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from all of the native salmon, but a different genus and interbreeding is biologically impossible. Any escaped salmon in B.C. are reported to the provincial ministry of agriculture. The introduction of sterile
Atlantic Salmon into aquaculture practices has begun to be adopted within Canada's aquaculture industry after a study conduction by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. Triploid fish is genetically modified organism which instead of having two chrosomosomes, it has three, this renders it incapable of reproduction. This technique of raising sterile fish in aquaculture prevents any breeding with wild populations if an enclosure was to fail, releasing them into the wild environment. The introduction and persistence of sea lice within marine net pens of Salmonids is a severe issue in late summer during just before wild populations begin to spawn. As the wild populations migrate back to their spawning grounds they often come into indirect contact with farmed fish while passing by the net pens. The close proximity which these populations interact are when sea lice are transmitted to the farmed populations. As the fish are trapped in close proximity to one another transmission of the parasite is rampant and unavoidable. These infestation of sea lice is often only deleterious to juvenile fish. The farmers prevent this from happening by using approved therapeutants to control the sea lice numbers.
271:
developed in freshwaters as well, including
Georgian Bay, Ontario and Lake Diefenbaker, Sask. and B.C. The oldest operating cage farm in Canada is actually in Georgian Bay. The conventional net-pen is an open mesh net that is suspended within a framework constructed of steel, wood or plastic, that floats at the surface and held in place by down-haul weights. The arrangement of the cages (net pens) varies considerably. On Canada's east coast typical cages are circular and constructed of high density poly pipe (HDPE). The cages are 60m to 150m in circumference and moored individually within a grid system. On the west coast the cages are often steel with 8 to 24 cages in a group, half on each side of a main walkway. The cages are typically 15m to 30m across and 15m to 30m deep. Natural currents bring fresh, oxygenated water to the net pens and carry away soluble waste. The solid waste
411:
99:
product of farmed fish in Canada totaled $ 1,005,180,000 in 2009 and $ 14,495,000 in total employment in Canada. the value accumulated from aquaculture solely for employment is exceptionally important for the members employed in this industry. Over 90% of all jobs (both direct and indirect) are located in rural, coastal, and
Aboriginal communities where the human population is low and employment opportunities are scarce. Aquaculture in Canada has proven to revitalize both social and economic factors in these small communities. Over 8,000 Canadians are directly employed in aquaculture – most of them full-time. The aquaculture supply and services sector creates an additional 8,000 jobs. Two-thirds of all workers are under the age of 35.
314:
427:
aquaculture practices follow to limit these two inputs into the environment. The use of
Integrate Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) methods are also useful for mitigating the build up of these nutrients. IMTA is based on the natural aquatic food web, the concept involves various types of organisms which are commonly farmed in aquaculture. The concept minimizes waste and need for chemical supplements, instead it uses the waste produced by finfish which is absorbed and consumed by shellfish and marine macrophytes. IMTA is also an organic method of decreasing dangerous algal blooms which are caused by high concentrations of N and P.
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45:
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With high densities of farmed fish within net pens, there are high concentrations of waste products beneath their pens. Fish waste is high in the nutrients, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), which in high concentrations can be detrimental to farmed and natural life. There are several diets which some
292:
in both marine and freshwater environment. The system consists of six circular bags that are made of a heavy-gauge plastic installed in a steel frame floating at the surface and held in place by anchors in the same way as the net-pens. Electrical upwelling pumps continuously pump fresh seawater into
98:
with 20.7% in 2009. The main species of fish farmed in Canada is led by salmon with 70.5% of all fish in aquaculture followed by mussels with 15.1%. Aquaculture makes a significant contribution to Canada's economy totaling $ 2.1 billion in revenue and jobs in Canada in 2009. The total gross domestic
422:
between wild and farmed salmon can occur if they are the same species. This may result in a decrease of genetic diversity of wild salmon in areas where the original genetic stocks of salmon still exist. In B.C. most of the salmon aquaculture is
Atlantic salmon which are not only a different species
255:
have generated much interest. Culturing fish in a closed environment not only can help fish farmers to better control the rearing conditions but also improve the quality of the fish. Closed containment systems could reduce the environmental impact of the salmon farming industry's current practices.
