46:
144:
64:
2874:
The caliphate also allowed the migration of Arab tribes to Egypt. The Muslim governor of Egypt encouraged the migration of tribes from the
Arabian Peninsula to Egypt to increase the Muslim population in the region and to strengthen his regime by enlisting warrior tribesmen to his forces, encouraging
3132:
A substantial number of Arab
Muslims live outside their countries of origin. Arab Muslims comprise the majority of the Arab populations in Belgium, France, Germany, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, the Netherlands, Turkey, and the United Kingdom, whilst
2994:), Arabs aimed at geographically expanding their empire. They started conquering North Africa in 647, and by 709, all of North Africa was under Arab Muslim rule from Egypt to Morocco. North Africa was then divided into three main areas:
3026:. North Africa experienced three distinct invasions leading to the establishment of not only a new religion (Islam) but also a new language and norms that differed significantly from what was established by the indigenous inhabitants.
3123:
refers to the process by which North
Africans converted to Islam and thus became Muslims by faith. Though the majority of North Africans identify as Arabs today, a considerable number of the population perceive themselves as Berbers.
1354:
3137:
are the majority of the Arab populations in
Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Greece, Haiti, Mexico, the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Around a quarter of
3695:
3607:
227:
3657:
3865:
3427:
2945:
and north-east Sudan after tribal warfare had broken out in their homeland. The
Rashaida of Sudan and Eritrea live in close proximity with the
3745:
3635:
2030:
3480:
342:
2618:
3998:
3679:
3591:
2005:
3689:
3601:
3451:
3403:
3323:
3260:
2810:, saw a century of rapid expansion of Arab power well beyond the Arabian peninsula in the form of a vast Muslim Arab Empire.
3791:
1394:
2929:. Other Arab tribes migrated into Sudan in the 12th century and intermarried with the indigenous populations, forming the
2010:
1772:
936:
1369:
3287:
3119:
in which the peoples of North Africa adopted the Arabic language in addition to various other aspects of Arab culture.
2015:
4037:
3578:
3558:
3358:
2045:
1359:
3249:
Richard Eaton (8 September 2009). "Forest
Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal". In Barbara D. Metcalf (ed.).
3953:
3228:
1871:
556:
3847:
3203:
1452:
566:
3499:
3461:
2853:
1747:
3829:
2918:
2611:
2292:
153:
3651:
2832:, back to the pre-Islamic era and was based on tribal affiliations and geographic locations. They include
3488:
2180:
1938:
1933:
1876:
1447:
2062:
1943:
1010:
267:
3883:
3446:(1st Harvard Press paperback ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
3374:
1995:
1990:
1457:
1364:
603:
497:
1861:
941:
728:
2257:
2604:
2497:
672:
598:
551:
3903:"Ethnozoology among the Berbers: pre-Islamic practices survive in the Rif (northwestern Africa)"
3344:
3107:
reached North Africa and they were thus coerced into converting to Islam in a process known as
3057:
Madhhab is the main
Islamic school of thought followed by North Africans. The vast majority of
2922:
2110:
2025:
1928:
1866:
1737:
1687:
1336:
1324:
906:
174:
3722:
3629:
1272:
4056:
3737:
3681:
Sudan (Republic of Sudan) Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic
Information and Developments
3277:
2829:
2075:
2000:
1677:
169:
127:
3810:
3492:
3232:
2737:
1462:
586:
581:
469:
194:
189:
184:
179:
164:
3170:
8:
3236:
3046:
2220:
2210:
2135:
1824:
1767:
1757:
1727:
1692:
1672:
486:
292:
262:
199:
3385:
978:
4002:
3929:
3902:
3710:
3421:
3350:
2849:
2150:
2085:
2070:
2040:
1839:
1834:
1819:
1712:
1707:
1401:
1374:
973:
561:
531:
517:
4033:
3934:
3685:
3597:
3574:
3554:
3447:
3409:
3399:
3354:
3319:
3283:
3256:
3220:
3199:
2876:
2857:
2713:
2326:
2307:
1853:
1814:
1762:
1752:
1742:
1717:
1702:
1665:
1296:
680:
424:
2772:
The seventh century saw the rise of Islam as the peninsula's dominant religion. The
1551:
3980:
3924:
3914:
2894:
2789:
2741:
2297:
2282:
2267:
2215:
2120:
2020:
1923:
1886:
1829:
1809:
1804:
1777:
1697:
1556:
1319:
1227:
1117:
1112:
896:
801:
739:
704:
696:
546:
536:
439:
272:
45:
4030:
Coexisting
Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western
2337:
3250:
3195:
3150:
3134:
2934:
2921:, uncle of Muhammad. They are of Arab origin, but now of mixed blood mostly with
2773:
2703:
2660:
2656:
2635:
2574:
2447:
2302:
2230:
2195:
2095:
1985:
1891:
1732:
1536:
1262:
1127:
993:
983:
946:
712:
379:
322:
312:
111:
2670:
Although Arabs account for the largest ethnicity among the world's adherents of
2342:
1257:
1222:
3919:
3138:
3058:
2971:
refers to the western part of the Arab world, including a large portion of the
2930:
2888:
2487:
2272:
2247:
1918:
1799:
1791:
1591:
1521:
1237:
1212:
1065:
1015:
963:
901:
846:
749:
613:
571:
434:
419:
327:
302:
247:
237:
143:
3984:
3227:
2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 10 million
3065:
or Arab
Muslims. Therefore, North Africans perceive themselves as part of the
1217:
4050:
3413:
3340:
3116:
3066:
2972:
2837:
2781:
2721:
2691:
2529:
2367:
2312:
2090:
1616:
1598:
1107:
769:
688:
643:
576:
502:
2796:
and created a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the Arabian peninsula.
