Architecture of the Philippines

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to the Philippines for the restoration of the heritage towns they destroyed, effectively destroying any chances of restoration, since the prewar Philippines' economy was devastated and had limited monetary supply. On the other hand, the United States gave minimal funding for only two of the hundreds of cities they destroyed, namely, Manila and Baguio. Today, only the centers (poblacion or downtown areas) of Filipino heritage towns and cities remain in most of the expansive heritage cities and towns in the country. Yet, some heritage cities in their former glory prior to the war still exist, such as the

927: 1220:, many heritage districts and towns outside Metro Manila were heavily destroyed and damaged by American and Japanese bombs. Reports of deliberate burning of colonial structures by Japanese soldiers were also rampant. Most destroyed or damaged heritage structures have never been restored and now lay in ruins or have been replaced with shanty houses or concrete structures with no significant architectural aesthetics. Many scholars have championed for Japan and America's accountability for the destruction of many Filipino architectural landscapes and towns, but to no avail. 1975: 2432: 54: 637: 2241: 4137: 2594: 5213: 2022:. It is dominated by a two-storey travertine block suspended 12 meters (39 ft) high by deep concave cantilevers on three sides. The building is built on a massive podium, and entry is through a vehicular ramp in front of the raised lobby and a pedestrian side entry on its northwest side. In front of the National Theater and below the ramp, there is an octagonal reflecting pool with fountains and underwater lights. Aside from the National Theater, other structures located inside the 1762: 492: 331: 1025: 2330: 5619: 5224: 1712:. During the liberation of Manila by the combined American and Filipino troops in 1945, the theatre was totally destroyed. After reconstruction by the Americans it gradually fell into disuse in the 1960s. In the following decade it was meticulously restored but again fell into decay. The sculptures upon the façade of the theater are by Italian sculptor Francesco Riccardo Monti, who lived in Manila from 1930 until his death in 1958, and worked closely with 1108: 1078: 19: 2344: 5629: 1009: 1323: 2465:

heritage houses. In 2010, the Philippine Cultural Heritage Act passed into law, effectively giving protections to all cultural heritage properties of the Philippines. However, despite its passage, many ancestral home owners continue to approve the demolition of ancestral structures. In certain cases, government entities themselves were the purveyors of such demolitions.

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earthquake-proof baroque style architecture. The bell tower served as an observation post in 1896 for the Katipuneros during the Philippine revolution against the Spaniards, and again by the Filipino guerillas during the Japanese occupation in World War II. The present structure is the third to stand on the site and has survived seven major earthquakes, and the wars in

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their environment. The structures' original builders used stone and mud walls to carefully carve and construct terraces that could hold flooded pond fields for the cultivation of rice. They also established a system to water these plots by harvesting water from mountaintop forests. These engineering feats were done by hand as was the farming itself.

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heritage townscapes. Some heritage buildings have been demolished or sold to corporations, and have been replaced by commercial structures such as shopping centers, condominium units, or newly furnished modern-style buildings, completely destroying the old aesthetics of many former heritage towns and cities. This is one of the reasons why

594:. A torogan is elevated above the ground by columns cut from trees of huge girth. Its walls are covered with plywood sticks and the roof thatched with dried coconut leaves. There is no interior partition, so it appears as a huge hall. Apart from the basic elements of this structure, it is intricately engraved with flowing 2179:

Festival are featured on the glass walls of the center. It is a two-storey structure with a total floor area of 11,832 square meters. The main hall on the ground floor has a 3,700-seat capacity and 500-seat function rooms on the second floor. A rooftop of 1,500 sqm is available for outdoor functions.

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There have been proposals to establish a policy where each municipality and city will have an ordinance mandating all constructions and reconstructions within such territory to be inclined with the municipality or city's architecture and landscaping styles to preserve and conserve the country's dying

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Pursuant to the Intramuros Register of Styles, new constructions in Intramuros that do not follow the Bahay na Bato typology may only be allowed only in specific locations where a Non-Bahay na Bato structure (e.g. a Neoclassical building) was known to exist. Otherwise, new constructions are required

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The Philippines is home to numerous heritage towns and cities, many of which have been intentionally destroyed by the Japanese through fire tactics in World War II and the Americans through bombings during the same war. After the war, the government of the Empire of Japan withheld from giving funds

1966:. By the 1980s the country's architectural idiom was swept by the tide of Post Modernism, a hearkening back of some sort to classical architecture. Today, architecture in the Philippines continue to be vibrant and with the country opening up to the world, more first rate architecture is pouring in. 1001:

Later on the invention of various tools allowed for the fabrication of tent-like shelters and tree houses. Early Classical houses were characterized by rectangular structures elevated on stilt foundations and covered by voluminous thatched roofs ornamented with gable-finials and its structure could

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Prior to the usage of the common Islamic mosque architecture, which can also be seen in Arabia and modern architecture, the vernacular mosques of the Philippines used to be the hut-style and the pagoda-style, which were very common until the late 19th century. Most of the mosques in the Philippines

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formed in 1975 (officially known as the Integrated and Accredited Professional Organization of Architects) is the official architectural association of the Philippines. It is the first professional organization to be accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission, and it currently has 38,000

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During the colonization of the Philippines, fortifications were also built by the foreign powers to assert political control in the islands. The Spanish, for example, made use of their forts against attacks from Chinese and Moro pirates, as well as the Dutch and the British. These forts were made

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have been carefully cultivated with terraced fields. These rice terraces illustrate the ability of human culture to adapt to new social and climate pressures as well as to implement and develop new ideas and technologies. They also epitomize a harmonic, sustainable relationship between humans and

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which was the only heritage town saved from American bombing and Japanese fire and kamikaze tactics. The country currently lacks a city/town-singular architectural style law. Due to this, unaesthetic cement or shanty structures have taken over heritage buildings annually, destroying many former

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since 1999. Only the heritage city of Vigan has a town law that guarantees its singular architecture (the Vigan colonial style) shall always be used in constructions and reconstructions. Silay, Iloilo City, and San Fernando de Pampanga have ordinances giving certain tax exemptions to owners of

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reflects a primarily cooperative approach of the whole community which is based on detailed knowledge of the rich diversity of biological resources existing in the Ifugao agro-ecosystem, a finely tuned annual system respecting lunar cycles, zoning and planning, extensive soil conservation, and

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Intramuros in Manila is the only locality in the Philippines where, for cultural reasons, the use, height, scale, and aesthetics of all new constructions and development are pre-determined and strictly regulated under the force of a national law. The Register of Styles, as an integral part of

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was constructed out of brick and stone rather than the traditional bamboo, timbre and other wooden materials that elevates the house. It is a mixture of native Filipino, Spanish and Chinese influences. During the 19th century, wealthy Filipinos built some fine houses, usually with solid stone

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is one of the most prominent types of these churches. This unique specimen of Filipino architecture called Filipino Baroque from the Spanish era has been included in the World Heritage Sites List of the UNESCO. The church was built by the Augustinian friars from 1694 until 1710. It shows the

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The proposal advocates for the usage and reinterpretations of indigenous, colonial, and modern architectural and landscaping styles that are prevalent or used to be prevalent in a given city or municipality. The proposal aims to foster a renaissance in Philippine landscaping and townscaping,

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were then necessary to keep their subjects and interests protected. Due to foreign attacks and colonization, only a few of these fortresses physically remain. However, many cities in the country, such as Manila, were built on the basis of fortifications that predated the colony.

