371:(first MA awarded in 1840) broke away from the ancient English model by treating the MA as a distinct higher degree, awarded after further examination. However, by instituting further study beyond the initial baccalaureate, these universities can be seen to have reverted to the ancient model. Most modern universities followed their lead, with the Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin system becoming the exception. Some universities adopted the ancient model temporarily, allowing progression within the same faculty, such as from BSc to MSc, but later switched to the newer system.
281:
533:
400:
193:
589:(the academic and senior staff of the university) have at least the degree of DD, DM, DCL or MA or have MA status. This linked back to the MA as the licence to teach in the university. MA status was thus routinely granted to academics from other universities who came to take up positions within the university; while it is no longer granted in this way, many members of Congregation appointed before 2000 retain MA status.
277:
century, the practice had largely become a formality, and students could meet residency requirements (once fulfilled by attending lectures) simply by keeping their names on the college books. In 1800, Oxford introduced modern-style examinations for the BA and MA degrees, but the MA examination was abolished in 1807.
261:, after completing part of their studies. The division between the trivium and quadrivium did not always correspond to the division between the BA and MA degrees, though it was adopted at Cambridge during the Tudor period and remained in place long after other European universities had moved away from it. At the
1115:
The M.A. degree at Oxford and
Cambridge had degenerated, and was granted to Bachelors of three years' standing on the payment of certain fees. At Durham, the B.A. had to keep residence for three extra terms and pass what seems to have been an honours examination to proceed to the Master's degree, and
352:
Although the length of undergraduate degree programs has been reduced to three or four years in all subjects, the MA degree at Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin is still awarded roughly seven years after matriculation. This reflects the fact that much of the liberal arts education has been transferred to
272:
Upon being admitted to the degree of Master of Arts, a student would become a full member of the university and gain the right to vote in the
Convocation. The new MA could then teach at the university for a set number of years, during which time they were referred to as a 'regent' or 'regent master.'
484:
only had the power to discipline "junior members" (those who had not been admitted to membership of
Convocation), which meant that any graduate student who had incepted as an MA was immune from their authority. At Cambridge, MAs and those with MA status continue to be exempt from the rules governing
464:
for each university. Inception to the MA degree was the principal way of becoming a member of these bodies, though it is not the only way, e.g. at Oxford
Doctors of Divinity, Medicine and Civil Law were always also automatically members of Convocation. Today, the main role of Convocation and Senate
325:
Reforms in the late 16th century allowed some ordinary undergraduates to bypass the BA stage altogether. Previously, it was necessary to wait three years after earning a BA to become a bachelor of laws or medicine, but after paying a fine, students could leave college after three years of residence
305:
at Oxford—paid twice the standard fees, dined with the fellows, and were exempt from attending lectures and performing exercises required for the BA. They could graduate a year earlier than students in lower ranks. However, at
Cambridge, both higher categories were still required to take the Senate
160:
are sometimes awarded for the examinations leading to the BA degree, the style "MA (Hons)" is not used. The abbreviated name of the university (Oxon, Cantab or Dubl) is often appended in parentheses to the initials "MA" (e.g. "John Smith, MA (Cantab)), so that it is clear that these are nominal and
616:
awarded the Master of Arts in this manner from its origins as King's
College. Its first commencement was held in 1758, and three years later, in 1761, three of the five members of the original graduation class were promoted to Master of Arts. The practice was abolished by the Board of Trustees in
292:
From at least the 16th century, noblemen formed the most select group of undergraduates, paying four times the normal fees and sometimes receiving an MA degree after just two years of residence, without completing the BA degree. However, many did not stay long enough to graduate. Noblemen were
276:
Over time, it became possible to study in these higher faculties as a BA, although a graduate could not be promoted to a higher degree until they had the seniority required to become an MA. As the requirements for the BA increased, the requirements for the MA gradually diminished. By the 18th
592:
In
Cambridge, the status of MA is automatically accorded to graduates of other universities studying in Cambridge who are aged 24 or older (graduate students under 24 years are given BA status). This entitles them to wear the appropriate Cambridge gown, but without strings.