3938:
3766:
3653:
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
3526:
3224:
3120:
3112:
3092:
3023:
2950:
2733:
2675:
2559:
2482:
2372:
2277:
2160:
1953:
1341:
1314:
1232:
1162:
1142:
931:
891:
880:
665:
628:
394:
135:
3571:
The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State
3551:
The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State
3393:
1611:
1603:
1482:
3108:
3086:
3070:
3050:
2946:
2717:
2683:
2569:
2524:
2422:
2262:
1626:
1247:
1202:
1137:
1045:
968:
821:
816:
623:
541:
512:
507:
362:
93:
69:
3971:
Kokole, Omari H (1984). "The Islamic Factor in African-Arab Relations".
3216:
2991:
2841:
2819:
2777:
2729:
2664:
2534:
2462:
2442:
2437:
2035:
1901:
1722:
1531:
1309:
1242:
1189:
1055:
958:
841:
608:
464:
399:
287:
232:
98:
3901:
Budjaj, Aymane; Benítez, Guillermo; Pleguezuelos, Juan Manuel (2021).
3650:
Ireland, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and (1888).
3275:
2799:
Muhammad established a new unified polity which, under the subsequent
384:
3165:
3155:
2999:
2914:
2869:
2833:
2807:
2725:
2544:
2514:
2377:
2205:
2170:
2145:
1948:
1906:
1896:
1546:
1070:
831:
779:
744:
454:
257:
222:
297:
3315:
3100:
3011:
3003:
2954:
2910:
2856:
in the 7th century, Arab tribes largely migrated to the Levant and
2845:
2800:
2679:
2579:
2492:
2472:
2457:
2252:
2225:
1581:
1541:
1487:
1075:
856:
811:
764:
754:
638:
357:
352:
347:
337:
307:
3628:
2412:
2407:
2352:
1621:
3175:
3096:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3019:
3015:
3007:
2984:
2967:
2953:
are also found on the Arabian Peninsula. They are related to the
2942:
2926:
2804:
2767:
2754:
2687:
2652:
2584:
2554:
2509:
2477:
2432:
2427:
2417:
2362:
2357:
2287:
2242:
2200:
2080:
1682:
1509:
1384:
1379:
1060:
1020:
988:
806:
774:
414:
3029:
Arabic is the main language of the region, though each country (
2663:. Likewise, they comprise the majority of the population of the
1423:
3074:
3054:
2825:
2785:
2709:
2564:
2549:
2539:
2392:
2347:
2190:
2185:
2175:
2155:
2105:
1576:
1571:
1561:
1526:
1492:
1440:
1433:
1418:
1413:
1349:
1303:
1277:
1267:
1167:
1152:
1147:
1132:
1122:
1097:
1085:
1080:
1050:
1040:
1035:
926:
911:
851:
836:
784:
759:
648:
633:
618:
459:
429:
409:
404:
389:
367:
81:
3395:
Imagining the Arabs : Arab identity and the rise of Islam
1282:
1102:
998:
3160:
3104:
3062:
3030:
2995:
2980:
2976:
2938:
2902:
2898:
2879:
era was the peak of Bedouin Arab tribal migrations to Egypt.
