied lines aimed at capturing a vital road junction near 75: 16284: 16279: 16065: 15972: 15310: 15287: 14539: 14340: 14333: 13997: 13657: 13629: 13622: 13009: 12625: 12400: 11797: 10113: 5689:

Indications of the German Offensive of December 1944, derived from ULTRA material, submitted to DMI

5306: 5266:

in Germany. The leadership composition of the Sixth Panzer Army had a distinctly political nature.

5014: 4634: 4536: 4234:. Hargimont was captured the same day, but Marche-en-Famenne was strongly defended by the American 4203: 3886:

Knittel, which had been designated to follow Hansen, to instead move forward to support Peiper. SS-

1804: 1485: 1439: 602: 539: 498: 492: 273: 13354: 13331: 10816: 9613: 8292: 5462:, Guingand, and Walter Smith, moved Eisenhower to reconsider and allowed Montgomery to apologize. 1929:

Map showing the swelling of "the Bulge" as the German offensive progressed creating the nose-like

15732: 15676: 15546: 15406: 15091: 14744: 14640: 14546: 14114: 13982: 13952: 13916: 13901: 13773: 13665: 13643: 13589: 13575: 13557: 13221: 13002: 12730: 12679: 12508: 12288: 12181: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11727: 10530: 10037:

Publications Combined: The Battle Of The Bulge - Key Writings Of The Ardennes, Rhine And Bastogne

9346:, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Royal Netherlands Army, Free University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands 5341: 4712: 4665: 4572: 4437: 4358: 4017: 2632: 2271: 2133: 1866: 1699: 1689: 1514: 1233: 1195: 368: 10790:

The Other Price of Hitler's War: German Military and Civilian Losses Resulting From World War II

9918: 9593:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1494–2007

4372:

In the extreme south, Brandenberger's three infantry divisions were checked by divisions of the

16205: 16029: 16010: 16005: 15990: 15424: 15317: 15119: 15070: 14973: 14866: 14836: 14619: 14507: 14233: 14024: 13615: 13596: 13566: 13113: 13083: 12600: 12564: 12334: 12171: 12115: 11921: 11786: 11742: 11219:

A Machine Gunner's War: From Normandy to Victory with the 1st Infantry Division in World War II

10771: 9436: 7817: 7554: 3923: 3797: 3726: 2966: 2108: 1913: 1529: 1519: 1504: 11193: 11026: 10209: 9008: 7615: 7048: 6348: 3549: 3530:

is often credited as the central point where the German offensive was stopped, the battle for

2869: 2726:, the U.S. First Army intelligence chief and the SHAEF intelligence officer Brigadier General 16210: 16149: 16044: 15935: 15915: 15638: 15481: 15377: 15347: 15303: 15043: 15008: 15001: 14924: 14822: 14263: 14240: 14087: 13698: 13235: 12975: 12961: 12644: 12539: 12523: 11689: 9192: 6267: 5813:

last detail. Hitler had even written on the plan in his own handwriting 'not to be altered'".

4552: 4288: 4009: 2628: 2279: 2076: 2024: 1785: 1723: 1601: 1553: 1254: 1068: 1004: 916: 866: 13533: 12197: 12083: 10759: 10275: 10259: 7119: 3999: 3825:

By the evening the spearhead had pushed north to engage the U.S. 99th Infantry Division and

16238: 16228: 16195: 16098: 16093: 16060: 16025: 15739: 15594: 15245: 15202: 15172: 15098: 14908: 14887: 13813: 13290: 12968: 12474: 12254: 12233: 12228: 11956: 11878: 11678: 11361: 11340: 10840: 10134: 5728: 5718: 5368: 5311: 4421: 4125: 3460: 3347: 2779: 2675: 2605: 2601: 2386: 2258: 2136: 1978: 1898: 1793: 1627: 1509: 1424: 1414: 987: 572: 459: 418: 267: 12040: 9539: 4033: 2800: 2674:

Before the offensive the Allies were virtually blind to German troop movement. During the

2219: 1020: 8: 16220: 16070: 15857: 15509: 15465: 14987: 14121: 13887: 13414: 13244: 13228: 13177: 12528: 12498: 12372: 12298: 12293: 12278: 12273: 12223: 12141: 10571: 10308: 9713: 9637: 5944: 5610:

indicating a substantial German offensive preparation were not acted upon by the Allies.

5570: 5357: 5083: 4417: 4334: 4247: 3393: 3259: 3237: 3019: 3005: 2977: 2915:, killing 567 people, the highest death toll from a single rocket attack during the war. 2857: 2731: 2609: 2353: 2275: 2176: 2163:

was using the area across the German border as a rest-and-refit area for its own troops.

1856: 1818: 1771: 1764: 1663: 1548: 1429: 1291: 1279: 1190: 454: 12176: 11634: 10626: 10347: 10075: 9836:(Monograph), Fort Benning, Georgia: U.S. Army Infantry School, p. 3, archived from 9564:

Clarke, Jeffrey J.; Smith, Robert Ross (1993), "Chapter XXXVIII: The Battle of Alsace",

6961: 6418: 5592:

Churchill was elated at Stalin's offer of help, thanking Stalin for the thrilling news.

5407:

Alan Brooke, who was possibly the only person from whom Montgomery would accept advice.

16243: 16131: 16108: 16103: 16050: 16015: 15850: 15683: 15608: 15562: 15532: 15440: 15280: 14945: 14829: 14723: 14674: 14612: 14368: 14319: 14128: 13752: 13407: 13205: 12581: 12151: 12136: 12131: 12099: 11868: 11402: 11320: 11295: 11096: 10928: 10865: 9754:

An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present

9455: 8614: 8393: 7643: 5655: 5634: 5606: 5495: 5479: 5466: 5300: 5263: 4627: 4594: 4556: 4376:

after an advance of 6.4 km (4 mi); that front was then firmly held. Only the

4147: 3903: 3145: 2905: 2759: 2619: 2502: 2366:). By November, it was clear that Soviet forces were preparing for a winter offensive. 2264: 2200: 2180: 2172: 2115: 2012:

and destroy each of the four Allied armies and force the western Allies to negotiate a

1930: 1881: 1675: 1668: 1606: 1539: 1524: 1385: 1205: 1177: 1170: 1045: 1009: 382: 300: 12303: 11277:

The Tigers of Bastogne: Voices of the 10th Armored Division in the Battle of the Bulge

11137: 10276: 9964: 3711: 3706: 2840: 2687:, and these could be picked up and decrypted by Allied code-breakers headquartered at 16200: 16169: 15841: 15725: 15615: 15555: 15516: 15449: 15431: 15397: 15340: 15294: 15238: 15063: 14801: 14793: 14730: 14583: 14177: 13709: 13170: 13149: 12859: 12570: 12344: 12339: 12283: 12078: 12035: 11883: 11863: 11853: 11819: 11737: 11600: 11579: 11561: 11543: 11525: 11507: 11486: 11468: 11445: 11427: 11409: 11387: 11369: 11348: 11327: 11302: 11280: 11240: 11222: 11174: 11153: 11150:

World War II and the Postwar Years in America: A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia

11063: 11037: 10999: 10964: 10946: 10936: 10871: 10848: 10793: 10775: 10760: 10744: 10722: 10714: 10701: 10683: 10665: 10647: 10597: 10575: 10553: 10522: 10495: 10477: 10459: 10441: 10423: 10405: 10387: 10369: 10353: 10333: 10325: 10312: 10283: 10239: 10192: 10164: 10144: 10138: 10121: 10100: 10082: 10060: 10021: 9971: 9903: 9890: 9872: 9815: 9797: 9776: 9758: 9752: 9738: 9679: 9661: 9645: 9626: 9596: 9573: 9520: 9494: 9467: 9442: 9398: 9377: 9324: 9291: 9273: 9255: 9237: 9216: 9178: 9172: 9157: 9136: 9126: 9108: 9090: 9072: 8847:. Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la Bataille des Ardennes. Archived from 8441: 8284: 8243: 8218: 8141: 7773: 7328: 6025: 5630: 5533:

81,000 to 103,900. Some authors have estimated German casualties as high as 125,000:

5521: 4791: 4459: 4390: 4311: 4231: 4103: 3725:

Peiper, including Peiper and SS general Dietrich, were tried for the incident at the

3527: 3108: 2679: 2659: 2357: 2291: 2192:

river that controlled access to the port had to be cleared of both German troops and

2111: 2064: 2060: 1981: 1832: 1825: 1799: 1778: 1682: 1579: 1534: 1434: 1239: 1225: 1220: 1210: 1184: 1093: 1050: 982: 342: 30:

This article is about the 1944 German offensive in World War II. For other uses, see

10815:

Stewart, Richard W., ed. (2010), "World War II: The War Against Germany and Italy",

9509: 9460: 9371: 4759: 4066:

Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte, considered by Germans to be a hero of the

2704:

smoke and reduce chances of Allied observers deducing a troop buildup was underway.

2267:

was able to reorganize the disrupted German armies into a coherent defensive force.

16020: 16000: 15760: 15753: 15697: 15361: 15126: 15112: 15015: 14952: 14903: 14716: 14569: 14516: 14326: 14277: 14191: 13421: 13398: 12931: 12453: 12429: 12395: 12349: 12243: 12238: 11903: 11888: 11462: 11088: 11076: 11055: 9991:

Hinsley, F. H., "Introduction: The Influence of Ultra in the Second World War", in

9693: 8276: 7327:. Office de Promotion du Tourisme de Wallonie et de Bruxelles. 2009. Archived from 5890: 4502: 4408: 3657: 3647: 2771: 2739: 2424: 2413: 2295: 2243: 2056: 1811: 1750: 1711: 1497: 1468: 1244: 1088: 328: 38: 12940: 11834: 10492:

Neil Webster's Cribs for Victory: The Untold Story of Bletchley Park's Secret Room

2810:

German intelligence had set 20 December as the expected date for the start of the

16154: 16126: 16040: 15783: 15495: 15410: 15368: 15266: 15209: 15077: 14859: 14850: 14379: 13961: 13937: 13191: 12207: 12146: 12030: 11976: 11404:

The Battle of the Bulge, The German View: Perspectives from Hitler's High Command

11022: 10958: 10641: 10205: 10035: 9730: 9321:

The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia 1943–1944/5

9064: 9048: 7767: 7275:"Why the Bulge Didn't Break: Green Troops Grew Up Fast to Become Heroes of Hofen" 6293: 6291: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5551:'s official numbers are 75,000 American casualties and 100,000 German casualties. 5364: 4582: 4507: 4433: 4400: 4373: 4267: 4178: 4134: 4067: 4021: 3716: 3287: 3086: 2775: 2767: 2653: 2647: 2639: 2597: 2565: 2556:

were to advance westward to the Meuse River, then turn northwest for Antwerp and

2303: 2223: 2204: 2185: 2152: 2104: 2068: 2005: 1851: 1716: 1644: 1596: 1558: 1473: 1260: 1027: 567: 562: 512: 441: 423: 314: 15895: 11007: 9041: 6167: 5458:, had decided to sack Montgomery. Intervention by Montgomery's and Eisenhower's 4443: 4173: 2604:

was assigned to the middle sector with the objective of capturing Brussels. The

16177: 16141: 15790: 15326: 15252: 13304: 13163: 12421: 12156: 12070: 12051: 12022: 11987: 11968: 11458: 10989: 10637: 10517:, U.S. Army in World War II: European Theater of Operations, Washington, D.C.: 8280: 5582: 5459: 5440: 5340:

Eisenhower based his decision on various military and political realities. The

4977: 4586: 4303: 4295:

because the American MP who questioned him mistakenly believed the capital was

4255: 4059: 4051: 3946: 3930:

arrived and deployed at La Gleize and along Peiper's planned route of advance.

3927: 3879: 3806: 3553: 2865: 2727: 2688: 2684: 2666: 2369:

Meanwhile, the Allied air offensive of early 1944 had effectively grounded the

2234: 2080: 1634: 1419: 1374: 1318: 1055: 874: 526: 506: 295: 215: 37:

Not to be confused with the 1940 German Army Group A Ardennes offensive in the

12469: 12249: 11504:

Skorzeny's Special Missions: The Memoirs of "The Most Dangerous Man in Europe"

10168: 7567: 6288: 5970: 3404: 3248: 3041: 2887: 2778:. These soldiers were to be dressed in American and British uniforms and wear 1925: 16258: 15601: 13526: 13375: 13214: 12405: 11592: 11499: 11166: 11041: 10950: 10601: 10097:

Commander in Chief, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War

10018:

Churchill and Hitler: Essays on the Political-Military Direction of Total War

9649: 9229: 9140: 9125:, Contributions in Military Studies, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 8288: 6142: 6113: 5874: 5803:

Pogue cites Allied estimates in excess of 24,000 killed and 16,000 prisoners.

5691: – were issued on 28 December 1944. Copy No. 2 is held by the 5663: 5455: 5379: 5045: 4590: 4578: 4463: 4315: 4158: 4087: 3961: 3380: 3176: 2955: 2815: 2763: 2696: 2574: 1745: 1570: 1400: 1285: 849: 519: 478: 436: 337: 323: 309: 281: 262: 202: 157: 144: 9340:

Beginning of the End: The Leadership of SS Obersturmbannführer Jochen Peiper

8615:"Battle of the Bulge | Summary, Commanders, & Significance | Britannica" 5399:, which for the first time mentioned British contributions to the fighting. 4086:, went against orders and joined him. They had little time to establish any 3432: 3418: 3052: 3030: 2991: 2709: 15982: 15900: 15704: 14004: 13909: 13540: 12903: 12667: 12435: 12360: 11873: 11315: 10911: 9789: 9735:

Hitler's Last Gamble: The Battle of the Bulge, December 1944 – January 1945

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P-47s destroyed at Y-34 Metz-Frescaty airfield during Operation Bodenplatte

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Hitler's Commander: Field Marshal Walter Model – Hitler's Favorite General

9926:, United States Army in World War II: Pictorial Record (Second ed.), 9568:, United States Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations, 5176:

Initial and Final manpower commitments for all units in Ardennes Campaign

4330: 4121: 4024:

prevented the German forces from reaching the road network to their west.

3575: 3544: 3223: 3207: 3196: 2646:

The plan originally called for just under 45 divisions, including a dozen

2612:, was assigned to the southernmost sector, near the Luxembourgish city of 2302:, the strategic situation in the west had changed little. The Allies were 2255:, the biggest industrial area of Germany. With the Allies stalled, German 15964: 15539: 15525: 15187: 13863: 13684: 13669: 13023: 12620: 12553: 11858: 11673: 10052: 9715:

84th Infantry Division in the Battle of Germany, November 1944 – May 1945

6947: 6945: 5651: 5573:(also known as the Battle of the Reichswald); east of Aachen they fought 5334: 5295: 4982: 4826:

U.S. 6th Armored Division tanks moving near Wardin, Belgium, January 1945

4772:

to reduce the bulge, and push east back toward the offensive start line.

4489: 4319: 4307: 3848: 3590: 3579:

Sepp Dietrich led the Sixth Panzer Army in the northernmost attack route.

2861: 2794: 2692: 2457: 2443: 2045: 2017: 1846: 1649: 11186: 10568:

Men of Steel: I SS Panzer Corps: The Ardennes and Eastern Front, 1944–45

9213:

Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1887–1976: A Selected Bibliography

8510: 8362: 6967: 4577:(Operation Baseplate), a major campaign against Allied airfields in the 3837:

region to Stavelot, while the same advance required nine hours in 1940.

3751:

Rollbahn D as he had been given latitude to choose the best route west.

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Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V.; Wenger, J. Michael (1994),

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attempted to break through the defending line of the U.S. 99th and the

2927: 2902: 2850: 2723: 2613: 2420: 2193: 2001: 1586: 1363: 132: 11637:– a list of Battle of the Bulge museums near the previous battlefield. 11384:

Leaders in Dangerous Times: Douglas Macarthur and Dwight D. Eisenhower

9850:"Montgomery Says Doughboy Courage, Fighting Ability Halted Nazi Drive" 8215:

In Pursuit of Military Excellence; The Evolution of Operational Theory

7747: 6942: 4447:

A German machine gunner marching through the Ardennes in December 1944

2738:

Because the Ardennes was considered a quiet sector, considerations of

2196:. These limitations led to differences between General Eisenhower and 931: 15157: 14562: 14359: 14170: 13968: 13923: 11626: 11576:

An Honor to Serve: Oral Histories United States Veterans World War II

11189:

Review and Recommendation of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes

10893: 9174:

A Blood Dimmed Tide, The Battle of the Bulge by the Men Who Fought It

7050:

Review and Recommendation of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes

6278: 6276: 6219: 5705: 5050: 4546: 4342: 4039: 4038:

Operation Stösser was a paratroop drop into the American rear in the

3852: 3600:

To preserve the quantity of armor available, the infantry of the 9th

2751:), and battle-hardened troops sent to that sector to recuperate (the 2578: 2370: 2160: 2122:

Troops were fatigued by weeks of continuous combat and rapid movement

2072: 1893: 93: 13444: 11092: 10384:

Generals of the Bulge: Leadership in the U.S. Army's Greatest Battle

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Liddell Hart and the Mearsheimer Critique: A 'Pupil's' Retrospective

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Erasing the Bulge—The Allied counterattack, 26 December – 25 January

4654: 3682:, which is equidistant from the city of Malmedy and Ligneuville and 2218:, in the south would get priority access to supplies. German forces 16187: 13428: 13156: 10956: 6263: 6211: 6087: 5499: 5444: 4494: 4292: 4110: 4016:

were unable to dislodge them from the ridge, where elements of the

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In the center, von Manteuffel's Fifth Panzer Army attacked towards

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In a personal conversation on 13 December between Walter Model and

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Behind the Battle: Intelligence in the War with Germany, 1939-1945

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Knittel was forced to disengage from the heights around Stavelot.

3762:. The 12th SS Panzer Division, reinforced by additional infantry ( 2774:, was to lead a task force of English-speaking German soldiers in 2499:('Operation Watch on the Rhine'), after the German patriotic hymn 2330: 2051:

The Germans committed over 410,000 men, just over 1,400 tanks and

11192:, Philipps University of Marburg, 20 October 1947, archived from 9814:(Revised ed.), Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military Classics, 9484:(Revised ed.), Cleobury Mortimer, England: M & M Baldwin 8899: 8897: 8895: 8150: 5916:

For Allied forces, Dupuy counts light tanks with tank destroyers.

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For Allied forces, Dupuy counts light tanks with tank destroyers.

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The Germans officially referred to the offensive by the codename

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The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War

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A Time For Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge

9630: 9524: 8784: 8158: 6469: 5877:, later a noted author, was captured while serving in this unit. 5378:

The First Army was fighting desperately. Having given orders to

15927: 14038: 12636: 10719:

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

10357: 8724: 7952: 7089:"Remembering the invisible soldiers of the Battle of the Bulge" 6050: 6048: 5577:; in the center, under Hodges; and in the south, under Patton. 4638: 4063: 3792:, Belgium, approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) northeast of 3789: 3683: 3614:, had been ordered to clear the village first. A single 18-man 2762:

were planned for the offensive. By October it was decided that

2409: 2037: 2004:. The offensive was intended to stop Allied use of the Belgian 533: 228: 11237:

Strike and Hold: A Memoir of the 82nd Airborne in World War II

10883: 10474:

To Win the Winter Sky: The Air War over the Ardennes 1944–1945

10236:

Grenadiers, The Story of Waffen-SS General Kurt "Panzer" Meyer

9623:

Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army

9587:

Clodfelter, Michl ea (2008), "Twentieth Century (1900–1945)",

8892: 8072: 7988: 7823: 6673: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6139:"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1945" 6110:"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1944" 5374:

Montgomery wrote about the situation he found on 20 December:

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c. 800 aircraft lost, at least 500 in December and 280 during

14226: 10885: 10824:, American Military History, vol. II (Second ed.), 10643:

The Last Battle: The Classic History of the Battle for Berlin

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Millward, William, "Chapter 1: Life in and out of Hut 3", in

9361:(30 April 1951), "The War America Fought: Sweep to Victory", 8595: 8326: 7568:"WWII 10th Armored Division in Bastogne by General McAuliffe" 7304: 7302: 7300: 7254: 7220: 7218: 7205: 7203: 5659: 5246:

suffered significant leadership casualties. This included SS-

4811: 4350: 4226:

came up from the south, leaving Bastogne to other units. The

3834: 3615: 2326: 2238: 44:"Ardennes Offensive" redirects here. For the video game, see 10330:

Panzers in Winter: Hitler's Army and the Battle of the Bulge

8943: 8941: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8700: 7964: 7418: 7091:. U.S. Wereth Memorial website. 29 June 1944. Archived from 6075: 6045: 865:

c. 1,000 aircraft lost, over 647 in December and 353 during

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Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945

10438:

Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945

10214:, U.S. Army in Action Series (Facsimile reprint ed.), 9944:"Battle of the Bulge: U.S. Troops Fight at Elsenborn Ridge" 8953: 8812: 8110: 7928: 7856: 7844: 7735: 7486: 7484: 7394: 6973: 6853:"Explaining the silence surrounding Elsenborn Ridge battle" 6366: 5291:

Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II

4751: 2713: 2252: 11143:(Reprint ed.), Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press 10077:

Impact: The History of Germany's V-Weapons in World War II

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for two days, before withdrawing progressively westwards.