245:
This system dates back to the Middle Ages when the study of the liberal arts typically took seven years. At that time, students often entered university at a much younger age than is common today, sometimes as young as 14 or 15. The basic university education comprised the
629:
showed that 62% of employers were unaware that the
Cambridge MA did not represent any kind of postgraduate achievement involving study. The same survey found widespread ignorance amongst employers regarding university-level qualifications in general: 51% believed the
120:
At
Cambridge, the MA may be conferred six years after the first term in residence upon holders of a Cambridge BA. The previous rule that the BA must be held for two years before applying for the MA was suspended for many due to delays caused by the
55:
While these universities award postgraduate master's degrees that require further study and examination, they do not award the title 'MA' for any postgraduate degree. This practice differs from that of most universities worldwide, where the
1417:
Catalogue of
Columbia College in the City of New-York : embracing the names of its trustees, officers, and graduates, together with a list of all academical honours conferred by the institution from A.D. 1758 to A.D. 1826,
768:
52:(MA), typically upon application after three or four years after graduation. No further examination or study is required for this promotion, which is a mark of seniority rather than an additional postgraduate qualification.
273:
Upon completing this period of teaching, they would become a 'non-regent master' and either leave the university or remain to pursue further studies in one of the higher faculties—Divinity, Canon or Civil Law, or Medicine.
130:
At Dublin, the MA may be conferred on holders of a Dublin BA after three years, provided they have completed at least nine terms of residence. A fee is payable, though it is waived for graduates of over fifty years'
306:
House Examination to receive an honours degree. Below these were commoners at Oxford or pensioners at Cambridge and Dublin, who paid the standard fees and were more likely to remain and graduate. At the bottom were
144:, a form of mutual recognition among the three universities, a graduate entitled to an MA degree from one institution may have the equivalent title conferred by one of the other two without further examination.
604:
While today only Cambridge, Oxford, and Trinity College, Dublin promote students to the degree of Master of Arts three years after graduation, this was a practice at other colleges before the 20th century.
827:
135:
There are other situations in which the MA may be awarded, such as to members of staff, but these are the most common. Specific regulations can be found in the statutes of the respective universities.
95:
At Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin, a Bachelor of Arts graduate may "incept" as a Master of Arts after a certain period, without further examination or residence but sometimes upon payment of a fee.
656:, to "prohibit universities awarding Master's degrees unless certain standards of study and assessment are met". The bill's second reading debate occurred on 21 October 2011, but ran out of time.
168:
can be inserted between the university names, e.g. "MA (Oxon et Cantab)", etc. as opposed to "MA (Oxon), MA (Cantab)" which would indicate that the holder graduated BA at both universities.
1455:
460:
at Cambridge and Dublin. These were originally important decision-making bodies, approving changes to the statutes of the universities and electing various officials, including the two
772:
596:
For the above cases, the status is not a degree so is automatically relinquished upon leaving the University (in the case of Oxford) or completion of their degree (for Cambridge).
519:. Precedence, standing, and rank were formerly important for determining eligibility for appointments such as fellowships, but now generally have only a ceremonial significance.
550:
417:
210:
452:
The degree of Master of Arts traditionally carried various rights and privileges, the chief of which was membership of the legislative bodies of the universities –
1967:
909:
1972:
1034:
511:
a Master of Arts enjoys precedence, standing, and rank before all doctors, masters, and bachelors of the university who are not Masters of Arts, apart from
1195:
1165:
461:
17:
612:
engaged in this practice from the mid-1600s until 1872. At Yale University, an MA without examination was award from its foundation until 1871. Likewise,
1987:
1766:
1728:
1691:
1654:
485:
the ownership of motor vehicles by students. Other privileges intended for academic staff and alumni, e.g. the right to dine at High Table, to attend
357:, with students now entering university at an older age, typically between 17 and 19. (In France, the school-leaving certificate is still called the
179:
have, since 2007, used Oxf rather than Oxon (also Camb rather than Cantab and Dub rather than Dubl) to match the style used for other universities.
1450:
499:, is now restricted to those who are Irish citizens and since 1918 the franchise was extended to include all graduates, not only those with an MA.
382:
degrees by the University of Dublin between 1904 and 1907, at a time when their own universities refused to confer degrees upon women), some, like
1000:
492:
For Cambridge, membership of the Senate is no longer limited to the MA and in 2000, Oxford opened membership of Convocation to all graduates.
819:
626:
1531:
856:
87:
Upon promotion to MA, graduates no longer wear the academic dress or use the post-nominal letters associated with the Bachelor of Arts.
1627:
1270:
480:
The privileges accorded to MAs and other members of Convocation/Senate were formerly very important. At Oxford, until 1998 the
1388:
489:, to walk upon college lawns, etc., are in most colleges restricted to MAs, which excludes the majority of graduate students.
269:(the matriculation exam), while at Oxford and Cambridge the BA was granted much later and became more significant over time.