2793:
2671:
2648:
2589:
2519:
2452:
2402:
2397:
2382:
2165:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2100:
1968:
1958:
1881:
1631:
1566:
1408:
1389:
1252:
1207:
1197:
1172:
1157:
1030:
921:
866:
861:
826:
796:
449:
444:
317:
282:
242:
217:
212:
115:
2682:, the founder of Islam, was an ethnic Arab belonging to the
2906:
2467:
2387:
2140:
1973:
1963:
1477:
1428:
1025:
916:
332:
277:
252:
3276:
Meghna Guhathakurta; Willem van Schendel (30 April 2013).
3900:
3527:"Mashriq | geographical region, Middle East | Britannica"
3767:"Maghreb | History, Languages, & Facts | Britannica"
2905:
and formerly occupied the country on both banks of the
2788:
in 622. From there, he and his companions united the
2708:
They are descended from the early Arab tribes of the
2780:) and first began preaching in the city in 610, but
2642:
2875:them to bring their families and entire clans. The
50:
Percentages of Muslims in Arab League member states
3639:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 103.
3279:The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics
4048:
4001:. Arab American Institute. 2006. Archived from
3379:Pew-Templeton: Global Religious Futures Project
3312:Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten
2860:with the Muslim armies in the mid-7th century.
3022:), with its governing center being located in
2758:refers to the eastern part of the Arab world.
3339:
3248:
3196:Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times
3091:Before the Arab-Islamic conquest took place,
2941:in present-day Saudi Arabia into what is now
2612:
3481:The Emergence and Expansion of Islam to 1500
2983:, which are considered to be located in the
2776:Muhammad was born in Mecca in about 570 (53
30:
3255:. Princeton University Press. p. 275.
2990:Following the death of Muhammad in 632 (11
2720:who embraced Islam in the 7th century. The
3830:"Arab Invasions: The First Islamic Empire"
3792:"A BRIEF HISTORY OF ISLAM IN NORTH AFRICA"
3426:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2619:
2605:
2031:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
44:
3928:
3918:
3907:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
3596:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 77.
3219:and 36.4 million Bengali Muslims in the
3954:"The Spread of Islam in Ancient Africa"
3649:
3441:
3215:roughly 152 million Bengali Muslims in
3115:. Arabization refers to the process of
3077:where they are geographically located.
3053:is the region’s main religion, and the
4049:
4027:
3970:
3951:
3848:"What Languages Are Spoken In Africa?"
3808:
3789:
3589:
3309:
2987:— the eastern part of the Arab world.
2006:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
3593:Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins
2647:) are the largest subdivision of the
3391:
2761:
56:Regions with significant populations
3991:
3884:"How 'African' is Northern Africa?"
3677:
2651:and the largest ethnic group among
2639:
2011:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
1666:National literatures of Arab States
31:
13:
3827:
3809:Chakra, Hayden (11 January 2022).
3671:
2016:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
14:
4068:
3790:Gharba, Mahdi (8 December 2020).
3735:
3318:: Aleph Book Company. p. 1.
3010:with its governing center being
2998:with its governing center being
142:
62:
16:Ethnic Arabs who adhere to Islam
4021:
3964:
3945:
3894:
3876:
3858:
3840:
3821:
3811:"Arab Conquest of North Africa"
3802:
3783:
3759:
3748:from the original on 2017-07-20
3729:
3698:from the original on 2022-08-26
3660:from the original on 2022-05-30
3643:
3621:
3610:from the original on 2022-08-26
3590:Suwaed, Muhammad (2015-10-30).
3583:
3563:
3543:
3519:
3346:Encyclopedia of World Geography
3252:Islam in South Asia in Practice
3229:Bangladeshis in the Middle East
2828:are traditionally divided into
2697:
3999:"Arab Americans: Demographics"
3866:"Islam: Islam in North Africa"
3738:"Eritrea: The Rashaida People"
3434:
3367:
3333:
3303:
3269:
3242:
3209:
3188:
3045:) has its own dialects of the
3014:, and the Maghreb (modern-day
2917:. They trace their lineage to
2893:In the 12th century, the Arab
1:
3656:. The Institute. p. 16.
3573:p.33 Routledge, 17 June 2013
3553:p.33 Routledge, 17 June 2013
3500:"History of the Arabs (book)"
3444:A history of the Arab peoples
3198:, Intercultural Press, 2005,
3181:
2674:, they are a minority in the
3314:. New Delhi, India, Urbana,
7:
3489:University of Massachusetts
3144:
3127:
3099:. The Berbers were largely
2678:in terms of sheer numbers.