3956:, 30th Infantry Division, attacked the dispersed units of 2155:, with limited Allied operational objectives in the area. 16300:

Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

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Decisive Battles: From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm

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Nuts!: The Battle of the Bulge: The Story and Photographs

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German troops advancing past abandoned American equipment

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in its efforts to secure the flank from Allied attacks.

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As the Ardennes crisis developed, the U.S. First Army (

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of XLVII Panzer Corps, as well as the Corps' infantry (

2856:

Von Rundstedt set up his operational headquarters near

2008:

and to split the Allied lines, allowing the Germans to

13298:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

10698:

The Unknown Dead: Civilians in the Battle of the Bulge

9733:; Bongard, David L.; Anderson, Richard C. Jr. (1994), 9694:"Oscar Koch: An Unsung Hero Behind Patton's Victories" 8965: 8880: 8712: 8338: 8182: 8154:. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 416–428. 8048: 8036: 7868: 7720: 7382: 7370: 7142:"Belgian villagers remember 'Wereth 11' with memorial" 6987: 6810: 6808: 6562: 6529: 6517: 6481: 6387: 6354: 3933:

German efforts to reinforce Peiper were unsuccessful.

2471:), and von Rundstedt, overall commander of the German 11118:"Operation Nordwind: The "Other" Battle of the Bulge" 10867:

Generals: Ten British Commanders who Shaped the World

10352:, Cleveland; New York: The World Publishing Company, 10258:, United States Department of Defense, archived from 9866: 8863: 8092:"This Day in History: Monty holds a press conference" 7976: 7892: 7880: 7508: 7406: 7364: 7069: 7017: 7002: 6882: 6832: 6793: 6733: 6697: 6326: 6060: 4842:, U.S. Third Army links up with soldiers of the U.S. 4520:(literally 'Western Rampart'). Hitler rejected this. 4250:

for Fifth Panzer Army, which was deployed at Marche.

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led the Fifth Panzer Army in the middle attack route.

2891:

Situation on the Western Front as of 15 December 1944

2481:), were put in charge of carrying out the operation. 2075:

personnel, and later also Luftwaffe aircraft (in the

10912:

U.S. Army Statistical and Accounting Branch (1953),

10596:. Vol. 17, no. 6. Leesburg, VA: Primedia. 10590:"Massacre At Malmédy During the Battle of the Bulge" 9729: 8516: 8486: 8368: 7838: 7607: 7605: 7496: 7442: 7430: 6894: 6649: 6637: 6505: 6448: 6282: 6186: 6162: 6160: 6093: 5993: 5981: 2933: 2583:

1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler

2577:. It included the most experienced formation of the 912:

527–554 tanks, tank destroyers and assault guns lost

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Battles of World War II involving the United States

10933:

Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton

10081:, Rockville Centre, New York: Sarpedon Publishers, 9313:Boog, Horst; Krebs, Gerhard; Vogel, Detlef (2001), 8242:. Cornell University Press. pp. 8–9, 203–204. 6805: 6661: 5724:

German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II

2896:localized counterattack resulting from the Allies' 2435:Several senior German military officers, including 11401: 11319: 11294: 11136: 10818:The United States Army in a Global Era, 1917–2008 10625: 10074: 9963: 9920:The War Against Germany: Europe and Adjacent Areas 9508: 9459: 9123:Home by Christmas: The Illusion of Victory in 1944 8140: 7057: 6918: 6906: 6721: 6685: 6625: 6577: 6550: 6419:"A Brief History of the U.S. Army in World War II" 6399: 5958: 5284: 4547:German supporting efforts across the Western Front 4337:led Seventh Army in the southernmost attack route. 3515: 2356:during the summer had destroyed much of Germany's 11148:Young, William H.; Young, Nancy K., eds. (2010), 11060:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 11027:"Fighting with Allies: The Debate Fifty Years On" 9288:The Ardennes: Hitler's Winter Offensive 1944–1945 8989: 7602: 6436: 6246:Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 24, 2024. 6157: 6133: 6131: 6104: 6102: 3625:This created a bottleneck in the German advance. 3538: 2095:could only retreat for the remainder of the war. 16256: 10963:, Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing Company, 9966:Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park 9792:; Warhurst, A. E. (2009) , Butler, James (ed.), 9775:(First ed.), New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 9438:Snow and Steel: The Battle of the Bulge, 1944–45 8845:"The Battle of Elsenborn December 1944 (Part V)" 8418:U.S. Army Statistical and Accounting Branch 1953 6859:, no. 4, 99th Infantry Division Association 6021:Snow and Steel: The Battle of the Bulge, 1944-45 5575:the second phase of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest 2493:The Wehrmacht's code name for the offensive was 1348: 495:(under 21st Army Group 20 December – 16 January) 11522:Hitler's Winter: The German Battle of the Bulge 11079:(1964), "Hitler's Image of the United States", 10006: 9885:Graham, Roger D; Colonel, USAF-Retired (2007), 9193:"Ardennes, Battle of the (Battle of the Bulge)" 8730: 8474:(in German). Bernard & Graefe. p. 1362 8437:Pogue's War: Diaries of a WWII Combat Historian 6222:tanks and 182 assault guns and tank destroyers. 5905:The Medical Department: The War Against Germany 4181:tank in Namur on the Meuse River, December 1944 11442:The Ardennes Offensive I Armee & VII Armee 10034:Jones, Jeffrey Frank, ed. (18 December 2019), 9658:The Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Final Gamble 9312: 7772:. Casemate / Vaktel Forlag. pp. 351–376. 6128: 6099: 6054: 4763:Map: Allied Offensive against Ardennes salient 2454:('Operation Autumn Mist') and von Rundstedt's 15943: 12652: 11656: 11623:– Official webpage of the United States Army. 11597:Panther vs. Sherman: Battle of the Bulge 1944 10983: 10662:Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia 10417: 10255:Battle of the Bulge Remembered 60 Years Later 9788: 9673: 9434: 8706: 8640:"70th Anniversary of the Battle of the Bulge" 8601: 8440:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 328. 8332: 8310:, Strategic Studies Institute, pp. 12–13 7759: 6763: 6475: 6320:American Experience – The Battle of the Bulge 6081: 6017: 5640: 5549:United States Army Center of Military History 1334: 1137: 947: 100:during the Battle of the Bulge, January 1945. 11519: 10957:Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge (1995), 10112: 10000: 9992: 9961: 9908:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9479: 9454: 9395:Secret Days: Code-breaking in Bletchley Park 8903: 8818: 7424: 6968:Review and Recommendation, War Crimes (1947) 5828: 5822: 5794:10,749 dead; 34,225 wounded; 22,487 captured 5683:Five copies of a report by the Chief of the 5600: 5271: 5257: 5247: 4855: 4621: 4615: 4605: 4570: 4515: 4493:American Infantry fighting their way toward 4471: 4407:Senior Allied commanders met in a bunker in 3911: 3801: 3788:Another, smaller, massacre was committed in 3769: 3763: 3738: 3720: 3704: 3690: 3672: 3665: 3633: 3626: 3601: 3584: 3557: 2838: 2826: 2788: 2717: 2664: 2651: 2569: 2514: 2508: 2500: 2494: 2476: 2466: 2455: 2447: 2436: 2390: 2361: 2338: 2313: 2256: 2089:third-deadliest campaign in American history 1151: 11274: 11217:Andrews, Ernest A.; Hurt, David B. (2022), 11216: 10927: 10458:(New with photos ed.), Da Capo Press, 9750: 9701:Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin 9636: 9563: 9544:, The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II, 9336: 8806: 8670:"Final Campaigns, the Allies enter Germany" 8237: 7958: 7934: 7753: 7741: 7463:"The British in the Battle of the Ardennes" 7248: 7236: 7224: 7209: 7182: 7170: 5538:killed, 34,168 wounded, and 29,243 missing. 4644: 3697:285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion 2849:on 11 December, taking up residence in the 2533:Wehrmacht forces for the Ardennes Offensive 2446:(in German and Dutch: Maas); Model's being 114:(1 month, 1 week and 5 days) 15950: 15936: 12659: 12645: 11663: 11649: 11381: 11147: 10749:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10695: 10363: 10345: 9962:Hinsley, F. H.; Strip, Alan, eds. (1993), 9916: 9770: 9586: 9162:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8778: 8766: 8200: 8176: 8078: 8018: 7994: 7910: 7400: 7308: 6231: 5223: 2823:20 July 1944 attempt to assassinate Hitler 2125:Supply lines were stretched extremely thin 1341: 1327: 1144: 1130: 954: 940: 16365:Battles of World War II involving Germany 11360: 11339: 10935:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 10847:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 10677: 10186: 10156: 10133: 10072: 10015: 9847: 9827: 9691: 9655: 9589:The Toll of World War II, U.S. Statistics 9519:, vol. 6, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 9506: 9303: 9285: 8754: 8742: 8552: 8528: 8504: 8380: 8320: 8144:, Prime Minister (18 January 1945). 8042: 7862: 7850: 7811: 7799: 7765: 7596: 7460: 7281:. Military History Online. Archived from 7260: 7035: 7011: 6955: 6876: 6826: 6775: 6739: 6715: 6595: 6360: 6301: 6207: 6005: 4739:Learn how and when to remove this message 4361:(reinforced by elements from the 9th and 3784:333rd Artillery Battalion (United States) 2882: 2465:Model, commander of German Army Group B ( 2398: 16320:Battles of World War II involving France 16315:Battles of World War II involving Canada 16310:Tank battles involving the United States 11573: 11555: 11498: 11115: 11075: 11054: 10587: 10565: 10381: 10302: 10204: 10094: 10059:, New York City: W.W. Norton & Co., 9998: 9488: 9120: 8983: 8356: 8128: 8084: 7970: 7946: 7766:Bergstrom, Christer (19 December 2014). 7714: 7626: 7611: 7538: 7526: 6936: 6888: 6643: 6511: 6264:Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge 1995 6024:. Oxford University Press. p. 649. 6018:Caddick-Adams, Peter (31 October 2014). 5617: 5489: 5320: 5305: 5294: 5241:German field commanders plan the advance 5236: 4758: 4750: 4560: 4488: 4484: 4442: 4394: 4329: 4172: 4120: 3998: 3898: 3894: 3816: 3737:Driving to the south-east of Elsenborn, 3651: 3574: 3570: 2898:recent attack in the Wahlerscheid sector 2886: 2618: 2151:region primarily as a rest area for the 1924: 96:on their march to recapture the town of 11937:French Committee of National Liberation 11439: 11421: 11314: 11275:Collins, Michael; King, Martin (2013), 11234: 11221:, Philadelphia & Oxford: Casemate, 11106: 11021: 10814: 10805: 10659: 10547: 10489: 10349:The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery 10324: 10073:King, Benjamin; Kutta, Timothy (1998), 10051: 9990: 9917:Greenfield, Kent Roberts, ed. (1989) , 9537: 9411:Bush, Johnathan A. (20 February 2010), 9369: 9357: 9267: 9249: 9190: 9102: 9084: 9063: 8971: 8959: 8932: 8920: 8886: 8836: 8794: 8790: 8694: 8571:(in German). Musterschmidt. p. 195 8540: 8492: 8116: 8054: 8030: 7922: 7874: 7729: 7664: 7584: 7075: 6814: 6667: 6655: 6611: 6332: 6297: 6255: 5622:The Battle of the Bulge diorama at the 5351: 4116: 3952:Small units of the U.S. 2nd Battalion, 3812: 3616:Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon 3218:392nd Engineer General Service Regiment 2166: 961: 112:16 December 1944 – 28 January 1945 14: 16257: 14506: 14484:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 11927:French Civil and Military High Command 11591: 11537: 11399: 11292: 11252: 11165: 11134: 10884:U.S. Army Center of Military History, 10839: 10713: 10550:The Ardennes Offensive VI Panzer Armee 10471: 10453: 10435: 10399: 10273: 9941: 9884: 9809: 9711: 9389: 9228: 9210: 8842: 8830: 8718: 8589: 8344: 8305: 8262: 8240:Liddell Hart and the Weight of History 8217:. London: Francass. pp. 108–109. 8188: 8164: 7702: 7490: 7388: 7376: 7194: 7063: 7041: 7023: 6900: 6838: 6799: 6787: 6703: 6679: 6619: 6615: 6607: 6571: 6544: 6523: 6499: 6487: 6393: 6381: 6344: 6174:. DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER 6069: 5228: 4543:, reached Bastogne, ending the siege. 4325: 4168: 4141: 3733:Kampfgruppe Peiper deflected southeast 3369:Southern Sector: Hochscheid to Mompach 2944:Northern Sector: Monschau to Krewinkel 2230:until the end of the war in May 1945. 692:1,912 tank destroyers and assault guns 661:1,970 tank destroyers and assault guns 630:1,713 tank destroyers and assault guns 15931: 15355:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 14787:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 14433:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 14389:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 13494:Rape during the occupation of Germany 12640: 11644: 11424:The Ardennes Offensive V Panzer Armee 10988:, in Greenfield, Kent Roberts (ed.), 10860: 10787: 10757: 10734: 10620: 10507: 10404:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo, 10251: 10233: 10033: 9970:, New York: Oxford University Press, 9644:, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 9170: 9147: 8947: 8874: 8467: 8434:Pogue, Forrest C. (1 February 2006). 8433: 8212: 8006: 7982: 7898: 7886: 7550: 7514: 7412: 6850: 6751: 6305: 6195: 5964: 4868: 4865: 4262:Operation Greif and Operation Währung 1322: 1125: 935: 926:Approximately 3,000 civilians killed. 14477:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 13509:Rape during the liberation of France 12012:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon 11578:, SVC Northern Appalachian Studies, 11560:, SVC Northern Appalachian Studies, 11542:, SVC Northern Appalachian Studies, 11480: 11256:Air Power in the Battle of the Bulge 10996:U.S. Army Center of Military History 10826:U.S. Army Center of Military History 10636: 10519:U.S. Army Center of Military History 10222:from the original on 4 December 2008 10216:U.S. Army Center of Military History 9928:U.S. Army Center of Military History 9692:Dougherty, Kevin (April–June 2002), 9608: 9570:U.S. Army Center of Military History 9552:from the original on 6 December 2008 9546:U.S. Army Center of Military History 9410: 8995: 8564: 8066: 7502: 7448: 7436: 7352: 7266: 6996: 6979: 6951: 6924: 6912: 6727: 6691: 6631: 6583: 6556: 6463: 6442: 6405: 6259: 5645: 5517:United States Department of the Army 4677:adding citations to reliable sources 4648: 4510:and began operating in a tool room. 4384: 4097: 4027: 3641: 3373: 3169: 2948: 2627:In an indirect, secondary role, the 2587:12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend 2147:) and his staff decided to hold the 908:(U.S. Estimate: 103,900 casualties) 824:3,256 anti-tank and artillery pieces 818:414 tank destroyers and assault guns 793:3,396 anti-tank and artillery pieces 787:462 tank destroyers and assault guns 762:4,131 anti-tank and artillery pieces 756:608 tank destroyers and assault guns 731:4,224 anti-tank and artillery pieces 725:667 tank destroyers and assault guns 698:3,181 anti-tank and artillery pieces 667:3,305 anti-tank and artillery pieces 636:2,408 anti-tank and artillery pieces 598:499 tank destroyers and assault guns 32:Battle of the Bulge (disambiguation) 11627:The Battle of the Bulge: Battlebook 11107:Whiting, Charles (9 October 2007), 10984:von Luttichau, Charles V. (2000) , 10632:, London; New York: Continuum Books 10588:Reynolds, Michael (February 2003). 9234:Ardennes 1944: Hitler's Last Gamble 9071:, University Press of Mississippi, 7365:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 5624:Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum 4838:M8 armored car on patrol from U.S. 4436:and placed them under Montgomery's 3689:At 12:30 p.m. on 17 December, 2845:('Special Train of the Führer') to 2539:Battle of the Bulge order of battle 2128:Supplies were dangerously depleted. 2077:concluding stages of the engagement 1035:Allied defense and counteroffensive 24: 14703:German invasion of the Netherlands 12983:Weather events during World War II 11833: 11467:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 11259:, Airpower Journal, archived from 11209: 10828:, pp. 133–168, CMH Pub. 30-22 10332:, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 9942:Hersko, Ralph E. (November 1998), 9373:A General's Life: An Autobiography 9290:, Havertown: Casemate Publishers, 9089:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 8517:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994 8369:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994 8146:"War Situation And Foreign Policy" 7839:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994 7116:"Wereth 11 Remembered in Ceremony" 7113: 6283:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994 6094:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994 5994:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994 5982:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994 5613: 3871:To Peiper's south, the advance of 2488: 2203:, commander of the Anglo-Canadian 608:971 anti-tank and artillery pieces 25: 16376: 15334:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 11942:Provisional Consultative Assembly 11614: 10303:McDonald, Gabrielle, ed. (2000), 10252:Miles, Donna (14 December 2004), 10040:, Jeffrey Frank Jones, p. 53 9848:Gallagher, Wes (8 January 1945), 9013:discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk 8646:. 20 January 2015. Archived from 5674: 2934:Units involved in initial assault 2235:destroy the French railway system 92:, move past a destroyed American 15957: 15894: 12666: 11672: 11574:Wissolik, Richard David (2007), 11556:Wissolik, Richard David (2005), 10916:(Report), Department of the Army 10900:from the original on 31 May 2021 10886:"Battle of the Bulge – Overview" 10700:, University Press of Kentucky, 10346:Montgomery, Bernard Law (1958), 9615:The Ardennes:Battle of the Bulge 9489:Cavanagh, William C. C. (2004), 9035: 9026: 9001: 8662: 8632: 8607: 8558: 8461: 8427: 8386: 8299: 8256: 8231: 8206: 8134: 7670: 7632: 7560: 7454: 7314: 7272: 7053:, 20 October 1947, pp. 4–22 5937: 5928: 5919: 5910: 5896: 5880: 5775:Includes two parachute divisions 5699: 5637:, Elsenborn, or Monschau-Höfen. 4831: 4819: 4799: 4653: 3448: 3431: 3417: 3403: 3392: 3379: 3275: 3258: 3247: 3236: 3222: 3206: 3195: 3175: 3074: 3051: 3040: 3029: 3018: 3004: 2990: 2976: 2954: 2107:at the end of July 1944 and the 893: 873: 848: 547: 532: 525: 518: 505: 477: 448: 430: 412: 394: 376: 356: 336: 322: 308: 294: 280: 261: 237: 221: 208: 195: 74: 16355:History of Luxembourg (Belgium) 11368:, Alpine Fine Arts Collection, 10118:History of the Second World War 9056: 9042:Units Entitled to Battle Credit 8151:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 7642:. The Drop Zone. Archived from 7279:American Forces in World War II 7134: 7107: 7081: 6844: 6601: 6411: 6311: 6249: 6237: 5867: 5856: 5845: 5836: 5816: 5806: 5797: 5788: 5778: 5285:Allied high-command controversy 4664:needs additional citations for 4637:was fighting on three sides in 4058:) area. The objective was the " 3543:The attack on Monschau, Höfen, 3516:Attack on the northern shoulder 3187:Surrounded and captured on the 2872:, von Manteuffel and Dietrich. 2785:Friedrich August von der Heydte 2678:, the extensive network of the 2285: 15581:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 13291:Territorial changes of Germany 13199:Indonesian National Revolution 11520:Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2022), 11081:The American Historical Review 11062:, Cambridge University Press, 11006:, CMH Pub 70-7, archived from 10845:Battle: The Story of the Bulge 10529:, CMH Pub. 7-1, archived from 10418:O'Donnell, Patrick K. (2012), 10211:Bastogne: The First Eight Days 10187:MacDonald, Charles B. (1998), 10163:, Center of Military History, 10157:MacDonald, Charles B. (1993), 10007:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013), 9771:Eisenhower, John S.D. (1969), 9674:de Senarclens, Pierre (1988), 9376:, The University of Michigan, 9337:Bouwmeester, Maj. Han (2004), 9195:, in Kingston, Jack A. (ed.), 8568:Die Ardennen-Offensive 1944/45 7684:. Historynet.com. 12 June 2006 6011: 5769: 5760: 5750: 4633:By 15 January, Seventh Army's 4537:Company D, 37th Tank Battalion 4196:British 11th Armoured Division 3539:Best German divisions assigned 3165:Central Sector: Roth to Gemünd 2939:Forces deployed North to South 2799:(paratrooper combat group) in 2749:106th "Golden Lions" Divisions 2304:slowly pushing towards Germany 2300:fighting in the Hürtgen Forest 2222:of several major ports on the 27:World War II battle, 1944–1945 13: 1: 16335:January 1945 events in Europe 14981:Japanese invasion of Thailand 14932:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 14696:German invasion of Luxembourg 13077:Mediterranean and Middle East 12616:Mediterranean and Middle East 12519:End of World War II in Europe 11782:French Forces of the Interior 11116:Whitlock, Flint (Fall 2010), 10366:A Field Marshal in the Family 9435:Caddick-Adams, Peter (2015), 9199:, vol. I, pp. 69–73 8843:Nyssen, Léon (15 July 2007). 8094:. History.com. Archived from 7461:Blockmans, Guy (6 May 2002). 7118:. Defense.gov. Archived from 5863:Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler 5739: 5485: 4478:15th Panzergrenadier Division 4212:British 6th Airborne Division 4192:British 29th Armoured Brigade 3756:277th Volksgrenadier Division 3638:Peiper's armored task force. 3498:212th Volksgrenadier Division 3493:276th Volksgrenadier Division 3480:352nd Volksgrenadier Division 3325:560th Volksgrenadier Division 3116:277th Volksgrenadier Division 3101:326th Volksgrenadier Division 2766:, the German SS-commando who 2226:coast into the autumn, while 2207:, over whether Montgomery or 2179:on the northern shore of the 2098: 1950: Front line, 25 December 1944: Front line, 20 December 1938: Front line, 16 December 1308:End of World War II in Europe 904:63,000~ to 75,000+ casualties 68:Western Front of World War II 16340:Battles involving Luxembourg 14888:Invasion of the Soviet Union 14577:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 13895:Independent State of Croatia 11293:Jordan, Jonathan W. (2011), 9828:Fabianich, Keith P. (1947), 9718:, New York: The Viking Press 9660:, Pearson Higher Education, 9491:The Battle East of Elsenborn 9480:Calvocoressi, Peter (2001), 9308:, New York: Ballantine Books 9286:Bergström, Christer (2014), 9197:Encyclopedia of World War II 7322:"The Battle of the Ardennes" 6210:, p. 426, including 20 6055:Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2001 5952: 5478:However, American historian 4850:, Belgium. January 16, 1945. 4426:26th Volksgrenadier Division 4318:for allegedly violating the 4062:" crossroads. It was led by 3777: 3475:5th Fallschirmjäger Division 3343:26th Volksgrenadier Division 3307:62nd Volksgrenadier Division 3302:18th Volksgrenadier Division 3141:3rd Fallschirmjäger Division 3126:12th Volksgrenadier Division 2770:the former Italian dictator 2228:Dunkirk remained under siege 1977:, was the last major German 1933:during 16–25 December 1944. 7: 16036:Second Battle of El Alamein 15996:Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski 15872:End of World War II in Asia 15712:Western invasion of Germany 15219:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 15196:Second Battle of El Alamein 14766:Hundred Regiments Offensive 14738:Battle of the Mediterranean 14591:Italian invasion of Albania 12765:Air warfare of World War II 11776:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 11635:Battle of the Bulge Museums 11382:MacDougall, Robert (2013), 11253:Carter, William R. (1989), 11235:Burriss, T. Moffat (2001), 10494:, Polperro Heritage Press, 10490:Pearson, Joss, ed. (2011), 10382:Morelock, Jerry D. (2015), 10009:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 9751:Eggenberger, David (1985), 9656:Delaforce, Patrick (2004), 9507:Churchill, Winston (1953), 9441:, Oxford University Press, 9397:, London: Frontline Books, 9365:, vol. 30, no. 18 7756:, p. 527, footnote 14. 5889:can mean several things in 5712: 5685:Secret Intelligence Service 4846:of U.S. First Army west of 4585:/missile attacks and using 4113:(8 km from Bastogne). 3829:Peiper arrived in front of 2526: 2419:Hitler's plan called for a 2270:Field Marshal Montgomery's 2112:landings in southern France 2032:, and in the south, around 10: 16381: 16160:Battle of the Chinese Farm 16119:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 16086:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 15798:Naval bombardment of Japan 15166:First Battle of El Alamein 15085:Battle of Christmas Island 15030:Japanese invasion of Burma 14794:Italian invasion of Greece 14710:German invasion of Belgium 14682:German invasion of Denmark 14655:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 14524:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 12788:Comparative military ranks 12167:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre 11899:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 11792:French Expeditionary Corps 10768:Cambridge University Press 10696:Schrijvers, Peter (2005), 10566:Reynolds, Michael (2006), 10508:Pogue, Forrest C. (1954), 10454:Parker, Danny S. (2004) , 10400:Newton, Steven H. (2006), 10364:Montgomery, Brian (2010), 10274:Miller, Donald L. (2002), 10057:Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis 9304:Blumenson, Martin (1972), 8281:10.1177/096834459800500304 8238:Mearsheimer, John (2010). 