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declaration in the future. The proposals made were to input the historic mosques of the Philippines (mosque in Simunul), to input the vernacular mosques of the Philippines (langga/rangga-style and pagoda-style mosques), or to combine both and input them in the tentative list of

1522:. Foremost of the American contributions to the country was the establishment of civil government. This led to the erection of government buildings from the city all the way to the municipal level. Designed in the most respectable manner, these government houses resembled 453:, where business proposals to construct structures that are not inclined with Manila's architectural styles have been continuously accepted and constructed by such experts, effectively destroying Manila's architectural townscape one building at a time. Only the city of 449:

especially in rural areas which can easily be transformed into new architectural heritage towns within a 50-year time frame. Unfortunately, many Philippine-based architecture and engineering experts lack the sense of preserving heritage townscapes, such as the case in

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as the default style for new constructions in Intramuros. It explicitly recognized the Bahay na Bato as the dominant architectural typology of Intramuros during the Spanish colonial era until the destruction of the Walled City in 1945 during the Second World War.

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groves and orchards. The houses sit on posts raised above the ground. The rooms were small, and generally, with a single multipurpose room, having only the cooking space differentiated among the areas in the houses. There is a particular architectural piece called

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and a time of rebuilding ensued. The modern era dawned on Philippine architecture using the simple straight lines of the International Modern Style as a chief mode of expression. By the 1970s, a new form of Philippine architecture emerged with the

978:, it integrated with the new Christianized lifestyle of Spanish governance. Houses were built in a more or less similar manner, in the same way that the settlements were built beside rivers and streams. The houses were built near rice fields and 426:, many of the destroyed buildings were rebuilt, however, a majority of heritage structures, especially in the provinces, were lost and never rebuilt. Most of the structures that were lost are considered focal properties of former heritage towns. 997:

The doors of the houses were usually oriented to the direction where the sun rises and never faced towards the west, an architectural tradition which can be explained by the values and belief systems that early inhabitants of the land have.

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were dismantled. During the American occupation, insurgents still built strongholds and the sultans often had these reinforced. Many of these forts were destroyed during American attacks, which is why very few have survived to this day.

2532:(1928–1994) was one of the modern architects who shaped the modern Filipino Architecture. During his career, he built five churches, over 30 different buildings, over 70 residences, and major landmarks in the Philippines including the 2007:, the construction of the National Theater began in 1966 and was completed in 1969. The theater is a primary example of the architect's signature style known as the floating volume, a trait can be seen in structures indigenous to the 441:. After the return of democracy in 1986, a new age of Philippine architecture came into focus through modernism. Early in the 21st century, a revival of the respect for the traditional Filipino elements in the architecture returned. 1291:

and cosmopolitan. While its Church and State buildings were European in orientation, albeit adapted and localized, most of the buildings enclaved within its walls embraced tropical vernacular constructions as exemplified by the

696:'s top archaeologist "a complex archaeological site with both habitation and burial remains from the period of approximately 10th to the 14th century ... the first of its kind in the Philippines having carved limestone tombs." 1276:, the former Administrator of Intramuros. Being an integral part of Presidential Decree No. 1616, the Register of Styles is the only architectural stylebook in the Philippines with the force and potency of a national law. 1648:. Three were built before World War II and two, after. Although FEU buildings were totally damaged during the war, the university was restored to its original Art Deco design immediately after. The university was given a 1171:, the colonial Filipino house, followed the nipa hut's arrangements such as open ventilation and elevated apartments. The most obvious difference between the two houses would be the materials that was used to build them. 612: 5584: 1871:

churches can be uniquely identified for "its exuberant use of fanciful forms and ornaments". Churches were started to be built in this style during the late 1940s and early 1950s with the first concrete chapel built in

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The Register of Styles is the first document to detail the historical styles of Intramuros. It was authored by Rancho Arcilla, who was then the Archivist of the Intramural Administration, and under the initiative of

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today have common Islamic architectures imported from Arabia merged with modern style, though some vernacular pagoda-style mosques can still be seen in Mindanao such as the Masjid Datu Untong Balabaran of Taviran in

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city in the tropics and as such opposed to develop its architecture in line with the existing style. The style of architecture, as suggested, varies little from existing architecture at the time as typified by the

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which has the modern meaning "city". In addition to its military uses, it also served as a palace for the local lord. These structures were usually made of stone and wood and were surrounded by trench networks.

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Yengoyan, Aram A. (2006). "Chapter 17: Christianity and Austronesian Transformations: Church, Polity and Culture in the Philippines and the Pacific". In Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (eds.).

3311: 2542:(May 26, 1899 – May 7, 1986) was a Filipino architect, teacher and a community leader. In 1973, he was named one of the National Artists for architecture. He was regarded as the Dean of Filipino Architects. 5594: 881:

on hills and elevated areas. These structures were designed so that the entrance was only accessible by the use of rope ladder which was only lowered for villagers to the disadvantage of the enemies.

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Although popularly known as and listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site believed to be older than 2,000 years, recent research suggests that the terraces may in fact be approximately 400 years old.