2643:
2181:One Thousand and One Nights
10:
4073:
3958:World History Encyclopedia
3920:10.1186/s13002-021-00466-9
3375:"Middle East-North Africa"
3141:identify as Arab Muslims.
3084:
3080:
2960:
2886:
2867:
2817:
2765:
2747:
2701:
1944:Arcs of Descent and Ascent
1011:Andalusian classical music
937:Arabic musical instruments
268:Islamic geometric patterns
3985:10.1080/01436598408419793
3485:Education 613: MTEL Guide
3310:Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013).
3282:. Duke University Press.
3194:Margaret Kleffner Nydell
2813:
1991:The Theology of Aristotle
1458:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
1355:Love in Arabic literature
604:Arabic geometric patterns
567:Islamic hardstone carving
498:Ancient South Arabian art
110:
105:
92:
87:
80:
75:
60:
55:
43:
32:
27:
3684:. Lulu.com. p. 33.
3442:Hourani, Albert (2010).
3095:was mainly inhabited by
2882:
2863:
1360:Arabic erotic literature
557:Palestinian wood carving
28:
3678:Inc, IBP (2017-06-15).
3636:Encyclopædia Britannica
2644:al-Muslimiyyūn al-ʿArab
1867:Islamic Aristotelianism
1862:Early Arabic Philosophy
3462:"HISTORY OF MIGRATION"
2854:conquest of the Levant
2655:globally, followed by
2504:South Arabian deities
2026:Theologus Autodidactus
907:Rhythm in Arabic music
4032:. Geneva: INU Press.
3973:Third World Quarterly
2933:. In 1846, many Arab
2830:Qays and Yaman tribes
2640:ﺍﻟْمُسْلِمون ﺍﻟْﻌَﺮَﺏ
2333:North Arabian deities
2237:Fictional Arab people
2076:Atlantis of the Sands
2001:The Book of the Apple
582:Islamic ivory carving
106:Related ethnic groups
33:ﺍﻟْمُسْلِمون ﺍﻟْﻌَﺮَﺏ
4028:Ankerl, Guy (2000).
3495:on 3 September 2016.
3491:. Archived from the
3392:Webb, Peter (2016).
3233:Bengalis in Pakistan
2848:. On the eve of the
2792:under the banner of
1463:Modern Arabic poetry
1138:Gnawa (North Africa)
979:Classical Arab music
3479:Power, Bethany G. "
3237:British Bangladeshi
3047:Tamazight languages
2949:. Large numbers of
2136:Iram of the Pillars
1395:Mirrors for princes
942:Great Book of Music
675:(Arabian Peninsula)
263:Islamic calligraphy
24:
3952:Cartwright, Mark.
3771:www.britannica.com
3721:has generic name (
3531:www.britannica.com
3351:Marshall Cavendish
2850:Rashidun Caliphate
2690:, and most of the
2258:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
2086:Beast of the Earth
2041:Sicilian Questions
1872:Islamic Platonism
1825:Arabic mathematics
1375:Arabic short story
1370:Literary_criticism
562:Islamic embroidery
532:Arabic calligraphy
22:
3691:978-1-4387-8540-0
3603:978-1-4422-5451-0
3453:978-0-674-05819-4
3405:978-1-4744-0827-1
3398:. Edinburgh, UK.
3325:978-93-83064-41-0
3262:978-1-4008-3138-8
3221:Republic of India
2858:Upper Mesopotamia
2824:The Arabs of the
2762:Arabian Peninsula
2714:Arabian Peninsula
2694:were also Arabs.
2629:
2628:
1929:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
1840:Arabic technology
1835:Arabic psychology
1820:Arabic Golden Age
587:Islamic Metalwork
343:Stucco decoration
121:
120:
4064:
4043:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3922:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3828:Gearon, Eamonn.
3825:
3819:
3818:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3632:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3587:
3581:
3567:
3561:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3504:Historyworld.net
3476:
3474:
3472:
3466:Historyworld.net
3457:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3417:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3353:. p. 2122.
3337:
3331:
3329:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3246:
3240:
3213:
3207:
3206:, page xxiii, 14
3192:
2975:, but excluding
2790:tribes of Arabia
2646:
2641:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2298:Princess Jasmine
2283:Layla and Majnun
2268:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
2216:She-Camel of God
2211:Shams al-Ma'arif
2021:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
1887:Sufi metaphysics
1815:Arabic geography
1810:Arabic astronomy
1805:Arabic astrology
1800:Arabic chemistry
1365:Arabic grimoires
1345:
1118:Chaabi (Morocco)
1113:Chaabi (Algeria)
897:Arab tone system
716:
708:
700:
692:
684:
676:
547:Arabic miniature
273:Islamic ornament
146:
123:
122:
68:
66:
65:
48:
38:
37:
36:
34:
25:
21:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3969:
3965:
3950:
3946:
3899:
3895:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3854:. 30 July 2018.
