521: : As the refrigerant vapor migrates to the absorber from the evaporator, the strong lithium bromide solution from the generator is sprayed over the top of the absorber tube bundle. The strong lithium bromide solution actually pulls the refrigerant vapor into solution, creating the extreme vacuum in the evaporator. The absorption of the refrigerant vapor into the lithium bromide solution also generates heat which is removed by the cooling water. Now the dilute lithium bromide solution collects in the bottom of the lower shell, where it flows down to the solution pump. The chilling cycle is now completed and the process begins once again.
534:, and pump station with recirculating pump, expansion valve, no-flow shutdown, internal cold water control. Compressors can be of two types - scroll and screw depending on the budget and the performance expected from a chiller. The internal tank helps maintain cold water temperature and prevents temperature spikes from occurring. Closed-loop industrial chillers recirculate a clean coolant or clean water with condition additives at a constant temperature and pressure to increase the stability and reproducibility of water-cooled machines and instruments. The water flows from the chiller to the application's point of use and back.
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503: : After exiting the heat exchanger, the dilute solution moves into the upper shell. The solution surrounds a bundle of tubes which carries either steam or hot water. The steam or hot water transfers heat into the pool of dilute lithium bromide solution. The solution boils, sending refrigerant vapor upward into the condenser and leaving behind concentrated lithium bromide. The concentrated lithium bromide solution moves down to the heat exchanger, where it is cooled by the weak solution being pumped up to the generator.
457:) or refrigerant metering device (RMD) restricts the flow of the liquid refrigerant causing a pressure drop that vaporizes some of the refrigerant; this vaporization absorbs heat from nearby liquid refrigerant. The RMD is located immediately prior to the evaporator so that the cold gas in the evaporator can absorb heat from the water in the evaporator. There is a sensor for the RMD on the evaporator outlet side which allows the RMD to regulate the refrigerant flow based on the chiller design requirement.
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361:. Using electric motors in a semi-hermetic or hermetic configuration is the most common method of driving the compressors since electric motors can be effectively and easily cooled by the refrigerant, without requiring fuel supply or exhaust ventilation and no shaft seals are required as the motor can operate in the refrigerant, reducing maintenance, leaks, operating costs and downtime, although open compressors are sometimes used. They produce their cooling effect via the
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compressors, and each has its own application. Common refrigeration compressors include reciprocating, scroll, screw, or centrifugal. These can be powered by electric motors, steam turbines, or gas turbines. Compressors can have an integrated motor from a specific manufacturer, or be open drive--allowing the connection to another type of mechanical connection. Compressors can also be either hermetic (welded closed) or semi-hermetic (bolted together).
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fan type, noise level, internal piping materials, number of compressors, type of compressor, number of fridge circuits, coolant requirements, fluid discharge temperature, and COP (the ratio between the cooling capacity in RT to the energy consumed by the whole chiller in kW). For medium to large chillers this should range from 3.5 to 7.0, with higher values meaning higher efficiency. In the US, chiller efficiency is often specified in kilowatts per
247:) and 7 MW (24 million BTU/h), and at least two manufacturers (York international and LG) can produce chillers capable of up to 21 MW (72 million BTU/h) cooling. Chilled water temperatures (leaving from the chiller) usually range from 1 to 7 °C (34 to 45 °F), depending upon application requirements. Commonly, chillers receive water at 12°C (entering temperature), and cool it to 7°C (leaving temperature).
515: : The refrigerant liquid moves from the condenser in the upper shell down to the evaporator in the lower shell and is sprayed over the evaporator tube bundle. Due to the extreme vacuum of the lower shell , the refrigerant liquid boils at approximately 39 °F (4 °C), creating the refrigerant effect. (This vacuum is created by hygroscopic action – the strong affinity lithium bromide has for water – in the Absorber directly below.)
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condenser has a different material cost and they vary in terms of efficiency. With evaporative cooling condensers, their coefficients-of-performance (COPs) are very high; typically 4.0 or more. Air cooled condensers are installed and operated outdoors and are cooled with outside air, that is often forced through the condenser using
546:. This development allows a reduction in energy requirements by more than 15% and also allows a significant reduction in the size of the chiller, due to the small surface area of the water-based condenser and the absence of fans. Additionally, the absence of fans allows for significantly reduced noise levels.
