150:
the creation of settling basin where the relative velocity of the water is slow and particles can settle at the bottom of the tank where they are either flushed out or vacuumed out manually using a siphon. However, this method is not viable for RAS operations where a small footprint is desired. Typical RAS solids removal involves a sand filter or particle filter where solids become lodged and can be periodically backflushed out of the filter. Another common method is the use of a mechanical drum filter where water is run over a rotating drum screen that is periodically cleaned by pressurized spray nozzles, and the resulting slurry is treated or sent down the drain. In order to remove extremely fine particles or colloidal solids a
70:
175:. In aeration air is pumped through an air stone or similar device that creates small bubbles in the water column, this results in a high surface area where oxygen can dissolve into the water. In general due to slow gas dissolution rates and the high air pressure needed to create small bubbles this method is considered inefficient and the water is instead oxygenated by pumping in pure oxygen. Various methods are used to ensure that during oxygenation all of the oxygen dissolves into the water column. Careful calculation and consideration must be given to the oxygen demand of a given system, and that demand must be met with either oxygenation or aeration equipment.
1550:
82:
22:
276:
611:
are still used to reduce the need to exchange water and to maintain water clarity. Just like in traditional RAS water must be removed periodically to prevent nitrate and other toxic chemicals from building up in the system. Coastal aquariums often have high rates of water exchange and are typically not operated as a RAS due to their proximity to a large body of clean water.
149:
In addition to treating the liquid waste excreted by fish the solid waste must also be treated, this is done by concentrating and flushing the solids out of the system. Removing solids reduces bacteria growth, oxygen demand, and the proliferation of disease. The simplest method for removing solids is
56:
for fish. The main benefit of RAS is the ability to reduce the need for fresh, clean water while still maintaining a healthy environment for fish. To be operated economically commercial RAS must have high fish stocking densities, and many researchers are currently conducting studies to determine if
610:
Home aquaria and inland commercial aquariums are a form of RAS where the water quality is very carefully controlled and the stocking density of fish is relatively low. In these systems the goal is to display the fish rather than producing food. However, biofilters and other forms of water treatment
595:
provides the advantage of being able to harvest and sell multiple crops. Contradictory views exist on the suitability and safety of RAS effluents to sustain plant growth under aquaponics condition. Future conversions, rather ‘upgrades’, of operational RAS farms to semi-commercial
Aquaponic ventures
590:
Combining plants and fish in a RAS is referred to as aquaponics. In this type of system ammonia produced by the fish is not only converted to nitrate but is also removed by the plants from the water. In an aquaponics system fish effectively fertilize the plants, this creates a closed looped system
140:
growing within the filter. Water is pumped through the filter, and ammonia is utilized by the bacteria for energy. Nitrate is less toxic than ammonia (>100 mg/L), and can be removed by a denitrifying biofilter or by water replacement. Stable environmental conditions and regular maintenance
89:
A series of treatment processes is utilized to maintain water quality in intensive fish farming operations. These steps are often done in order or sometimes in tandem. After leaving the vessel holding fish the water is first treated for solids before entering a biofilter to convert ammonia, next
257:
Disease outbreaks occur more readily when dealing with the high fish stocking densities typically employed in intensive RAS. Outbreaks can be reduced by operating multiple independent systems with the same building and isolating water to water contact between systems by cleaning equipment and
596:
should not be deterred by nutrient insufficiency or nutrient safety arguments. Incentivizing RAS farm wastes through semi-commercial aquaponics is encouraged. Nutrients locked in RAS wastewater and sludge have sufficient and safe nutrients to sustain plant growth under aquaponics condition.
90:
degassing and oxygenation occur, often followed by heating/cooling and sterilization. Each of these processes can be completed by using a variety of different methods and equipment, but regardless all must take place to ensure a healthy environment that maximizes fish growth and health.