8167:, p. 611, footnote 1. 6318:McCullough, David (2005). 5734:Operation Spring Awakening 5641:Bletchley Park post-mortem 5602:Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein 5515:An official report by the 5288: 4814:, Luxembourg, January 1945 4768:forces planned to meet at 4550: 4388: 4265: 4254:Division took the town of 4145: 4101: 4031: 3994: 3781: 3645: 3519: 3391:109th Infantry Regiment / 3257:110th Infantry Regiment / 3221:424th Infantry Regiment / 3205:423rd Infantry Regiment / 3194:422nd Infantry Regiment / 3050:394th Infantry Regiment / 3028:393rd Infantry Regiment / 2536: 2530: 2496:Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein 2341:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 1909:Raids on the Atlantic Wall 1904:Strategic Bombing Campaign 346:(1st Allied Airborne Army) 43: 36: 29: 16350:History of Liège Province 16219: 16186: 16168: 16140: 16117: 16084: 15981: 15963: 15887: 15719:Bratislava–Brno offensive 15659: 15650:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 15387: 15274:Allied invasion of Sicily 15228: 15134:Aleutian Islands campaign 15106:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 15053: 15044:Greek famine of 1941–1944 14939:Second Battle of Changsha 14844:German invasion of Greece 14812: 14689:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 14664: 14602: 14497: 14378: 14104: 14014: 13862: 13565: 13556: 13314: 13139: 13031:North and Central Pacific 12992: 12754: 12747: 12674: 12590: 12560:1946 legislative election 12489: 12446: 12419: 12386: 12327: 12216: 12190: 12124: 12108: 12092: 12068: 12049: 12020: 12004: 11985: 11966: 11955: 11932:French National Committee 11912: 11844: 11831: 11825:French Forces of the West 11718: 11685: 11400:Parker, Danny S. (1999), 11152:, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO, 11135:Wilmot, Chester (1972) , 10788:Sorge, Martin K. (1986), 10660:Sandler, Stanley (2002), 10472:Parker, Danny S. (1994), 10436:Parker, Danny S. (1991), 10422:, Boston: Da Capo Press, 10278:The Story of World War II 10114:Liddell Hart, Basil Henry 10016:Jablonsky, David (1994), 9712:Draper, Theodore (1946), 9121:Andidora, Ronald (2002), 9103:Ambrose, Stephen (1998), 9085:Ambrose, Stephen (1992), 6682:, p. 84, Chapter VI. 6082:Ellis & Warhurst 2009 5704:After the war ended, the 5559: 5527: 5506: 5207: 5193: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5144: 5113: 5081: 5044: 5012: 4976: 4947: 4918: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4873: 4862: 4856:Force comparisons by date 4472: 4453:969th Artillery Battalion 3912: 3701:U.S. 7th Armored Division 3522:Battle of Elsenborn Ridge 2812:upcoming Soviet offensive 2053:armored fighting vehicles 2042:U.S. 2nd Armored Division 1360: 1165: 973: 925: 840: 603:armored fighting vehicles 580: 469: 250: 185: 104: 80:American soldiers of the 73: 65: 60: 16066:Battle of the Dukla Pass 15973:Battle of Cambrai (1917) 15311:Allied invasion of Italy 15288:Solomon Islands campaign 15037:Third Battle of Changsha 14634:First Battle of Changsha 14540:Second Sino-Japanese War 13480:German military brothels 13346:United States war crimes 12577:Trial of Philippe Pétain 12504:1945 municipal elections 12401:Liberation of Strasbourg 11558:They Say There Was a War 11485:, Osceola: MBI Pub. Co, 11171:Battle of the Bulge 1944 11109:Battle Of Hurtgen Forest 10806:Stanton, Shelby (2006), 10737:The Secrets of Station X 10680:Tigers in Combat, Vol. 1 10646:, Simon & Schuster, 10282:, Simon & Schuster, 10120:, G. P. Putnam's Sons., 10099:, Simon & Schuster, 10020:, Taylor & Francis, 10001:Hinsley & Strip 1993 9993:Hinsley & Strip 1993 9211:Baxter, Colin F (1999), 9107:, Simon & Schuster, 5744: 5316:Supreme Allied Commander 4645:Allied counter-offensive 4600:On the same day, German 2877:Friedrich von der Heydte 2585:. It also contained the 2473:Army Command in the West 2430:Russian winter offensive 2379:Jassy-Kishinev Offensive 2141:Supreme Allied Commander 540:1st Allied Airborne Army 369:Führer und Reichskanzler 274:Supreme Allied Commander 86:Tennessee National Guard 18:Ardennes-Alsace Campaign 15733:Second Guangxi campaign 15588:Philippines (1944–1945) 15092:Battle of the Coral Sea 14995:Fall of the Philippines 14641:Battle of South Guangxi 14547:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 13953:Italian Social Republic 12294:Liberation of Marseille 11483:World War II Day by Day 11440:Quarrie, Bruce (2001), 11422:Quarrie, Bruce (2000), 11386:, Trafford Publishing, 11139:The Struggle for Europe 10758:Solis, Gary D. (2010), 10735:Smith, Michael (2011), 10548:Quarrie, Bruce (1999), 10189:The Battle of the Bulge 10095:Larrabee, Eric (1987), 10011:, Woodland Publications 9854:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 9812:Hitler's Last Offensive 9810:Elstob, Peter (2003) , 9538:Cirillo, Roger (1995), 9272:, Sinclair-Stephenson, 9268:Bennett, Ralph (1994), 9250:Bennett, Ralph (2011), 9009:"The Discovery Service" 8644:National D-Day Memorial 8468:Percy, Schramm (1961). 8263:Searle, Alaric (1998). 7769:The Ardennes, 1944–1945 7754:Clarke & Smith 1993 7742:Clarke & Smith 1993 5395:British newspapers and 5367:) and U.S. Ninth Army ( 5342:Allied occupation zones 5224:Strategy and leadership 4573:Unternehmen Bodenplatte 4359:101st Airborne Division 4347:112th Infantry Regiment 3954:119th Infantry Regiment 3875:Hansen had stalled. SS- 3745:394th Infantry Regiment 3233:112th Infantry Regiment 3228:106th Infantry Division 3212:106th Infantry Division 3201:106th Infantry Division 3121:12th SS Panzer Division 2987:395th Infantry Regiment 2633:Gustav-Adolf von Zangen 2450:Unternehmen Herbstnebel 2272:Operation Market Garden 2233:The Allies' efforts to 2040:, being stopped by the 1196:Siegfried Line campaign 82:117th Infantry Regiment 16206:Battle of Medina Ridge 16030:Operation Winter Storm 16011:Battle of Brody (1941) 16006:Battle of Sedan (1940) 15991:Battle of Khalkhin Gol 15318:Armistice of Cassibile 15120:Battle of Dutch Harbor 15071:Battle of the Java Sea 14974:Attack on Pearl Harbor 14874:Syria–Lebanon campaign 14867:Battle of South Shanxi 14837:Invasion of Yugoslavia 14620:Battle of the Atlantic 14234:Korean Liberation Army 13947:(until September 1943) 13904:(until September 1944) 13882:(until September 1944) 12534:Provisional Government 12198:Liberation of Saint-Lô 12172:Maquis de Saint-Marcel 12152:Liberation of Limousin 12116:Battle of Mont Mouchet 12100:Liberation of Limousin 11996:Syria–Lebanon campaign 11947:Provisional Government 11922:Empire Defense Council 11838: 11787:French Liberation Army 11538:Wilmes, David (1999), 11524:, Oxford, UK: Osprey, 11122:World War II Quarterly 11034:Joint Forces Quarterly 10721:, Simon and Schuster, 10678:Schneider, W. (2004), 9757:, Dover Publications, 9370:Bradley, Omar (1983), 9191:Axelrod, Alan (2007), 9171:Astor, Gerald (1992), 8767:Young & Young 2010 8565:Jung, Hermann (1971). 8213:Naveh, Shimon (1997). 7616:Chapter 21: The Relief 5829: 5823: 5626: 5601: 5503: 5476: 5392: 5329: 5318: 5303: 5272: 5258: 5248: 5242: 4844:84th Infantry Division 4764: 4756: 4622: 4617:Heeresgruppe Oberrhein 4616: 4612:Army Group Upper Rhine 4606: 4571: 4566: 4516: 4498: 4448: 4404: 4378:5th Parachute Division 4363:10th Armored Divisions 4338: 4272:For Operation Greif (" 4216:33rd Armoured Brigades 4182: 4129: 4084:6th Parachute Regiment 4055: 4047: 4043: 4004: 3924:82nd Airborne Division 3907: 3822: 3802: 3798:1st SS Panzer Division 3770: 3764: 3760:2nd Infantry Divisions 3739: 3727:Malmedy massacre trial 3721: 3705: 3691: 3673: 3666: 3660: 3634: 3627: 3620:99th Infantry Division 3602: 3585: 3580: 3558: 3414:12th Infantry Regiment 3398:28th Infantry Division 3264:28th Infantry Division 3242:28th Infantry Division 3131:1st SS Panzer Division 3057:99th Infantry Division 3035:99th Infantry Division 3015:38th Infantry Regiment 3001:23rd Infantry Regiment 2996:99th Infantry Division 2892: 2883:Initial German assault 2839: 2827: 2789: 2753:28th Infantry Division 2718: 2665: 2658:divisions forming the 2652: 2624: 2570: 2553: 2515: 2509: 2501: 2495: 2477: 2467: 2456: 2448: 2437: 2399:Drafting the offensive 2391: 2362: 2339: 2314: 2257: 2105:breakout from Normandy 1964: 1962: German movements 1956: Allied movements 999:Initial German assault 251:Commanders and leaders 90:30th Infantry Division 16211:Battle of Al Busayyah 16045:Battle of Prokhorovka 15482:Second Battle of Guam 15378:Bengal famine of 1943 15348:Second Battle of Kiev 15304:Battle of the Dnieper 15009:Battle of Wake Island 14881:East African campaign 14823:Battle of South Henan 14468:atrocities by Germans 14241:Korean Volunteer Army 13222:Occupation of Germany 12976:Music in World War II 12524:Victory in Europe Day 12203:Battle of Mont Gargan 12060:Liberation of Corsica 11837: 11813:4th Moroccan Mountain 11808:3rd Algerian Infantry 11803:2nd Moroccan Infantry 11481:Shaw, Antony (2000), 11408:, London: Greenhill, 11362:MacDonald, Charles B. 11341:MacDonald, Charles B. 10594:World War II Magazine 10135:MacDonald, Charles B. 9794:The Defeat of Germany 9047:16 March 2013 at the 8295:on 24 September 2021. 7682:World War II Magazine 6851:Wager, Eliot (2011), 6827:King & Kutta 1998 6384:, pp. 1088–1089. 5621: 5493: 5471: 5376: 5324: 5309: 5298: 5240: 4840:11th Armored Division 4762: 4754: 4688:"Battle of the Bulge" 4564: 4553:Operation Bodenplatte 4492: 4485:Allied counterstrikes 4446: 4398: 4333: 4208:53rd (Welsh) Infantry 4176: 4124: 4010:John S. D. Eisenhower 4002: 3902: 3895:German advance halted 3820: 3664:Büllingen, where the 3655: 3578: 3571:German forces held up 3437:4th Infantry Division 3428:8th Infantry Regiment 3423:4th Infantry Division 3320:116th Panzer Division 3024:2nd Infantry Division 3010:2nd Infantry Division 2982:2nd Infantry Division 2973:9th Infantry Regiment 2890: 2622: 2542: 2516:Bataille des Ardennes 2438:Generalfeldmarschalls 2280:Battle of the Scheldt 2025:aerial reconnaissance 1928: 1602:Battle of Britain Day 917:Operation Bodenplatte 867:Operation Bodenplatte 841:Casualties and losses 827:16 infantry divisions 796:15 infantry divisions 765:16 infantry divisions 734:13 infantry divisions 701:22 infantry divisions 670:22 infantry divisions 639:15 infantry divisions 16345:History of the Eifel 16330:December 1944 events 16239:Battle of Debaltseve 16229:Battle of Novoazovsk 16196:Battle of 73 Easting 16099:Battle of Asal Uttar 16094:Operation Grand Slam 16061:Battle of Studzianki 16026:Battle of Stalingrad 15768:Surrender of Germany 15246:Battle of West Hubei 15203:Guadalcanal campaign 15173:Battle of Stalingrad 15099:Battle of Madagascar 13873:Albania protectorate 13660:(formerly Swaziland) 13369:Wehrmacht war crimes 13185:Expulsion of Germans 12969:Art and World War II 12867:British contribution 12816:Governments in exile 12509:Advance to the Rhine 12314:Battle of Montélimar 12309:Liberation of Guéret 12289:Liberation of Toulon 12162:Liberation of Guéret 11879:Dwight D. Eisenhower 11679:Liberation of France 11196:on 29 September 2007 11077:Weinberg, Gerhard L. 11056:Weinberg, Gerhard L. 10994:(Reissue ed.), 10262:on 25 September 2015 10234:Meyer, Kurt (2005), 9638:De Guingand, Francis 9566:Riviera to the Rhine 9517:The Second World War 9423:on 25 September 2015 9148:Annan, Noel (1995), 8731:Holroyd-Doveton 2013 8306:Luvaas, Jay (1990), 7197:, pp. 103, 104. 6618:, pp. 329–334; 6262:, pp. 565–567; 5729:Liberation of France 5719:Battle of Garfagnana 5693:UK National Archives 5352:Montgomery's actions 5252:(Brigadier general) 4673:improve this article 4628:Operation North Wind 4623:Unternehmen Nordwind 4589:shells, but also by 4541:4th Armored Division 4525:2nd Armored Division 4422:Panzer-Lehr-Division 4244:XXXXVII Panzer-Korps 4155:9th Armored Division 4126:Hasso von Manteuffel 4117:Attack in the center 3813:Germans advance west 3409:9th Armored Division 3253:9th Armored Division 3146:150th Panzer Brigade 3046:9th Armored Division 2676:liberation of France 2602:Hasso von Manteuffel 2315:Generalfeldmarschall 2259:Generalfeldmarschall 2216:U.S. 12th Army Group 2173:direct landing ships 2167:Allied supply issues 2137:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1973:, also known as the 1899:Defence of the Reich 1380:The Heligoland Bight 1062:German counterattack 611:6 infantry divisions 419:Hasso von Manteuffel 268:Dwight D. Eisenhower 158:50.00417°N 5.72000°E 16325:History of Wallonia 16265:Battle of the Bulge 16221:Russo-Ukrainian War 16076:Battle of the Bulge 16071:Battle of Arracourt 15858:Potsdam Declaration 15747:Italy (Spring 1945) 15510:Liberation of Paris 14967:Siege of Sevastopol 13985:(until August 1944) 13888:Wang Jingwei regime 13710:from September 1943 13670:from September 1944 13608:from September 1944 13468:Romanian war crimes 13459:Persecution of Jews 13445:Croatian war crimes 13415:Japanese war crimes 13229:Occupation of Japan 13178:First Indochina War 12890:Military production 12802:Declarations of war 12514:Invasion of Germany 12378:Battle of Meximieux 12373:Battle of Arracourt 12335:Liberation of Nancy 12299:Liberation of Paris 12279:Battle of La Ciotat 12274:Battle of Port Cros 12239:Liberation of Brest 12224:Battle for Brittany 12142:Battle of Cherbourg 11621:Battle of the Bulge 11506:, Greenhill Books, 11263:on 16 December 2013 11010:on 30 December 2007 10960:Battle of the Bulge 10929:Van Creveld, Martin 10870:, Faber and Faber, 10792:, Greenwood Press, 10572:Casemate Publishers 10536:on 5 September 2021 10511:The Supreme Command 10386:, Stackpole Books, 10238:, Stackpole Books, 9511:Triumph and Tragedy 9466:, London: Cassell, 9456:Calvocoressi, Peter 8962:, pp. 270–272. 8950:, pp. 270–272. 8833:, pp. 122–123. 8592:, pp. 292–293. 8519:, pp. 474–477. 8371:, pp. 466–471. 8119:, pp. 382–385. 8081:, pp. 311–314. 8069:, pp. 204–205. 8009:, pp. 378–395. 7997:, pp. 276–277. 7973:, pp. 489–490. 7961:, pp. 410–413. 7826:Battle of the Bulge 7355:, pp. 259–260. 7285:on 25 February 2009 7263:, p. 461, 463. 7122:on 5 September 2015 6982:, p. 78, 6754:, pp. 362–366. 6502:, pp. 122–123. 6478:, pp. 456–458. 6244:Battle of the Bulge 6168:"DMSi ACSDB report" 5945:Neil Leslie Webster 5842:Only two battalions 5650:At Bletchley Park, 5571:Operation Veritable 5358:Freddie de Guingand 5229:Hitler's chosen few 5177: 5145:Infantry divisions 4418:2nd Panzer Division 4403:on 22 December 1944 4335:Erich Brandenberger 4326:Attack in the south 4248:9th Panzer Division 4242:, commander of the 4169:Meuse River bridges 4142:Battle for St. Vith 4090:or train together. 3550:Obersturmbannführer 3402:Combat Command A / 3338:2nd Panzer Division 3246:Combat Command R / 3039:Combat Command B / 2967:102nd Cavalry Group 2610:Erich Brandenberger 2571:Oberstgruppenführer 2375:Romanian oil fields 2354:Operation Bagration 2345:strategic reserve. 2276:First Canadian Army 2220:remained in control 1971:Battle of the Bulge 1888:Strategic campaigns 1491:Ypres–Comines Canal 1303:Invasion of Germany 965:Battle of the Bulge 862:800 tanks destroyed 830:8 armored divisions 799:8 armored divisions 768:8 armored divisions 737:7 armored divisions 704:8 armored divisions 673:8 armored divisions 642:6 armored divisions 614:2 armored divisions 455:Erich Brandenberger 154: / 61:Battle of the Bulge 16295:1945 in Luxembourg 16290:1944 in Luxembourg 16244:Battle of Vuhledar 16234:Mariupol offensive 16132:Battle of Basantar 16109:Battle of Chawinda 16104:Battle of Phillora 16056:Battle of Radzymin 16051:Operation Goodwood 16016:Operation Crusader 15851:Surrender of Japan 15684:Battle of Iwo Jima 15533:Belgrade offensive 14946:Siege of Leningrad 14830:Battle of Shanggao 14759:British Somaliland 14724:Dunkirk evacuation 14675:Norwegian campaign 14613:Invasion of Poland 14440:Japanese prisoners 13408:Italian war crimes 13339:British war crimes 13254:Soviet occupations 13038:South-West Pacific 12925:Allied cooperation 12883:Military equipment 12582:Klaus Barbie trial 12319:Liberation of Nice 12137:Battle of Carentan 12132:Operation Overlord 11869:Bernard Montgomery 11839: 11599:, Oxford: Osprey, 11366:The Last Offensive 11322:The Longest Winter 11173:, Oxford: Osprey, 10715:Shirer, William L. 10476:, Combined Books, 10440:, Combined Books, 10326:Mitcham, Samuel W. 10206:Marshall, S. L. A. 10160:The Last Offensive 9236:, London: Viking, 9177:, Donald I. Fine, 8707:de Senarclens 1988 8650:on 21 October 2022 8619:www.britannica.com 8602:Caddick-Adams 2015 8333:Caddick-Adams 2015 8142:Churchill, Winston 7334:on 7 February 2011 6999:, pp. 75–106. 6958:, p. 203–209. 6790:, pp. 16, 19. 6622:, pp. 95–100. 6476:von Luttichau 2000 5984:, appendices E, F. 5687: – 5656:Peter Calvocoressi 5631:war correspondents 5627: 5522:Lorraine campaigns 5504: 5496:Mardasson Memorial 5467:B. H. Liddell Hart 5330: 5319: 5304: 5264:National Socialism 5243: 5175: 4765: 4757: 4567: 4557:Operation Nordwind 4499: 4476:Regiment from the 4449: 4405: 4339: 4291:as the capital of 4183: 4148:Battle of St. Vith 4130: 4080:II Parachute Corps 4005: 3908: 3823: 3754:To the north, the 3674:Kampfgruppe Peiper 3661: 3581: 3545:Krinkelt-Rocherath 3332:XLVII Panzer Corps 3314:LVIII Panzer Corps 3135:Kampfgruppe Peiper 3062:14th Cavalry Group 2893: 2760:special operations 2625: 2568:, commanded by SS 2503:Die Wacht am Rhein 2363:Heeresgruppe Mitte 2265:Gerd von Rundstedt 2263:('Field Marshal') 2209:Lieutenant General 2201:Bernard Montgomery 2181:Cotentin peninsula 2132:By December 1944, 2116:military logistics 1975:Ardennes Offensive 1965: 1914:Battle of Atlantic 833:2 armored brigades 802:3 armored brigades 771:3 armored brigades 707:2 armored brigades 676:2 armored brigades 383:Gerd von Rundstedt 301:Bernard Montgomery 94:M5A1 "Stuart" tank 47:Ardennes Offensive 16275:Conflicts in 1945 16270:Conflicts in 1944 16252: 16251: 16201:Battle of Norfolk 15925: 15924: 15883: 15882: 15726:Battle of Okinawa 15625:Burma (1944–1945) 15459:Mariana and Palau 15239:Tunisian campaign 15064:Fall of Singapore 14988:Fall of Hong Kong 14731:Battle of Britain 14584:Operation Himmler 14493: 14492: 14157:Dutch East Indies 13800:Southern Rhodesia 13552: 13551: 13452:Genocide of Serbs 13355:German war crimes 13332:Soviet war crimes 13325:Allied war crimes 13171:Division of Korea 13150:Chinese Civil War 12948:Strategic bombing 12860:Manhattan Project 12634: 12633: 12571:Trente Glorieuses 12547:Épuration sauvage 12485: 12484: 12345:Operation Undergo 12340:Operation Astonia 12284:Provence landings 12084:Battle of Glières 12079:Battle of Vercors 12041:Battle of Réunion 12036:Tunisian campaign 11884:Raymond O. Barton 11864:Winston Churchill 11854:Charles de Gaulle 11606:978-1-84603-292-9 11585:978-1-885851-20-8 11567:978-1-885851-51-2 11549:978-1-885851-13-0 11531:978-1-4728-4739-3 11513:978-1-85367-291-0 11492:978-0-7603-0939-1 11474:978-0-684-80330-2 11451:978-1-85532-913-3 11433:978-1-85532-857-0 11347:, Burford Books, 11345:Company Commander 11326:, Da Capo Press, 11308:978-0-451-23212-0 11286:978-1-61200-181-4 11246:978-1-57488-348-0 11159:978-0-313-35652-0 11069:978-0-521-55879-2 10991:Command Decisions 10877:978-0-571-22485-2 10810:, Stackpole Books 10781:978-0-521-87088-7 10653:978-0-684-80329-6 10559:978-1-85532-853-2 10501:978-0-9559541-8-4 10465:978-0-306-81391-7 10429:978-0-306-82029-8 10368:, Pen and Sword, 10289:978-0-7432-1198-7 10245:978-0-8117-3197-3 10198:978-1-85799-128-4 10127:978-0-306-80912-5 10027:978-0-7146-4119-5 9878:978-0-02-881069-0 9871:, Potomac Books, 9737:, HarperCollins, 9667:978-1-4058-4062-0 9642:Operation Victory 9602:978-0-7864-3319-3 9579:978-0-16-034746-7 9548:, CMH Pub 72-26, 9493:, Pen and Sword, 9448:978-0-19933-514-5 9404:978-1-84832-615-6 9383:978-0-671-41023-0 9330:978-3-421-05507-1 9297:978-1-61200-277-4 9252:Ultra in the West 9243:978-0-670-91864-5 9132:978-0-313-31751-4 9078:978-1-57806-026-9 8935:, pp. 66–67. 8906:, pp. 61–64. 8904:Calvocoressi 2001 8819:Calvocoressi 1980 8447:978-0-8131-9160-7 8394:"Ardennes-Alsace" 8249:978-0-8014-7631-0 7925:, pp. 32–43. 7865:, pp. 21–22. 7853:, pp. 77–79. 7779:978-1-61200-277-4 7705:, pp. 84–86. 7640:"NUTS! Revisited" 7493:, pp. 76–83. 7469:on 23 August 2012 7425:Liddell Hart 1970 7146:Stars and Stripes 6778:, pp. 86–89. 