509: : The refrigerant vapor migrates through mist eliminators to the condenser tube bundle. The refrigerant vapor condenses on the tubes. The heat is removed by the cooling water which moves through the inside of the tubes. As the refrigerant condenses, it collects in a trough at the bottom of the condenser.
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is driven by a heat source; this heat is usually delivered to the chiller via steam, hot water, or combustion. Compared to electrically powered chillers, an absorption chiller has very low electrical power requirements – very rarely above 15 kW combined consumption for both the solution pump and
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liquid from the chiller is pumped through process or laboratory equipment. Industrial chillers are used for controlled cooling of products, mechanisms and factory machinery in a wide range of industries. They are often used in the plastic industries, injection and blow molding, metalworking cutting
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Air-cooled and evaporative cooled chillers are intended for outdoor installation and operation. Air-cooled machines are directly cooled by ambient air being mechanically circulated directly through the machine's condenser coil to expel heat to the atmosphere. Evaporative cooled machines are similar,
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Important specifications to consider when searching for industrial chillers include the total life cycle cost, the power source, chiller IP rating, chiller cooling capacity, evaporator capacity, evaporator material, evaporator type, condenser material, condenser capacity, ambient temperature, motor
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Condensers can be air-cooled, liquid-cooled, or evaporative. The condenser is a heat exchanger which allows heat to migrate from the refrigerant gas to either water or air. Air cooled condenser are manufactured from copper tubes (for the refrigerant flow) and aluminium fins (for the air flow). Each
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that must be exhausted to ambience, or for greater efficiency, recovered for heating purposes. Vapor compression chillers may use any of a number of different types of compressors. Most common today are the hermetic scroll, semi-hermetic screw, or centrifugal compressors. The condensing side of the
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Process pump specifications that are important to consider include the process flow, process pressure, pump material, elastomer and mechanical shaft seal material, motor voltage, motor electrical class, motor IP rating and pump rating. If the cold water temperature is lower than −5 °C, then a
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Most industrial chillers use refrigeration as the media for cooling, but some rely on simpler techniques such as air or water flowing over coils containing the coolant to regulate temperature. Water is the most commonly used coolant within process chillers, although coolant mixtures (mostly water
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Evaporators can be plate type or shell and tube type. The evaporator is a heat exchanger which allows the heat energy to migrate from the water stream into the refrigerant gas. During the state change of the remaining liquid to gas, the refrigerant can absorb large amounts of heat without changing
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In recent years, application of variable-speed drive (VSD) technology has increased efficiencies of vapor compression chillers. The first VSD was applied to centrifugal compressor chillers in the late 1970s and has become the norm as the cost of energy has increased. Now, VSDs are being applied to
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Refrigeration compressors are essentially a pump for refrigerant gas. The capacity of the compressor, and hence the chiller cooling capacity, is measured in kilowatts input (kW), Horse power input (HP), or volumetric flow (m/h, ft/h). The mechanism for compressing refrigerant gas differs between
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Chillers for industrial applications can be centralized, where a single chiller serves multiple cooling needs, or decentralized where each application or machine has its own chiller. Each approach has its advantages. It is also possible to have a combination of both centralized and decentralized
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If the water temperature differentials between inlet and outlet are high, then a large external water tank would be used to store the cold water. In this case the chilled water is not going directly from the chiller to the application, but goes to the external water tank which acts as a sort of
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The less common open loop industrial chillers control the temperature of a liquid in an open tank or sump by constantly recirculating it. The liquid is drawn from the tank, pumped through the chiller and back to the tank. In industrial water chillers is the use of water cooling instead of air
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except they implement a mist of water over the condenser coil to aid in condenser cooling, making the machine more efficient than a traditional air-cooled machine. No remote cooling tower is typically required with either of these types of packaged air-cooled or evaporatively cooled chillers.