80:
A recent review of literature related to aquaculture in Canada concludes that there is a need for a national strategic plan to increase aquaculture production and to simplify the regulatory framework to reduce uncertainties and delays that have limited growth in the sector, while fostering greater
309:
system. SEA systems operate on a flow-through basis. Regarding the waste management, Future SEA has also developed a patent, based on a double drain concept to trap the waste. While, clear water is discharged from the upper part of the tank, the waste water is collected from the concentric drain
375:
A significant issue that many aquaculture operations are faced with, particularly in marine environments, is accidental interactions between farmed fish and the surrounding natural ecosystem. There are many potential issues which can result in farmed fish interacting with wild. Various means of
89:
Aquaculture provides a notable amount of revenue for the
Canadian economy as well as many job opportunities for Canadians. Seafood is Canada's single largest exported food commodity, exporting 85% of production, making Canada the seventh largest seafood exporter in the world. In 1986, Canadian
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The two types of land-based systems are separated based on the type of water in which they operate. Generally, the saltwater land-based systems are temporary rearing technologies for the early stages of growth; with subsequent transition of the livestock to marine environments. This method of
270:
system since the 1970s. Net pen, or cage, technology started to be used seriously in Canada in the early 1980s in New
Brunswick when joint government /private projects introduced cage technology from Norway. Cage culture started seriously in B.C. in the late 1980s. Smaller scale cage culture
56:
plays a prominent role in Canada's ecological, social and economic stage. With Canada having the world's longest coastline, as well as the world's largest freshwater system and tidal range, aquaculture is an obvious choice for Canada. The vast range of aquatic organisms farmed in
Canadian
362:
similar to the saltwater flow-through system consists of a series of circular concrete tanks; however, it is built inside a warehouse. The water is pumped into the tanks from an on-site freshwater well, and almost 99% of the water is recirculated back into system through a mechanical and
367:. The solid waste is collected in a holding tank to be used as fertilizer for plants. Four operations in Canada are now in commercial operation - West Creek Aquaculture in BC, Namgis in northern Vancouver Island, Watersong Farms in Manitoba, and Sustainable Blue in Nova Scotia.
341:
is mainly based on the culture of
Atlantic salmon. Atlantic salmon is cultured in circular concrete tanks where the fresh seawater is continuously pumped into the tanks from a nearby ocean channel and wastewater piped back into the channel untreated. Like in the
41:), they are harvested, processed, and shipped to markets to be sold. Aquaculture is practiced all over the world and is extremely popular in countries such as China, where population is high and fish is a staple part of their everyday diet.
844:
Masser, M.P. Bridger, C.J. A review of cage aquaculture: North
America. In M. Halwart, D. Soto and J.R. Arthur (eds). Cage aquaculture – Regional reviews and global overview, pp.102–125. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 498.
251:, researches are being conducted to find alternatives to existing technologies. For the time being the marine net-pens is the only technology that dominates the aquaculture system in Canada. Lately, new alternatives such as
275:
and uneaten feed settle to the ocean bottom near the cage site. Note that the amount of uneaten feed is negligible because the farmers cannot afford to waste feed, which is typically about 60% of their production cost. .
256:
Some of the benefits of these systems are: reduced fish escapes, minimized predator interactions, reduced disease transmission, lower feed inputs, higher stocking densities, and improved waste management capabilities.
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aquaculture is often implemented for stocking of wild populations which are under threat. These hatcheries which breed and raise juvenile fish are also utilized in freshwater stocking programs as well.
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the bags, and portable liquid oxygen tanks are used to provide oxygen to the cultured fish. A specially designed outlet is used to exit the waste-water and entered the marine environment untreated.
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found at the bottom of tank. Even though the Future SEA claims that this waste trap can eliminate 75% of solids, it is still a new technology that needs further testing at commercial scales.
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aquaculture production amounted to only 10,488 tonnes, valued at $ 35 million, and then in 2009 it had a value of $ 800 million, 69% of which was exported.