3846:
3845:
3841:
3826:
3822:
3807:
3803:
3796:The Muslim Vibe
3788:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3751:
3749:
3734:
3730:
3718:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3692:
3676:
3672:
3663:
3661:
3648:
3644:
3630:"Jā'alin"
3627:
3626:
3622:
3613:
3611:
3604:
3588:
3584:
3568:
3564:
3548:
3544:
3535:
3533:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3508:
3506:
3498:
3470:
3468:
3460:
3454:
3439:
3435:
3419:
3418:
3406:
3390:
3386:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3349:. Vol. 1.
3338:
3334:
3326:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3247:
3243:
3214:
3210:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3151:Arab Christians
3147:
3135:Arab Christians
3130:
3089:
3083:
2963:
2891:
2885:
2872:
2866:
2822:
2816:
2774:Islamic prophet
2770:
2764:
2750:
2706:
2704:Spread of Islam
2700:
2625:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2498:Isāf and Nā'ila
2329:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2231:Zarqa al Yamama
2096:Book of Wonders
2065:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2051:
1986:Liber de Causis
1892:Sufi philosophy
1856:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1830:Arabic medicine
1794:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1343:
1337:Epic literature
1299:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1192:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1128:Fann at-Tanbura
947:Kitab al-Aghani
883:
873:
872:
871:
731:
721:
720:
714:
706:
698:
690:
682:
674:
668:
658:
657:
656:
654:
537:Arabic graffiti
489:
479:
478:
477:
475:
380:Albarrana tower
323:Reflecting pool
313:Nagash painting
205:
156:
112:Arab Christians
97:
63:
61:
51:
39:
29:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4070:
4060:
4059:
4045:
4044:
4038:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4005:on 1 June 2006
3990:
3979:(3): 687–702.
3963:
3944:
3893:
3890:. 28 May 2018.
3875:
3857:
3839:
3820:
3801:
3782:
3758:
3728:
3690:
3670:
3642:
3620:
3602:
3582:
3562:
3542:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3496:
3477:
3452:
3433:
3404:
3384:
3366:
3359:
3332:
3324:
3302:
3289:978-0822353188
3288:
3268:
3261:
3241:
3208:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3146:
3143:
3139:Arab Americans
3129:
3126:
3082:
3079:
3059:North Africans
2962:
2959:
2937:migrated from
2931:Sudanese Arabs
2897:migrated into
2889:Sudanese Arabs
2884:
2881:
2865:
2862:
2815:
2812:
2763:
2760:
2749:
2746:
2699:
2696:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Kara Ben Nemsi
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2248:Abdul Alhazred
2245:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2046:Fusus al-Hikam
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1919:Al-aql al-faal
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1592:Arabic prosody
1588:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1344:(ryhmed prose)
1339:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1066:Qudud Halabiya
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1016:Andalusi nubah
1013:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
964:Arabic hip hop
961:
950:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
902:Algerian scale
899:
894:
885:
884:
879:
878:
875:
874:
870:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
847:Robe of honour
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
788:
787:
782:
780:Tarboush (fez)
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
733:
732:
727:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
715:(North Africa)
710:
702:
694:
686:
678:
669:
664:
663:
660:
659:
652:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
614:Damascus steel
611:
606:
601:
590:
589:
584:
579:
574:
572:Islamic garden
569:
564:
559:
554:
552:Arabic pottery
549:
544:
539:
534:
523:
522:
521:
520:
515:
505:
500:
491:
490:
485:
484:
481:
480:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
435:Medina quarter
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
303:Multifoil arch
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
248:Horseshoe arch
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
203:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
158:
157:
152:
151:
148:
147:
139:
138:
136:Arabic culture
132:
131:
119:
118:
108:
107:
103:
102:
90:
89:
85:
84:
78:
77:
73:
72:
58:
57:
53:
52:
49:
41:
40:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4069:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4041:
4039:2-88155-004-5
4035:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3888:Global Voices
3885:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3835:
3834:History Today