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which improve the chillers' thermodynamic effectiveness as compared to air-cooled chillers. This is due to heat rejection at or near the air's wet-bulb temperature rather than the higher, sometimes much higher, dry-bulb temperature. Evaporatively cooled chillers offer higher efficiencies than
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internally as its working fluid. Many refrigerants options are available; when selecting a chiller, the application cooling temperature requirements and refrigerant's cooling characteristics need to be matched. Important parameters to consider are the operating temperatures and pressures.
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system. The return water is used to warm the city's drinking water supply, which is desirable in this cold climate. Whenever a chiller's heat rejection can be used for a productive purpose, in addition to the cooling function, very high thermal effectiveness is possible.
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There are several environmental factors that concern refrigerants, and also affect the future availability for chiller applications. This is a key consideration in intermittent applications where a large chiller may last for 25 years or more.
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air in mid- to large-size commercial, industrial, and institutional facilities. Water cooled chillers can be liquid-cooled (through cooling towers), air-cooled, or evaporatively cooled. Water or liquid-cooled systems can provide efficiency and
538:"temperature buffer." The cold water tank is much larger than the internal water goes from the external tank to the application and the return hot water from the application goes back to the external tank, not to the chiller.
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and machine tooling, chemical processing, pharmaceutical formulation, food and beverage processing, paper and cement processing, vacuum systems, X-ray diffraction, power supplies and gas turbine power generation stations (see
497: : A dilute lithium bromide solution (60% concentration) is collected in the bottom of the absorber shell. From here, a hermetic solution pump moves the solution through a shell and tube heat exchanger for preheating.
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air in mid- to large-size commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII) facilities. Liquid chillers can be liquid-cooled, air-cooled, or evaporatively cooled. Water or liquid-cooled chillers incorporate the use of
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Control panel features that should be considered when selecting between industrial chillers include the local control panel, remote control panel, fault indicators, temperature indicators, and pressure indicators.
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the refrigerant pump. However, its heat input requirements are large, and its COP is often 0.5 (single-effect) to 1.0 (double-effect). For the same cooling capacity, an absorption chiller requires a much larger
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A view into the exposed shell and tube heat exchanger on a centrifugal chiller. Refrigerant in its gaseous state passes through tubes (visible at the back) which exchange heat with water circulating within the
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Liquid-cooled chillers are typically intended for indoor installation and operation and are cooled by a separate condenser water loop and connected to outdoor cooling towers to expel heat to the atmosphere.
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than a vapor-compression chiller. However, absorption chillers, from an energy-efficiency point of view, excel where cheap, low-grade heat or waste heat is readily available. In extremely sunny climates,
615:(GWP) of the refrigerant need to be considered. ODP and GWP data for some of the more common vapor-compression refrigerants (noting that many of these refrigerants are highly flammable and/or toxic):
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When the chillers for air conditioning systems are not operable or they are in need of repair or replacement, emergency chillers may be used to supply chilled water. Rental chillers are mounted on a
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special pump needs to be used to be able to pump the high concentrations of ethylene glycol. Other important specifications include the internal water tank size and materials and full load current.
280:), analytical equipment, semiconductors, compressed air and gas cooling. They are also used to cool high-heat specialized items such as MRI machines and lasers in hospitals, hotels, and campuses.
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Current vapor-compression chiller technology is based on the "reverse-Rankine" cycle known as vapor-compression. See the attached diagram which outlines the key components of the chiller system.
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or other types of terminal devices which cool the air in their respective space(s). The water is then recirculated to the chiller to be recooled. These cooling coils transfer
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as the absorbent. It is the strong affinity that these two substances have for one another that makes the cycle work. The entire process occurs in almost a complete vacuum.
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from the air to the chilled water, thus cooling and usually dehumidifying the air stream. A typical chiller for air conditioning applications is rated between 50
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Where available, cold water readily available in nearby water bodies might be used directly for cooling, replacing or supplementing cooling towers. The
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to reduce chiller noise levels. Larger chillers will typically require an array of sound attenuators sometimes known as a silencer bank.
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1077:(SI ed.). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). p. 42.1. Archived from
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chiller can be either air or water cooled. Even when liquid cooled, the chiller is often cooled by an induced or forced draft
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to cool equipment, or another process stream (such as air or process water). As a necessary by-product, refrigeration creates
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cooling. In this case the condenser does not cool the hot refrigerant with ambient air, but uses water that is cooled by a
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Demountable chillers are also an option for deployment in remote areas and where the conditions may be hot and dusty.