6031:978-0-19-933516-9 5646:Missed indicators 5397:Stars and Stripes 5221: 5220: 5173: 5172: 4806:Americans of the 4792:Winston Churchill 4749: 4748: 4741: 4723: 4529:4th Cavalry Group 4503:P-47 Thunderbolts 4460:Anthony McAuliffe 4391:Siege of Bastogne 4385:Siege of Bastogne 4312:military tribunal 4232:Marche-en-Famenne 4220:34th Tank Brigade 4200:British XXX Corps 4179:Sherman "Firefly" 4104:Chenogne massacre 4098:Chenogne massacre 4034:Operation Stösser 4028:Operation Stösser 3966:Froidcourt Castle 3642:Malmedy massacres 3528:Siege of Bastogne 3512: 3511: 3365: 3364: 3292:(von Manteuffel) 3289:Fifth Panzer Army 3161: 3160: 3109:I SS Panzer Corps 3088:Sixth Panzer Army 2801:Operation Stösser 2719:Flugabwehrkanonen 2680:French Resistance 2660:armored spearhead 2598:Fifth Panzer Army 2510:Ardennenoffensive 2414:super-heavy tanks 2358:Army Group Center 2292:Lorraine Campaign 2214:, commanding the 2065:wounded in action 1922: 1921: 1316: 1315: 1119: 1118: 1094:Chenogne massacre 930: 929: 859:81,000 casualties 740:1 armored brigade 645:1 armored brigade 343:Lewis H. Brereton 304:(21st Army Group) 290:(12th Army Group) 181: 180: 163:50.00417; 5.72000 16:(Redirected from 16372: 16360:History of Namur 16021:Battle of Gazala 16001:Battle of Hannut 15952: 15945: 15938: 15929: 15928: 15918: 15911: 15904: 15901:World portal 15899: 15898: 15874: 15867: 15860: 15853: 15844: 15837: 15830: 15821: 15814: 15807: 15800: 15793: 15786: 15777: 15770: 15763: 15761:Prague offensive 15756: 15754:Battle of Berlin 15749: 15742: 15735: 15728: 15721: 15714: 15707: 15700: 15698:Vienna offensive 15693: 15686: 15679: 15677:Battle of Manila 15672: 15652: 15643: 15634: 15627: 15618: 15611: 15604: 15597: 15590: 15583: 15576: 15567: 15558: 15551: 15542: 15535: 15528: 15521: 15512: 15505: 15498: 15491: 15484: 15477: 15470: 15461: 15454: 15445: 15436: 15427: 15420: 15418:Korsun–Cherkassy 15413: 15402: 15380: 15371: 15364: 15357: 15350: 15343: 15336: 15329: 15320: 15313: 15306: 15299: 15290: 15283: 15276: 15269: 15262: 15260:Bombing of Gorky 15255: 15248: 15241: 15221: 15214: 15205: 15198: 15191: 15182: 15175: 15168: 15161: 15150: 15143: 15136: 15129: 15127:Battle of Midway 15122: 15115: 15113:Battle of Gazala 15108: 15101: 15094: 15087: 15080: 15073: 15066: 15046: 15039: 15032: 15025: 15023:Battle of Borneo 15018: 15016:Malayan campaign 15011: 15004: 14997: 14990: 14983: 14976: 14969: 14962: 14960:Bombing of Gorky 14955: 14953:Battle of Moscow 14948: 14941: 14934: 14927: 14920: 14913: 14897: 14890: 14883: 14876: 14869: 14862: 14853: 14846: 14839: 14832: 14825: 14805: 14796: 14789: 14782: 14775: 14768: 14761: 14754: 14747: 14740: 14733: 14726: 14719: 14717:Battle of France 14712: 14705: 14698: 14691: 14684: 14677: 14657: 14650: 14643: 14636: 14629: 14622: 14615: 14593: 14586: 14579: 14572: 14570:Munich Agreement 14565: 14558: 14549: 14542: 14535: 14526: 14519: 14504: 14503: 14486: 14479: 14470: 14463: 14456: 14455:Soviet prisoners 14449: 14442: 14435: 14426: 14419: 14410: 14403: 14396: 14395:German prisoners 14391: 14371: 14362: 14355: 14348: 14343: 14336: 14329: 14322: 14315: 14308: 14301: 14294: 14287: 14280: 14273: 14266: 14259: 14252: 14243: 14236: 14229: 14222: 14215: 14208: 14201: 14194: 14187: 14180: 14173: 14166: 14159: 14152: 14145: 14138: 14131: 14124: 14117: 14097: 14090: 14083: 14076: 14069: 14062: 14055: 14048: 14041: 14034: 14027: 14007: 14000: 13993: 13986: 13978: 13971: 13964: 13955: 13948: 13940: 13933: 13931:French Indochina 13926: 13919: 13912: 13905: 13897: 13890: 13883: 13875: 13855: 13846: 13839: 13830: 13823: 13816: 13809: 13802: 13795: 13788: 13781: 13778:from August 1944 13769: 13762: 13755: 13748: 13741: 13734: 13727: 13720: 13713: 13701: 13694: 13687: 13680: 13673: 13661: 13653: 13646: 13639: 13632: 13625: 13618: 13611: 13599: 13592: 13585: 13578: 13563: 13562: 13543: 13536: 13529: 13522: 13515: 13504: 13489: 13482: 13475: 13470: 13461: 13454: 13447: 13438: 13431: 13424: 13422:Nanjing Massacre 13417: 13410: 13401: 13399:Nuremberg trials 13392: 13385: 13378: 13371: 13364: 13357: 13348: 13341: 13334: 13327: 13307: 13300: 13293: 13284: 13277: 13270: 13263: 13256: 13249: 13240: 13231: 13224: 13217: 13210: 13201: 13194: 13187: 13180: 13173: 13166: 13159: 13152: 13132: 13123: 13116: 13109: 13100: 13093: 13086: 13079: 13070: 13063: 13056: 13047: 13040: 13033: 13026: 13019: 13012: 13005: 13003:Asia and Pacific 12985: 12978: 12971: 12964: 12957: 12950: 12943: 12934: 12932:Mulberry harbour 12927: 12920: 12913: 12906: 12899: 12892: 12885: 12878: 12869: 12862: 12855: 12846: 12839: 12832: 12825: 12818: 12811: 12804: 12797: 12790: 12783: 12774: 12767: 12752: 12751: 12740: 12733: 12724: 12717: 12710: 12703: 12696: 12689: 12682: 12661: 12654: 12647: 12638: 12637: 12540:Épuration légale 12492: 12454:Atlantic pockets 12430:Atlantic pockets 12396:Battle of Alsace 12350:Atlantic pockets 12244:Atlantic pockets 12182:Battle of Ushant 12177:Maquis de Saffré 11964: 11963: 11915: 11904:Philippe Kieffer 11894:Philippe Leclerc 11889:George S. Patton 11847: 11733:Commando Kieffer 11721: 11677: 11676: 11665: 11658: 11651: 11642: 11641: 11630:U.S. Army Europe 11609: 11588: 11570: 11552: 11534: 11516: 11495: 11477: 11464:A Bridge Too Far 11454: 11436: 11418: 11407: 11396: 11378: 11357: 11336: 11325: 11311: 11300: 11289: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11249: 11231: 11204: 11203: 11201: 11183: 11162: 11144: 11142: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11112: 11103: 11087:(4): 1006–1021, 11072: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11031: 11023:Weigley, Russell 11018: 11017: 11015: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10953: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10880: 10857: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10823: 10811: 10802: 10784: 10765: 10754: 10748: 10740: 10731: 10710: 10692: 10674: 10656: 10633: 10631: 10617: 10615: 10613: 10604:. Archived from 10584: 10562: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10535: 10516: 10504: 10486: 10468: 10450: 10432: 10414: 10396: 10378: 10360: 10342: 10321: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10281: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10248: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10218:, CMH Pub 22-2, 10201: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10171:, archived from 10153: 10143:, Bantam Books, 10130: 10109: 10091: 10080: 10069: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10030: 10012: 10003: 9995: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9969: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9925: 9913: 9907: 9899: 9881: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9844: 9843:on 18 March 2009 9842: 9835: 9824: 9806: 9790:Ellis, Lionel F. 9785: 9773:The Bitter Woods 9767: 9747: 9731:Dupuy, Trevor N. 9726: 9725: 9723: 9708: 9698: 9688: 9670: 9652: 9633: 9620: 9605: 9583: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9514: 9503: 9485: 9482:Top Secret Ultra 9476: 9465: 9462:Top Secret Ultra 9451: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9419:, archived from 9407: 9386: 9366: 9359:Bradley, Omar N. 9354: 9353: 9351: 9345: 9333: 9309: 9300: 9282: 9264: 9246: 9225: 9207: 9206: 9204: 9187: 9167: 9161: 9153: 9150:Changing Enemies 9144: 9117: 9105:Citizen Soldiers 9099: 9087:Band of Brothers 9081: 9069:Americans at War 9065:Ambrose, Stephen 9051: 9039: 9033: 9030: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9019: 9005: 8999: 8993: 8987: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8923:, p. 179ff. 8918: 8907: 8901: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8840: 8834: 8828: 8822: 8816: 8810: 8807:Eggenberger 1985 8804: 8798: 8788: 8782: 8776: 8770: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8698: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8666: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8636: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8562: 8556: 8550: 8544: 8538: 8532: 8526: 8520: 8514: 8508: 8502: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8431: 8425: 8415: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8398:history.army.mil 8390: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8291:. Archived from 8260: 8254: 8253: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8210: 8204: 8198: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8156: 8155: 8138: 8132: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8022: 8016: 8010: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7980: 7974: 7968: 7962: 7959:De Guingand 1947 7956: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7935:Van Creveld 1977 7932: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7674: 7668: 7667:, c. "Bastogne". 7662: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7646:on 14 March 2010 7636: 7630: 7624: 7618: 7609: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7564: 7558: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7488: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7465:. Archived from 7458: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7333: 7326: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7249:Bouwmeester 2004 7246: 7240: 7237:Bouwmeester 2004 7234: 7228: 7225:Bouwmeester 2004 7222: 7213: 7210:Bouwmeester 2004 7207: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7183:Bouwmeester 2004 7180: 7174: 7171:Bouwmeester 2004 7168: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7152:on 21 March 2021 7148:. Archived from 7138: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7114:Hoover, Steven. 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7045: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7000: 6994: 6985: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6949: 6940: 6939:, p. 34-40. 6934: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6569: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6466:, pp. 1–64. 6461: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6423:history.army.mil 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6315: 6309: 6295: 6286: 6280: 6271: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6141:. Archived from 6135: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6112:. Archived from 6106: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6058: 6052: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5968: 5962: 5947: 5943:Calvocoressi to 5941: 5935: 5932: 5926: 5923: 5917: 5914: 5908: 5900: 5894: 5891:American English 5884: 5878: 5871: 5865: 5860: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5840: 5834: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5795: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5767: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5604: 5275: 5261: 5251: 5178: 5174: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4860: 4859: 4835: 4823: 4803: 4744: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4681: 4657: 4649: 4625: 4619: 4609: 4576: 4519: 4475: 4474: 4078:of 800 men. The 3974: 3926:under Maj. Gen. 3915: 3914: 3805: 3773: 3767: 3742: 3724: 3710: 3694: 3676: 3669: 3658:Malmedy massacre 3648:Malmedy massacre 3637: 3630: 3610:Fallschirmjaeger 3605: 3603:Fallschirmjaeger 3588: 3561: 3465:(Brandenberger) 3453: 3452: 3435: 3421: 3407: 3396: 3384: 3383: 3374: 3280: 3279: 3262: 3251: 3240: 3226: 3210: 3199: 3180: 3179: 3170: 3079: 3078: 3055: 3044: 3033: 3022: 3008: 2994: 2980: 2959: 2958: 2949: 2844: 2833:headquarters in 2832: 2798: 2772:Benito Mussolini 2740:economy of force 2721: 2695:, and a special 2670: 2657: 2631:, under General 2608:, under General 2573: 2551: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2498: 2480: 2470: 2461: 2453: 2440: 2425:Battle of France 2394: 2365: 2344: 2317: 2296:Battle of Aachen 2262: 2244:Red Ball Express 1990:Second World War 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1751:Atlantic Pockets 1355: 1351:Western Front of 1343: 1336: 1329: 1320: 1319: 1160: 1158: 1146: 1139: 1132: 1123: 1122: 1089:Malmedy massacre 968: 966: 956: 949: 942: 933: 932: 898: 897: 878: 877: 853: 852: 790:1,090 other AFVs 759:1,496 other AFVs 728:1,261 other AFVs 695:7,079 other AFVs 664:7,769 other AFVs 633:5,352 other AFVs 552: 551: 537: 536: 530: 529: 523: 522: 510: 509: 482: 481: 453: 452: 435: 434: 417: 416: 399: 398: 381: 380: 361: 360: 341: 340: 329:George S. Patton 327: 326: 313: 312: 299: 298: 285: 284: 270: 266: 265: 243: 241: 240: 227: 225: 224: 214: 212: 211: 201: 199: 198: 169: 168: 166: 165: 164: 159: 155: 152: 151: 150: 147: 106: 105: 78: 58: 57: 39:Battle of France 21: 16380: 16379: 16375: 16374: 16373: 16371: 16370: 16369: 16285:1945 in Belgium 16280:1944 in Belgium 16255: 16254: 16253: 16248: 16215: 16182: 16164: 16155:Valley of Tears 16136: 16127:Battle of Chamb 16113: 16080: 16041:Battle of Kursk 15977: 15959: 15956: 15926: 15921: 15914: 15907: 15893: 15891: 15879: 15870: 15863: 15856: 15849: 15840: 15833: 15826: 15817: 15812:Atomic bombings 15810: 15803: 15796: 15789: 15782: 15773: 15766: 15759: 15752: 15745: 15738: 15731: 15724: 15717: 15710: 15703: 15696: 15689: 15682: 15675: 15668: 15655: 15648: 15637: 15630: 15623: 15614: 15607: 15600: 15593: 15586: 15579: 15570: 15561: 15554: 15545: 15538: 15531: 15524: 15515: 15508: 15503:Eastern Romania 15501: 15496:Warsaw Uprising 15494: 15489:Tannenberg Line 15487: 15480: 15475:Western Ukraine 15473: 15464: 15457: 15448: 15439: 15430: 15423: 15416: 15405: 15396: 15383: 15376: 15367: 15360: 15353: 15346: 15339: 15332: 15325: 15316: 15309: 15302: 15293: 15286: 15279: 15272: 15267:Battle of Kursk 15265: 15258: 15251: 15244: 15237: 15224: 15217: 15208: 15201: 15194: 15185: 15178: 15171: 15164: 15155: 15146: 15139: 15132: 15125: 15118: 15111: 15104: 15097: 15090: 15083: 15078:St Nazaire Raid 15076: 15069: 15062: 15049: 15042: 15035: 15028: 15021: 15014: 15007: 15000: 14993: 14986: 14979: 14972: 14965: 14958: 14951: 14944: 14937: 14930: 14923: 14916: 14902: 14893: 14886: 14879: 14872: 14865: 14860:Anglo-Iraqi War 14858: 14851:Battle of Crete 14849: 14842: 14835: 14828: 14821: 14808: 14799: 14792: 14785: 14780:Eastern Romania 14778: 14771: 14764: 14757: 14750: 14743: 14736: 14729: 14722: 14715: 14708: 14701: 14694: 14687: 14680: 14673: 14660: 14653: 14646: 14639: 14632: 14625: 14618: 14611: 14598: 14589: 14582: 14575: 14568: 14561: 14554: 14545: 14538: 14531: 14522: 14515: 14489: 14482: 14475: 14466: 14459: 14454: 14445: 14438: 14431: 14422: 14415: 14406: 14399: 14394: 14387: 14374: 14367: 14358: 14351: 14346: 14341:Western Ukraine 14339: 14332: 14325: 14318: 14311: 14304: 14297: 14290: 14285:Northeast China 14283: 14276: 14269: 14262: 14255: 14248: 14239: 14232: 14225: 14218: 14211: 14204: 14197: 14190: 14183: 14176: 14169: 14162: 14155: 14148: 14141: 14134: 14127: 14120: 14113: 14100: 14093: 14086: 14079: 14072: 14065: 14058: 14051: 14044: 14037: 14030: 14023: 14010: 14003: 13996: 13991:Slovak Republic 13989: 13981: 13974: 13967: 13962:Empire of Japan 13960: 13951: 13943: 13936: 13929: 13922: 13915: 13908: 13900: 13893: 13886: 13878: 13871: 13858: 13851: 13842: 13835: 13826: 13819: 13812: 13805: 13798: 13791: 13784: 13772: 13765: 13758: 13751: 13744: 13737: 13730: 13723: 13716: 13704: 13697: 13690: 13683: 13676: 13664: 13656: 13649: 13642: 13635: 13628: 13621: 13614: 13602: 13595: 13588: 13581: 13574: 13548: 13539: 13532: 13525: 13518: 13507: 13492: 13485: 13478: 13474:Sexual violence 13473: 13466: 13457: 13450: 13443: 13434: 13427: 13420: 13413: 13406: 13397: 13388: 13381: 13374: 13367: 13360: 13353: 13344: 13337: 13330: 13323: 13310: 13303: 13296: 13289: 13280: 13273: 13266: 13259: 13252: 13243: 13234: 13227: 13220: 13213: 13204: 13197: 13192:Greek Civil War 13190: 13183: 13176: 13169: 13162: 13155: 13148: 13135: 13128: 13119: 13112: 13105: 13096: 13089: 13082: 13075: 13066: 13059: 13052: 13043: 13036: 13029: 13022: 13017:South-East Asia 13015: 13008: 13001: 12988: 12981: 12974: 12967: 12960: 12953: 12946: 12939: 12930: 12923: 12916: 12909: 12902: 12895: 12888: 12881: 12876:Military awards 12874: 12865: 12858: 12851: 12842: 12835: 12828: 12821: 12814: 12807: 12800: 12793: 12786: 12779: 12770: 12763: 12743: 12736: 12729: 12720: 12713: 12706: 12701: 12692: 12685: 12678: 12670: 12665: 12635: 12630: 12586: 12565:Fourth Republic 12490: 12481: 12442: 12415: 12388: 12382: 12323: 12304:Maillé massacre 12212: 12208:Operation Cobra 12186: 12147:Battle for Caen 12120: 12104: 12088: 12064: 12045: 12031:Operation Torch 12016: 12000: 11981: 11977:Battle of Gabon 11958: 11951: 11913: 11908: 11845: 11840: 11829: 11798:1st Free French 11719: 11714: 11681: 11671: 11669: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11586: 11568: 11550: 11532: 11514: 11493: 11475: 11459:Ryan, Cornelius 11457: 11452: 11434: 11416: 11394: 11376: 11355: 11334: 11309: 11287: 11266: 11264: 11247: 11229: 11212: 11210:Further reading 11207: 11199: 11197: 11181: 11160: 11126: 11124: 11111:, Da Capo Press 11093:10.2307/1842933 11070: 11046: 11044: 11029: 11025:(Summer 1995), 11013: 11011: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10943: 10919: 10917: 10903: 10901: 10878: 10855: 10831: 10829: 10821: 10800: 10782: 10742: 10741: 10729: 10708: 10690: 10672: 10654: 10638:Ryan, Cornelius 10622:Riley, Jonathon 10611: 10609: 10608:on 7 March 2007 10582: 10560: 10539: 10537: 10533: 10514: 10502: 10484: 10466: 10448: 10430: 10412: 10394: 10376: 10340: 10319: 10294: 10292: 10290: 10265: 10263: 10246: 10225: 10223: 10199: 10178: 10176: 10175:on 4 April 2023 10151: 10128: 10107: 10089: 10067: 10043: 10041: 10028: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9953: 9951: 9933: 9931: 9930:, CMH Pub. 12-3 9923: 9901: 9900: 9897: 9889:, AuthorHouse, 9879: 9858: 9856: 9840: 9833: 9822: 9804: 9803:978-184574059-7 9783: 9765: 9745: 9721: 9719: 9696: 9686: 9678:, Transaction, 9668: 9618: 9603: 9582:, CMH Pub. 7-10 9580: 9555: 9553: 9541:Ardennes-Alsace 9529: 9527: 9501: 9474: 9449: 9426: 9424: 9417:The Independent 9405: 9384: 9349: 9347: 9343: 9331: 9298: 9280: 9262: 9244: 9223: 9202: 9200: 9185: 9155: 9154: 9133: 9115: 9097: 9079: 9059: 9054: 9049:Wayback Machine 9040: 9036: 9031: 9027: 9017: 9015: 9007: 9006: 9002: 8994: 8990: 8982: 8978: 8970: 8966: 8958: 8954: 8946: 8939: 8931: 8927: 8919: 8910: 8902: 8893: 8885: 8881: 8873: 8864: 8854: 8852: 8851:on 12 July 2015 8841: 8837: 8829: 8825: 8817: 8813: 8805: 8801: 8789: 8785: 8779:Clodfelter 2008 8777: 8773: 8765: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8741: 8737: 8729: 8725: 8717: 8713: 8705: 8701: 8693: 8689: 8679: 8677: 8676:. 16 March 2020 8668: 8667: 8663: 8653: 8651: 8638: 8637: 8633: 8623: 8621: 8613: 8612: 8608: 8600: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8574: 8572: 8563: 8559: 8551: 8547: 8539: 8535: 8527: 8523: 8515: 8511: 8503: 8499: 8491: 8487: 8477: 8475: 8466: 8462: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8432: 8428: 8416: 8412: 8402: 8400: 8392: 8391: 8387: 8379: 8375: 8367: 8363: 8355: 8351: 8343: 8339: 8331: 8327: 8319: 8315: 8304: 8300: 8261: 8257: 8250: 8236: 8232: 8225: 8211: 8207: 8201:Montgomery 2010 8199: 8195: 8187: 8183: 8179:, pp. 281. 8177:Montgomery 1958 8175: 8171: 8163: 8159: 8139: 8135: 8127: 8123: 8115: 8111: 8101: 8099: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8079:Montgomery 1958 8077: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8053: 8049: 8041: 8037: 8029: 8025: 8019:Montgomery 1958 8017: 8013: 8005: 8001: 7995:Montgomery 1958 7993: 7989: 7981: 7977: 7969: 7965: 7957: 7953: 7945: 7941: 7933: 7929: 7921: 7917: 7911:Eisenhower 1969 7909: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7885: 7881: 7873: 7869: 7861: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7837: 7833: 7824:U.S. Army CMH, 7822: 7818: 7810: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7764: 7760: 7752: 7748: 7740: 7736: 7728: 7721: 7713: 7709: 7701: 7697: 7687: 7685: 7676: 7675: 7671: 7663: 7659: 7649: 7647: 7638: 7637: 7633: 7625: 7621: 7614:, p. 172, 7610: 7603: 7595: 7591: 7583: 7579: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7549: 7545: 7541:, p. 1951. 7537: 7533: 7525: 7521: 7513: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7489: 7482: 7472: 7470: 7459: 7455: 7447: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7403:, p. 303f. 7401:Schrijvers 2005 7399: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7309:Eisenhower 1969 7307: 7298: 7288: 7286: 7271: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7247: 7243: 7235: 7231: 7223: 7216: 7208: 7201: 7193: 7189: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7155: 7153: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7125: 7123: 7112: 7108: 7098: 7096: 7095:on 28 July 2011 7087: 7086: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7034: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7010: 7003: 6995: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6974: 6970:, p. 4-22. 6966: 6962: 6950: 6943: 6935: 6931: 6923: 6919: 6911: 6907: 6899: 6895: 6887: 6883: 6875: 6871: 6862: 6860: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6813: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6606: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6582: 6578: 6574:, p. 1090. 6570: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6547:, p. 1092. 6543: 6530: 6526:, p. 1091. 6522: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6490:, p. 1085. 6486: 6482: 6474: 6470: 6462: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6396:, p. 1086. 