326:
to study at the Inns of Court or a teaching hospital, and return for a professional bachelor's degree, as was the case with
743:
664:
840:
1477:
693:
660:
1311:
Statutes and Ordinances of the University of Cambridge and Passages from Acts of Parliament relating to the University
1481:
638:
572:
439:
232:
73:
1681:
161:
unexamined titles. Additionally, the BA degree is not shown alongside the MA award; only the MA should be used.
1620:
1092:
554:
507:
The MA degree gives its holder a particular status in the universities' orders of precedence/seniority. In the
421:
214:
1992:
1977:
1982:
1329:
1908:
1595:
334:
1677:
642:
254:(geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and music), which together took about seven years of full-time study.
1315:
470:
1009:
1613:
1110:
649:
634:
586:
314:
at Cambridge and Dublin, who had their fees subsidized by the college in exchange for menial duties.
77:
1746:
297:
caps, compared to the black ones worn by students of lower social ranks. Students of the next rank—
125:. The MA can also be awarded to senior university or college staff after three years of employment.
1576:
1349:
1226:
1673:
894:
659:
In Ireland, the Master of Arts at Trinity College, Dublin, is not registered with or approved by
631:
543:
474:
410:
203:
37:
935:
1719:
813:
466:
1330:"Regulations for Degrees, Diplomas and Certificates, Part 2: Academic Precedence and Standing"
1780:
1581:
960:
864:
715:
112:
104:
60:
reflects further postgraduate study. As a result, these degrees are often referred to as the
1128:
1894:
1850:
1756:
1742:
1700:
1645:
1277:
719:
688:
508:
368:
341:
and could graduate BA and later MA without taking university exams. Similarly, students at
153:
108:
81:
41:
33:
8:
1885:
1870:
1590:
668:
613:
516:
342:
262:
247:
891:
University of Oxford Examination Decrees and Regulations for the Academic Year 2005–2006
794:
1812:
1737:
1059:
1002:
The 1966 Consolidated Statutes of Trinity College, Dublin, and the University of Dublin
851:
609:
512:
346:
327:
302:
959:"Degrees and Diplomas – II. REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE AWARD OF DEGREES – 4. Masters".
322:
was a subsizar. These distinctions were gradually phased out during the 19th century.
103:(typically seven years after entering the university) upon holders of an Oxford BA or
1904:
1668:
1363:
364:
122:
1433:
496:
495:
For Dublin, the right to elect senators to the upper house of the Irish parliament,
280:
1934:
1890:
1807:
1663:
1415:
1303:"Ordinances Chapter II: Matriculation, Residence, Admission to Degrees, Discipline"
1248:
1200:
1170:
979:
680:
375:
315:
258:
140:
45:
1600:
1212:
1182:
1929:
1913:
1875:
1860:
1827:
1637:
1421:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. New York : Printed by T. and J. Swords.
1302:
1147:
834:
298:
164:
If someone incorporates from one of the above universities to another, the Latin
358:
1899:
1855:
1822:
1705:
1431:
1204:
1174:
1098:
917:
844:
457:
354:
157:
57:
1961:
1227:"Statutes and Ordinances of the University of Cambridge: Statute A Chapter 1"
999:"Chapter XXII: Chapter relating to the Degrees conferred by the University".
285:
100:
1605:
1817:
585:
In Oxford, until 2000 the university statutes required that all members of
338:
319:
1880:
1577:
Ordinances of the University of Cambridge regarding Master of Arts degree
1133:
Regulations of the University of London on the Subject of Degrees in Arts
453:
294:
266:
99:
At Oxford, the MA can be conferred after the twenty-first term following
1506:
1586:
557: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
424: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
383:
251:
217: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1333:
1309:
983:
1775:
1532:"Master's Degrees (Minimum Standards) Bill 2010–2012: Second Reading"
617:
June 1880, when a formal exam for the Master of Arts was introduced.
532:
399:
192:
1116:
for a number of years classes were awarded in the M.A. examination.
307:
257:
During this period, a student would first earn a baccalaureate, or
1582:
University of Oxford, Regulations for the Degree of Master of Arts
1080:, vol. III, 1750–1870, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 68–69
910:"Information about the Master of Arts at the University of Oxford"
481:
1865:
1832:
1751:
936:"CHAPTER V : B.A. DEGREE AND M.A. DEGREE - MASTER OF ARTS"
645:, and 40% thought that a BA or BSc was a postgraduate degree.
107:(BFA). Holders of other undergraduate Oxford degrees, such as
1438:. The Library of Congress. New York, Printed for the College.