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chillers, especially if the cooling requirements are the same for some applications or points of use, but not all.
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A liquid (glycol based) chiller with an air cooled condenser on the rooftop of a medium size commercial building
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Industrial chillers typically come as complete, packaged, closed-loop systems, including the chiller unit,
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The refrigerants used in the chillers sold in Europe are mainly R410a (70%), R407c (20%) and R134a (10%).
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If noise levels of the chiller are acoustically unacceptable, noise control engineers will implement
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Additional features include emergency alarms, hot gas bypass, city water switchover, and casters.
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HVAC Water
Chillers and Cooling Towers: Fundamentals, Application, and Operation, Second Edition
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HVAC Water
Chillers and Cooling Towers: Fundamentals, Application, and Operation, Second Edition
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heat rejection, their coefficients of performance (COPs) are very high; typically 4.0 or more.
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with a coolant additive to enhance heat dissipation) are frequently employed.
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1327:"Statistics data on the HVAC&R market in Europe, Middle-East and Africa"
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A vapor compression chiller typically uses one of four types of compressor:
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are used to connect between rental chillers and air conditioning systems.
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so that they can be quickly deployed to the site. Large chilled water
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The single-effect absorption cycle uses water as the refrigerant and
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Machine that removes heat from a liquid coolant via vapor compression
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398:{\displaystyle ={\frac {\text{Cooling power}}{\text{Input power}}}}
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compression are all mechanical machines that can be powered by
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air-cooled chillers but lower than liquid-cooled chillers.
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systems, chilled coolant, usually chilled water mixed with
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Diagram showing the components of a liquid-cooled chiller
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Request for
Proposal #946 - Emergency Chillers Rentals
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cycles. This liquid can then be circulated through a
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Turbine inlet air cooling#Vapour compression chiller
266:In industrial applications, chilled water or other
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1276:Kilicarslon, Ali; Müller, Norbert (18 July 2005).
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1127:"Converting Low-Grade Heat into Electrical Power"
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438:rotary screw and scroll-technology compressors.
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483:has been used to operate absorption chillers.
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1207:"Summit Matsu Chillers - Chillers for Mining"
154:is a machine that removes heat from a liquid
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973:"Types of Chillers - A Thomas Buying Guide"
2795:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2144:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1393:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
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127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2578:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1074:2008 HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook
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365:, also known as vapor-compression. With
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2764:
1179:III, Herbert W. Stanford (2016-04-19).
1055:"Centrifugal Chiller | HVAC | Business"
1009:III, Herbert W. Stanford (2016-04-19).
14:
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2451:Programmable communicating thermostat
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989:
2573:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
329:Vapor-compression chiller technology
195:advantages over air-cooled systems.
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
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1008:
598:A vapor-compression chiller uses a
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2434:Minimum efficiency reporting value
992:"Absorption Chiller, How it works"
990:Evans, Paul (September 26, 2017).
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2476:Standard temperature and pressure
2189:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1725:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1454:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
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1545:Absorption-compression heat pump
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2440:Normal temperature and pressure
1820:Vapor-compression refrigeration
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1217:
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948:"Academia.edu - Share research"
927:Seasonal thermal energy storage
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465:How absorption technology works
430:Key components of the chiller:
52:needs additional citations for
1331:Eurovent-marketintelligence.eu
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1002:
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469:The thermodynamic cycle of an
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1:
2588:Testing, adjusting, balancing
2532:Building information modeling
2527:Building services engineering
2104:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1632:Demand controlled ventilation
1580:Building insulation materials
1037:"YD Dual Centrifugal Chiller"
933:
882:Building services engineering
849:R12 is the ODP reference. CO
526:Industrial chiller technology
2149:High-pressure cut-off switch
1700:Ice storage air conditioning
1621:Dedicated outdoor air system
1107:. Montclair State University
554:Industrial chiller selection
7:
2492:Thermostatic radiator valve
2294:Thermostatic radiator valve
1805:Underfloor air distribution
1740:Radiant heating and cooling
1658:Energy recovery ventilation
1570:Automobile air conditioning
1434:Domestic energy consumption
1015:. CRC Press. p. xvii.