2548:(January 25, 1901 – June 14, 1975) was a Filipino architect. A pioneer of modern Philippine architecture, he was recognized in some quarters as the foremost Filipino modernist architect of his time. 422:, large portions of Intramuros and Manila were destroyed; many heritage districts in the provinces were burned down by the Japanese before the end of the war. In the reconstruction period after the 5553: 2999: 770:

with such fortifications to prevent the Spanish from advancing into the region. However, the sultanate was eventually subdued after further Spanish campaigns in the region and majority of the

2374:) architecture are unique within the country for its predominantly stone structure - a protective, durable element from the particularly storm and earthquake-wrought landscape of the region. 1339: 1573:. New structures continued the use of conventional motifs but were made of more durable materials such as concrete. This style of architecture prevailed even after the turn of the century. 2409:. Formerly, precolonial Ivatan society was clan-based and was divided by small, tightly knit settlements of cogon houses, and were protected by terraced citadels of stone and earth called 1062: 987:

that is often situated in the rear part of the house, and is utilized for domestic work like washing, bathing, water storage, etc. The houses were made of raw material like wood and bamboo

3398: 1588:, the hotel was designed by the Spanish Architect and Engineer Salvador Farre. The structure is the only remaining example of the French Renaissance architecture with Filipino stylized 1486:

The historic city was once home to many colonial churches, schools, convents, government buildings and residences. Many of these products of Spanish architecture were destroyed during

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built homes prior to the arrival of the Spanish colonizers. They are still in use today, especially in rural areas. Different architectural designs are present among the different

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Christian lowland architecture, encompassing a vast majority of the archipelago from northern Luzon to coastal Mindanao, have several ubiquitous characteristics: towns (colonial

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allocated P200 million for the construction of the convention center, while another P250 million was sourced from the Priority Development Assistance Fund of Senator

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heritage sites, which have been demolished one at a time in a fast pace due to urbanization, culturally-irresponsible development, and lack of towns-cape architectural vision.

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in the Maranao community. Nowadays, concrete houses are found all over Maranao communities, but there remain torogans a hundred years old. The best-known are in Dayawan and

399:(Filipino for "house of stone") style for the large houses emerged. These were large houses built of stone and wood combining Filipino, Spanish and Chinese style elements. 5488: 5333: 692:

were responsible for the creation of the tombs. It is composed of fifteen limestone coffins that can be dated back from the period of 10th to 14th century based on one of

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Acabado, Stephen B.; Koller, Jared M.; Liu, Chin-hsin; et al. (2019). "The Short History of the Ifugao Rice Terraces: A Local Response to the Spanish Conquest".

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Manila campus is a living art museum with United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation-Asia Pacific Heritage buildings and auditorium done in the

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in 1571 brought in European colonial architecture to the Philippines. Though not specifically suited for the hot tropics, European architecture was transposed via

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in 1898, the architecture of the Philippines was influenced by American aesthetics. In this period, the plan for the modern City of Manila was designed, with many

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for centuries. The old church that housed the virgin was destroyed in February 1945 when the combined American and Filipino forces bombed Antipolo as part of the

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The architecture of the early Filipinos are also reflected in the historical military structures in the country. There was often competition in trade between the

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friars, along with other religious orders, built many grand churches and cathedrals all over the Philippine Islands. During this period the traditional Filipino

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who are buried and laid to rest in a tomb, underneath the church. Together with three other ancient churches in the country, it was designated as part of the

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To help establish a national architectural policy, bills to establish a Department of Culture were filed in the Senate and House of Representatives in 2016.

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Presidential Decree No. 1616, is the main legal document prescribing and guiding the implementation of pre-war architectural colonial styles in Intramuros.

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The revival period, popular at the turn of the century, became the foremost architectural parlance of the era as seen in such buildings particularly in

2297: 1396: 3008: 4106: 4044: 2612: 2054: 5162: 3733: 310: 2554:(December 6, 1912 – 1994) was a Filipino architect known for his European style during an era which used American architecture in the Philippines. 5027: 4716: 4487: 4200: 4155: 2655: 186: 3367: 4805: 4793: 4180: 3406: 4550: 4358: 2560:(December 21, 1888 – December 22, 1965) was a Filipino architect, educator and businessman. He is also the founder and 1st president of the 845:

built forts made of stone walls that averaged several meters in width and about two to three times the width in height around 2000 BC.

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reflects the historical and cultural traditions in the country. Most prominent historic structures in the archipelago are influenced by

4593: 4455: 4353: 4348: 4333: 4328: 3540: 2023: 1986: 1837: 1807: 1542: 1119: 388: 4023: 3107: 2015:. It houses three performing arts venues, one theater for film screenings, galleries, a museum and the center's library and archives. 1084: 464:

in 1999 and awarding of various recognition for the conservation and preservation of its unique architectural and landscaping styles.

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Acabado, Stephen (2018). "Zones of Refuge: Resisting Conquest in The Northern Philippine Highlands Through Environmental Practice".

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states in the archipelago. Neighboring kingdoms would often wage wars against one another to gain control of trade and territory.

5533: 5037: 4878: 4467: 3591: 2660: 155: 2053:. Known for its architectural design, the church is recognized as a National Historical Landmark and a Cultural Treasure by the 4711: 4418: 4340: 1853: 3174: 5042: 4900: 4776: 4391: 4195: 3478: 2229: 2050: 1620:. Eventually succeeded by Architect George Corner Fenhagen up until 1916. Some structures which have been constructed before 1503: 516:

mastery of a complex pest control regime based on the processing of a variety of herbs, accompanied by religious rituals and

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In the late 20th century, modern architecture with straight lines and functional aspects was introduced, particularly in the

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Nonetheless, many other Ivatan houses and other structures are still built entirely of cogon like in precolonial times.

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movements, often with religious undertones, and American Protestant missionaries introduced several alternatives to the

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The following are the Philippine architects who contributed and lead to the design of the classic Philippine theaters:

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Asia Pacific-Heritage Award for Cultural Heritage in 2005 for the outstanding preservation of its Art Deco structures.

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The state-of-the-art convention center designed by Ilonggo architect, William Coscolluela. The design was inspired by

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Lowland and coastal regions roughly divide into Christian and Muslim, and highland regions are largely indigenous.

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for most of its centuries in some coastal areas at the south, plus the interior of Lanao, after the 13th century.

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or Fort Drum, also known as "the concrete battleship," is a heavily fortified island situated at the mouth of

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almost entirely of stone; hence some of them have survived numerous wars and are still standing to this day.

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which opened on July 27, 1984, can accommodate up to 7,000 persons, and cost about US$ 2 million. The

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in Mandurriao, Iloilo City, Philippines. Its construction was completed in September 2015 in time for the

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served as the structural engineer for the project. Around the chapel are fifteen large murals painted by

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is the agency of the Philippine Government responsible for the implementation of the Register of Styles.

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design centered around the image of the Virgin. It functions as the center point of the pilgrimages to

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respectively. Five National artists collaborated on the project. The building was designed by the late

1995:). The theater is the centerpiece of the 77 hectare (190 acres) arts and culture complex located along 1287:

or backyards were exceptionally well adapted to the climate. By style Intramuros was described as both

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Developed by the lowland Filipino population from ancestral knowledge originated from the prehispanic

499:, built about 2000 years ago represents an illustration of an ancient civilization in the Philippines. 27:("house of stone") is a type of building originating during the Philippines' Spanish colonial period. 5599: 5478: 5473: 5353: 5094: 5017: 4912: 4766: 4736: 4721: 4615: 4121: 3068: 1959: 1677: 1609: 1585: 1507: 1261: 975: 411: 250: 216: 4036: 3092: 1920: 1490:. Of all the buildings within the 67-acre city, only one, the San Agustin Church, survived the war. 951:

is the term for huts built out of nipa. These types of edifices were characteristic of the way that

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By form, the urban landscape of Intramuros mostly lacked setbacks, with buildings that were mostly

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church buildings primarily serve as places of worship and are used for other religious functions.