236:
prefer water temperature below 16 °C. Temperature also plays an important role in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, with higher water temperatures having lower values for DO saturation. Temperature is controlled through the use of submerged heaters,
166:
Reoxygenating the system water is a crucial part to obtaining high production densities. Fish require oxygen to metabolize food and grow, as do bacteria communities in the biofilter. Dissolved oxygen levels can be increased through two methods,
191:
and lowers the pH of the system. Keeping the pH in a suitable range (5.0-9.0 for freshwater systems) is crucial to maintain the health of both the fish and biofilter. pH is typically controlled by the addition of alkalinity in the form of lime
1313:
Lunda, Roman; Roy, Koushik; Másílko, Jan; Mráz, Jan (September 2019). "Understanding nutrient throughput of operational RAS farm effluents to support semi-commercial aquaponics: Easy upgrade possible beyond controversies".
266:
water treatment system reduces the number of free floating virus and bacteria in the system water. These treatment systems reduce the disease loading that occurs on stressed fish and thus reduce the chance of an outbreak.
314:
Ability to closely monitor and control environmental conditions to maximize production efficiency. Similarly, independence from weather and variable environmental conditions.
778:
Summerfelt, Robert; Penne, Chris (September 2005), "Solids removal in a recirculating aquaculture system where the majority of the flow bypasses the microscreen filter",
220:
All fish species have a preferred temperature above and below which that fish will experience negative health effects and eventually death. Warm water species such as
995:
904:
1434:
208:
in a packed column or with an aerator, this is necessary in intensive systems especially where oxygenation instead of aeration is used in tanks to maintain O
1281:
2181:
871:
693:
1427:
1484:
1392:
1053:
1019:
Martins, C.; Eding, E.; Verdegem, M.; Heinsbroek, L.; Schneider, O.; Blancheton, J.; d'Orbcastel, E.; Verreth, J. (November 2010),
1420:
975:
828:
676:
1918:
996:"Fish Health Management Considerations in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems - Part 1: Introduction and General Principles"
2206:
2049:
911:
2325:
2236:
651:
620:
2261:
1908:
1767:
1374:
1086:
762:
1898:
2226:
1288:
1221:
Michael Clark; Tilman, David (November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health".
1128:
Michael Clark; Tilman, David (November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health".
724:
A Comparative
Analysis of Three Biofilter Types Treating Wastewater Produced in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
1021:"New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe: A perspective on environmental sustainability"
1407:
2026:
1928:
249:. All four may be used to keep a system operating at the optimal temperature for maximizing fish production.
2274:
2130:
1903:
69:
1103:
2241:
2085:
1981:
172:
2246:
2216:
2054:
804:
Chen, Shulin; Malone, Ronald (1991), "Suspended solids control in recirculating aquaculture systems",
187:
must be carefully monitored and controlled. The first step of nitrification in the biofilter consumes
2201:
2176:
2044:
1913:
1397:
878:
2330:
2191:
2156:
2095:
1841:
1795:
1785:
329:
52:
and environmental control are often also necessary to maintain clean water and provide a suitable
40:) are used in home aquaria and for fish production where water exchange is limited and the use of
2196:
1888:
937:
495:
2286:
2135:
2016:
1971:
196:) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH). A low pH will lead to high levels of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO
128:
and high concentrations (>.02 mg/L) are toxic to most finfish. Nitrifying bacteria are
1193:
81:
2269:
2256:
2161:
2110:
2011:
1943:
1826:
1366:
1359:
285:
2315:
2279:
2251:
2231:
2221:
2211:
2171:
2166:
1991:
1976:
1933:
1230:
1137:
1549:
8:
2320:
2186:
2125:
2115:
2100:
1938:
1810:
1679:
1539:
938:"Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: A Review of Current Design Practices"
1402:
1234:
1141:
1020:
1831:
1790:
1524:
1474:
1339:
1262:
1169:
872:"Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: an overview of critical conditions"
2090:
1576:
1499:
1370:
1343:
1331:
1254:
1246:
1161:
1153:
1082:
971:
824:
758:
672:
647:
21:
77:
degasser on an outdoor recirculating aquaculture system used to grow largemouth bass
1747:
1669:
1519:
1466:
1323:
1266:
1238:
1173:
1145:
1035:
787:
728:
1327:
1039:
791:
2069:
2059:
1742:
1558:
1504:
246:
151:
129:
1752:
1724:
845:
2140:
2120:
1800:
1734:
1601:
1534:
1529:
1479:
1454:
294:
2309:
2105:
2001:
1996:
1805:
1659:
1649:
1626:
1591:
1509:
1494:
1250:
1157:
105:
99:
41:
26:
279:
Sturgeon grown at high density in a partial recirculating aquaculture system
2064:
2006:
1986:
1958:
1868:
1836:
1714:
1571:
1566:
1335:
1258:
1165:
1412:
2036:
1923:
1880:
1864:
1777:
1639:
1611:
1606:
1514:
479:
399:
308:
259:
136:
provides a substrate for the bacterial community, which results in thick
58:
1242:
1149:
806:
Proceedings from
Aquaculture Symposium in Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
1966:
1893:
1757:
1684:
1586:
1581:
732:
641:
592:
585:
564:
High operating costs mostly due to electricity, and system maintenance.
