160:(UN) for the five sovereign states as archipelagic states respects existing agreements with other countries and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring countries in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters. The terms and conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities, including the nature, the extent and the areas to which they apply, shall, at the request of any of the countries concerned, be regulated by bilateral agreements between them. Such rights shall not be transferred to or shared with third countries or their nationals.
184:: both ships an aircraft can use the archipelagic waters, the right of passage is non-suspensible, submarines can navigate while submerged, etc. Article 54 in particular explicitly incorporates Articles 39, 30, 42, and 44 (that cover the transit passage) into ASLP. The main difference between the transit passage and ASLP is that in case of ASLP the ship can opt instead for an innocent passage, while the transit passage provides no such alternative. Both transit passage and ASLP regimes, with the ability to launch and receive aircraft, perform maneuvers and navigate underwater, are primarily designed for warships.
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129:). Under this concept ("archipelagic doctrine"), an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit, so that the waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, irrespective of their breadth and dimensions, are subject to its exclusive sovereignty (while allowing ships from other countries to exercise the
191:
that will be subject of ASLP and "include all normal routes used for international navigation or overflight". If the state does not do so, the default sea lanes will correspond to "the routes normally used for international navigation". Ships should not deviate more than 25 miles off the designated
137:
at their choice). The baselines must enclose the main islands of the archipelago and the enclosed water to land ratio must be "between 1:1 and 9:1". The lower end of this ratio was chosen to exclude states with a lot of land, like Japan, while the higher end prevents a group of highly scattered
1660:
Analysis on the legitimacy of the
Declaration of the Dominican Republic as an Archipelagic State and its legality under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the international
1659:
266:
that settled the issue for the islands of mainland countries, but not for the mid-ocean archipelagoes. UNCLOS III finally settled the issue prompted by a proposal submitted by Fuji, Indonesia,
1405:
145:
The exact status of archipelagic waters is subject to interpretation. For example, both the
Philippines and Indonesia consider their archipelagic waters to be more sovereign that the
138:
islands from putting claims on a very large body of water. The ratio was proposed during UNCLOS negotiations by the
Bahamas in order to include all five original archipelagic states.
211:. In the absence of international law, the claims of these states to the waters between the islands were based on internal laws (Indonesia) or interpretation of treaties (the
85:
have sought to claim archipelagic status. Few countries comprise an archipelago in a geographical sense, but chose not to claim the archipelagic state status, including
207:
The concept of an archipelagic state became a matter of consideration when the potential beneficiaries (Bahamas, Fiji, Indonesia, Philippines) gained independence post-
250:(ILC) proposing a definition of an archipelago as three or more islands in the mid-ocean separated by no more than 10 miles, with the body of water in between being
1635:
125:
Archipelagic states are composed of groups of islands that form a state as a single unit, the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters (
228:
216:
32:
1305:
is very complex, as the country is located at a meeting point of several tectonic plates. Indonesia is located between two continental plates:
215:
for
Philippines). At the same time, the economic activity involving the sea resources grew in importance, prompting, for example, the 1945
1676:
Priestnall, Graham (1997). "The
Regimes of Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage and Straits' Transit Passage – Similarities and Differences".
142:
can be used for baselines, provided that they have lighthouses built on them, or lie within the territorial water of an actual island.
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1519:"PART IV ARCHIPELAGIC STATES: Article 51 – Existing agreements, traditional fishing rights and existing submarine cables"
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have sought to claim archipelagic status by utilising the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea provisions.
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Discussions about the status of waters between the islands of an archipelago date back to 1924, when
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270:, and the Philippines. The codification comprises nine articles of the Part IV of the UNCLOS.
181:
1366:"Preamble to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Article 46 – Use of Terms"
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proposed grouping the islands together when considering the limits of territorial waters.
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Oegroseno, Arif Havas (2014-10-30). "Archipelagic States: From
Concept to Law".