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The Register became part of Presidential Decree No. 1616, as amended, when it was gazetted by the

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are temporary, well-less shelters that serve either as open-air storage or other activity, while

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of architecture. The Filipino style found its way in the re-emergence of traditional motifs, the

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or houses built on trunk of trees rooted to the grounds were seen as an advantageous position.

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and provincial capitals can accommodate up to 3,000 persons. Prominent architects, such as

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foundations or brick lower walls, and overhanging, wooden upper story with balustrades and

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Cities and Nationhood: American Imperialism and Urban Design in the Philippines, 1898–1916

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hosting. It is built on a 1.7-hectare of lot in the district of Mandurriao donated by the

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as a form of recreation, several theaters were constructed in the 1930s to 1950s in the

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in 1948. The pioneer concrete structures of the church are mostly influenced by mixing

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were notably used by Muslims for defense against foreign invaders. It is said that the

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Antiquity, Archaeological Processes, and Highland Adaptation: The Ifugao Rice Terraces

1376: 582:. A torogan was a symbol of high social status. Such a residence was once a home to a 5628: 5157: 3925: 3514: 3504: 3474: 2978: 2819: 2781: 2529: 2106: 2097:

The image of "Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage" has been venerated in the church of

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in the Philippines to date. Other notable American Architects in the Philippines was

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geometrical and foliage motifs. A torogan is not complete without the legendary bird

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for fishermen - they may become houses depending on availability of plank flooring.

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is a native double outrigger sailboat in the Visayas region, used in the annual

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Other notable heritage towns and cities include the UNESCO cities and towns of

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has repeatedly withheld from inscribing further Filipino heritage towns in the

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style designed by prominent architects now recognized as National Artists. The

1641: 1633: 1597: 1557: 1554: 1453: 1280: 1202: 1194: 968: 717: 689: 669: 642: 627: 571: 517: 2773: 2105:. In 1954, a new church was built designed by the renowned Filipino architect 1822:

petroleum and gasoline in the fort, leaving it permanently out of commission.

5647: 5622: 2545: 2359: 2288: 2217: 2213: 2201: 2172: 2164: 1799: 1745: 1716:. Highly stylized relief carving of Philippine plants executed by the artist 1645: 1449: 1420: 1405: 1364: 1293: 1273: 1249: 1233: 1113: 1102: 1050: 864: 854: 842: 816: 812: 807: 803: 736: 713: 623: 403: 381: 23: 3809: 1761: 1475:. It was established to replace Kota Seludong, the seat of the power of the 491: 457:

has an ordinance on architectural policy, which led to its declaration as a

4126: 3752: 2416: 2000: 1936: 1912: 1815: 1621: 1601: 1581: 1577: 1570: 1553:, the military government at the time invited the well-known architect and 1487: 1480: 1430: 1360: 1351: 1347: 1327: 1217: 1206: 1015: 798:

was a fortified upriver polity which occupied both shores of an arm of the

419: 391:, the Philippine architecture was dominated by the Spanish influences. The 3469: 1644:, five Art Deco structures on the campus were designed by National Artist 832:; converted into a walled city by the Spanish upon occupation in the 1870s 330: 5632: 4258: 2423:, ushering much of the stone architecture the region is known for today. 2420: 2293: 2263: 2008: 1916: 1900: 1780: 1735: 1550: 1519: 1472: 1245: 991: 936: 799: 685: 591: 438: 2706:. Vol. 3. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co. – via gutenberg.org. 2701: 2192:, also known as the Cebu–Cordova Bridge, is a toll bridge expressway in 2081:. The marble altar and the large wooden cross above it were sculpted by 699:

The architecture of the classical period of the Philippines is based on

5238: 4227: 2329: 2193: 2086: 1877: 1819: 1795: 1784: 1776: 1560:

together with William Pierce Anderson (a Chicago architect) to develop

1464: 1441: 1237: 1190: 1107: 825: 820: 645:(Palace of Flowers), the royal residence of the ruler of the Tausug in 575: 18: 2893: 2717: 1545:, as such, public education was established, foremost of which is the 1340:

Augustinian Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines

1223: 4066: 3833:"Top 50 Philippine Heritage Cities and Towns to See in Your Lifetime" 3567: 3565: 3544:

Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ateneo de Manila University

3075:. Vol. 3. Ohio, Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company. p. 145. 2871: 2343: 2249: 2221: 2197: 2176: 2160: 2133:(also known as I-Con) is a state-of-the-art convention center in the 1515: 1284: 1147: 1135: 960: 602: 87: 2308:) were commonly built especially among coastal towns to defend from 2085:. The mosaic floor mural called the “River of Life” was designed by 1768:

built by the Americans to guard the Islands nearby against invaders.

1720:

decorate the lobby walls and interior surfaces of the building. The

2389:

which uses sliding panels. Commonly used as temporary shelters are

2118: 2098: 2046: 2012: 1950: 1885: 1881: 1791: 1725: 1697: 1689: 1681: 1617: 1476: 1363:

who founded it. The church also houses the legacies of the Spanish

1165:(stone house) and became the typical house of noble Filipinos. The 1139: 964: 946: 921: 767: 665: 646: 579: 415: 3946: 3562: 3518: 3141:"15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History" 766:, at the height of their power, blanketed the area around Western 3992: 3029: 3027: 2406: 2382: 2363: 2283: 1437: 1322: 979: 878: 868: 677: 619: 606:

being displayed inside. Furniture is also common among Maranaws.

537: 2909:

Built 2000 years ago and passed on from generation to generation

806:, and is presumed to be the present site of the municipality of 2505: 2489: 2469: 2457: 2448: 2157: 2114: 1940: 1649: 1565: 1561: 1534: 1445: 1356: 1241: 1143: 1035: 909: 901: 873: 858: 790: 681: 583: 567: 504: 458: 450: 3198:"Sultan of the River: The Rise and Fall of Datu Uto of Buayan" 3024: 2312:

of marauding fleets from Sulu and Maguindanao (generalized as

5172: 4989: 2523: 2493: 2452: 2436: 2411: 2168: 1969: 1958:

became popular forms to be copied and modernized such as the

1429:) is a defensive fortress established in 1571 by the Spanish 1186: 454: 418:

buildings by famous American and Filipino architects. During

315: 3436: 2695: 2693: 2147:

Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA)

1939:

brought major destruction especially in the capital city of

1518:

in 1898 came a new breed of architectural structures in the

626:, the traditional residences of community leaders among the 2204:. It opened on April 27, 2022, to the public, becoming the 1632:

1483:

fortress equipped with stockades, battlements and cannons.