301:
238:
228:
prefer 24 °C water or warmer, where as cold water species such as
225:
188:
125:
49:
85:
Water treatment processes needed in a recirculating aquaculture system
2021:
1664:
605:
201:
133:
1694:
846:"Chapter 15 Recirculatig Systems and Re-use of Water in Aquaculture"
722:
1762:
1704:
1674:
1489:
570:
Higher greenhouse gas emissions than non-recirculating aquaculture.
383:
353:
242:
168:
567:
A need for highly trained staff to monitor and operate the system.
1709:
1689:
1634:
1596:
646:(3rd ed.). Ithaca Publishing Company Publishers. p. 3.
543:
463:
431:
221:
137:
121:
109:
53:
45:
1398:
Recirculating
Aquaculture Considerations, Design, and Management
694:"Recirculating aquaculture systems: The future of fish farming?"
275:
1719:
1644:
1616:
591:
where very little waste is generated and inputs are minimized.
233:
200:), which can prove toxic to fish. pH can also be controlled by
141:
are required to ensure the biofilter is operating efficiently.
1018:
297:
flexibility and independence from a large, clean water source.
527:
511:
447:
263:
229:
415:
1699:
1654:
560:
High upfront investment in materials and infrastructure.
258:
personnel that move between systems. Also the use of an
1408:
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) in fish farming
1282:"Aquaponics Integration of Hydroponics and Aquaculture"
184:
870:
Losordo, T.; Massar, M.; Rakocy, J (September 1998).
1863:
1356:
970:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 136.
823:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 165.
154:
may be used with or without the addition of ozone (O
1312:
1220:
1127:
1054:"Fish Farming in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems"
869:
291:
Reduced land needs due to the high stocking density
1358:
1076:
132:that convert ammonia into nitrite then nitrate. A
2307:
1191:
666:
642:Michael B. Timmons and James B. Ebeling (2013).
64:
965:
818:
777:
752:
1393:Recirculating Aquaculture System Design Manual
1428:
1194:"The Economics of Recirculation Aquaculture"
1187:
1185:
1183:
1485:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
1442:
1435:
1421:
1403:Engineering Design of a Water Reuse System
902:
803:
284:Reduced water requirements as compared to
1180:
1051:
989:
987:
637:
635:
29:Department of Food Science and Technology
25:Recirculating aquaculture systems at the
1361:The Simple Guide to Freshwater Aquariums
1077:Barry Costa-Pierce; et al. (2005).
274:
80:
68:
20:
669:Fundamentals of Aquaculture Engineering
574:
311:and ease in treating disease outbreaks.
2308:
1101:
984:
935:
716:
714:
691:
632:
215:
1862:
1452:
1416:
1279:
124:. Ammonia is a waste product of fish
905:"Engineering of water reuse systems"
843:
720:
692:Jenner, Andrew (February 24, 2010).
1316:Journal of Environmental Management
1192:Rawlinson, P.; Forster, A. (2000).
757:(2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 91.
711:
13:
1453:
993:
621:Controlled-environment agriculture
57:RAS is a viable form of intensive
14:
2342:
1909:Geothermal energy and aquaculture
1768:Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
1386:
144:
34:Recirculating aquaculture systems
1548:
1102:Weldon, Vanessa (June 3, 2011).