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is the fourth largest producer of salmon in the world and is Canada's leader in aquaculture production with 52.3% of total production value, followed by
33:
in either fresh or saltwater, or both. The farmed animals or plants are cared for under a controlled environment to ensure optimum growth, success and
1897:
57:
aquaculture production is beneficial to the industry's attempt to implement ecologically sustainable methods within the major aquaculture stocks of
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Closed-contained systems with flexible walls, another alternative technology known as the SEA systems developed by the
1977:
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461:
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912:"Freshwater/land-based - Integrated management of aquaculture plan | Pacific Region | Fisheries and Oceans Canada"
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Mariculture Systems, Inc. 2007. SARGOTM Fin Farms. Investment prospectus and technical specifications, p.105
1990:
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equipment failure can lead to farmed fish escaping their pens and dispersing into the wild:
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J., Noakes, Donald (2018). "Oceans of opportunity: A review of Canadian aquaculture ".
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technical deficiencies (inadequate or damaged parts in cage systems)
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To reduce the environmental impact of aquaculture and especially of
37:. When they have reached an appropriate size (often once they reach
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1420:
1390:
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Ayer, N.W. & Tyedmers, P.H. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008
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Ayer, N.W. & Tyedmers, P.H. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008
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Ayer, N.W. & Tyedmers, P.H. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008
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Ayer, N.W. & Tyedmers, P.H. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008
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343:
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1312:
1085:
Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2013-01-12).
1023:
Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2019-01-25).
910:
Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2017-11-27).
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infrastructure failure (e.g. a result of extreme weather damage)
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1007:"Use of triploid atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) for aquaculture"
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This system is the first alternative culture system. Named
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22:
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Mussels reared using IMTA practices in the Bay of Fundy.
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Closed-round net enclosures used for Salmon aquaculture.
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Lazzari, R., & Baldisserotto, B. (January 2008).
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Government of Canada - Fisheries & Oceans Canada
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Government of Canada - Fisheries & Oceans Canada
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Government of Canada - Fisheries & Oceans Canada
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Robson, P.A. Salmon Farming - the whole story, 2006
288:, the system was established in 1994 for intensive
386:operations (e.g. collisions and propeller damage)
242:
2023:
1050:"Nitrogen and phosphorus waste in fish farming"
937:"Atlantic Salmon (Protected) | NOAA Fisheries"
638:"Government of Canada - Aquaculture in Canada"
577:"Government of Canada - Aquaculture in Canada"
48:Atlantic salmon holding pens in New Brunswick.
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508:. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Archived from
1070:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
561:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
297:Closed-contained systems with flexible walls
1201:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
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506:"Aquaculture Statistics, Facts and Figures"
280:Closed-containment systems with rigid walls
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1137:
663:"Canadian Aquaculture - Industry Alliance"
602:"Canadian Aquaculture - Industry Alliance"
481:"Canadian Aquaculture - Industry Alliance"
418:When farmed salmon escapes into the wild,
354:Land-based freshwater recirculating system
346:bag system, portable oxygen tanks provide
323:
934:
749:"Fisheries and Oceans Canada Splash Page"
713:"Fisheries and Oceans Canada Splash Page"
688:"Fisheries and Oceans Canada Splash Page"
452:Matthews, R, "Aquaculture in Canada" 2006
81:involvement of First Nation communities.
1025:"Sea lice management at BC salmon farms"
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333:Land-based saltwater flow-through system
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262:Conventional net pen or cage aquaculture
43:
1054:Boletim do Instituto de Pesca Sao Paulo
85:Economic Value of Aquaculture in Canada
2024:
1119:Canadian Aquaculture Industry Alliance
1087:"Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture"
1004:
895:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
808:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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371:Environmental Impacts of Aquaculture
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1114:Canada's Fish and Seafood Industry
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1625:Geothermal energy and aquaculture
1484:Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
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533:Marine Economics and Management
1898:Federated States of Micronesia
1012:. Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
994:Government of British Columbia
984:Government of British Columbia
935:Fisheries, NOAA (2020-03-25).
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243:Technology Used in Aquaculture
1:
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1124:British Columbia's Fisheries
7:
1698:Fish diseases and parasites
10:
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1771:Microalgal bacterial flocs
358:The land-based freshwater
266:Canada has been using the
253:closed-containment systems
105:Output by Province in 2009
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337:The land-based saltwater
1635:Integrated multi-trophic
1605:Aquaculture engineering
1159:Fishing industry topics
467:March 21, 2011, at the
324:Land-based technologies
303:Future SEA Technologies
2032:Aquaculture by country
1005:Benfey, T. J. (1998).