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An archipelagic state can designate the waters between the islands as sovereign
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An example of archipelagic waters claim using underwater features as "land" (
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This is a list of the current archipelagic states in the world. These 22
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1384:"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982"
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on 10 December 1982 and qualified as the archipelagic states.
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is continental while some small offshore islands are oceanic.
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176:) is specific to archipelagic waters and is similar to the
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1611:"United Nations Environment Programme – Island Directory"
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After an early attempt to define archipelagic waters as
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are the five original official archipelagic states.
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246:failed, the efforts restarted in 1952 with the
63:that obtained approval in the UNCLOS signed in
33:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
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16:Island country that consists of an archipelago
1707:The IMLI Manual on International Maritime Law
31:. The designation is legally defined by the
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1321:); and between two oceanic plates: the
834:Two archipelagos with two main islands
75:
1734:
1104:One archipelago with two main islands
993:One archipelago with two main islands
872:One archipelago with the main island (
575:One archipelago with two main islands
536:One archipelago with two main islands
485:One archipelago with the main island (
254:. The proposal was objected to by the
108:
957:One archipelago with one main island
687:One archipelago with one main island
244:1930 Hague Conference on Codification
632:) shared with four other countries (
187:An archipelagic state can designate
616:One archipelago with four islands (
13:
1715:10.1093/law/9780199683925.003.0005
81:As of 20 June 2015, a total of 22
14:
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227:of the Philippines, and the 1957
1638:. WorldAtlas.com. Archived from
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953:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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1636:"Island Countries Of The World"
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1290:Carriacou and Petite Martinique
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876:) shared with another country (
489:) shared with another country (
1690:10.1080/07266472.1997.10878494
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170:archipelagic sea lanes passage
164:Archipelagic sea lanes passage
131:archipelagic sea lanes passage
1:
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27:that consists of one or more
1406:Archipelagic States Practice
248:International Law Commission
7:
1709:. Oxford University Press.
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297:Geographical configuration
274:List of archipelagic states
10:
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1248:List of island countries
262:established the rule of
189:sea lanes and air routes
1451:. Royal Australian Navy
1445:"Semaphore: April 2005"
938:Maritime Southeast Asia
668:Maritime Southeast Asia
340:with two main islands
318:Geographical location
122:
59:are the five original
989:São Tomé and Príncipe
182:international straits
116:
1327:Philippine Sea Plate
1303:geology of Indonesia
1243:List of archipelagos
429:North Atlantic Ocean
396:North Atlantic Ocean
213:1898 Treaty of Paris
156:The approval of the
1589:, pp. 128–129.
1577:, pp. 127–128.
1472:, pp. 129–130.
1195:South Pacific Ocean
1159:South Pacific Ocean
1100:Trinidad and Tobago
1081:South Pacific Ocean
934:North Pacific Ocean
896:South Pacific Ocean
811:North Pacific Ocean
723:Three archipelagos
552:South Pacific Ocean
400:Lucayan Archipelago
332:Antigua and Barbuda
229:Djuanda Declaration
217:Truman Proclamation
140:Low-tide elevations
127:archipelagic waters
109:Archipelagic waters
76:archipelagic waters
1107:Continental shelf
1068:Five archipelagos
1049:Seychelles Islands
1029:Four archipelagos
883:Continental shelf
481:Dominican Republic
264:straight baselines
236:territorial waters
149:and closer to the
147:territorial waters
123:
21:archipelagic state
1742:International law
1724:978-0-19-968392-5
1204:
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851:Mascarene Islands
798:Two archipelagos
240:League of Nations
202:Alejandro Alvarez
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1678:Maritime Studies
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223:, 1955 and 1956
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61:sovereign states
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1551:Priestnall 1997
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1536:Priestnall 1997
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1525:. May 13, 2013.
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1390:. May 13, 2013.
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1372:. May 13, 2013.