863:

Fortifications for wartime purposes were also built by the

815:: "stone fort"; a stone fortification based in present-day 596: 587: 433:

that characterized government-built structures done in the

3461:

The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

2362:

architecture is found in both the northernmost islands of

1806:

at the wider South Channel entrance to the bay during the

1193:. Preserved examples of "bahay na bato" are also found in 802:. It was located not far from where the Pasig River meets 3678:"PNoy to Unveil Convention Center, Business Park Markers" 2690: 1903:" and ribbed windows. Recent buildings are variations of 2426: 1541:. Education of the masses also became the thrust of the 939:

indigenous to the Philippines especially in rural areas.

2826: 2686:(in Spanish). Madrid: Fundacion Universitaria Española. 2572: 2175:

Festival sailboat race. Abstract designs of the famous

3503:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 86. 3492: 3490: 2700:

Blair, Emma Helen; Robertson, James Alexander (eds.).

3993:"United Architects of the Philippines Makati Chapter" 3057: 2797: 2793: 2791: 3777:"Silay in Negros Passes Landmark Heritage Ordinance" 2977:(2nd ed.). Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore. 2677: 2675: 2589: 2018:

The façade of the National Theater is an example of

1840:

over the Philippines, there were a variety of rural

3487: 2948:"Ifugao Rice Terraces May Be Younger than We Think" 2220:, to connect his municipality and mainland Cebu in 1825: 1493: 1224:

Intramuros Register of Styles and the Bahay na Bato

3007: 2788: 1397:Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines 4107:National Historical Commission of the Philippines 2923:"For Ifugao Rice Terraces, Age Should Not Matter" 2746:. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. 2672: 2613:Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines 2045:The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice is the landmark 5645: 3622:"P450-M Iloilo Convention Center Launched Today" 3108:"Ancient and Pre-Spanish Era of the Philippines" 1002:be lifted as a whole and carried to a new site. 3707:Semilla, Dale Israel, Nestle (April 27, 2022). 3073:Relation of the Conquest of the Island of Luzon 3035:"The Battle of Bayan – May 2, 1902 (continued)" 2656:List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines 2370:, and a subset of its vernacular common house ( 2183: 1549:. With American rule firmly established in the 664:is an excavated remains of a thousand-year-old 3775:Sembrano, Edgar Allan M. (November 23, 2015). 3306: 3304: 3063: 2755: 2753: 2235: 1704:in Iloilo built in 1934 by Filipino architect 1175: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1111: 944: 930: 5254: 4243: 4052: 3135: 3133: 3000:"1,000-Year-Old Village Found in Philippines" 2894:"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras" 2864:"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras" 2718:"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras" 2684:Intramuros: Arquitectura en Manila, 1739–1762 2248:, showing a typical layout of a city or town 1696:, and built in 1935. Another fine example of 1424: 353: 4102:National Commission for Culture and the Arts 3806:National Commission for Culture and the Arts 3732:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3645: 3643: 3463:. Canberra: Australian National University. 3316:National Commission for Culture and the Arts 3171:National Commission for Culture and the Arts 2381:is the general term for such houses, though 1692:building designed by the Filipino architect 1318:List of Catholic churches in the Philippines 739:in the country before colonization were the 3650:Burgos, Nestor P. Jr. (December 10, 2012). 3301: 3257: 3255: 3253: 2750: 2212:in Luzon. The bridge was first proposed by 2124: 1471:city of Manila along the south bank of the 1359:. The church remains under the care of the 541: 487:Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras 470: 5261: 5247: 4250: 4236: 4059: 4045: 3652:"Iloilo Set to Turn Into a Convention Hub" 3196:Palafox, Quennie Ann J. (August 6, 2010). 3189: 3130: 2710: 2699: 2524:Filipino National Artists for Architecture 1987:Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex 1970:Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex 1390: 360: 346: 4564: 3640: 3468: 3399:"Art Deco Buildings Thrive on FEU Campus" 2997: 688:. It is widely believed that precolonial 5268: 4257: 4068:Philippine Registry of Cultural Property 3774: 3457: 3360: 3334: 3250: 2998:Kaznowska, Helena (September 20, 2012). 2430: 2292:). Spanish colonial policies introduced 2239: 2230:Metro Pacific Tollways Development Corp. 1973: 1760: 1665: 1497: 1400: 1321: 1248:. The Register of Styles prescribes the 1118:are Filipino colonial houses during the 1106: 925: 898:Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao del Norte 490: 17: 4030:"Early Architecture in the Philippines" 3830: 3709:"Cebu's third bridge CCLEX inaugurated" 3706: 3676:French, lilibeth (September 14, 2015). 3236: 3234: 3195: 2920: 2759: 2741: 2661:Colonial architecture of Southeast Asia 2262:) follow a grid plan centered around a 1818:, and was recaptured by the U.S. after 402:After the Philippines was ceded to the 5646: 3999:from the original on September 6, 2007 3917: 3675: 3649: 3500:Culture and Customs of the Philippines 3496: 3341:Hollie, Pamela G. (November 7, 1982). 3340: 3099: 2972: 2966: 2762:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2681: 1930: 1810:. It was captured and occupied by the 503:For years the mountainous province of 5242: 4231: 4040: 3802:"Republic Act No. 10066 Heritage Law" 3571: 3396: 3343:"Colonial Comfort in the Philippines" 3266:Lawphil Intramuros Register of Styles 2427:Heritage towns and cities (1942–1945) 2051:University of the Philippines Diliman 1884:, and some are built in the style of 1832:Iglesia ni Cristo § Architecture 1655: 1504:National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila) 957:ethnolinguistic groups in the country 387:During three hundred thirty years of 3953:"History of Philippine Architecture" 3893:United Architects of the Philippines 3824: 3574:"History of Philippine Architecture" 3533: 3312:"History of Philippine Architecture" 3231: 3215: 3158: 2651:United Architects of the Philippines 2579:United Architects of the Philippines 2573:United Architects of the Philippines 953:indigenous people of the Philippines 3808:. February 17, 2015. Archived from 3740: 3397:Ortiz, Margaux (January 15, 2007). 3368:"Manila: The Riviera of the Orient" 3226:Rules and Regulations in Intramuros 3167:"History of Phllipine Architecture" 2635:Baroque Churches of the Philippines 1756: 1596:(a consulting architect trained by 1385:Baroque Churches of the Philippines 1314:Baroque Churches of the Philippines 1258:Official Gazette of the Philippines 1240:, the historic core of the City of 13: 4087:Cultural Center of the Philippines 3910: 3748:"Review on 3rd Bridge Almost Done" 3596:Cultural Center of the Philippines 2921:Cabreza, Vincent (July 15, 2013). 2646:List of mosques in the Philippines 2534:Cultural Center of the Philippines 2208:at 8.9 kilometers, surpassing the 2092: 1979:Cultural Center of the Philippines 1300:to follow the Bahay na Bato type. 891:List of mosques in the Philippines 531: 52: 14: 5665: 4024:La Iglesia de San Agustin, Manila 3973:"Architecture in the Philippines" 3940: 3572:Tajar, Fudge (January 24, 2015). 3374:. August 20, 2005. Archived from 3222:Intramuros Administration Website 3164: 3105: 2973:Madale, Abdullah T. (July 1997). 2840:. August 18, 2018. Archived from 2703:The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803 2419:and imported large quantities of 2206:longest bridge in the Philippines 1989:is home to the National Theater ( 1899:features octagonal spires, "fine 1616:and termite-resistant Philippine 1510:built during the American period. 1183:capiz-shell sliding window sashes 707: 5627: 5618: 5617: 5223: 5222: 5211: 4135: 3285:. April 16, 2013. Archived from 2592: 2342: 2328: 1826:Iglesia Ni Cristo (INC) Churches 1494:American and Commonwealth period 1415: 1096: 1076: 1061: 1042: 1023: 1018:nipa hut in Southern Philippines 1007: 789:: the foundation of the city of 735:The surviving attested forms of 635: 611: 480: 329: 3880: 3850: 3831:Henares, Ivan (July 22, 2014). 3794: 3768: 3700: 3669: 3614: 3584: 3451: 3421: 3390: 3271: 2991: 2940: 2914: 1338:The order of the Augustinians, 1332:earthquake baroque architecture 836: 374:architecture of the Philippines 5585:British Indian Ocean Territory 4217:National Cultural Heritage Act 3924:. University of Hawaii Press. 3433:Iglesia Filipina Independiente 2886: 2856: 2735: 1925:design of INC church buildings 1346:all over the Philippines. The 1091: 1049:The raised bale houses of the 828:: the capital and seat of the 674:Buenavista Protected Landscape 672:in Sitio Kamhantik within the 475: 1: 4171:National Historical Landmarks 4166:Important Cultural Properties 3918:Morley, Ian (June 30, 2018). 3682:Philippine Information Agency 3245:Intramuros Register of Styles 3241:Intramuros Register of Styles 2812:10.1080/00934690.2019.1574159 2666: 2625:Spanish Colonial architecture 2562:Mapúa Institute of Technology 2103:liberation campaign of Manila 2055:National Historical Institute 1547:University of the Philippines 1459: 1230:Intramuros Register of Styles 1153:In this era, the nipa hut or 915: 4717:Business process outsourcing 3764:– via pressreader.com. 2898:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2868:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2800:Journal of Field Archaeology 2742:Acabado, Stephen B. (2015). 