1163:
Jones, Greta (17 September 2015). "Bell, Julia (1879–1979)".
486:
311:
637:
to be a postgraduate qualification, 22% were unaware that a
378:" (female students at Oxford and Cambridge who were awarded
889:"Chapter 4: Regulations for the Degree of Master of Arts".
1413:
648:
In February 2011, the then Labour MP for Nottingham East,
599:
1435:
Statutes of Columbia college and its associated schools
841:"Parliament: The House In Brief: Oxbridge MA 'unfair'"
820:"Why I...think Oxbridge MA degrees should be scrapped"
152:
Masters of Arts of the three universities may use the
1507:"Master's Degrees (Minimum Standards) Bill 2010–2012"
1249:"Statutes and Regulations: Statute III – Convocation"
769:"Regulations for the degree of Master in Arts (M.A.)"
1271:"Representation of the University in Seanad Éireann"
907:
1549:
1449:
1091:
654:Master's Degrees (Minimum Standards) Bill 2010–12
641:was a higher qualification than an undergraduate
1959:
980:"Statute X: Degrees, Diplomas, and Certificates"
847:on 26 August 2011 – via HighBeam Research.
1968:Academic courses at the University of Cambridge
663:, the national agency responsible for academic
1943:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
1601:Oxbridge MA degrees under threat (BBC website)
1451:"Oxbridge students' MA 'degrees' under threat"
1335:Statutes and Regulations, University of Oxford
1129:"Examination for the degree of Master of Arts"
985:Statutes and Regulations, University of Oxford
843:. The Independent. 8 June 2000. Archived from
716:"Regulations for the Degree of Master of Arts"
1635:
1621:
1089:
627:Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education
367:(which awarded its first MA in 1838) and the
1973:Academic courses at the University of Oxford
1414:Columbia College (New York, N. Y. ) (1826).
1199:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1169:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
930:
928:
763:
761:
710:
708:
265:, the baccalaureate was awarded soon after
250:(grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic) and the
1988:Terminology of the University of Cambridge
1628:
1614:
1596:University of Dublin, Degrees and Diplomas
1526:
1524:
746:. University of Cambridge. 6 November 2014
738:
736:
652:, sponsored a private member's bill, the
573:Learn how and when to remove this message
440:Learn how and when to remove this message
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
1501:
1499:
1470:
1078:A History of the University of Cambridge
962:College Calendar, Trinity College Dublin
925:
884:
882:
771:. Trinity College Dublin. Archived from
758:
705:
389:
279:
182:
1521:
1196:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1166:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
293:distinguished by gold tassels on their
72:to distinguish them. Similarly, in the
14:
1960:
1342:
733:
349:, had the same exemptions until 1834.
1609:
1496:
1162:
954:
952:
879:
600:Historical examples at other colleges
147:
1458:from the original on 12 January 2022
1189:Parkes, Susan M. "Steamboat ladies (
908:University of Oxford (16 May 2024).
830:from the original on 17 August 2022.
639:Doctorate in Business Administration
555:adding citations to reliable sources
526:
422:adding citations to reliable sources
393:
215:adding citations to reliable sources
186:
18:Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)
24:
1188:
1008:. 2006. p. 83. Archived from
949:
694:Wrangler (University of Cambridge)
661:Quality and Qualifications Ireland
469:of each university as well as the
138:In accordance with the formula of
48:(BAs) are promoted to the rank of
25:
2004:
1570:
1550:"Irish Register of Qualification"
1482:Times Higher Education Supplement
863:. 14 October 1999. Archived from
1536:House of Commons Hansard Debates
531:
398:
191:
1682:Certificate of Higher Education
1542:
1442:
1425:
1407:
1381:
1356:
1322:
1295:
1263:
1241:
1219:
1156:
1139:
1121:
1083:
1070:
1052:
1027:
992:
972:
542:needs additional citations for
409:needs additional citations for
202:needs additional citations for
90:
1432:Columbia university. (1878).
1149:The Durham University Calendar
1090:C. E. Whiting (29 June 1937).
1060:"World Wide Words: Tufthunter"
901:
805:
787:
13:
1:
1478:"QAA to tighten reins on MAs"
1093:"Durham University Centenary"
699:
502:
115:, are not entitled to the MA.
74:ancient Scottish universities
1213:UK public library membership
1183:UK public library membership
620:
522:
333:Until 1865, all students at
7:
1678:Diploma of Higher Education
1389:"Miscellaneous Regulations"
1035:"Calendar Style Guide 2015"
674:
643:Diploma of Higher Education
301:at Cambridge and Dublin or
10:
2009:
1316:Cambridge University Press
1152:. 1842. pp. xxv–xxvi.