1081:. CABI Publishing. p. 161.
721:Hall, Antar (December 1, 1999).
318:
93:
1350:
1306:
1273:
1214:
1121:
1095:
1070:
1045:
1012:
959:
945:North Carolina State University
929:
896:
863:
2182:Federated States of Micronesia
837:
812:
797:
771:
746:
685:
660:
340:Greenhouse Gas Emissions (g CO
252:
161:
1:
1357:David E. Boruchowitz (2001).
1328:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.130
1040:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2010.09.002
792:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.02.003
626:
579:
400:Non-recirculating Aquaculture
270:
178:
65:RAS water treatment processes
936:Malone, Ron (October 2013).
671:. Springer US. p. 192.
599:
288:or pond aquaculture systems.
120:) excreted by the fish into
7:
1982:Fish diseases and parasites
903:Summerfelt, Steven (1996).
614:
10:
2347:
2055:Microalgal bacterial flocs
603:
583:
369:Recirculating Aquaculture
97:
2326:Environmental engineering
2149:
2078:
2035:
1957:
1879:
1875:
1858:
1819:
1776:
1733:
1625:
1557:
1546:
1465:
1461:
1448:
755:Principles of Aquaculture
698:Christian Science Monitor
667:Thomas B. Lawson (1995).
644:Recirculating Aquaculture
542:
526:
510:
494:
478:
462:
446:
430:
414:
398:
382:
368:
352:
339:
336:
332:for different food types
48:toxicity. Other types of
1919:Integrated multi-trophic
1052:Helfrich, L.; Libey, G.
1028:Aquacultural Engineering
966:Odd-Ivar Lekang (2013).
819:Odd-Ivar Lekang (2013).
780:Aquacultural Engineering
753:Robert Stickney (1994).
330:greenhouse gas emissions
1889:Aquaculture engineering
1443:Fishing industry topics
1201:Oregon State University
1104:"Recirculating systems"
968:Aquaculture Engineering
821:Aquaculture Engineering
280:
86:
78:
44:is required to reduce
30:
1827:World fish production
727:(Master of Science).
278:
84:
72:
24:
575:Special types of RAS
464:Non-trawling Fishery
152:protein fractionator
1680:Fish protein powder
1243:10.1038/nature13959
1235:2014Natur.515..518T
1150:10.1038/nature13959
1142:2014Natur.515..518T
884:on October 17, 2015
333:
216:Temperature control
16:Fish farming method
1832:Fishing by country
1475:Commercial fishing
1280:Diver, S. (2006).
917:on January 2, 2011
327:
281:
104:All RAS relies on
87:
79:
73:A biofilter and CO
31:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2096:Freshwater prawns
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1577:Fish preservation
1500:Midwater trawling
1365:. T.F.H. p.
1294:on April 17, 2012
1229:(7528): 518–522.
1136:(7528): 518–522.
1079:Urban Aquaculture
977:978-0-470-67085-9
830:978-0-470-67085-9
678:978-1-4615-7049-3
558:
557:
347:
343:
2338:
2227:Papua New Guinea
2207:Marshall Islands
1877:
1876:
1869:farmed fisheries
1860:
1859:
1748:Shrimp marketing
1670:Fish hydrolysate
1552:
1467:Fishing industry
1463:
1462:
1450:
1449:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1381:
1380:
1364:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1287:. Archived from
1286:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1178:
1177:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1000:
991:
982:
981:
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
942:
933:
927:
926:
924:
922:
916:
910:. Archived from
909:
900:
894:
893:
891:
889:
883:
877:. Archived from
876:
867:
861:
860:
858:
856:
841:
835:
834:
816:
810:
809:
801:
795:
794:
775:
769:
768:
750:
744:
743:
741:
739:
718:
709:
708:
706:
704:
689:
683:
682:
664:
658:
657:
639:
553:
552:
537:
536:
521:
520:
505:
504:
489:
488:
473:
472:
457:
456:
441:
440:
425:
424:
409:
408:
393:
392:
384:Trawling Fishery
377:
376:
363:
362:
345:
341:
334:
326:
304:effluent volume.