6392: 6388: 6380: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6304:, p. 618; 6296: 6289: 6281: 6274: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6232:Schrijvers 2005 6230: 6226: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6187: 6177: 6175: 6166: 6165: 6158: 6148: 6146: 6137: 6136: 6129: 6119: 6117: 6108: 6107: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6061: 6053: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6016: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5980: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5950: 5942: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5897: 5885: 5881: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5715: 5702: 5677: 5662:were tasked by 5648: 5643: 5616: 5614:Media attention 5562: 5530: 5509: 5488: 5480:Stephen Ambrose 5460:Chiefs of Staff 5354: 5293: 5287: 5231: 5226: 5049: 4980: 4978:Tank destroyers 4858: 4851: 4836: 4827: 4824: 4815: 4808:101st Engineers 4804: 4745: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4682: 4680: 4670: 4658: 4647: 4587:proximity fused 4583:V-1 flying bomb 4559: 4551:Main articles: 4549: 4508:military glider 4497:, December 1944 4487: 4473:Panzergrenadier 4438:21st Army Group 4434:12th Army Group 4393: 4387: 4374:U.S. VIII Corps 4328: 4314:in 1947 at the 4270: 4268:Operation Greif 4264: 4214:, the 29th and 4210:Divisions, the 4204:51st (Highland) 4190:personnel. The 4171: 4150: 4144: 4135:pincer movement 4119: 4106: 4100: 4068:Battle of Crete 4036: 4030: 4022:First U.S. Army 3997: 3968: 3913:Panzergrenadier 3897: 3888:Sturmbannführer 3815: 3786: 3780: 3765:Panzergrenadier 3735: 3712:Werner Pötschke 3707:Sturmbannführer 3650: 3644: 3573: 3541: 3532:Elsenborn Ridge 3524: 3518: 3513: 3447: 3442: 3378: 3366: 3274: 3269: 3174: 3162: 3073: 3068: 2953: 2936: 2885: 2841:Führersonderzug 2791:Fallschirmjäger 2776:Operation Greif 2654:Panzergrenadier 2640:air superiority 2623:The German plan 2566:6th Panzer Army 2552: 2550:Theodore Draper 2549: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2491: 2489:Operation names 2401: 2352:, the Soviets' 2288: 2224:English Channel 2205:21st Army Group 2186:port of Antwerp 2169: 2153:U.S. First Army 2101: 2030:Elsenborn Ridge 2006:port of Antwerp 1996:region between 1967: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1923: 1918: 1645:St Nazaire Raid 1597:The Hardest Day 1464:Fort Eben-Emael 1450:Rotterdam Blitz 1408:The Netherlands 1356: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1317: 1312: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1120: 1115: 1111:Order of battle 1041:Elsenborn Ridge 1015:Lanzerath Ridge 969: 964: 962: 960: 921: 892: 888: 872: 847: 836: 710: 568:6th Panzer Army 563:5th Panzer Army 546: 531: 524: 517: 513:21st Army Group 504: 485:12th Army Group 476: 465: 457: 447: 442:6th Panzer Army 439: 429: 424:5th Panzer Army 421: 411: 403: 393: 385: 375: 365: 355: 349: 345: 335: 331: 321: 317: 315:Courtney Hodges 307: 303: 293: 289: 279: 271: 260: 259: 238: 236: 233: 222: 220: 209: 207: 196: 194: 162: 160: 156: 153: 148: 145: 143: 141: 140: 139: 113: 79: 52: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16378: 16368: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16250: 16249: 16247: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16225: 16223: 16217: 16216: 16214: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16192: 16190: 16184: 16183: 16181: 16180: 16178:Operation Nasr 16174: 16172: 16166: 16165: 16163: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16150:Operation Badr 16146: 16144: 16142:Yom Kippur War 16138: 16137: 16135: 16134: 16129: 16123: 16121: 16115: 16114: 16112: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16090: 16088: 16082: 16081: 16079: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16038: 16033: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15987: 15985: 15979: 15978: 15976: 15975: 15969: 15967: 15961: 15960: 15955: 15954: 15947: 15940: 15932: 15923: 15922: 15920: 15919: 15912: 15905: 15888: 15885: 15884: 15881: 15880: 15878: 15877: 15876: 15875: 15868: 15861: 15847: 15846: 15845: 15831: 15828:South Sakhalin 15824: 15823: 15822: 15808: 15801: 15794: 15787: 15780: 15779: 15778: 15764: 15757: 15750: 15743: 15736: 15729: 15722: 15715: 15708: 15701: 15694: 15687: 15680: 15673: 15665: 15663: 15657: 15656: 15654: 15653: 15646: 15645: 15644: 15628: 15621: 15620: 15619: 15605: 15598: 15591: 15584: 15577: 15568: 15559: 15552: 15543: 15536: 15529: 15522: 15513: 15506: 15499: 15492: 15485: 15478: 15471: 15462: 15455: 15446: 15437: 15428: 15421: 15414: 15403: 15393: 15391: 15385: 15384: 15382: 15381: 15374: 15373: 15372: 15365: 15351: 15344: 15337: 15330: 15323: 15322: 15321: 15307: 15300: 15291: 15284: 15277: 15270: 15263: 15256: 15253:Battle of Attu 15249: 15242: 15234: 15232: 15226: 15225: 15223: 15222: 15215: 15206: 15199: 15192: 15183: 15176: 15169: 15162: 15153: 15152: 15151: 15144: 15130: 15123: 15116: 15109: 15102: 15095: 15088: 15081: 15074: 15067: 15059: 15057: 15051: 15050: 15048: 15047: 15040: 15033: 15026: 15019: 15012: 15005: 15002:Battle of Guam 14998: 14991: 14984: 14977: 14970: 14963: 14956: 14949: 14942: 14935: 14928: 14925:Battle of Kiev 14921: 14914: 14900: 14899: 14898: 14884: 14877: 14870: 14863: 14856: 14855: 14854: 14840: 14833: 14826: 14818: 14816: 14810: 14809: 14807: 14806: 14797: 14790: 14783: 14776: 14769: 14762: 14755: 14748: 14741: 14734: 14727: 14720: 14713: 14706: 14699: 14692: 14685: 14678: 14670: 14668: 14662: 14661: 14659: 14658: 14651: 14644: 14637: 14630: 14623: 14616: 14608: 14606: 14600: 14599: 14597: 14596: 14595: 14594: 14587: 14580: 14573: 14566: 14552: 14551: 14550: 14543: 14529: 14528: 14527: 14512: 14510: 14501: 14495: 14494: 14491: 14490: 14488: 14487: 14480: 14473: 14472: 14471: 14464: 14452: 14451: 14450: 14436: 14429: 14428: 14427: 14424:United Kingdom 14420: 14413: 14412: 14411: 14392: 14384: 14382: 14376: 14375: 14373: 14372: 14365: 14364: 14363: 14356: 14344: 14337: 14330: 14323: 14316: 14309: 14302: 14295: 14288: 14281: 14274: 14267: 14260: 14253: 14246: 14245: 14244: 14237: 14223: 14216: 14209: 14202: 14195: 14188: 14181: 14174: 14167: 14160: 14153: 14146: 14139: 14132: 14125: 14118: 14110: 14108: 14102: 14101: 14099: 14098: 14091: 14084: 14077: 14070: 14063: 14056: 14049: 14042: 14035: 14028: 14020: 14018: 14012: 14011: 14009: 14008: 14001: 13994: 13987: 13979: 13972: 13965: 13958: 13957: 13956: 13941: 13934: 13927: 13920: 13913: 13906: 13898: 13891: 13884: 13876: 13868: 13866: 13860: 13859: 13857: 13856: 13849: 13848: 13847: 13833: 13832: 13831: 13828:British Empire 13821:United Kingdom 13817: 13810: 13803: 13796: 13789: 13782: 13770: 13763: 13756: 13749: 13742: 13735: 13728: 13721: 13714: 13702: 13695: 13688: 13681: 13674: 13662: 13654: 13647: 13640: 13637:Czechoslovakia 13633: 13626: 13619: 13612: 13600: 13593: 13586: 13579: 13571: 13569: 13560: 13554: 13553: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13546: 13545: 13544: 13537: 13534:Rape of Manila 13530: 13523: 13516: 13505: 13490: 13483: 13471: 13464: 13463: 13462: 13455: 13441: 13440: 13439: 13432: 13425: 13411: 13404: 13403: 13402: 13395: 13394: 13393: 13386: 13372: 13365: 13351: 13350: 13349: 13342: 13335: 13320: 13318: 13312: 13311: 13309: 13308: 13305:United Nations 13301: 13294: 13287: 13286: 13285: 13278: 13271: 13264: 13250: 13241: 13232: 13225: 13218: 13211: 13202: 13195: 13188: 13181: 13174: 13167: 13164:Decolonization 13160: 13153: 13145: 13143: 13137: 13136: 13134: 13133: 13126: 13125: 13124: 13110: 13103: 13102: 13101: 13094: 13087: 13073: 13072: 13071: 13064: 13050: 13049: 13048: 13041: 13034: 13027: 13020: 13013: 12998: 12996: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12986: 12979: 12972: 12965: 12958: 12951: 12944: 12937: 12936: 12935: 12928: 12914: 12907: 12900: 12893: 12886: 12879: 12872: 12871: 12870: 12856: 12849: 12848: 12847: 12840: 12837:United Kingdom 12833: 12819: 12812: 12805: 12798: 12791: 12784: 12777: 12776: 12775: 12760: 12758: 12749: 12745: 12744: 12742: 12741: 12734: 12727: 12726: 12725: 12718: 12711: 12699: 12698: 12697: 12683: 12675: 12672: 12671: 12664: 12663: 12656: 12649: 12641: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12595:WW II theatres 12591: 12588: 12587: 12585: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12550: 12543: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12495: 12493: 12487: 12486: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12479: 12478: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12450: 12448: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12440: 12439: 12438: 12426: 12424: 12417: 12416: 12414: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12392: 12390: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12369: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12331: 12329: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12260: 12259: 12258: 12257: 12252: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12220: 12218: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12194: 12192: 12188: 12187: 12185: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12157:Tulle massacre 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12128: 12126: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12118: 12112: 12110: 12106: 12105: 12103: 12102: 12096: 12094: 12090: 12089: 12087: 12086: 12081: 12075: 12073: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12062: 12056: 12054: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12027: 12025: 12018: 12017: 12015: 12014: 12008: 12006: 12002: 12001: 11999: 11998: 11992: 11990: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11979: 11973: 11971: 11961: 11953: 11952: 11950: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11918: 11916: 11914:Administration 11910: 11909: 11907: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11850: 11848: 11842: 11841: 11832: 11830: 11828: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11816: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11772: 11771: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11748:3rd Army Corps 11745: 11735: 11730: 11728:Army of Africa 11724: 11722: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11686: 11683: 11682: 11668: 11667: 11660: 11653: 11645: 11639: 11638: 11632: 11624: 11616: 11615:External links 11613: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11593:Zaloga, Steven 11589: 11584: 11571: 11566: 11553: 11548: 11535: 11530: 11517: 11512: 11500:Skorzeny, Otto 11496: 11491: 11478: 11473: 11455: 11450: 11437: 11432: 11419: 11414: 11397: 11392: 11379: 11374: 11358: 11353: 11337: 11332: 11312: 11307: 11290: 11285: 11272: 11250: 11245: 11232: 11228:978-1636241043 11227: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11205: 11184: 11179: 11167:Zaloga, Steven 11163: 11158: 11145: 11132: 11113: 11104: 11073: 11068: 11052: 11019: 10981: 10969: 10954: 10941: 10925: 10909: 10881: 10876: 10858: 10853: 10837: 10812: 10803: 10798: 10785: 10780: 10755: 10732: 10727: 10711: 10706: 10693: 10689:978-0811731713 10688: 10675: 10670: 10657: 10652: 10634: 10618: 10585: 10580: 10563: 10558: 10545: 10505: 10500: 10487: 10482: 10469: 10464: 10451: 10446: 10433: 10428: 10415: 10410: 10397: 10393:978-0811711999 10392: 10379: 10375:978-1848844254 10374: 10361: 10343: 10338: 10322: 10317: 10300: 10288: 10271: 10249: 10244: 10231: 10202: 10197: 10184: 10154: 10149: 10131: 10126: 10110: 10105: 10092: 10087: 10070: 10065: 10049: 10031: 10026: 10013: 10004: 9996: 9988: 9976: 9959: 9939: 9914: 9895: 9882: 9877: 9864: 9845: 9825: 9820: 9807: 9802: 9786: 9781: 9768: 9763: 9748: 9743: 9727: 9709: 9689: 9684: 9671: 9666: 9653: 9634: 9606: 9601: 9584: 9578: 9561: 9535: 9504: 9499: 9486: 9477: 9472: 9452: 9447: 9432: 9408: 9403: 9387: 9382: 9367: 9355: 9334: 9329: 9310: 9301: 9296: 9283: 9278: 9265: 9260: 9254:, Hutchinson, 9247: 9242: 9230:Beevor, Antony 9226: 9221: 9208: 9188: 9183: 9168: 9145: 9131: 9118: 9113: 9100: 9095: 9082: 9077: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9052: 9034: 9025: 9000: 8988: 8976: 8964: 8952: 8937: 8925: 8908: 8891: 8879: 8877:, p. 121. 8862: 8835: 8823: 8811: 8799: 8783: 8781:, p. 561. 8771: 8769:, p. 534. 8759: 8757:, p. 127. 8755:Blumenson 1972 8747: 8745:, p. 244. 8743:Churchill 1953 8735: 8733:, p. 367. 8723: 8721:, p. 331. 8711: 8699: 8697:, p. 101. 8687: 8674:Bletchley Park 8661: 8631: 8606: 8604:, p. 649. 8594: 8582: 8557: 8555:, p. 426. 8553:Bergström 2014 8545: 8543:, p. 157. 8533: 8531:, p. 424. 8529:Bergström 2014 8521: 8509: 8507:, p. 425. 8505:Bergström 2014 8497: 8485: 8460: 8446: 8426: 8410: 8385: 8381:MacDonald 1993 8373: 8361: 8349: 8347:, p. 111. 8337: 8335:, p. 644. 8325: 8323:, p. 318. 8321:Delaforce 2004 8313: 8298: 8275:(3): 327–357. 8269:War in History 8255: 8248: 8230: 8223: 8205: 8203:, p. 296. 8193: 8191:, p. 611. 8181: 8169: 8157: 8133: 8121: 8109: 8098:on 5 July 2014 8083: 8071: 8059: 8047: 8043:Gallagher 1945 8035: 8033:, p. 198. 8023: 8021:, p. 276. 8011: 7999: 7987: 7985:, p. 194. 7975: 7963: 7951: 7949:, p. 177. 7939: 7937:, p. 230. 7927: 7915: 7903: 7901:, p. 113. 7891: 7889:, p. 308. 7879: 7867: 7863:MacDonald 1984 7855: 7851:MacDonald 1984 7843: 7831: 7816: 7814:, p. 379. 7812:Bergström 2014 7804: 7802:, p. 274. 7800:Schneider 2004 7792: 7778: 7758: 7746: 7744:, p. 527. 7734: 7719: 7717:, p. 769. 7707: 7695: 7669: 7657: 7631: 7629:, p. 177. 7619: 7601: 7599:, p. 422. 7597:MacDonald 1984 7589: 7587:, p. 208. 7577: 7559: 7543: 7531: 7519: 7517:, p. 171. 7507: 7505:, p. 568. 7495: 7480: 7453: 7451:, p. 407. 7441: 7439:, p. 170. 7429: 7427:, p. 653. 7417: 7415:, p. 147. 7405: 7393: 7391:, p. 137. 7381: 7379:, p. 130. 7369: 7357: 7345: 7313: 7311:, p. 224. 7296: 7265: 7261:MacDonald 1984 7253: 7251:, p. 112. 7241: 7239:, p. 111. 7229: 7227:, p. 109. 7214: 7212:, p. 108. 7199: 7187: 7185:, p. 107. 7175: 7173:, p. 106. 7163: 7133: 7106: 7080: 7068: 7056: 7040: 7038:, p. 210. 7036:MacDonald 1984 7028: 7026:, p. 382. 7016: 7012:MacDonald 1984 7001: 6986: 6972: 6960: 6956:MacDonald 1984 6954:, p. 78; 6941: 6929: 6917: 6905: 6893: 6881: 6879:, p. 410. 6877:MacDonald 1984 6869: 6843: 6841:, p. 186. 6831: 6829:, p. 281. 6819: 6804: 6802:, p. 132. 6792: 6780: 6776:MacDonald 1984 6768: 6764:O'Donnell 2012 6756: 6744: 6740:Dougherty 2002 6732: 6720: 6716:MacDonald 1984 6708: 6706:, p. 118. 6696: 6684: 6672: 6660: 6648: 6636: 6624: 6614:, p. 38; 6610:, p. 33; 6600: 6598:, p. 194. 6596:Jablonsky 1994 6588: 6576: 6561: 6549: 6528: 6516: 6504: 6492: 6480: 6468: 6447: 6435: 6410: 6398: 6386: 6365: 6361:Fabianich 1947 6353: 6337: 6325: 6310: 6302:MacDonald 1998 6300:, p. 53; 6287: 6272: 6258:, p. 73; 6248: 6236: 6234:, p. 339. 6224: 6208:Bergström 2014 6200: 6198:, p. 396. 6185: 6172:apps.dtic.mil/ 6156: 6145:on 25 May 2013 6127: 6116:on 25 May 2013 6098: 6096:, p. 470. 6086: 6084:, p. 195. 6074: 6072:, p. 339. 6059: 6057:, p. 632. 6044: 6030: 6010: 6008:, p. 618. 6006:MacDonald 1984 5998: 5996:, p. 480. 5986: 5969: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5936: 5927: 5918: 5909: 5895: 5879: 5866: 5855: 5844: 5835: 5824:Wacht am Rhein 5815: 5805: 5796: 5787: 5777: 5768: 5759: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5714: 5711: 5701: 5698: 5676: 5675:SHAEF failures 5673: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5615: 5612: 5583:Siegfried Line 5561: 5558: 5553: 5552: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5529: 5526: 5508: 5505: 5487: 5484: 5441:Chester Wilmot 5439:correspondent 5353: 5350: 5299:Field Marshal 5289:Main article: 5286: 5283: 5273:Volksgrenadier 5259:Volksgrenadier 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5010: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4837: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4818: 4816: 4805: 4798: 4747: 4746: 4661: 4659: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4607:Heeresgruppe G 4548: 4545: 4486: 4483: 4389:Main article: 4386: 4383: 4327: 4324: 4304:disinformation 4266:Main article: 4263: 4260: 4188:Army Air Force 4170: 4167: 4146:Main article: 4143: 4140: 4118: 4115: 4102:Main article: 4099: 4096: 4060:Baraque Michel 4032:Main article: 4029: 4026: 3996: 3993: 3947:Hermann Priess 3896: 3893: 3814: 3811: 3782:Main article: 3779: 3776: 3771:Volksgrenadier 3734: 3731: 3646:Main article: 3643: 3640: 3572: 3569: 3554:Joachim Peiper 3540: 3537: 3520:Main article: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3425: 3411: 3400: 3372: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3345: 3340: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3255: 3244: 3230: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3203: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3143: 3138: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3059: 3048: 3037: 3026: 3012: 2998: 2984: 2970: 2947: 2935: 2932: 2906:destroyed the 2884: 2881: 2866:Wilhelm Keitel 2787:was to lead a 2728:Kenneth Strong 2689:Bletchley Park 2685:Enigma machine 2667:Volksgrenadier 2629:Fifteenth Army 2600:under General 2547: 2531:Main article: 2528: 2525: 2490: 2487: 2468:Heeresgruppe B 2400: 2397: 2392:Jägeraufmarsch 2287: 2284: 2168: 2165: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2100: 2097: 2081:Siegfried Line 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1823: 1816: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1790: 1783: 1776: 1769: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1714: 1709: 1707:Hürtgen Forest 1704: 1697: 1692: 1690:Siegfried Line 1687: 1680: 1673: 1666: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1640:Commando Raids 1637: 1635:Baedeker Blitz 1632: 1625: 1612: 1611: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1563: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1471: 1466: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1440:The Grebbeberg 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1404: 1403: 1390: 1389: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1346: 1345: 1338: 1331: 1323: 1314: 1313: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1288: 1283: 1276: 1269: 1264: 1257: 1252: 1250:Hürtgen Forest 1247: 1242: 1237: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1181: 1174: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1149: 1148: 1141: 1134: 1126: 1117: 1116: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1072: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1024: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1001: 1000: 996: 995: 990: 985: 979: 978: 974: 971: 970: 959: 958: 951: 944: 936: 928: 927: 923: 922: 920: 919: 913: 906: 905: 891: 889: 887: 886: 870: 869: 863: 860: 846: 843: 842: 838: 837: 835: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 821:907 other AFVs 819: 816: 813: 804: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 781:c. 401,000 men 773: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 750:c. 449,000 men 742: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 713: 711: 709: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 678: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656: 655:c. 705,000 men 647: 646: 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 624:c. 541,000 men 616: 615: 612: 609: 606: 599: 596: 593: 586: 583: 582: 578: 577: 576: 575: 570: 565: 543: 502: 501: 496: 472: 471: 470:Units involved 467: 466: 464: 463: 445: 427: 409: 391: 373: 352: 350: 348: 347: 333: 319: 305: 291: 277: 256: 253: 252: 248: 247: 234: 232: 231: 218: 216:United Kingdom 205: 191: 188: 187: 183: 182: 179: 178: 177:Allied victory 175: 171: 170: 122: 120: 116: 115: 110: 102: 101: 88:, part of the 71: 70: 63: 62: 56: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16377: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16262: 16260: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16226: 16224: 16222: 16218: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16193: 16191: 16189: 16185: 16179: 16176: 16175: 16173: 16171: 16170:Iran–Iraq War 16167: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16147: 16145: 16143: 16139: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16124: 16122: 16120: 16116: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16091: 16089: 16087: 16083: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16046: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16031: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15988: 15986: 15984: 15980: 15974: 15971: 15970: 15968: 15966: 15962: 15953: 15948: 15946: 15941: 15939: 15934: 15933: 15930: 15917: 15913: 15910: 15906: 15903: 15902: 15897: 15890: 15889: 15886: 15873: 15869: 15866: 15862: 15859: 15855: 15854: 15852: 15848: 15843: 15839: 15838: 15836: 15835:Kuril Islands 15832: 15829: 15825: 15820: 15816: 15815: 15813: 15809: 15806: 15802: 15799: 15795: 15792: 15788: 15785: 15781: 15776: 15772: 15771: 15769: 15765: 15762: 15758: 15755: 15751: 15748: 15744: 15741: 15737: 15734: 15730: 15727: 15723: 15720: 15716: 15713: 15709: 15706: 15702: 15699: 15695: 15692: 15688: 15685: 15681: 15678: 15674: 15671: 15667: 15666: 15664: 15662: 15658: 15651: 15647: 15642: 15641: 15636: 15635: 15633: 15629: 15626: 15622: 15617: 15613: 15612: 15610: 15606: 15603: 15602:Syrmian Front 15599: 15596: 15592: 15589: 15585: 15582: 15578: 15575: 15574: 15569: 15566: 15565: 15560: 15557: 15553: 15550: 15549: 15548:Market Garden 15544: 15541: 15537: 15534: 15530: 15527: 15523: 15520: 15519: 15514: 15511: 15507: 15504: 15500: 15497: 15493: 15490: 15486: 15483: 15479: 15476: 15472: 15469: 15468: 15463: 15460: 15456: 15453: 15452: 15447: 15444: 15443: 15438: 15435: 15434: 15429: 15426: 15422: 15419: 15415: 15412: 15408: 15407:Monte Cassino 15404: 15401: 15400: 15395: 15394: 15392: 15390: 15386: 15379: 15375: 15370: 15366: 15363: 15359: 15358: 15356: 15352: 15349: 15345: 15342: 15338: 15335: 15331: 15328: 15324: 15319: 15315: 15314: 15312: 15308: 15305: 15301: 15298: 15297: 15292: 15289: 15285: 15282: 15278: 15275: 15271: 15268: 15264: 15261: 15257: 15254: 15250: 15247: 15243: 15240: 15236: 15235: 15233: 15231: 15227: 15220: 15216: 15213: 15212: 15207: 15204: 15200: 15197: 15193: 15190: 15189: 15184: 15181: 15177: 15174: 15170: 15167: 15163: 15160: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15145: 15142: 15138: 15137: 15135: 15131: 15128: 15124: 15121: 15117: 15114: 15110: 15107: 15103: 15100: 15096: 15093: 15089: 15086: 15082: 15079: 15075: 15072: 15068: 15065: 15061: 15060: 15058: 15056: 15052: 15045: 15041: 15038: 15034: 15031: 15027: 15024: 15020: 15017: 15013: 15010: 15006: 15003: 14999: 14996: 14992: 14989: 14985: 14982: 14978: 14975: 14971: 14968: 14964: 14961: 14957: 14954: 14950: 14947: 14943: 14940: 14936: 14933: 14929: 14926: 14922: 14919: 14915: 14911: 14910: 14905: 14901: 14896: 14892: 14891: 14889: 14885: 14882: 14878: 14875: 14871: 14868: 14864: 14861: 14857: 14852: 14848: 14847: 14845: 14841: 14838: 14834: 14831: 14827: 14824: 14820: 14819: 14817: 14815: 14811: 14804: 14803: 14798: 14795: 14791: 14788: 14784: 14781: 14777: 14774: 14773:Baltic states 14770: 14767: 14763: 14760: 14756: 14753: 14749: 14746: 14742: 14739: 14735: 14732: 14728: 14725: 14721: 14718: 14714: 14711: 14707: 14704: 14700: 14697: 14693: 14690: 14686: 14683: 14679: 14676: 14672: 14671: 14669: 14667: 14663: 14656: 14652: 14649: 14645: 14642: 14638: 14635: 14631: 14628: 14624: 14621: 14617: 14614: 14610: 14609: 14607: 14605: 14601: 14592: 14588: 14585: 14581: 14578: 14574: 14571: 14567: 14564: 14560: 14559: 14557: 14553: 14548: 14544: 14541: 14537: 14536: 14534: 14530: 14525: 14521: 14520: 14518: 14514: 14513: 14511: 14509: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14496: 14485: 14481: 14478: 14474: 14469: 14465: 14462: 14458: 14457: 14453: 14448: 14444: 14443: 14441: 14437: 14434: 14430: 14425: 14421: 14418: 14417:United States 14414: 14409: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14398: 14397: 14393: 14390: 14386: 14385: 14383: 14381: 14377: 14370: 14366: 14361: 14357: 14354: 14353:Quốc dân Đảng 14350: 14349: 14345: 14342: 14338: 14335: 14331: 14328: 14324: 14321: 14317: 14314: 14310: 14307: 14303: 14300: 14296: 14293: 14289: 14286: 14282: 14279: 14275: 14272: 14268: 14265: 14261: 14258: 14254: 14251: 14247: 14242: 14238: 14235: 14231: 14230: 14228: 14224: 14221: 14217: 14214: 14210: 14207: 