982:http://www2.gov.bc.ca/
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365:bio-filtration process
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286:SARGO™ Fin Farm System
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2037:Agriculture in Canada
1543:World fish production
916:www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
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403:fish handling errors
360:recirculating system
1396:Fish protein powder
877:on 10 February 2007
626:EtaCanadaonline.com
348:supplemental oxygen
339:flow-through system
1548:Fishing by country
1191:Commercial fishing
512:on 17 October 2015
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290:finfish production
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21:is the farming of
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1091:www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
1029:www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
871:www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
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1923:Marshall Islands
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1958:South Africa
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1847:Sea cucumber
1802:Brine shrimp
1781:Raceway pond
1723:Spawning bed
1703:Fish farming
1675:Fish farming
1512:Maine Avenue
1502:Billingsgate
1494:Fish markets
1469:Chasse-marée
1441:Surströmming
1431:Shrimp paste
1356:Fish as food
1288:Factory ship
1283:Fish factory
1094:. Retrieved
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1066:cite journal
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129:Newfoundland
88:
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16:
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1963:South Korea
1933:New Zealand
1852:Sea sponges
1753:Algaculture
1640:Mariculture
1597:Aquaculture
1581:Aquaculture
1558:Other areas
1328:Smoked fish
1323:Salted fish
1256:Power block
1231:Gillnetting
516:28 November
178:Percentage
137:Nova Scotia
108:Percentage
63:Arctic Char
18:Aquaculture
2026:Categories
1918:Madagascar
1893:East Timor
1866:By country
1766:Microalgae
1761:Giant kelp
1683:Broodstock
1610:Aquaponics
1474:Fishmonger
1401:Fish sauce
1303:Dried fish
1298:Slurry ice
1236:Longlining
1096:2020-04-04
1034:2020-04-04
946:2020-03-28
921:2020-03-28
881:13 January
795:2011-08-04
759:2008-03-29
723:2008-03-29
698:2008-03-29
673:2011-08-04
648:2011-08-04
612:2011-08-04
587:2011-08-04
491:2011-08-04
431:References
1908:Indonesia
1873:Australia
1738:Tailwater
1708:Fish feed
1381:Fish meal
549:2516-158X
400:vandalism
395:sea lions
307:flotation
27:shellfish
1913:Kiribati
1842:Scallops
1650:Offshore
1479:Fishwife
1421:Lutefisk
1391:Fish oil
1371:Fish roe
1246:Dredging
1241:Trolling
1206:Trawling
891:cite web
804:cite web
465:Archived
344:floating
161:Prairies
39:maturity
2003:Vanuatu
1857:Turtles
1837:Oysters
1832:Octopus
1817:Geoduck
1786:Seaweed
1733:Tilapia
1688:Catfish
1660:Raceway
1655:Organic
1527:Tsukiji
1426:Rakfisk
1406:Gravlax
1351:Seafood
1333:Kippers
1313:Gibbing
1226:Seining
268:net pen
207:Oysters
191:Mussels
153:Ontario
71:oysters
67:Mussels
1991:Hawaii
1986:Alaska
1973:Tuvalu
1878:Canada
1728:Salmon
1522:Scania
1507:Fulton
1436:Surimi
1411:Hákarl
1361:Caviar
547:
194:15.1%
186:70.5%
183:Salmon
132:11.7%
124:20.7%
116:52.3%
54:Canada
35:profit
1996:Maine
1968:Tonga
1948:Samoa
1938:Palau
1928:Nauru
1888:China
1883:Chile
1807:Coral
1693:Cobia
1010:(PDF)
391:seals
234:0.4%
226:1.1%
223:Clams
218:1.6%
210:5.5%
202:5.8%
199:Trout
164:0.7%
156:1.2%
148:3.9%
145:P.E.I
140:7.7%
1903:Fiji
1583:and
1072:link
941:NOAA
897:link
883:2022
845:2007
810:link
563:link
545:ISSN
518:2015
384:boat
73:and
23:fish
1416:Lox
537:doi
29:or
2028::
1089:.
1068:}}
1064:{{
1058:34
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812:)
798:.
762:.
726:.
701:.
676:.
651:.
615:.
590:.
565:)
551:.
539::
520:.
494:.
397:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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