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2331:Water treatment
2306:
2305:
2304:
2291:
2237:Solomon Islands
2145:
2074:
2060:Photobioreactor
2031:
1953:
1871:
1846:
1815:
1772:
1743:Live fish trade
1729:
1621:
1559:Fish processing
1553:
1544:
1535:Fishing vessels
1505:Bottom trawling
1457:
1444:
1441:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1355:
1351:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1181:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
998:
992:
985:
978:
964:
960:
950:
948:
940:
934:
930:
920:
918:
914:
907:
901:
897:
887:
885:
881:
874:
868:
864:
854:
852:
842:
838:
831:
817:
813:
802:
798:
776:
772:
765:
751:
747:
737:
735:
719:
712:
702:
700:
690:
686:
679:
665:
661:
654:
640:
633:
629:
617:
608:
602:
588:
582:
577:
554:
550:
549:
538:
534:
533:
522:
518:
517:
506:
502:
501:
490:
486:
485:
474:
470:
469:
458:
454:
453:
442:
438:
437:
426:
422:
421:
410:
406:
405:
394:
390:
389:
378:
374:
373:
364:
360:
359:
348:per g protein)
321:
273:
255:
247:heat exchangers
218:
211:
207:
199:
195:
181:
164:
157:
147:
130:chemoautotrophs
119:
115:
102:
96:
76:
67:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:United States
2264:
2262:United Kingdom
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1929:Antimicrobials
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:Best practices
1896:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1873:
1872:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1820:Area fisheries
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1801:English Market
1798:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1735:Fish marketing
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1602:Salmon cannery
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1480:Fish slaughter
1477:
1471:
1469:
1459:
1458:
1455:Wild fisheries
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354:Ruminant Meat
351:
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331:
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319:Disadvantages
313:
310:
306:
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300:Reduction in
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100:Biofiltration
94:Biofiltration
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42:biofiltration
39:
35:
28:
27:Virginia Tech
23:
19:
2242:South Africa
2131:Sea cucumber
2086:Brine shrimp
2065:Raceway pond
2007:Spawning bed
1987:Fish farming
1959:Fish farming
1948:
1796:Maine Avenue
1786:Billingsgate
1778:Fish markets
1753:Chasse-marée
1725:Surströmming
1715:Shrimp paste
1640:Fish as food
1572:Factory ship
1567:Fish factory
1360:
1352:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1289:the original
1275:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1200:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1107:
1097:
1078:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1047:
1034:(3): 83–93,
1031:
1027:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
967:
961:
949:. Retrieved
944:
931:
919:. Retrieved
912:the original
898:
886:. Retrieved
879:the original
865:
853:. Retrieved
849:
839:
820:
814:
805:
799:
783:
779:
773:
754:
748:
736:. Retrieved
723:
701:. Retrieved
697:
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609:
589:
559:
256:
219:
182:
165:
148:
103:
88:
37:
33:
32:
18:
2316:Aquaculture
2247:South Korea
2217:New Zealand
2136:Sea sponges
2037:Algaculture
1924:Mariculture
1881:Aquaculture
1865:Aquaculture
1842:Other areas
1612:Smoked fish
1607:Salted fish
1540:Power block
1515:Gillnetting
1322:: 255–263.
994:Yanong, R.