3831:
3824:
3816:
3815:About History
3812:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3724:
3712:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3674:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3624:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3586:
3580:
3579:1-134-53113-3
3576:
3572:
3569:Hugh Kennedy
3566:
3560:
3559:1-134-53113-3
3556:
3552:
3549:Hugh Kennedy
3546:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3362:
3360:0-7614-7289-4
3356:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3341:Peter Haggett
3336:
3327:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3117:acculturation
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3067:Mediterranean
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2973:Sahara Desert
2970:
2969:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2923:Nilo-Saharans
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2895:Ja'alin tribe
2890:
2880:
2878:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:Arab identity
2719:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2692:early Muslims
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2313:Talia al Ghul
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Book of Idols
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:Aql bi-l-fi'l
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Islamic Logic
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
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713:Arab Maghreb
711:
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691:(Mesopotamia)
687:
685:
681:Arab Mashriq
679:
677:
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662:
661:
655:
650:
647:
645:
644:Pseudo-Arabic
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577:Islamic glass
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503:Nabataean art
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4057:Arab Muslims
4029:
4022:Bibliography
4007:. Retrieved
4003:the original
3993:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3957:
3947:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3887:
3878:
3870:Encyclopedia
3869:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3823:
3814:
3804:
3795:
3785:
3774:. Retrieved
3770:
3761:
3750:. Retrieved
3741:
3731:
3700:. Retrieved
3680:
3673:
3662:. Retrieved
3652:
3645:
3634:
3623:
3612:. Retrieved
3592:
3585:
3570:
3565:
3550:
3545:
3534:. Retrieved
3530:
3521:
3507:. Retrieved
3503:
3484:
3469:. Retrieved
3465:
3443:
3436:
3394:
3387:
3378:
3369:
3345:
3335:
3311:
3305:
3293:. Retrieved
3278:
3271:
3251:
3244:
3235:, 5 million
3231:, 1 million
3225:CIA Factbook
3211:
3190:
3171:Baháʼí Faith
3131:
3121:Islamization
3113:Islamization
3093:North Africa
3090:
3073:rather than
3061:identify as
3049:and Arabic.
3028:
2989:
2966:
2964:
2951:Bani Rasheed
2892:
2873:
2823:
2798:
2771:
2753:
2751:
2707:
2698:Ethnogenesis
2676:Muslim world
2669:
2632:Arab Muslims
2631:
2630:
2560:Dhul Khalasa
2503:
2502:
2332:
2327:Spirituality
2303:Ra's al Ghul
2278:King Marsile
2236:
2235:
2161:Magic carpet
2050:
1979:
1978:
1912:
1911:
1748:Saudi Arabia
1664:
1663:
1590:
1589:
1515:
1514:
1468:
1467:
1439:
1438:
1400:
1399:
1330:
1329:
1302:
1177:
1103:Algerian Raï
1091:
1090:
1004:
1003:
952:
951:
932:Quarter tone
892:Arabic maqam
886:
790:
789:
734:
653:
629:Hedwig glass
592:
591:
525:
524:
492:
474:
395:Caravanserai
373:
372:
206:
204:
159:
154:Architecture
23:Arab Muslims
19:Ethnic group
3852:World Atlas
3719:|last=
3509:18 December
3471:18 December
3109:Arabization
3087:Arab-Berber
3071:Middle East
3051:Sunni Islam
2947:Beja people
2742:nationalist
2718:Mesopotamia
2684:Banu Hashim
2649:Arab people
2263:Battal Gazi
1448:Anthologies
1248:Raqs Sharqi
1203:Belly dance
1046:Iraqi maqam
974:Arabic jazz
969:Arabic rock
822:Fouta towel
624:Girih tiles
542:Arab carpet
513:Fatimid art
508:Islamic art
363:Windcatcher
228:Arabic dome
94:Sunni Islam
70:Arab League
3776:2022-11-18
3752:2022-08-21
3702:2022-08-25
3664:2022-08-25
3614:2022-08-25
3536:2022-11-18
3295:7 November
3217:Bangladesh
3204:1931930252
3182:References
3085:See also:
2887:See also:
2868:See also:
2842:Ghassanids
2820:Levantines
2818:See also:
2808:caliphates
2766:See also:
2738:historical
2730:linguistic
2702:See also:
2665:Arab world
2535:Dhat-Badan
2463:Theandrios
2443:Baalshamin
2438:Atarsamain
2293:Palamedes
2036:Muqaddimah
1996:Al-isharat
1902:Avicennism
1854:Philosophy
1723:Mauritania
1532:Muwashshah
1497:Khamriyyah
1297:Literature
1243:Ouled Nail
1056:Muwashshah
959:Arabic pop
518:Mamluk art
465:Well house
400:Bimaristan
288:Mashrabiya
114:and other
101:(minority)
99:Shia Islam
96:(majority)
4009:22 August
3913:(1): 43.