14203: 14200: 14196: 14193: 14189: 14186: 14182: 14179: 14175: 14172: 14168: 14165: 14161: 14158: 14154: 14151: 14147: 14144: 14140: 14137: 14133: 14130: 14126: 14123: 14119: 14116: 14112: 14111: 14109: 14107: 14103: 14096: 14092: 14089: 14085: 14082: 14078: 14075: 14071: 14068: 14064: 14061: 14057: 14054: 14053:Liechtenstein 14050: 14047: 14043: 14040: 14036: 14033: 14029: 14026: 14022: 14021: 14019: 14017: 14013: 14006: 14002: 13999: 13995: 13992: 13988: 13984: 13980: 13977: 13973: 13970: 13966: 13963: 13959: 13954: 13950: 13949: 13946: 13942: 13939: 13935: 13932: 13928: 13925: 13921: 13918: 13914: 13911: 13907: 13903: 13899: 13896: 13892: 13889: 13885: 13881: 13877: 13874: 13870: 13869: 13867: 13865: 13861: 13854: 13850: 13845: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13837:United States 13834: 13829: 13825: 13824: 13822: 13818: 13815: 13811: 13808: 13804: 13801: 13797: 13794: 13790: 13787: 13783: 13779: 13775: 13771: 13768: 13764: 13761: 13757: 13754: 13750: 13747: 13743: 13740: 13736: 13733: 13729: 13726: 13722: 13719: 13715: 13711: 13707: 13703: 13700: 13696: 13693: 13689: 13686: 13682: 13679: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13659: 13655: 13652: 13648: 13645: 13641: 13638: 13634: 13631: 13627: 13624: 13620: 13617: 13613: 13609: 13605: 13601: 13598: 13594: 13591: 13587: 13584: 13580: 13577: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13568: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13555: 13542: 13538: 13535: 13531: 13528: 13527:Comfort women 13524: 13521: 13517: 13514: 13511: / 13510: 13506: 13503: 13500: / 13499: 13496: / 13495: 13491: 13488: 13487:Camp brothels 13484: 13481: 13477: 13476: 13472: 13469: 13465: 13460: 13456: 13453: 13449: 13448: 13446: 13442: 13437: 13433: 13430: 13426: 13423: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13412: 13409: 13405: 13400: 13396: 13391: 13387: 13384: 13380: 13379: 13377: 13376:The Holocaust 13373: 13370: 13366: 13363: 13362:forced labour 13359: 13358: 13356: 13352: 13347: 13343: 13340: 13336: 13333: 13329: 13328: 13326: 13322: 13321: 13319: 13317: 13313: 13306: 13302: 13299: 13295: 13292: 13288: 13283: 13279: 13276: 13272: 13269: 13265: 13262: 13258: 13257: 13255: 13251: 13248: 13247: 13242: 13239: 13238: 13233: 13230: 13226: 13223: 13219: 13216: 13215:Marshall Plan 13212: 13209: 13208: 13203: 13200: 13196: 13193: 13189: 13186: 13182: 13179: 13175: 13172: 13168: 13165: 13161: 13158: 13154: 13151: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13142: 13138: 13131: 13127: 13122: 13118: 13117: 13115: 13111: 13108: 13104: 13099: 13095: 13092: 13088: 13085: 13081: 13080: 13078: 13074: 13069: 13068:Eastern Front 13065: 13062: 13061:Western Front 13058: 13057: 13055: 13051: 13046: 13042: 13039: 13035: 13032: 13028: 13025: 13021: 13018: 13014: 13011: 13007: 13006: 13004: 13000: 12999: 12997: 12995: 12991: 12984: 12980: 12977: 12973: 12970: 12966: 12963: 12959: 12956: 12955:Puppet states 12952: 12949: 12945: 12942: 12938: 12933: 12929: 12926: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12915: 12912: 12908: 12905: 12901: 12898: 12897:Naval history 12894: 12891: 12887: 12884: 12880: 12877: 12873: 12868: 12864: 12863: 12861: 12857: 12854: 12850: 12845: 12844:United States 12841: 12838: 12834: 12831: 12827: 12826: 12824: 12820: 12817: 12813: 12810: 12806: 12803: 12799: 12796: 12792: 12789: 12785: 12782: 12778: 12773: 12769: 12768: 12766: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12757: 12753: 12750: 12746: 12739: 12735: 12732: 12728: 12723: 12719: 12716: 12712: 12709: 12705: 12704: 12700: 12695: 12691: 12690: 12688: 12684: 12681: 12677: 12676: 12673: 12669: 12662: 12657: 12655: 12650: 12648: 12643: 12642: 12639: 12627: 12626:Sino Japanese 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12611:Eastern Front 12609: 12607: 12606:Western Front 12604: 12602: 12599: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12589: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12572: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12555: 12551: 12549: 12548: 12544: 12542: 12541: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12494: 12488: 12476: 12475:Saint-Nazaire 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12451: 12449: 12445: 12437: 12434: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12423: 12418: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12406:Colmar Pocket 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12385: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12332: 12330: 12326: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12256: 12255:Saint-Nazaire 12253: 12251: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12219: 12215: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12195: 12193: 12189: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12129: 12127: 12123: 12117: 12114: 12113: 12111: 12107: 12101: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12091: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12076: 12074: 12072: 12067: 12061: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12048: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12024: 12019: 12013: 12010: 12009: 12007: 12003: 11997: 11994: 11993: 11991: 11989: 11984: 11978: 11975: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11954: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11919: 11917: 11911: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11851: 11849: 11843: 11836: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11768:32nd Infantry 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11743:Cavalry Corps 11741: 11740: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11723: 11717: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11687: 11684: 11680: 11675: 11666: 11661: 11659: 11654: 11652: 11647: 11646: 11643: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11625: 11622: 11619: 11618: 11608: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11587: 11581: 11577: 11572: 11569: 11563: 11559: 11554: 11551: 11545: 11541: 11536: 11533: 11527: 11523: 11518: 11515: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11497: 11494: 11488: 11484: 11479: 11476: 11470: 11466: 11465: 11460: 11456: 11453: 11447: 11443: 11438: 11435: 11429: 11425: 11420: 11417: 11415:1-85367-354-4 11411: 11406: 11405: 11398: 11395: 11393:9781490712314 11389: 11385: 11380: 11377: 11375:1-56852-001-8 11371: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11356: 11354:1-58080-038-6 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11335: 11333:0-306-81304-1 11329: 11324: 11323: 11317: 11316:Kershaw, Alex 11313: 11310: 11304: 11299: 11298: 11291: 11288: 11282: 11278: 11273: 11262: 11258: 11257: 11251: 11248: 11242: 11239:, Brassey's, 11238: 11233: 11230: 11224: 11220: 11215: 11214: 11195: 11191: 11190: 11185: 11182: 11180:1-84176-810-3 11176: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11161: 11155: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11140: 11133: 11123: 11119: 11114: 11110: 11105: 11102: 11098: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11071: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10972: 10970:1-56311-013-X 10966: 10962: 10961: 10955: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10942:0-521-29793-1 10938: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10915: 10910: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10882: 10879: 10873: 10869: 10868: 10863: 10859: 10856: 10854:0-8032-9437-9 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10827: 10820: 10819: 10813: 10809: 10804: 10801: 10799:0-313-25293-9 10795: 10791: 10786: 10783: 10777: 10773: 10769: 10764: 10763: 10756: 10752: 10746: 10738: 10733: 10730: 10728:0-671-72868-7 10724: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10709: 10707:0-8131-2352-6 10703: 10699: 10694: 10691: 10685: 10682:, Stackpole, 10681: 10676: 10673: 10671:1-57607-344-0 10667: 10663: 10658: 10655: 10649: 10645: 10644: 10639: 10635: 10630: 10629: 10623: 10619: 10607: 10603: 10599: 10595: 10591: 10586: 10583: 10581:1-932033-51-3 10577: 10573: 10569: 10564: 10561: 10555: 10551: 10546: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10513: 10512: 10506: 10503: 10497: 10493: 10488: 10485: 10483:0-938289-35-7 10479: 10475: 10470: 10467: 10461: 10457: 10452: 10449: 10447:0-938289-04-7 10443: 10439: 10434: 10431: 10425: 10421: 10416: 10413: 10411:0-306-81399-8 10407: 10403: 10398: 10395: 10389: 10385: 10380: 10377: 10371: 10367: 10362: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10350: 10344: 10341: 10339:0-275-97115-5 10335: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10320: 10318:90-411-1135-2 10314: 10310: 10306: 10301: 10291: 10285: 10280: 10279: 10272: 10261: 10257: 10256: 10250: 10247: 10241: 10237: 10232: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10212: 10207: 10203: 10200: 10194: 10190: 10185: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10161: 10155: 10152: 10150:0-553-34226-6 10146: 10142: 10141: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10106:0-671-66382-8 10102: 10098: 10093: 10090: 10088:1-885119-51-8 10084: 10079: 10078: 10071: 10068: 10066:0-393-04994-9 10062: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10039: 10038: 10032: 10029: 10023: 10019: 10014: 10010: 10005: 10002: 9997: 9994: 9989: 9979: 9977:0-19-820327-6 9973: 9968: 9967: 9960: 9949: 9945: 9940: 9929: 9922: 9921: 9915: 9911: 9905: 9898: 9896:9781467830966 9892: 9888: 9883: 9880: 9874: 9870: 9865: 9855: 9851: 9846: 9839: 9832: 9826: 9823: 9821:0-85052-984-0 9817: 9813: 9808: 9805: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9784: 9782:0-306-80652-5 9778: 9774: 9769: 9766: 9764:0-486-24913-1 9760: 9756: 9755: 9749: 9746: 9744:0-06-016627-4 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9717: 9716: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9695: 9690: 9687: 9685:0-88738-152-9 9681: 9677: 9672: 9669: 9663: 9659: 9654: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9610:Cole, Hugh M. 9607: 9604: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9562: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9542: 9536: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9513: 9512: 9505: 9502: 9500:1-84415-126-3 9496: 9492: 9487: 9483: 9478: 9475: 9473:0-304-30546-4 9469: 9464: 9463: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9444: 9440: 9439: 9433: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9409: 9406: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9385: 9379: 9375: 9374: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9342: 9341: 9335: 9332: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9317: 9311: 9307: 9302: 9299: 9293: 9289: 9284: 9281: 9275: 9271: 9266: 9263: 9261:9780571253746 9257: 9253: 9248: 9245: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9224: 9222:9780313291197 9218: 9214: 9209: 9198: 9194: 9189: 9186: 9184:1-55611-281-5 9180: 9176: 9175: 9169: 9165: 9159: 9151: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9128: 9124: 9119: 9116: 9114:0-684-84801-5 9110: 9106: 9101: 9098: 9096:0-671-76922-7 9092: 9088: 9083: 9080: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9061: 9050: 9046: 9043: 9038: 9029: 9014: 9010: 9004: 8997: 8992: 8986:, p. 24. 8985: 8984:Millward 1993 8980: 8974:, p. 67. 8973: 8968: 8961: 8956: 8949: 8944: 8942: 8934: 8929: 8922: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8905: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8889:, p. 11. 8888: 8883: 8876: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8850: 8846: 8839: 8832: 8827: 8821:, p. 48. 8820: 8815: 8808: 8803: 8796: 8793:, p. 4; 8792: 8787: 8780: 8775: 8768: 8763: 8756: 8751: 8744: 8739: 8732: 8727: 8720: 8715: 8709:, p. 39. 8708: 8703: 8696: 8691: 8675: 8671: 8665: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8635: 8620: 8616: 8610: 8603: 8598: 8591: 8586: 8570: 8569: 8561: 8554: 8549: 8542: 8537: 8530: 8525: 8518: 8513: 8506: 8501: 8494: 8489: 8473: 8472: 8464: 8449: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8430: 8423: 8419: 8414: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8383:, p. 53. 8382: 8377: 8370: 8365: 8359:, p. 92. 8358: 8357:Morelock 2015 8353: 8346: 8341: 8334: 8329: 8322: 8317: 8309: 8302: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8259: 8251: 8245: 8241: 8234: 8226: 8224:0-7146-4727-6 8220: 8216: 8209: 8202: 8197: 8190: 8185: 8178: 8173: 8166: 8161: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8131:, p. 65. 8130: 8129:Morelock 2015 8125: 8118: 8113: 8097: 8093: 8087: 8080: 8075: 8068: 8063: 8057:, p. 58. 8056: 8051: 8044: 8039: 8032: 8027: 8020: 8015: 8008: 8003: 7996: 7991: 7984: 7979: 7972: 7971:Larrabee 1987 7967: 7960: 7955: 7948: 7947:Andidora 2002 7943: 7936: 7931: 7924: 7919: 7913:, p. 91. 7912: 7907: 7900: 7895: 7888: 7883: 7877:, p. 10. 7876: 7871: 7864: 7859: 7852: 7847: 7841:, appendix E. 7840: 7835: 7828: 7827: 7820: 7813: 7808: 7801: 7796: 7781: 7775: 7771: 7770: 7762: 7755: 7750: 7743: 7738: 7732:, p. 53. 7731: 7726: 7724: 7716: 7715:Weinberg 1995 7711: 7704: 7699: 7683: 7679: 7673: 7666: 7661: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7628: 7627:Marshall 1988 7623: 7617: 7613: 7612:Marshall 1988 7608: 7606: 7598: 7593: 7586: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7563: 7556: 7552: 7547: 7540: 7539:McDonald 2000 7535: 7529:, p. 58. 7528: 7527:Reynolds 2006 7523: 7516: 7511: 7504: 7499: 7492: 7487: 7485: 7468: 7464: 7457: 7450: 7445: 7438: 7433: 7426: 7421: 7414: 7409: 7402: 7397: 7390: 7385: 7378: 7373: 7367:, p. 88. 7366: 7361: 7354: 7349: 7330: 7323: 7317: 7310: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7269: 7262: 7257: 7250: 7245: 7238: 7233: 7226: 7221: 7219: 7211: 7206: 7204: 7196: 7191: 7184: 7179: 7172: 7167: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7094: 7090: 7084: 7078:, p. 31. 7077: 7072: 7065: 7060: 7052: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7032: 7025: 7020: 7013: 7008: 7006: 6998: 6993: 6991: 6981: 6976: 6969: 6964: 6957: 6953: 6948: 6946: 6938: 6937:Reynolds 2003 6933: 6927:, p. 83. 6926: 6921: 6915:, p. 73. 6914: 6909: 6903:, p. 69. 6902: 6897: 6890: 6889:Cavanagh 2004 6885: 6878: 6873: 6858: 6854: 6847: 6840: 6835: 6828: 6823: 6816: 6811: 6809: 6801: 6796: 6789: 6784: 6777: 6772: 6765: 6760: 6753: 6748: 6741: 6736: 6730:, p. 21. 6729: 6724: 6718:, p. 40. 6717: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6694:, p. 86. 6693: 6688: 6681: 6676: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6645: 6644:Whitlock 2010 6640: 6634:, p. 24. 6633: 6628: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6604: 6597: 6592: 6586:, p. 19. 6585: 6580: 6573: 6568: 6566: 6559:, p. 17. 6558: 6553: 6546: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6525: 6520: 6513: 6512:Weinberg 1964 6508: 6501: 6496: 6489: 6484: 6477: 6472: 6465: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6444: 6439: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6408:, p. 68. 6407: 6402: 6395: 6390: 6383: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6362: 6357: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6335:, p. 52. 6334: 6329: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6294: 6292: 6285:, p. 18. 6284: 6279: 6277: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6245: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6221: 6217: 6216:Panther tanks 6213: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6190: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6161: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6132: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6095: 6090: 6083: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6056: 6051: 6049: 6033: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6014: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5983: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5967:, p. 53. 5966: 5961: 5957: 5946: 5940: 5931: 5922: 5913: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5875:Kurt Vonnegut 5870: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5852:Hitler Jugend 5848: 5839: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5809: 5800: 5791: 5781: 5772: 5763: 5753: 5749: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5700:Battle credit 5697: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5611: 5608: 5603: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5557: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5525: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5483: 5481: 5475: 5470: 5468: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5456:Arthur Tedder 5452: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5359: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5338: 5336: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5249:Brigadeführer 5239: 5235: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5179: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4872: 4861: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4771: 4761: 4753: 4743: 4740: 4732: 4729:December 2018 4721: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4690: – 4689: 4685: 4684:Find sources: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4662:This section 4660: 4656: 4651: 4650: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4629: 4624: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4591:friendly fire 4588: 4584: 4580: 4579:Low Countries 4575: 4574: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4518: 4511: 4509: 4504: 4496: 4491: 4482: 4479: 4467: 4465: 4464:Harry Kinnard 4461: 4456: 4454: 4445: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4316:Dachau Trials 4313: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4236:84th Division 4233: 4229: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4180: 4175: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4159:Alan W. Jones 4156: 4149: 4139: 4136: 4127: 4123: 4114: 4112: 4105: 4095: 4091: 4089: 4088:unit cohesion 4085: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4044:Hautes Fagnes 4041: 4035: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4001: 3992: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3981:Brigadeführer 3978: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3962:Hal D. McCown 3959: 3955: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939:Schnellgruppe 3936: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3905: 3901: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3884:Schnellgruppe 3881: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3819: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3803:Schnellgruppe 3800:belonging to 3799: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3775: 3772: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3746: 3741: 3730: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3659: 3656:Scene of the 3654: 3649: 3639: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3611: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3577: 3568: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3508: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3456: 3455:German Forces 3451: 3445: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3361: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3282:German Forces 3278: 3272: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3157: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3081:German Forces 3077: 3071: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2889: 2880: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2842: 2836: 2831: 2830: 2824: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2764:Otto Skorzeny 2761: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2697:radio silence 2694: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2621: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2575:Sepp Dietrich 2572: 2567: 2561: 2559: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2497: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2452: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2428:start of the 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2396: 2393: 2388: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2350:Eastern Front 2346: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2198:Field Marshal 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145:Western Front 2142: 2138: 2135: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1986:Western Front 1983: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1932: 1927: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1746:Colmar Pocket 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1701:Market Garden 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1572: 1571:Haddock Force 1569: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1401:Schuster Line 1399: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1359: 1354: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1287: 1286:Colmar Pocket 1284: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1235: 1234:Market Garden 1231: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1201:Channel Coast 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1159: 1155:Western Front 1147: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1106:German forces 1104: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 998: 997: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 980: 976: 975: 972: 967: 957: 952: 950: 945: 943: 938: 937: 934: 924: 918: 914: 911: 910: 909: 903: 902: 901: 896: 890: 884: 883: 882: 881: 876: 868: 864: 861: 858: 857: 856: 851: 845: 844: 839: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 810: 809: 808: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 779: 778: 777: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 748: 747: 746: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 717: 716: 712: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 684: 683: 682: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 653: 652: 651: 644: 641: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 