947:. p. 5
733:10919/30796
337:Food Types
309:biosecurity
260:Ultraviolet
253:Biosecurity
183:In all RAS
173:oxygenation
162:Oxygenation
108:to convert
59:aquaculture
2321:Aquaponics
2310:Categories
2202:Madagascar
2177:East Timor
2150:By country
2050:Microalgae
2045:Giant kelp
1967:Broodstock
1894:Aquaponics
1758:Fishmonger
1685:Fish sauce
1587:Dried fish
1582:Slurry ice
1520:Longlining
1298:August 25,
1206:October 3,
1113:October 3,
1062:August 25,
1004:August 25,
951:October 3,
888:August 25,
855:October 3,
703:August 25,
627:References
593:Aquaponics
586:Aquaponics
580:Aquaponics
307:Increased
302:wastewater
271:Advantages
239:heat pumps
226:Barramundi
189:alkalinity
179:pH control
126:metabolism
50:filtration
2192:Indonesia
2157:Australia
2022:Tailwater
1992:Fish feed
1665:Fish meal
1344:174808814
1251:1476-4687
1158:1476-4687
808:: 170–186
606:Aquariums
600:Aquariums
202:degassing
134:biofilter
2197:Kiribati
2126:Scallops
1934:Offshore
1763:Fishwife
1705:Lutefisk
1675:Fish oil
1655:Fish roe
1530:Dredging
1525:Trolling
1490:Trawling
1336:31158677
1259:25383533
1166:25383533
615:See also
262:(UV) or
243:chillers
212:levels.
169:aeration
2287:Vanuatu
2141:Turtles
2121:Oysters
2116:Octopus
2101:Geoduck
2070:Seaweed
2017:Tilapia
1972:Catfish
1944:Raceway
1939:Organic
1811:Tsukiji
1710:Rakfisk
1690:Gravlax
1635:Seafood
1617:Kippers
1597:Gibbing
1510:Seining
1267:4453972
1231:Bibcode
1174:4453972
1138:Bibcode
544:Legumes
432:Poultry
286:raceway
222:Tilapia
138:biofilm
122:nitrate
110:ammonia
54:habitat
46:ammonia
2275:Hawaii
2270:Alaska
2257:Tuvalu
2162:Canada
2012:Salmon
1806:Scania
1791:Fulton
1720:Surimi
1695:Hákarl
1645:Caviar
1373:
1342:
1334:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1223:Nature
1172:
1164:
1156:
1130:Nature
1085:
974:
827:
761:
675:
650:
245:, and
234:salmon
116:and NH
2280:Maine
2252:Tonga
2232:Samoa
2222:Palau
2212:Nauru
2172:China
2167:Chile
2091:Coral
1977:Cobia
1340:S2CID
1292:(PDF)
1285:(PDF)
1263:S2CID
1197:(PDF)
1170:S2CID
1057:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
999:(PDF)
941:(PDF)
915:(PDF)
908:(PDF)
882:(PDF)
875:(PDF)
528:Maize
512:Wheat
448:Dairy
328:Mean
264:ozone
230:trout
192:(CaCO
2187:Fiji
1867:and
1371:ISBN
1332:PMID
1300:2015
1255:PMID
1247:ISSN
1208:2015
1162:PMID
1154:ISSN
1115:2015
1083:ISBN
1064:2015
1006:2015
972:ISBN
953:2015
923:2015
890:2015
857:2015
825:ISBN
759:ISBN
740:2020
705:2015
673:ISBN
648:ISBN
551:0.25
480:Eggs
416:Pork
232:and
224:and
171:and
1700:Lox
1324:doi
1320:245
1239:doi
1227:515
1146:doi
1134:515
1036:doi
850:FAO
788:doi
729:hdl
535:1.2
519:1.2
503:1.7
487:6.8
471:8.6
455:9.1
158:).
112:(NH
38:RAS
2312::
1369:.
1367:31
1338:.
1330:.
1318:.
1261:.
1253:.
1245:.
1237:.
1225:.
1199:.
1182:^
1168:.
1160:.
1152:.
1144:.
1132:.
1106:.
1032:43
1030:,
1026:,
986:^
943:.
848:.
784:33
782:,
713:^
696:.
634:^
439:10
423:10
407:12
391:26
375:30
361:62
346:eq
344:-C
241:,
204:CO
185:pH
61:.
1436:e
1429:t
1422:v
1379:.
1346:.
1326::
1302:.
1269:.
1241::
1233::
1210:.
1176:.
1148::
1140::
1117:.
1091:.
1066:.
1038::
1008:.
980:.
955:.
925:.
892:.
859:.
833:.
790::
767:.
742:.
731::
707:.
681:.
656:.
342:2
210:2
206:2
198:2
194:3
156:3
118:3
114:4
75:2
36:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