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1563:Oegroseno 2014
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1684:(96): 1–12.
1681:
1677:
1655:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:the original
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1605:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1553:, p. 4.
1531:
1513:
1501:
1496:, p. 9.
1489:
1477:
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1453:. Retrieved
1448:
1439:
1434:, p. 6.
1412:
1378:
1360:
1297:
1284:
1272:
1045:Indian Ocean
924:101,398,120
906:
857:
847:Indian Ocean
775:Indian Ocean
654:270,203,917
601:
521:
462:Indian Ocean
368:
285:
284:
277:
233:
209:World War II
206:
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186:
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155:
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126:
124:
80:
73:
20:
18:
1319:Sunda Shelf
1311:Sahul Shelf
916:Philippines
664:World Ocean
646:Timor-Leste
501:10,652,000
497:Continental
433:Macaronesia
338:archipelago
303:Population
258:. The 1958
95:New Zealand
65:Montego Bay
57:Philippines
41:The Bahamas
29:archipelago
1736:Categories
1646:2019-08-10
1621:2021-10-24
1337:References
1313:) and the
1288:Including
1110:1,299,953
1025:Seychelles
886:6,732,000
874:New Guinea
837:1,244,663
815:Micronesia
743:Micronesia
690:2,847,232
657:1,904,569
626:New Guinea
487:Hispaniola
415:Cape Verde
310:Population
306:Area (km)
121:"Group 2")
119:Seychelles
55:, and the
37:UNCLOS III
1698:0726-6472
1277:Viti Levu
1199:Melanesia
1163:Polynesia
1085:Melanesia
900:Melanesia
878:Indonesia
830:Mauritius
611:Indonesia
556:Melanesia
315:(per km)
268:Mauritius
49:Indonesia
35:of 1982 (
1455:24 March
1325:and the
1207:See also
1185:243,304
1146:Oceanic
1071:523,000
1032:Oceanic
996:163,000
960:120,000
927:300,000
889:462,840
765:329,198
758:Maldives
729:123,346
726:Oceanic
719:Kiribati
651:Various
638:Malaysia
581:110,000
578:Oceanic
542:859,178
539:Various
452:784,745
419:518,467
386:392,000
260:UNCLOS I
180:for the
1670:Sources
1188:12,190
1178:Vanuatu
1155:475.88
1149:12,373
1074:28,400
1035:87,500
801:62,000
693:10,991
683:Jamaica
622:Sebatik
571:Grenada
545:18,274
504:48,442
448:Comoros
389:13,878
378:Bahamas
348:97,118
344:Oceanic
312:density
242:at the
238:by the
219:by the
196:History
192:lanes.
103:Iceland
69:Jamaica
1721:
1696:
1175:
1139:Tuvalu
1136:
1116:254.4
1113:5,131
1097:
1061:
1022:
1002:169.1
999:1,001
986:
950:
913:
864:
840:2,040
827:
807:342.5
791:
771:1,105
755:
716:
680:
660:124.7
644:, and
634:Brunei
628:, and
618:Borneo
608:
587:319.8
568:
528:
507:208.2
478:
455:2,235
445:
425:125.5
422:4,033
412:
392:23.27
375:
329:
294:State
286:Bolded
101:, and
23:is an
1264:Notes
1191:19.7
1077:18.1
892:14.5
630:Timor
548:46.4
491:Haiti
87:Japan
1719:ISBN
1694:ISSN
1682:1997
1457:2020
1301:The
1041:192
1038:455
966:307
963:389
930:295
843:610
804:181
768:298
735:152
732:811
696:252
584:344
531:Fiji
458:275
354:194
351:440
336:One
174:ASLP
99:Cuba
45:Fiji
1711:doi
1686:doi
1661:law
1152:26
648:).
133:or
39:).
19:An
1738::
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1521:.
1447:.
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1727:.
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1624:.
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1317:(
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1292:.
172:(
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