3711:cite book
3422:cite book
3414:964933606
3166:Qahtanite
3156:Arab Jews
3000:Al-Fustat
2965:The word
2915:Abu Hamad
2870:Egyptians
2834:Banu Kalb
2752:The word
2744:aspects.
2724:can have
2378:Al-Kutbay
2206:Shadhavar
2171:Mount Qaf
2146:Karkadann
2063:Mythology
1949:Asabiyyah
1907:Averroism
1738:Palestine
1660:Mutadārik
1657:Mutaqārib
1648:Mujtathth
1500:Tardiyyah
1320:Classical
1263:Schikhatt
1228:Khaleegy
1005:Art music
832:Jellabiya
745:Battoulah
599:Arabesque
593:Features
455:Shadirvan
258:Hypostyle
223:Arabesque
207:Features
175:Nabataean
76:Languages
4051:Category
3939:34256776
3746:Archived
3696:Archived
3658:Archived
3608:Archived
3493:original
3343:(2001).
3316:Illinois
3145:See also
3128:Diaspora
3101:animists
3069:and the
3012:Kairouan
3004:Ifriqiya
2955:Banu Abs
2935:Rashaida
2911:Khartoum
2846:Lakhmids
2801:Rashidun
2782:migrated
2734:cultural
2680:Muhammad
2661:Punjabis
2657:Bengalis
2493:Yarhibol
2473:Malakbel
2343:Al-‘Uzzá
2253:Ali Baba
2226:Zulfiqar
1913:Concepts
1897:Farabism
1688:Djibouti
1645:Muqtaḍab
1639:Munsariħ
1582:Ghinnawa
1557:Riddles
1542:Mathnawi
1304:Language
1258:Shamadan
1223:Hagallah
1076:Tahmilah
857:Takchita
817:Durra'ah
812:Djellaba
791:Clothing
765:Madhalla
755:Keffiyeh
735:Headwear
689:Mashriq
683:(Levant)
639:Muqarnas
358:Voussoir
353:Vaulting
348:Tadelakt
338:Socarrat
308:Muqarnas
128:a series
126:Part of
88:Religion
3930:8278736
3736:Admin.
3176:Berbers
3097:Berbers
3081:Berbers
3043:Algeria
3039:Morocco
3035:Tunisia
3020:Morocco
3016:Algeria
3008:Tunisia
2985:Mashriq
2968:Maghreb
2961:Maghreb
2957:tribe.
2943:Eritrea
2927:Nubians
2877:Fatimid
2805:Umayyad
2768:Bedouin
2755:Mashriq
2748:Mashriq
2688:Quraysh
2686:of the
2653:Muslims
2585:Yaghūth
2555:Basamum
2510:Almaqah
2478:Orotalt
2433:Al-Qaum
2428:Aglibol
2363:Chaabou
2358:Dushara
2308:Sindbad
2288:Othello
2243:Aladdin
2201:Shaddad
2081:Bahamut
1792:Science
1768:Tunisia
1753:Somalia
1728:Morocco
1713:Lebanon
1683:Comoros
1678:Bahrain
1673:Algeria
1651:Muḍāriʿ
1586:Humayni
1510:Hamasah
1402:Islamic
1385:Tezkire
1380:Tabaqat
1273:Tanoura
1213:Deheyeh
1108:Bedouin
1061:Qasidah
1021:Bashraf
994:Khaliji
989:Al Jeel
842:Macawis
807:Burnous
775:Tantour
770:Taqiyah
707:(Sudan)
705:Mawset
699:(Egypt)
697:Mawset
673:Khalij
666:Cuisine
609:Banna'i
415:Madrasa
385:Alcázar
238:Gardens
233:Banna'i
195:Moorish
190:Fatimid
185:Abbasid
180:Umayyad
165:Islamic
35:
4036:
3937:
3927:
3742:Madote
3688:
3600:
3577:
3557:
3450:
3412:
3402:
3357:
3322:
3286:
3259:
3202:
3103:until
3075:Africa
3055:Maliki
2844:, and
2826:Levant
2814:Levant
2786:Medina
2740:, and
2726:ethnic
2716:, and
2712:, the
2710:Levant
2636:Arabic
2565:Haukim
2550:Qaynan
2545:Ta'lab
2540:Haubas
2530:Salman
2525:Athtar
2393:Azizos
2348:Al-Lat
2221:Wāḳwāḳ
2191:Qutrub
2186:Qareen
2176:Nasnas
2156:Luqman
2151:Kujata
2106:Dandan
2071:Ababil
1773:U.A.E.