2722:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2630:Spanish Baroque architecture 2405:are simple two-slope roofed 2270:) accompanying a city hall ( 2190:Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway 2184:Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway 2032:Tanghalang Aurelio Tolentino 1626:Americans in the Philippines 1624:or during the occupation of 1612:, while applying the use of 1330:is an example of Philippine 1211:Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte 7: 4161:National Cultural Treasures 4156:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 4092:Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino 2585: 2236:Vernacular styles by region 2028:Tanghalang Nicanor Abelardo 1686:Manila Metropolitan Theater 1662:Art Deco theaters of Manila 1444:, built on the site of the 1303: 654: 10: 5670: 3541:"Fernando Zialcita, Ph.D." 3069:Robertson, James Alexander 2834:"Philippine Rice Terraces" 2608:Culture of the Philippines 2226:public-private partnership 1829: 1659: 1394: 1307: 1100: 919: 888: 884: 852: 751:is cognate with the Malay 526: 484: 45:Culture of the Philippines 5613: 5572: 5532: 5274: 5194: 5113: 4998: 4832: 4823: 4702: 4693: 4509: 4500: 4382: 4373: 4306: 4275: 4266: 4209: 4201:Other Cultural Properties 4191:Works of National Artists 4144: 4133: 4122:Intramuros Administration 4075: 4017:October 31, 2020, at the 4012:San Agustin Church Photos 2774:10.1016/j.jaa.2018.05.005 2319: 1678:cinema in the Philippines 1610:Gabaldon School Buildings 1586:University of Santo Tomas 1262:Intramuros Administration 976:Austronesian architecture 967:, and other countries of 848: 412:neoclassical architecture 5334:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4621:House of Representatives 4514:Administrative divisions 4186:National Heritage Houses 3497:Rodell, Paul A. (2002). 2558:Don Tomás Bautista Mapúa 2131:Iloilo Convention Center 2125:Iloilo Convention Center 1865:Fernando Nakpil-Zialcita 1808:American colonial period 1514:With the arrival of the 1479:that was protected by a 471:Classical – Early modern 406:as a consequence of the 5654:Arts in the Philippines 5595:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 2618:Arts in the Philippines 2335:Sinadumparan in Sabtang 2034:or the Little Theater, 1854:Spanish colonial period 1702:Old Jaro Municipal Hall 1600:) who is known for the 1590:Beaux-Arts architecture 1434:Miguel López de Legazpi 1391:Colonial fortifications 1369:Miguel López de Legazpi 1176: 1167: 1161: 1155: 1112: 945: 931: 728: 701:vernacular architecture 36:Part of a series on the 5218:Philippines portal 4762:Science and technology 3947:Arkitekturang Filipino 2682:Luengo, Pedro (2012). 2443: 2294:private land ownership 2252: 2020:Brutalist architecture 1982: 1921:Carlos Raúl Villanueva 1905:Carlos A. Santos-Viola 1838:American colonial rule 1802:in 1909 as one of the 1769: 1722:Far Eastern University 1673: 1638:Far Eastern University 1511: 1425: 1412: 1335: 1260:on June 17, 2022. The 1131: 940: 500: 431:Brutalist architecture 57: 28: 5173:Sport and martial art 4589:Executive departments 3470:10.22459/A.09.2006.17 3378:on September 26, 2007 3012:on September 25, 2015 2844:on September 17, 2016 2564:, currently known as 2435:The heritage town of 2434: 2243: 2143:Megaworld Corporation 2079:Stations of the Cross 2030:or the Main Theater, 1977: 1846:Roman Catholic Church 1764: 1671:First United Building 1669: 1539:Philippine Commission 1508:neoclassical building 1501: 1404: 1325: 1308:Further information: 1110: 929: 889:Further information: 877:which were a type of 764:Maguindanao Sultanate 566:) is the traditional 494: 316:Sport and martial art 56: 21: 5509:United Arab Emirates 5269:Architecture of Asia 5038:Fashion and clothing 4879:Environmental issues 4806:Water and sanitation 4643:Regional Trial Court 4488:World Heritage Sites 3688:on December 22, 2015 3602:on February 18, 2013 3045:on December 30, 2015 2441:New 7 Wonders Cities 2135:Iloilo Business Park 1281:terraced (rowhouses) 1209:in the Visayas, and 1085:Rizal Shrine Dapitan 1083:The Casa Redonda at 497:Ifugao Rice Terraces 408:Spanish–American War 389:Spanish colonization 156:Fashion and clothing 5536:limited recognition 5028:Cultural properties 4794:Tourist attractions 4341:Japanese occupation 3858:"Leandro V. Locsin" 3628:. November 23, 2012 3409:on October 12, 2012 3039:morolandhistory.com 2975:The Maranaw Torogan 2838:National Geographic 2552:José María Zaragoza 2462:World Heritage List 1992:Tanghalang Pambansa 1931:Contemporary period 1789:reinforced concrete 1676:During the rise of 1606:The Mansion, Baguio 1543:American occupation 1381:World Heritage Site 1201:in southern Luzon, 1134:The arrival of the 905:World Heritage Site 511:Maintenance of the 462:World Heritage Site 187:Cultural Properties 128:Arts and literature 5043:Historical markers 4901:Indigenous peoples 4777:Telecommunications 4551:Political families 4392:Biosphere reserves 4181:National Monuments 3756:. October 20, 2014 3347:The New York Times 3118:on August 16, 2018 3106:Irwin, Michael R. 2874:on October 7, 2016 2600:Philippines portal 2444: 2253: 2065:for Architecture, 2040:Manila Film Center 1983: 1907:'s designs on the 1893:INC Central Temple 1850:established church 1770: 1674: 1656:Art Deco buildings 1594:William E. Parsons 1528:Roman architecture 1512: 1477:Kingdom of Maynila 1426:Fuerza de Santiago 1413: 1410:Intramuros, Manila 1336: 1310:Earthquake Baroque 1234:architectural code 1132: 1122:. Pictured is the 941: 867:in the islands of 747:(tower). The word 501: 336:Philippines portal 197:Historical markers 98:indigenous peoples 58: 29: 5641: 5640: 5578:other territories 5236: 5235: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5100:Traditional games 4935:Income inequality 4918:Human trafficking 4819: 4818: 4782:Telephone numbers 4689: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4556:Political parties 4529:Foreign relations 4496: 4495: 4369: 4368: 4354:Marcos presidency 4345:Postcolonial era 4225: 4224: 4196:Marked Structures 4097:National Archives 3979:on March 14, 2007 3868:on April 16, 2013 3480:978-1-920942-85-4 3439:on March 19, 2014 3322:on April 21, 2017 3289:on April 16, 2013 3202:Nhcpmanila's Blog 3065:Blair, Emma Helen 2530:Leandro V. Locsin 2385:particularly has 2075:Vicente Manansala 2036:Folks Art Theater 2005:Leandro V. Locsin 1960:Batasang Pambansa 1935:The aftermath of 1858:Iglesia ni Cristo 1798:was built by the 1718:Isabelo Tampingco 1630:Insular Ice Plant 1055:Cordillera Region 830:Sultanate of Sulu 743:(stronghold) and 370: 369: 5661: 5631: 5621: 5620: 5590:Christmas Island 5276:Sovereign states 5263: 5256: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5226: 5225: 5216: 5215: 5214: 4996: 4995: 4950:Overseas workers 4872:Higher education 4830: 4829: 4700: 4699: 4638:Court of Appeals 4594:Executive office 4562: 4561: 4507: 4506: 4380: 4379: 4321:Pre-colonial era 4273: 4272: 4252: 4245: 4238: 4229: 4228: 4176:National Shrines 4139: 4112:National Library 4061: 4054: 4047: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3975:. Archived from 3968: 3966: 3964: 3955:. Archived from 3935: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3864:. 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Archived from 3103: 3097: 3096: 3090: 3086: 3084: 3076: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3041:. Archived from 3031: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3011: 3006:. Archived from 2995: 2989: 2988: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2954:. April 29, 2015 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2870:. Archived from 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2795: 2786: 2785: 2757: 2748: 2747: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2679: 2602: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2566:Mapúa University 2346: 2332: 1964:National Theater 1874:Sampaloc, Manila 1773:El Fraile Island 1757:El Fraile Island 1751:Juan M. Arellano 1742:for Architecture 1714:Juan M. Arellano 1706:Juan M. Arellano 1694:Juan M. Arellano 1428: 1199:Boac, Marinduque 1179: 1170: 1164: 1159:gave way to the 1158: 1146:into a uniquely 1117: 1080: 1065: 1046: 1027: 1011: 950: 934: 662:Kamhatik village 639: 615: 565: 562: 559: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 424:Second World War 362: 355: 348: 333: 262: 46: 37: 31: 30: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5609: 5577: 5568: 5549:Northern Cyprus 5535: 5528: 5270: 5267: 5237: 5232: 5212: 5210: 5182: 5109: 5078:Public holidays 4994: 4923:Sex trafficking 4815: 4681: 4599:Law enforcement 4560: 4492: 4456:Protected areas 4365: 4334:American period 4302: 4262: 4256: 4226: 4221: 4205: 4148: 4146: 4140: 4131: 4117:National Museum 4079: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4028: 4019:Wayback Machine 4002: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3960: 3959:on June 9, 2007 3951: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3913: 3911:Further reading 3908: 3898: 3896: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3837:Ivan About Town 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3725: 3724: 3717: 3715: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3648: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3626:Philstar Global 3620: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3570: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3527:DS664 .R63 2001 3511: 3495: 3488: 3481: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3395: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3310: 3309: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3279:"Fort Santiago" 3277: 3276: 3272: 3260: 3251: 3239: 3232: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3177:on May 28, 2014 3165:Noche, Manuel. 