795:"Verifying qualifications"
1922:
1841:
1800:
1793:
1765:
1727:
1718:
1690:
1653:
1644:
1350:"Cambridge SU Gown Guide"
1111:British Newspaper Archive
811:See a reader's letter to
625:In 2000, research by the
335:King's College, Cambridge
1368:commencement.harvard.edu
1674:Higher National Diploma
1135:. 1839. pp. 21–23.
943:University of Cambridge
895:Oxford University Press
465:is the election of the
62:Oxford and Cambridge MA
32:In the universities of
1205:10.1093/ref:odnb/61643
1175:10.1093/ref:odnb/38514
1040:. University of Oxford
824:Times Higher Education
814:Times Higher Education
608:In the United States,
289:
288:MA in Cambridge, 1815.
27:Academic title or rank
1781:Candidate of Sciences
462:members of Parliament
390:Rights and privileges
283:
183:History and rationale
113:Master of Mathematics
105:Bachelor of Fine Arts
84:in certain subjects.
1993:University of Dublin
1978:Education in England
1851:Academic certificate
1743:Postgraduate diploma
1318:. 2005. p. 186.
897:. 2005. p. 563.
775:on 24 September 2015
720:University of Oxford
689:Wooden spoon (award)
551:improve this article
517:Doctors of Civil Law
509:University of Oxford
418:improve this article
369:University of London
345:, who all came from
211:improve this article
154:post-nominal letters
109:Bachelor of Theology
82:undergraduate degree
1886:Professional degree
1591:New College, Oxford
1454:. Daily Telegraph.
1395:. 25 September 2015
1364:"Morning Exercises"
968:. 2007. p. E5.
614:Columbia University
513:Doctors of Divinity
471:Professor of Poetry
343:New College, Oxford
303:gentlemen commoners
263:University of Paris
177:University Calendar
1813:Doctor of Sciences
1538:. 21 October 2011.
867:on 3 December 2008
861:The Oxford Student
852:The Oxford Student
849:and an article in
744:"The Cambridge MA"
610:Harvard University
473:at Oxford and the
456:at Oxford and the
347:Winchester College
328:William Blackstone
290:
173:University Gazette
148:Post-nominal style
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1905:Specialist degree
1789:
1788:
1757:Engineer's degree
1714:
1713:
1701:Bachelor's degree
1669:Foundation degree
1229:. Admin.cam.ac.uk
1211:(Subscription or
1181:(Subscription or
799:Oxford University
583:
582:
575:
450:
449:
442:
365:Durham University
284:Costume of a non-
259:Bachelor's degree
243:
242:
235:
123:COVID-19 pandemic
80:is awarded as an
46:Bachelors of Arts
16:(Redirected from
2000:
1983:Master's degrees
1891:Graduate diploma
1808:Higher doctorate
1798:
1797:
1725:
1724:
1664:Associate degree
1651:
1650:
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1607:
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1276:. Archived from
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1251:. Admin.ox.ac.uk
1245:
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1064:World Wide Words
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857:"Privilege Axed"
848:
831:
826:. 16 June 2000.
809:
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376:steamboat ladies
316:Oliver Goldsmith
299:fellow-commoners
238:
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195:
187:
141:ad eundem gradum
76:, the degree of
21:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1947:
1930:Honorary degree
1918:
1914:Terminal degree
1876:Magister degree
1861:External degree
1843:
1837:
1785:
1761:
1738:Master's degree
1710:
1686:
1640:
1638:academic degree
1634:
1573:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1530:
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1522:
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1510:
1509:. UK Parliament
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1393:Yale University
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1233:21 November
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1044:12 December
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725:17 October
700:References
503:Precedence
467:Chancellor
384:Julia Bell
337:were from
252:Quadrivium
70:Trinity MA
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1907:/
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1776:Doctorate
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1559:21 August
1462:2 January
1418:inclusive
682:Ad eundem
632:Edinburgh
621:Criticism
523:MA status
380:ad eundem
308:servitors
131:standing.
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1923:Unearned
1456:Archived
1373:1 August
838:article
828:Archived
675:See also
482:Proctors
64:and the
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1769:level 8
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1694:level 6
1657:level 5
1338:. 2002.
1019:16 July
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669:Ireland
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312:sizars
286:regent
66:Dublin
42:Dublin
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1794:Other
1767:ISCED
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1107:2015
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