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Working with
William Bateson, Garrod came to understand the pattern of alkaptonuria appearance in children based on Mendelian principles. Once he applied Mendel's concepts to alkaptonuria, he published a paper in 1902 called “The Incidence of Alkaptonuria: A Study of Chemical Individuality”. In the
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is not the same as the scientific spirit. The scientific spirit does not rest content with applying that which is already known, but is a restless spirit, ever pressing forward towards the regions of the unknown, ... it acts as a check, as well as a stimulus, sifting the value of the evidence, and
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In 1900, the same mother became pregnant. Once the baby was born, Garrod had nurses closely inspecting the baby's diaper. Sure enough, they noted the appearance of the black urine 52 hours after the baby was born. Garrod subsequently deduced that the condition, alkaptonuria, was innate. Looking at
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In his paper, Garrod focuses on the concept of “chemical individuality” without any prior knowledge of what would come to be known as genes. He writes, “Owing, as I believe, to their chemical individuality different human beings differ widely in their liability to individual maladies, and to some
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In 1897, a mother arrived at the Great Ormand Street
Hospital with an infant and a diaper stained brownish-black. Dr. Garrod recorded the family history of the baby and kept tabs on the newborn's growth over the years. He quickly began seeking other patients with the same disorder and found forty
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In the 1890s he collaborated with
Frederick Gowland Hopkins, a well-known and respected London physician and biochemist who studied the concept of how vitamins, then known as “accessory factors”, effect dietary health of patients. Under Hopkins's influence and led by his own childhood fascination
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In 1892, he was appointed assistant physician at the Great Ormand Street
Hospital. Dronamraju writes, “He was interested in studies of normal and pathological urine, especially in differences of their coloration. It is of interest that his interest in butterflies and flowers in childhood was also
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According to
Krishna Dronamraju, Garrod displayed an interest in natural history from an early age and was particularly interested in butterflies. At the age of 12, he began collecting them and noted how few female butterflies were present, musing over possible inheritance patterns in mammals.
587:, and was made an honorary member of the American Association of Physicians, and of the Ă„rztlicher Verein in Munich. He received honorary degrees from the universities of Aberdeen, Dublin, Glasgow, Malta, and Padua. In 1935 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the
206:. Garrod's father also successfully estimated the weight of crystals he obtained from a known quantity of blood, resulting in what Garrod called “the first quantitative biochemical investigation made on the living human body”. Garrod's eldest brother
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Over the next decade he developed an understanding of the possible nature of inherited diseases of metabolism. He described the nature of recessive inheritance of most enzyme defects. In 1908, the core of this work was presented as the
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Alkaptonuria is a rare familial disease of organic acid metabolism that is best known for the darkening of urine from yellow to brown to black after it is exposed to the air. In later life, individuals with this disease develop
237:. He performed poorly at Marlborough, struggling due to his lack of interest in classics, especially Latin prose and grammar. He graduated with a First-class Honours (or a "First") degree in natural science in 1878.
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The
Canadian Association of Centres for the Management of Hereditary Metabolic Diseases is commonly referred to as the Garrod Association to honor his contributions to the field of inborn errors of metabolism.
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in London, where he obtained several scholarships including the competitive
Brackenbury Scholarship. Garrod graduated in 1884 and then spent a year studying in Vienna at the general hospital, known as the
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Charles Keene, a cousin, frequently visited Garrod's childhood home. Keene was an illustrator for the magazine Punch for over 40 years. Influenced by Keene, Garrod wrote an illustrated booklet called
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paper, Garrod explains how he came to understand the condition and speculates as to its causes. He cites various case studies and compares alkaptonuria to albinism in how it's inherited.
198:, a renowned physician who received his medical degree at the age of 23 and became a professor of medicine at University College, London by the time he was 32. He discovered the abnormal
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214:; Herbert Baring Garrod, his other elder brother also had a successful career, both as a barrister-at-law and as a scholar, writing "Dante, Goethe's Faust, and Other Lectures".