3163: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3139: 3138: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3104: 3100: 3088: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3071:, eds. (1903). 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3033: 3032: 3025: 3015: 3013: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2919: 2915: 2902: 2900: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2796: 2789: 2758: 2751: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2698: 2691: 2680: 2673: 2669: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2575: 2526: 2510:Puerto Princesa 2429: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2347: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2322: 2244:Plaza Rizal in 2238: 2210:Candaba Viaduct 2186: 2167:festivals. The 2151:Franklin Drilon 2127: 2111:Antipolo Church 2095: 2093:Antipolo Church 2083:Napoleon Abueva 2063:National Artist 2059:National Museum 1997:Roxas Boulevard 1972: 1933: 1863:Anthropologist 1834: 1828: 1804:harbor defenses 1783:, due south of 1759: 1740:national artist 1738:, a Philippine 1710:National Museum 1664: 1658: 1496: 1462: 1418: 1399: 1393: 1377:Martín de Goiti 1373:Juan de Salcedo 1320: 1306: 1226: 1128:Calamba, Laguna 1105: 1099: 1094: 1087: 1081: 1072: 1066: 1057: 1047: 1038: 1028: 1019: 1012: 924: 918: 893: 887: 861: 853:Main articles: 851: 839: 733: 710: 694:National Museum 657: 650: 640: 631: 616: 563: 560: 557: 553: 550: 547: 544: 534: 532:Maranao torogan 529: 489: 483: 478: 473: 384:architectures. 366: 334: 260: 239:Public holidays 44: 35: 12: 11: 5: 5667: 5657: 5656: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5625: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5581: 5579: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5280: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5265: 5258: 5251: 5243: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5220: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4884:Climate change 4876: 4875: 4874: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4801:Transportation 4798: 4797: 4796: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4774: 4769: 4767:Stock exchange 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4570: 4568: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4461:National parks 4453: 4448: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4431: 4429:Extreme points 4426: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4407:Climate change 4399: 4394: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4359:Fifth Republic 4356: 4351: 4349:Third Republic 4343: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4329:Spanish period 4323: 4318: 4312: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4279: 4277: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: articles 4255: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4152: 4150: 4142: 4141: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4083: 4081: 4073: 4072: 4064: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4026: 4021: 4009: 3989: 3969: 3949: 3942: 3941:External links 3939: 3937: 3936: 3930: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3879: 3862:Arkitektura.ph 3849: 3823: 3793: 3767: 3739: 3699: 3668: 3639: 3613: 3583: 3561: 3532: 3509: 3486: 3479: 3450: 3420: 3389: 3359: 3333: 3300: 3283:Arkitektura.ph 3270: 3249: 3230: 3214: 3188: 3157: 3129: 3098: 3056: 3023: 2990: 2983: 2965: 2939: 2913: 2885: 2855: 2825: 2806:(3): 195–214. 2787: 2749: 2734: 2709: 2689: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2604: 2603: 2587: 2584: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2540:Juan F. Nakpil 2537: 2525: 2522: 2428: 2425: 2348: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2310:seasonal raids 2278:, less common 2237: 2234: 2185: 2182: 2126: 2123: 2107:Jose de Ocampo 2094: 2091: 2077:depicting the 2071:Alfredo Juinio 2067:Leandro Locsin 2049:chapel in the 2003:. Designed by 1971: 1968: 1946:filipinization 1932: 1929: 1909:Central Temple 1897:Central Temple 1827: 1824: 1794:shaped like a 1758: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1657: 1654: 1642:Quiapo, Manila 1634:Daniel Burnham 1598:Daniel Burnham 1558:Daniel Burnham 1495: 1492: 1461: 1458: 1450:Rajah Sulayman 1417: 1414: 1395:Main article: 1392: 1389: 1305: 1302: 1225: 1222: 1203:Iloilo, Iloilo 1195:Taal, Batangas 1120:Spanish period 1101:Main article: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1075: 1073: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1048: 1041: 1039: 1029: 1022: 1020: 1013: 1006: 969:Southeast Asia 920:Main article: 917: 914: 886: 883: 850: 847: 838: 835: 834: 833: 823: 810: 793: 737:fortifications 732: 727: 718:Fortifications 714:thalassocratic 709: 708:Fortifications 706: 705: 704: 697: 690:Tagalog people 670:Mount Maclayao 656: 653: 652: 651: 643:Daru Jambangan 641: 634: 632: 630:(c. 1908–1924) 628:Maranao people 617: 610: 561:sleeping place 533: 530: 528: 525: 518:tribal culture 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 368: 367: 365: 364: 357: 350: 342: 339: 338: 326: 325: 324: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 265: 264: 256: 255: 254: 253: 248: 247: 246: 236: 231: 230: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 199: 194: 189: 184: 176: 175: 171: 170: 169: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 130: 129: 125: 124: 123: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 101: 100: 95: 85: 84: 83: 73: 65: 64: 60: 59: 49: 48: 40: 39: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5666: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5624: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5559:South Ossetia 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5252: 5250: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5229: 5221: 5219: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5168:Sign language 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4896:Ethnic groups 4894: 4890: 4889:Deforestation 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4747:National debt 4745: 4743: 4742:Fiscal policy 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4633:Supreme Court 4631: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4536: 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3074: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3028: 3010: 3005: 3004:The Telegraph 3001: 2994: 2986: 2984:971-23-2017-0 2980: 2976: 2969: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2910: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2792: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2754: 2745: 2738: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2705: 2704: 2696: 2694: 2685: 2678: 2676: 2671: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2546:Pablo Antonio 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2439:, one of the 2438: 2433: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2345: 2331: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2289:bahay na bato 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264:public square 2261: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2246:Biñan, Laguna 2242: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218:Adelino Sitoy 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2202:Cordova, Cebu 2199: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2173:Paraw Regatta 2170: 2166: 2165:Paraw Regatta 2162: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1956:bahay na bato 1953: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1842:anti-colonial 1839: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800:United States 1797: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1763: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1746:Pablo Antonio 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It was the 1435: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1421:Fort Santiago 1416:Fort Santiago 1411: 1407: 1406:Fort Santiago 1403: 1398: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365:conquistadors 1362: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344:many churches 1341: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1294:Bahay na bato 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1274:Guiller Asido 1269: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1251: 1250:Bahay na bato 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1177:bahay na bato 1172: 1169: 1168:bahay na bato 1163: 1162:bahay na bato 1157: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1114:Bahay na Bato 1109: 1104: 1103:Bahay na bato 1097:Bahay na bato 1086: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1051:Ifugao people 1045: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1032:Mabini Shrine 1026: 1021: 1017: 1010: 1005: 1004: 1003: 999: 995: 993: 990: 986: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 949: 948: 938: 933: 928: 923: 913: 911: 906: 903: 899: 892: 882: 880: 876: 875: 871:. 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