622: 621: 620: 613: 610: 607: 604: 600: 597: 594: 591: 590: 589: 585: 584: 579: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 560: 559: 557: 556: 550: 544: 542: 541: 535: 528: 521: 516: 515: 514: 508: 500: 497: 494: 491: 490: 489: 487: 486: 480: 474: 473: 468: 461: 456: 451: 446: 443: 438: 437:Sepp Dietrich 433: 428: 425: 420: 415: 410: 407: 402: 397: 392: 389: 384: 379: 374: 371: 370: 364: 359: 354: 353: 351: 344: 339: 334: 330: 325: 320: 316: 311: 306: 302: 297: 292: 288: 283: 278: 275: 269: 264: 258: 257: 255: 254: 249: 246: 235: 230: 219: 217: 206: 204: 203:United States 193: 192: 190: 189: 184: 176: 173: 172: 167: 138: 134: 130: 126: 121: 118: 117: 111: 108: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 77: 72: 69: 64: 59: 54: 50: 48: 40: 33: 19: 16075: 15958:Tank battles 15909:Bibliography 15892: 15705:Project Hula 15670:Vistula–Oder 15639: 15631: 15572: 15563: 15547: 15517: 15466: 15450: 15441: 15432: 15398: 15295: 15210: 15186: 15156: 14907: 14800: 14745:North Africa 14447:Soviet Union 14401:Soviet Union 14327:Soviet Union 14095:Vatican City 14005:Vichy France 13910:German Reich 13807:Soviet Union 13793:South Africa 13786:Sierra Leone 13739:Newfoundland 13558:Participants 13541:Marocchinate 13245: 13236: 13206: 13084:North Africa 13045:Indian Ocean 12904:Nazi plunder 12795:Cryptography 12668:World War II 12569: 12552: 12545: 12538: 12499:End of Vichy 11874:Henri Giraud 11774: 11596: 11575: 11557: 11539: 11521: 11503: 11482: 11463: 11441: 11423: 11403: 11383: 11365: 11344: 11321: 11296: 11279:, Casemate, 11276: 11265:, retrieved 11261:the original 11255: 11236: 11218: 11198:, retrieved 11194:the original 11188: 11170: 11149: 11138: 11125:, retrieved 11121: 11108: 11084: 11080: 11059: 11045:, retrieved 11033: 11012:, retrieved 11008:the original 10990: 10974:, retrieved 10959: 10932: 10918:, retrieved 10902:, retrieved 10889: 10866: 10844: 10841:Toland, John 10830:, retrieved 10817: 10807: 10789: 10761: 10736: 10718: 10697: 10679: 10664:, ABC-CLIO, 10661: 10642: 10627: 10612:29 September 10610:. Retrieved 10606:the original 10593: 10567: 10549: 10538:, retrieved 10531:the original 10510: 10491: 10473: 10455: 10437: 10419: 10401: 10383: 10365: 10348: 10329: 10304: 10293:, retrieved 10277: 10264:, retrieved 10260:the original 10254: 10235: 10224:, retrieved 10210: 10188: 10177:, retrieved 10173:the original 10159: 10139: 10117: 10096: 10076: 10056: 10053:Kershaw, Ian 10042:, retrieved 10036: 10017: 10008: 9981:, retrieved 9965: 9952:, retrieved 9950:, HistoryNet 9948:World War II 9947: 9932:, retrieved 9919: 9886: 9868: 9857:, retrieved 9853: 9838:the original 9811: 9793: 9772: 9753: 9734: 9720:, retrieved 9714: 9704: 9700: 9675: 9657: 9641: 9614: 9592: 9588: 9565: 9554:, retrieved 9540: 9528:, retrieved 9510: 9490: 9481: 9461: 9437: 9425:, retrieved 9421:the original 9416: 9415:, Obituary, 9394: 9372: 9362: 9348:, retrieved 9339: 9320: 9315: 9305: 9287: 9269: 9251: 9233: 9215:, ABC-CLIO, 9212: 9201:, retrieved 9196: 9173: 9149: 9122: 9104: 9086: 9068: 9057:Bibliography 9037: 9028: 9016:. Retrieved 9012: 9003: 8991: 8979: 8972:Pearson 2011 8967: 8960:Bennett 1994 8955: 8933:Pearson 2011 8928: 8921:Bennett 2011 8887:Hinsley 1993 8882: 8853:. Retrieved 8849:the original 8838: 8826: 8814: 8802: 8795:Stanton 2006 8791:Cirillo 1995 8786: 8774: 8762: 8750: 8738: 8726: 8714: 8702: 8695:Sandler 2002 8690: 8678:. Retrieved 8673: 8664: 8652:. Retrieved 8648:the original 8643: 8634: 8622:. Retrieved 8618: 8609: 8597: 8585: 8573:. Retrieved 8567: 8560: 8548: 8541:Stewart 2010 8536: 8524: 8512: 8500: 8493:Cirillo 1995 8488: 8476:. Retrieved 8470: 8463: 8451:. Retrieved 8436: 8429: 8413: 8401:. Retrieved 8397: 8388: 8376: 8364: 8352: 8340: 8328: 8316: 8307: 8301: 8293:the original 8272: 8268: 8258: 8239: 8233: 8214: 8208: 8196: 8184: 8172: 8160: 8149: 8136: 8124: 8117:Bradley 1983 8112: 8102:21 September 8100:. Retrieved 8096:the original 8086: 8074: 8062: 8055:Bradley 1951 8050: 8038: 8031:Whiting 2007 8026: 8014: 8002: 7990: 7978: 7966: 7954: 7942: 7930: 7923:Weigley 1995 7918: 7906: 7894: 7882: 7875:Mitcham 2006 7870: 7858: 7846: 7834: 7825: 7819: 7807: 7795: 7783:. Retrieved 7768: 7761: 7749: 7737: 7730:Cirillo 1995 7710: 7698: 7686:. Retrieved 7681: 7672: 7665:Ambrose 1992 7660: 7648:. Retrieved 7644:the original 7634: 7622: 7592: 7585:Ambrose 1998 7580: 7571: 7562: 7546: 7534: 7522: 7510: 7498: 7471:. Retrieved 7467:the original 7456: 7444: 7432: 7420: 7408: 7396: 7384: 7372: 7360: 7348: 7336:. Retrieved 7329:the original 7316: 7287:. Retrieved 7283:the original 7278: 7268: 7256: 7244: 7232: 7190: 7178: 7166: 7154:. Retrieved 7150:the original 7145: 7136: 7124:. Retrieved 7120:the original 7109: 7097:. Retrieved 7093:the original 7083: 7076:Quarrie 1999 7071: 7059: 7049: 7043: 7031: 7019: 6975: 6963: 6932: 6920: 6908: 6896: 6891:, p. 8. 6884: 6872: 6861:, retrieved 6857:Checkerboard 6856: 6846: 6834: 6822: 6815:Quarrie 1999 6795: 6783: 6771: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6668:Stanton 2006 6663: 6658:, p. 4. 6656:Cirillo 1995 6651: 6639: 6627: 6612:Mitcham 2006 6603: 6591: 6579: 6552: 6519: 6507: 6495: 6483: 6471: 6445:, p. 1. 6438: 6426:. Retrieved 6422: 6413: 6401: 6389: 6363:, p. 3. 6356: 6340: 6328: 6322:(Videotape). 6319: 6313: 6298:Cirillo 1995 6256:Axelrod 2007 6251: 6239: 6227: 6203: 6176:. Retrieved 6171: 6147:. Retrieved 6143:the original 6118:. Retrieved 6114:the original 6089: 6077: 6035:. Retrieved 6020: 6013: 6001: 5989: 5960: 5939: 5930: 5921: 5912: 5904: 5898: 5882: 5869: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5847: 5838: 5827:was renamed 5818: 5808: 5799: 5790: 5780: 5771: 5762: 5752: 5703: 5688: 5682: 5678: 5668:Arado Ar 234 5649: 5628: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5579: 5567: 5563: 5554: 5531: 5514: 5510: 5477: 5472: 5464: 5453: 5449: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5396: 5393: 5388:as one whole 5387: 5377: 5373: 5362: 5355: 5347: 5339: 5331: 5279: 5268: 5244: 5232: 4983:assault guns 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4766: 4735: 4726: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4683: 4671:Please help 4666:verification 4663: 4632: 4602:Army Group G 4599: 4568: 4534: 4522: 4512: 4500: 4468: 4457: 4450: 4430: 4406: 4371: 4367: 4355: 4340: 4301: 4285:Mickey Mouse 4281:American MPs 4278: 4271: 4252: 4240:von Lüttwitz 4228:Ourthe River 4224: 4184: 4151: 4131: 4107: 4092: 4075: 4072: 4037: 4014: 4006: 3988: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3957: 3951: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3932: 3918: 3909: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3857: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3826: 3824: 3787: 3753: 3749: 3736: 3688: 3662: 3624: 3609: 3599: 3582: 3548: 3542: 3525: 3506: 3486: 3468: 3462:Seventh Army 3461: 3454: 3446: 3441: 3385: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3359: 3348: 3331: 3313: 3295: 3288: 3281: 3273: 3268: 3189:Schnee Eifel 3181: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3155: 3134: 3107: 3094: 3087: 3080: 3072: 3067: 3064:, Mechanized 2969:, Mechanized 2960: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2917: 2907: 2894: 2874: 2855: 2835:East Prussia 2829:Wolfsschanze 2820: 2809: 2757: 2737: 2732:Bedell Smith 2706: 2701:20 July plot 2673: 2645: 2637: 2626: 2606:Seventh Army 2595: 2562: 2554: 2543: 2521: 2492: 2483: 2464: 2434: 2418: 2412:designs and 2406:jet aircraft 2402: 2383: 2368: 2347: 2335: 2323:Army Group B 2319:Walter Model 2310:Adolf Hitler 2308: 2289: 2286:German plans 2269: 2249: 2232: 2212:Omar Bradley 2170: 2157: 2131: 2102: 2085: 2050: 2046:supply lines 2022: 2014:peace treaty 1974: 1970: 1968: 1887: 1886: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1812: 1792: 1786: 1779: 1772: 1765: 1756: 1755: 1734: 1728: 1717: 1700: 1683: 1676: 1669: 1657: 1656: 1628: 1621: 1614: 1613: 1607: 1578: 1577: 1559: 1540: 1496: 1495: 1474: 1455: 1454: 1406: 1405: 1392: 1391: 1384: 1362: 1353:World War II 1290: 1278: 1271: 1266: 1259: 1232: 1183: 1176: 1169: 1074: 1067: 1026: 1019: 993:Wahlerscheid 963: 907: 899: 885:1,408–1,462+ 879: 871: 854: 806: 805: 775: 774: 745:24 December: 744: 743: 715:16 December: 714: 680: 679: 649: 648: 619:24 December: 618: 617: 601:1,921 other 588:16 December: 587: 555:Army Group B 553: 545: 538: 511: 503: 483: 475: 406:Army Group B 401:Walter Model 367: 363:Adolf Hitler 332:(Third Army) 318:(First Army) 287:Omar Bradley 245:Nazi Germany 186:Belligerents 66:Part of the 53: 49:(video game) 46: 15640:Bodenplatte 15526:Gothic Line 14752:West Africa 14299:Philippines 14278:Netherlands 14143:Czech lands 14081:Switzerland 14025:Afghanistan 13976:Philippines 13844:Puerto Rico 13760:Philippines 13746:New Zealand 13732:Netherlands 13685:Free France 13436:Prosecution 13237:Osoaviakhim 13107:West Africa 13091:East Africa 12738:Conferences 12554:Tripartisme 12529:Victory Day 12465:La Rochelle 12356:La Rochelle 11859:Jean Moulin 11820:Second Army 11794:Divisions: 11763:1st Armored 11705:Netherlands 11047:28 February 10862:Urban, Mark 10191:, Phoenix, 10044:10 November 9887:The Nimrods 9391:Briggs, Asa 8831:Briggs 2011 8719:Beevor 2015 8590:Parker 1991 8345:Baxter 1999 8189:Wilmot 1972 8165:Wilmot 1972 7785:10 November 7703:Zaloga 2004 7650:23 February 7491:Zaloga 2004 7389:Parker 2004 7377:Parker 2004 7273:Dean, Rob. 7195:Toland 1999 7064:Hersko 1998 7024:Toland 1999 6901:Parker 2004 6839:Beevor 2015 6800:Parker 2004 6788:Toland 1999 6704:Parker 1994 6680:Draper 1946 6620:Parker 1991 6616:Newton 2006 6608:Elstob 2003 6572:Shirer 1990 6545:Shirer 1990 6524:Shirer 1990 6500:Parker 1994 6488:Shirer 1990 6394:Shirer 1990 6382:Shirer 1990 6345:Miller 2002 6333:Ambrose1997 6214:tanks, 194 6070:Parker 1991 5830:Herbstnebel 5664:General Nye 5652:F. L. Lucas 5335:Alan Brooke 4320:laws of war 4308:ruse of war 4289:Springfield 4076:Kampfgruppe 3989:Kampfgruppe 3977:Kampfgruppe 3969: [ 3958:Kampfgruppe 3943:Kampfgruppe 3935:Kampfgruppe 3928:James Gavin 3919:Kampfgruppe 3904:M3 90mm gun 3873:Kampfgruppe 3858:Kampfgruppe 3849:Trois-Ponts 3841:Kampfgruppe 3827:Kampfgruppe 3740:Kampfgruppe 3722:Kampfgruppe 3692:Kampfgruppe 3635:Kampfgruppe 3628:Kampfgruppe 3591:Losheim Gap 3586:Kampfgruppe 3559:Kampfgruppe 3469:LXXXV Corps 3386:U.S. Forces 3349:Panzer Lehr 3334:(Lüttwitz) 3182:U.S. Forces 3133:(Including 3097:(Hitzfeld) 3095:LXVII Corps 3091:(Dietrich) 2961:U.S. Forces 2903:V-2 rockets 2870:Blumentritt 2862:Alfred Jodl 2795:Kampfgruppe 2768:had rescued 2693:teleprinter 2458:Fall Martin 2444:Meuse River 2278:fought the 2194:naval mines 2093:Nazi forces 2018:Axis powers 1787:Blockbuster 1695:Netherlands 1650:Dieppe Raid 1445:Afsluitdijk 1370:River Forth 1157:(1944–1945) 1069:Bodenplatte 1005:Losheim Gap 812:383,016 men 807:16 January: 719:406,342 men 689:2,428 tanks 686:700,520 men 681:16 January: 658:2,409 tanks 627:1,616 tanks 592:228,741 men 161: / 16259:Categories 15740:West Hunan 15573:Pointblank 14909:Silver Fox 14895:Summer War 14648:Winter War 14627:Phoney War 14408:Azerbaijan 14369:Yugoslavia 14264:Luxembourg 14106:Resistance 13853:Yugoslavia 13718:Luxembourg 13520:Sook Ching 13316:War crimes 12918:Technology 12911:Opposition 12853:Lend-Lease 12830:Australian 12823:Home front 12781:Blitzkrieg 12731:Casualties 12722:Commanders 12694:Operations 12389:March 1945 12387:Nov 1944 - 12234:Saint-Malo 12093:March 1944 11738:First Army 11700:Luxembourg 11444:, Osprey, 11426:, Osprey, 11267:9 February 10770:, p. 10552:, Osprey, 10226:6 December 10169:1018406550 9707:(1): 64–66 9306:Eisenhower 9279:0712665218 8948:Smith 2011 8875:Annan 1995 8680:21 October 8654:21 October 8420:, p. 8007:Pogue 1954 7983:Urban 2005 7899:Astor 1992 7887:Meyer 2005 7553:, p. 7551:Solis 2010 7515:Riley 2010 7413:Sorge 1986 6752:Pogue 1954 6428:21 October 6347:, p. 6306:Miles 2004 6266:, p. 6196:Pogue 1954 5965:Jones 2019 5785:inclusive. 5740:References 5635:Saint-Vith 5486:Casualties 5312:Eisenhower 5301:Montgomery 5254:Kurt Meyer 4848:Houffalize 4770:Houffalize 4699:newspapers 4414:VIII Corps 4218:, and the 4163:Salm River 4056:Hoge Venen 4048:Hohes Venn 4046:; German: 3877:Oberführer 3794:Saint-Vith 3606:Regiment, 3526:While the 3487:LXXX Corps 3296:LXVI Corps 3148:(Skorzeny) 2928:Luxembourg 2911:cinema in 2851:Adlerhorst 2821:After the 2758:Two major 2724:Oscar Koch 2710:Düsseldorf 2614:Echternach 2537:See also: 2421:Blitzkrieg 2103:After the 2099:Background 2020:' favour. 2002:Luxembourg 1794:Lumberjack 1664:Baby Blitz 1629:Donnerkeil 1587:Kanalkampf 1510:Montcornet 1415:Maastricht 1394:Luxembourg 1364:Phoney War 1292:Reichswald 1100:Background 988:Kesternich 776:2 January: 650:2 January: 499:Third Army 493:First Army 133:Luxembourg 15805:Manchuria 15691:Indochina 15467:Bagration 14918:Lithuania 14563:Anschluss 14360:Viet Minh 14257:Lithuania 14199:Hong Kong 13969:Manchukuo 13924:Azad Hind 13583:Australia 13383:Aftermath 13246:Paperclip 13141:Aftermath 12941:Total war 12809:Diplomacy 12772:In Europe 12491:Aftermath 12328:Sept 1944 12191:July 1944 11461:(1995) , 11042:1070-0692 11036:: 38–45, 10951:185298453 10894:U.S. Army 10602:0898-4204 10208:(1988) , 9650:503437701 9143:, No. 216 9141:248051360 9018:31 August 8996:Bush 2010 8289:0968-3445 8067:Ryan 1995 7503:Cole 1964 7449:Cole 1964 7437:Cole 1964 7353:Cole 1964 7338:26 August 6997:Cole 1964 6980:Cole 1964 6952:Cole 1964 6925:Cole 1964 6913:Cole 1964 6863:30 August 6728:Cole 1964 6692:Cole 1964 6632:Cole 1964 6584:Cole 1964 6557:Cole 1964 6464:Cole 1964 6443:Cole 1964 6406:Ryan 1995 6260:Cole 1964 6220:Panzer IV 5953:Citations 5706:U.S. Army 5502:, Belgium 5183:American 5084:divisions 5051:artillery 5046:Anti-tank 4940:~401,000 4937:~449,000 4928:~705,000 4925:~541,000 4343:River Our 4042:(French: 4040:High Fens 3853:La Gleize 3778:Wereth 11 3667:Waffen-SS 3618:from the 3595:Lanzerath 3471:(Kniess) 3316:(Kruger) 2579:Waffen-SS 2371:Luftwaffe 2253:Ruhr area 2237:prior to 2177:Cherbourg 2161:Wehrmacht 2073:Luftwaffe 1979:offensive 1894:The Blitz 1877:Nuremberg 1872:Heilbronn 1857:Frankfurt 1842:Paderborn 1820:Undertone 1773:Veritable 1766:Blackcock 1658:1944–1945 1615:1941–1943 1549:Abbeville 1430:Rotterdam 1425:The Hague 1280:Blackcock 1083:Massacres 855:American: 815:216 tanks 784:287 tanks 753:423 tanks 722:557 tanks 595:483 tanks 149:5°43′12″E 146:50°0′15″N 16188:Gulf War 15916:Category 15865:document 15775:document 15632:Ardennes 15616:Budapest 15564:Crossbow 15442:Overlord 15281:Smolensk 14499:Timeline 14334:Slovakia 14320:Thailand 14171:Ethiopia 14136:Bulgaria 14060:Portugal 13998:Thailand 13880:Bulgaria 13658:Eswatini 13651:Ethiopia 13604:Bulgaria 13429:Unit 731 13390:Response 13207:Keelhaul 13157:Cold War 13130:Americas 13121:timeline 13114:Atlantic 12994:Theaters 12601:Atlantic 12447:May 1945 12269:Égletons 12217:Aug 1944 12125:Jun 1944 12109:May 1944 12005:Dec 1941 11959:campaign 11595:(2008), 11502:(1997), 11364:(1994), 11343:(1999), 11318:(2004), 11169:(2004), 11058:(1995), 11004:59-60007 10931:(1977), 10898:archived 10890:Army.mil 10864:(2005), 10843:(1999), 10745:citation 10739:, London 10717:(1990), 10640:(1995), 10624:(2010), 10527:53-61717 10328:(2006), 10309:Springer 10220:archived 10179:29 April 10137:(1984), 10116:(1970), 10055:(2000), 9904:citation 9831:Officer) 9640:(1947), 9631:65060001 9612:(1964), 9550:archived 9525:53-12165 9458:(1980), 9427:8 August 9393:(2011), 9232:(2015), 9158:citation 9152:, London 9067:(1997), 9045:Archived 8575:23 April 8478:23 April 8453:23 April 8403:23 April 7289:17 March 7156:25 March 6212:Tiger II 6037:23 April 5873:Private 5713:See also 5500:Bastogne 5445:Goebbels 5325:General 5310:General 5217:425,941 5203:498,622 5194:Initial 5186:British 5116:brigades 5114:Armored 5082:Armored 4943:383,016 4934:406,342 4931:700,520 4922:228,741 4635:VI Corps 4517:Westwall 4495:Bastogne 4293:Illinois 4177:British 4111:Chenogne 3882:ordered 3862:Stoumont 3831:Stavelot 3612:Division 3564:Tiger II 3489:(Beyer) 3351:Division 3298:(Lucht) 3112:(Prieß) 2924:St. Vith 2920:Bastogne 2908:Cine Rex 2780:dog tags 2591:Monschau 2558:Brussels 2548:— 2545:matters. 2527:Planning 2329:between 2149:Ardennes 2118:issues: 2069:captured 2034:Bastogne 2010:encircle 1994:Ardennes 1982:campaign 1862:Würzburg 1741:2nd Alps 1735:Nordwind 1677:Chastity 1670:Overlord 1622:Cerberus 1608:Sea Lion 1592:Adlertag 1566:1st Alps 1525:Boulogne 1481:Gembloux 1386:Wikinger 1273:Nordwind 1240:Lorraine 1221:Boulogne 1211:Le Havre 1178:Chastity 1171:Overlord 1076:Nordwind 1051:Bastogne 1046:St. Vith 1010:Clervaux 880:British: 581:Strength 573:7th Army 460:7th Army 125:Ardennes 119:Location 98:St. Vith 15842:Shumshu 15609:Hungary 15556:Estonia 15540:Lapland 15518:Dragoon 15451:Neptune 15433:Ichi-Go 15399:Tempest 15341:Changde 15296:Cottage 15188:Jubilee 14904:Finland 14802:Compass 14508:Prelude 14461:Finland 14347:Vietnam 14313:Romania 14185:Germany 14164:Estonia 14150:Denmark 14129:Belgium 14122:Austria 14115:Albania 14046:Ireland 14032:Andorra 14016:Neutral 13983:Romania 13917:Hungary 13902:Finland 13774:Romania 13666:Finland 13644:Denmark 13590:Belgium 13576:Algeria 13282:Romania 13268:Hungary 13024:Pacific 12748:General 12702:Leaders 12687:Battles 12680:Outline 12621:Pacific 12470:Lorient 12460:Dunkirk 12366:Dunkirk 12250:Lorient 11846:Leaders 11690:Belgium 11301:, NAL, 11200:7 March 11127:19 July 11101:1842933 11014:18 June 10976:19 July 10920:20 July 10904:20 July 10832:19 July 10540:17 July 10358:58-9414 10295:19 July 10266:12 June 9983:20 July 9954:20 July 9934:20 July 9859:12 June 9722:20 July 9556:16 July 9530:19 July 9203:19 July 8624:24 June 7688:12 July 7572:YouTube 7473:10 July 7126:12 July 7099:12 July 6178:25 July 5380:Dempsey 5369:Simpson 5327:Bradley 5214:111,100 5211:680,706 5200:111,904 5197:687,498 5189:German 5053:pieces 4866:Allied 4713:scholar 4539:of the 4297:Chicago 4274:Griffin 4238:. Gen. 4020:of the 4018:V Corps 3995:Outcome 3807:Knittel 3680:Baugnez 2913:Antwerp 2868:, Gen. 2864:, Gen. 2858:Limburg 2847:Giessen 2805:Malmedy 2478:OB West 2348:On the 2190:Schelde 2143:on the 2134:General 2061:missing 2016:in the 1998:Belgium 1988:during 1984:on the 1931:salient 1882:Hamburg 1852:TF Baum 1834:Varsity 1827:Plunder 1805:Cologne 1800:Remagen 1780:Grenade 1758:Germany 1724:Scheldt 1684:Dragoon 1580:Britain 1535:Dunkirk 1457:Belgium 1435:Zeeland 1255:Scheldt 1216:Dunkirk 1185:Dragoon 1021:Stösser 983:Vianden 977:Prelude 900:German: 388:OB West 137:Germany 129:Belgium 15819:Debate 15791:Taipei 15784:Borneo 15362:Tarawa 14556:Europe 14517:Africa 14306:Poland 14292:Norway 14271:Malaya 14250:Latvia 14192:Greece 14178:France 14074:Sweden 14039:Bhutan 13767:Poland 13753:Norway 13725:Mexico 13692:Greece 13678:France 13616:Canada 13597:Brazil 13567:Allies 13513:Serbia 13502:Poland 13275:Poland 13261:Baltic 13054:Europe 12756:Topics 12708:Allied 12411:Bitche 12264:Lioran 12229:Rennes 11957:French 11720:Forces 11710:Norway 11603: 11582: 11564: 11546: 11528: 11510: 11489: 11471: 11448: 11430: 11412: 11390: 11372: 11351: 11330: 11305: 11283: 11243: 11225: 11177: 11156: 11099: 11066: 11040: 11002: 10967: 10949: 10939: 10874: 10851: 10796: 10778: 10725: 10704: 10686: 10668: 10650: 10600: 10578: 10556: 10525: 10498: 10480: 10462: 10444: 10426: 10408: 10390: 10372: 10356: 10336: 10315: 10286: 10242: 10195: 10167: 10147: 10124: 10103: 10085: 10063: 10024: 9974: 9893: 9875: 9818: 9800: 9779: 9761: 9741: 9682: 9664: 9648: 9629: 9599: 9576: 9523: 9497: 9470: 9445: 9401: 9380: 9350:7 June 9327: 9294: 9276: 9258: 9240: 9219: 9181: 9139: 9129: 9111: 9093: 9075: 8855:6 June 8444: 8287: 8246: 8221: 7776: 6218:, 158 6149:29 May 6120:29 May 6028: 5560:Result 5528:German 5507:Allied 5384:Crerar 5365:Hodges 5314:, the 5208:Final 5077:3,256 5074:3,396 5071:4,131 5068:4,224 5065:3,181 5062:3,305 5059:2,408 5037:1,090 5034:1,496 5031:1,261 5028:7,079 5025:7,769 5022:5,352 5019:1,921 5013:Other 4996:1,912 4993:1,970 4990:1,713 4960:2,428 4957:2,409 4954:1,616 4948:Tanks 4913:16 Jan 4903:24 Dec 4898:16 Dec 4893:16 Jan 4883:24 Dec 4878:16 Dec 4863:Force 4715: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4686: 4639:Alsace 4610:) and 4409:Verdun 4256:Celles 4064:Oberst 3880:Mohnke 3790:Wereth 3684:Waimes 3507: 3360: 3156: 2816:Stalin 2648:panzer 2581:: the 2410:U-boat 2408:, new 2294:, the 2109:Allied 2057:killed 2038:Dinant 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1867:Kassel 1813:Gisela 1712:Aachen 1541:Dynamo 1530:Calais 1515:Saumur 1498:France 1486:La Lys 1469:Hannut 1245:Aachen 1226:Calais 1206:Dieppe 605:(AFVs) 242: 229:Canada 226: 213: 200: 174:Result 15595:Leyte 15425:Narva 15411:Anzio 15369:Makin 15327:Burma 15211:Torch 15180:Rzhev 15141:Kiska 14227:Korea 14213:Japan 14206:Italy 14088:Tibet 14067:Spain 13945:Italy 13706:Italy 13699:India 13623:China 13498:Japan 13098:Italy 13010:China 12962:Women 12436:Royan 12361:Royan 12050:Sept 11695:Italy 11097:JSTOR 11030:(PDF) 10822:(PDF) 10534:(PDF) 10515:(PDF) 9924:(PDF) 9841:(PDF) 9834:(PDF) 9697:(PDF) 9676:Yalta 9619:(PDF) 9344:(PDF) 9319:[ 7332:(PDF) 7325:(PDF) 5745:Notes 5660:Hut 3 5607:bulge 5498:near 4908:2 Jan 4888:2 Jan 4874:Date 4869:Axis 4812:Wiltz 4810:near 4720:JSTOR 4706:books 4399:U.S. 4351:Ouren 4052:Dutch 3973:] 3835:Eifel 2387:Ultra 2331:Liège 2327:Meuse 2239:D-Day 2139:(the 2067:, or 1729:Bulge 1718:Queen 1560:Paula 1554:Lille 1520:Arras 1505:Sedan 1475:David 1267:Bulge 1261:Queen 1191:Paris 1028:Greif 15983:WWII 15661:1945 15389:1944 15230:1943 15158:Blue 15148:Attu 15055:1942 14814:1941 14666:1940 14604:1939 14533:Asia 14380:POWs 14220:Jews 13938:Iraq 13864:Axis 13814:Tuva 13630:Cuba 12715:Axis 12422:1945 12420:Apr 12071:1944 12069:Jan 12052:1943 12023:1942 12021:Nov 11988:1941 11986:Jun 11969:1940 11967:Nov 11601:ISBN 11580:ISBN 11562:ISBN 11544:ISBN 11526:ISBN 11508:ISBN 11487:ISBN 11469:ISBN 11446:ISBN 11428:ISBN 11410:ISBN 11388:ISBN 11370:ISBN 11349:ISBN 11328:ISBN 11303:ISBN 11281:ISBN 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Battle of the Bulge

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