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Over the next 20 years he served on the attending staff of several hospitals in London: Marylebone
General Dispensary, West London Hospital, St. Bartholomew's Hospital,
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Garrod was a proponent of scientific research as the foundation of medical practice, and published on a variety of diseases and topics throughout his career, including
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916:"Diseases of children : a short introduction to their study / by various authors ; edited by Archibald E. Garrod, Frederick E. Batten and Hugh Thursfield"
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pattern of inheritance, and postulated that it was caused by a mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme involved in the metabolism of a class of compounds called
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Garrod is best known for his scientific study of inborn errors of metabolism. He developed an increasing interest in chemical pathology, and investigated
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Two of his three sons were killed in action during the war: Thomas Martin Garrod aged 20 in 1915 and Alfred Noel Garrod aged 28 in 1916.
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As it became clearer that he had pioneered a new field of medicine, Garrod was increasingly honored in
England and abroad. He succeeded
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276:, an archaeologist who was the first woman to hold an Oxbridge chair, partly through her pioneering work on the Palaeolithic period.
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Archibald Garrod, Archibald Garrod, "The
Scientific Spirit in Medicine: Inaugural Sessional Address to the Abernethian Society",
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related to color differences and biological variation, and it may well have helped to sharpen his perception in this regard.”
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484:) to the realization that a whole territory of mysterious diseases might be understood as inherited disorders of metabolism.
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Bearn, AG; Miller, ED (Fall 1979). "Archibald Garrod and the development of the concept of inborn errors of metabolism".
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rejecting that which is worthless, and restraining too eager flights of the imagination and too hasty conclusions.
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A Handbook of Medical Pathology, for the Use of Students in the Museum of St Bartholomew's Hospital (1894), with
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his records, Garrod noticed that alkaptonuria was more likely to occur in the children of first cousins.
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was a successful ornithologist that named a number of bird taxa and studied specimens from the
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with color variations, he took particular notice of how the color of urine changed.
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cases and read up on the disorder, the first instance of which was noted in 1822.
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to provide a forum for more fundamental research into the processes of disease.
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biography (An English archival website with a brief but more detailed biography)
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The Science of Human Perfection: HOW GENES BECAME THE HEART OF AMERICAN MEDICINE
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Clinical Diagnosis, Rudolf Von Jaksch, edited by Garrod (London, 5th ed., 1905)
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He married Laura Elizabeth Smith in 1886. They had three sons and a daughter,
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He died at the Cambridge home of his daughter after a brief illness in 1936.
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559:. These three inborn errors, along with alkaptonuria are collectively called
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344: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
750:"Sir Archibald Garrod and Alkaptonuria –'story of metabolic genetics'"
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Diseases of Children (1913), with F.E. Batten & Hugh Thursfield
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and disease. This research, combined with the new understanding of
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974:"The Incidence of Alkaptonuria: A Study in Chemical Individuality"
951:. United States of America: Yale University Press. pp. 1–28.
814:"BIOGRAPHY Profiles in Genetics: Archibald E. Garrod (1857-1936)"
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The Incidence of Alkaptonuria: a Study in Chemical Individuality
249:. His experiences in Vienna formed the basis for his 1886 work,
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The Nebulae: A Fragment of Astronomical History (Oxford, 1882)
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In 1919, his third son, Basil Rahere Garrod died, aged 21, in
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Hopkins, F. G. (1938). "Archibald Edward Garrod. 1857-1936".
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Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
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Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
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Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
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A Treatise on Rheumatism and Rheumatoid Arthritis (1890)
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for Children, and Alexandra Hospital for Children with
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extent in the signs and symptoms which they exhibit”.
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An Introduction to the Use of the Laryngoscope (1886)
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Regius Professors of Medicine (University of Oxford)
437:A Treatise on Rheumatism and Rheumatoid Arthritis
240:In 1880, he received further medical training at
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700:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
512:characterized by deposition of brown pigment in
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251:An Introduction to the Use of the Laryngoscope,
433:An Introduction to the Use of the Laryngoscope
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178:, understanding its inheritance. He served as
1060:Archibald Garrod and the Individuality of Man
748:Prasad, C; Galbraith, Pa (1 September 2005).
464:Alkaptonuria and inborn errors of metabolism
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1023:Bynum, W.F. and Porter, Roy (eds.) (2005).
858:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1025:Oxford Dictionary of Scientific Quotations
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732:"Garrod, Sir Archibald Edward (1857–1936)"
163:(25 November 1857 – 28 March 1936) was an
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1062:, Alexander Gordon Bearn (Oxford, 1993).