1708:Kuwait
1703:Jordan
1642:Khafīf
1632:Rajaz
1577:Nabati
1572:Mawwal
1562:Kharja
1552:Nasīb
1547:Ruba'i
1537:Urjūza
1527:Qasida
1522:Diwan
1503:Khawal
1493:Ghazal
1483:Rithā'
1469:Genres
1441:Poetry
1434:Aqidah
1419:Hadith
1414:Tafsir
1350:Maqama
1325:Modern
1278:Yowlah
1268:Tahtib
1238:Mizmar
1218:Guedra
1168:Shaabi
1153:Mezwed
1148:Mawwal
1133:Fijiri
1098:Ataaba
1086:Waslah
1081:Taqsim
1071:Sama'i
1051:Mawwal
1041:Malhun
1036:Layali
953:Genres
927:Teslim
912:Taqsim
887:Theory
852:Sirwal
837:Kaftan
785:Turban
760:Litham
649:Zellij
634:Kiswah
619:Damask
493:Styles
470:Zawiya
460:Tekyeh
430:Mosque
410:Kasbah
405:Hammam
390:Bazaar
368:Zellij
298:Mosaic
200:Mamluk
170:Yemeni
160:Styles
82:Arabic
67:
3161:Druze
3105:Islam
3063:Arabs
3031:Libya
2996:Egypt
2981:Sudan
2977:Egypt
2939:Hejaz
2919:Abbas
2909:from
2903:Sudan
2899:Nubia
2883:Sudan
2864:Egypt
2838:Kinda
2794:Islam
2672:Islam
2590:Yatha
2580:Ya'uq
2520:Anbay
2458:Suwa'
2453:Hubal
2423:Abgal
2413:Manāt
2408:Manāt
2403:Quzah
2398:Bajir
2383:Asira
2368:Manaf
2353:Manāt
2338:Allah
2166:Marid
2131:Ifrit
2126:Houri
2116:Ghoul
2111:Falak
2101:Buraq
1980:Texts
1969:Qadar
1959:Irfan
1939:Peace
1934:Dhati
1882:Kalam
1778:Yemen
1763:Syria
1758:Sudan
1743:Qatar
1718:Libya
1693:Egypt
1654:Sarīʿ
1636:Ramal
1627:Hazaj
1622:Wāfir
1617:Kamil
1612:Basīṭ
1608:Madīd
1604:Ṭawīl
1567:Zajal
1516:Forms
1506:Fakhr
1474:Madih
1453:Poets
1409:Quran
1390:Rihla
1331:Prose
1315:Paleo
1253:Samri
1208:Dabke
1198:Ardah
1190:Dance
1173:Zajal
1158:Samri
1031:Dulab
984:Opera
922:Lazma
881:Music
867:Tiraz
862:Thawb
827:Izaar
802:Bisht
797:Abaya
729:Dress
526:Types
450:Sabil
445:Ribat
440:Qalat
425:Mazar
420:Maqam
374:Types
328:Riwaq
318:Qadad
283:Liwan
243:Girih
218:Alfiz
213:Ablaq
116:Arabs
4034:ISBN
4011:2020
3935:PMID
3723:help
3686:ISBN
3598:ISBN
3575:ISBN
3555:ISBN
3511:2017
3473:2017
3448:ISBN
3428:link
3410:OCLC
3400:ISBN
3355:ISBN
3320:ISBN
3297:2016
3284:ISBN
3257:ISBN
3200:ISBN
3111:and
3041:and
3018:and
2979:and
2925:and
2907:Nile
2901:and
2803:and
2659:and
2570:Nasr
2488:Sa'd
2483:Ruda
2468:Wadd
2418:A'ra
2388:Awal
2373:Nuha
2196:Roc
2141:Jinn
2121:Hinn
1974:Qalb
1964:Nafs
1733:Oman
1698:Iraq
1599:Bayt
1488:Waṣf
1478:Hija
1429:Fiqh
1424:Sīra
1342:Saj
1310:Old
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1163:Sawt
1143:Liwa
1092:Folk
1026:Dawr
917:Jins
750:Haik
740:Agal
333:Sahn
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278:Iwan
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3981:doi
3925:PMC
3915:doi
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