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404:Learn how and when to remove this message
96:St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College
879:Casualty Details – GARROD, THOMAS MARTIN
292:in recognition of his wartime services.
265:from Oxford, and became a member of the
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903:Casualty Details – GARROD, BASIL RAHERE
736:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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1149:People educated at Marlborough College
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891:Casualty Details – GARROD, ALFRED NOEL
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577:Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford
472:chemistry as a reflection of systemic
446:He helped edit a pediatrics textbook,
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632:, translated by Garrod (London, 1896)
219:A Handbook of Classical Architecture.
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647:The Inborn Factors of Disease (1931)
342:adding citations to reliable sources
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194:Archibald was the fourth son of Sir
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905:. CWGC. Retrieved on 29 June 2014.
893:. CWGC. Retrieved on 29 June 2014.
881:. CWGC. Retrieved on 29 June 2014.
818:American Journal of Human Genetics
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669:St. Bartholomew's Hospital Journal
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854:"Garrod, Dorothy Annie Elizabeth"
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1129:Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford
767:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00487.x
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1124:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
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329:needs additional citations for
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734:, rev. Alexander G. Bearn, in
628:A Treatise on Cholelithiasis,
583:in 1910, was appointed to the
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993:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)41972-6
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441:Quarterly Journal of Medicine
1134:Fellows of the Royal Society
812:Dronamraju, Krishna (1992).
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439:(1890). He helped found the
418:Great Ormond Street Hospital
253:which was very well received
180:Regius Professor of Medicine
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947:Comfort, Nathaniel (2012).
641:(1909), second edition 1923
639:Inborn Errors of metabolism
581:Fellow of the Royal Society
545:Royal College of Physicians
267:Royal College of Physicians
202:metabolism associated with
190:Education and personal life
172:inborn errors of metabolism
170:who pioneered the field of
152:Sir Archibald Edward Garrod
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972:Garrod, Archibald (1902).
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257:In 1885 he obtained his
247:Allgemeines Krankenhaus
713:10.1098/rsbm.1938.0002
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478:Mendelian inheritance
458:James Hugh Thursfield
212:Challenger Expedition
174:. He also discovered
91:Christ Church, Oxford
449:Diseases of Children
338:improve this article
259:Bachelor of Medicine
235:University of Oxford
196:Alfred Baring Garrod
184:University of Oxford
140:University of Oxford
1159:English eugenicists
920:Wellcome Collection
623:Sir W.P. Herringham
579:. He was elected a
525:autosomal recessive
310:Professional career
227:Marlborough College
225:He was educated at
208:Alfred Henry Garrod
186:from 1920 to 1927.
860:. Encyclopedia.com
353:"Archibald Garrod"
958:978-0-300-16991-1
754:Clinical Genetics
659:scientific method
541:Croonian Lectures
521:connective tissue
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136:Institutions
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109:Alkaptonuria
70:(1936-03-28)
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1109:1936 deaths
1104:1857 births
675:, 19 (1912)
435:(1886) and
304:Spanish flu
302:during the
284:During the
1098:Categories
681:References
553:pentosuria
549:cystinuria
474:metabolism
364:newspapers
306:pandemic.
269:, London.
49:1857-11-25
776:1399-0004
652:Quotation
535:in 1902.
517:cartilage
510:arthritis
200:uric acid
168:physician
84:Education
78:, England
76:Cambridge
59:, England
1051:Archived
1034:. 241:5.
784:16098007
665:—
557:albinism
529:alkapton
130:Medicine
113:Albinism
1011:8784780
1002:2230159
840:1609799
831:1682897
792:8599208
567:Honours
543:to the
378:scholar
300:Cologne
182:at the
165:English
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126:Fields
57:London
977:(PDF)
788:S2CID
599:Death
514:joint
470:urine
385:JSTOR
371:books
158:
1083:PMID
1064:ISBN
1028:ISBN
1007:PMID
953:ISBN
927:2022
866:2013
836:PMID
780:PMID
772:ISSN
657:...
519:and
456:and
357:news
261:and
229:and
204:gout
156:KCMG
65:Died
43:Born
997:PMC
989:doi
826:PMC
762:doi
709:doi
575:as
424:.
340:by
160:FRS
28:FRS
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