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2641:Institute of Refrigeration
2522:Architectural technologist
1994:Electrostatic precipitator
1185:. CRC Press. p. 113.
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2767:"chiller info in persian"
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2694:Volatile organic compound
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2553:Environmental engineering
2517:Architectural engineering
2500:
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2319:Ultra-low particulate air
1904:Automatic balancing valve
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1832:Variable refrigerant flow
1684:Heat recovery ventilation
1627:Deep water source cooling
1537:
1399:
872:Architectural engineering
609:Ozone depletion potential
310:deep water source cooling
287:Chilled water is used to
271:oils, welding equipment,
186:Chilled water is used to
2741:Template:Home automation
2563:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2259:Solar-assisted heat pump
1859:Air conditioner inverter
1638:Displacement ventilation
1529:Vapour pressure of water
1514:Thermal destratification
996:Thengineeringmindset.com
613:global warming potential
239:(170 thousand
168:absorption refrigeration
164:adsorption refrigeration
32:Chiller (disambiguation)
2736:World Refrigeration Day
2583:Refrigerant reclamation
2512:Architectural acoustics
2456:Programmable thermostat
2388:Clean air delivery rate
2284:Thermal expansion valve
2199:Pressurisation ductwork
2109:Ground source heat pump
1550:Absorption refrigerator
1251:"R744 (Carbon dioxide)"
1155:"About chillers |"
199:Use in air conditioning
2800:Mechanical engineering
2726:Glossary of HVAC terms
2688:Sick building syndrome
2568:Mechanical engineering
2279:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1710:Mixed-mode ventilation
1291:(11). Wiley: 947–959.
917:Mechanical engineering
453:The expansion device (
427:
418:
399:
208:
147:
2746:Template:Solar energy
2424:Intelligent buildings
2383:Carbon dioxide sensor
1770:Room air distribution
1590:Central solar heating
853:is the GWP reference
424:
416:
400:
363:reverse-Rankine cycle
206:
146:liquid-cooled chiller
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2548:Duct leakage testing
2538:Deep energy retrofit
2482:Thermographic camera
2419:Infrared thermometer
1894:Air source heat pump
1843:Water heat recycling
1409:Air changes per hour
1257:on 15 September 2013
887:Chemical engineering
379:
193:environmental impact
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2414:HVAC control system
2404:Home energy monitor
2378:Building automation
2164:Inverter compressor
1826:Variable air volume
1735:Passive ventilation
1705:Kitchen ventilation
1605:Constant air volume
1575:Autonomous building
1297:2005IJER...29..947K
897:Evaporative cooling
367:evaporative cooling
289:cool and dehumidify
188:cool and dehumidify
2805:Chemical equipment
2790:Cooling technology
2677:Indoor air quality
2621:ASTM International
2558:Hydronic balancing
2335:Wood-burning stove
2214:Radiator reflector
1999:Evaporative cooler
1810:Underfloor heating
1795:Thermal insulation
1285:Int. J. Energy Res
471:absorption chiller
428:
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209:
148:
144:York International
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2670:Health and safety
2249:Scroll compressor
2204:Process duct work
1959:Convection heater
1954:Condensing boiler
1884:Air-mixing plenum
1780:Solar combisystem
1616:Cross ventilation
1419:Building envelope
847:
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582:sound attenuators
561:refrigeration ton
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345:compression, and
160:vapor-compression
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16:(Redirected from
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2716:Building science
2471:Smart thermostat
2466:Room temperature
2049:Fireplace insert
1755:Radon mitigation
1653:Electric heating
1648:District heating
1643:District cooling
1560:Air conditioning
1386:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1253:. Archived from
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1231:on 14 March 2013
1227:. Archived from
1221:
1215:
1214:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1157:. Archived from
1151:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1129:. Archived from
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1069:
1063:
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1051:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1006:
1000:
999:
987:
981:
980:
969:
963:
962:
960:
958:
944:
618:
617:
404:
402:
401:
396:
394:
390:
387:
386:
322:district cooling
314:Toronto, Ontario
213:air conditioning
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2711:ASHRAE Handbook
2699:
2683:Passive smoking
2665:
2598:
2592:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2350:
2344:
2325:Whole-house fan
2239:Run-around coil
2234:Reversing valve
2179:Mechanical room
2169:Kerosene heater
2159:Infrared heater
2089:Gasoline heater
2029:Fan filter unit
1944:Condensate pump
1929:Centrifugal fan
1847:
1750:Radiant heating
1745:Radiant cooling
1720:Passive cooling
1715:Microgeneration
1585:Central heating
1533:
1509:Thermal comfort
1401:
1395:
1390:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1305:10.1002/er.1084
1280:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1248:
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1234:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1218:
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1173:
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1120:
1110:
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1048:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1007:
1003:
988:
984:
971:
970:
966:
956:
954:
946:
945:
941:
936:
931:
862:
852:
826:R717 (ammonia)
814:
676:R290 (propane)
596:
590:
556:
528:
488:lithium bromide
467:
385:
380:
377:
376:
351:electric motors
331:
264:
262:Use in industry
217:ethylene glycol
201:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2818:
2808:
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2797:
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2648:
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2638:
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2618:
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2600:
2594:
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2565:
2560:
2555:
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2535:
2529:
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2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2461:Psychrometrics
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:Air flow meter
2354:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2311:
2306:
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2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
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2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2134:Heating system
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2114:Heat exchanger
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2079:Gas compressor
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2014:Expansion tank
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1934:Ceramic heater
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
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1829:
1823:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1775:Solar air heat
1772:
1767:
1765:Renewable heat
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1676:
1674:Forced-air gas
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1608:
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1597:
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1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1524:Thermodynamics
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1494:Psychrometrics
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1449:Gas compressor
1446:
1444:Fluid dynamics
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1351:External links
1349:
1344:
1343:
1318:
1268:
1242:
1225:"Refrigerants"
1216:
1198:
1191:
1171:
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1028:
1021:
1001:
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592:Main article:
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408:
407:
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384:
330:
327:
294:cooling towers
263:
260:
200:
197:
172:heat exchanger
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2817:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2773:(in Persian).
2772:
2768:
2765:tahvienovin.
2761:
2757:
2747:
2744:
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2599:organizations
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2569:
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2546:
2544:
2543:Duct cleaning
2541:
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2528:
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2397:
2395:
2394:Control valve
2392:
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2386:
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2379:
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2320:
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2315:
2314:Turning vanes
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:Thermal wheel
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2254:Solar chimney
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
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2212:
2210:
2207:
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2200:
2197:
2195:
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2172:
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2167:
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2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
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2130:
2127:
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2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:Fan coil unit
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:Cooling tower
1967:
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1960:
1957:
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1952:
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1824:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:Vapor barrier
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Solar heating
1788:
1786:
1785:Solar cooling
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:Refrigeration
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:Passive house
1728:
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1601:
1600:Chilled water
1598:
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1593:
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1583:
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1573:
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1522:
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1512:
1510:
1507:
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1502:
1500:
1499:Sensible heat
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:Noise control
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Heat transfer
1457:
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1226:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1194:
1192:9781439862117
1188:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1161:on 2012-06-17
1160:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1133:on 2017-10-21
1132:
1128:
1122:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1081:on 2008-05-17
1080:
1076:
1075:
1068:
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1056:
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1042:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1022:9781439862117
1018:
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1005:
997:
993:
986:
978:
977:Thomasnet.com
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895:
893:
892:Cooling tower
890:
888:
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883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
857:
854:
842:
839:
837:R718 (water)
836:
835:
831:
828:
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824:
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544:cooling tower
539:
535:
533:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
495:Solution Pump
493:
492:
491:
489:
484:
482:
477:
476:cooling tower
472:
462:
461:temperature.
458:
456:
451:
449:
448:cooling tower
445:
444:electric fans
439:
435:
431:
423:
415:
411:
388:Cooling power
382:
374:
373:
372:
371:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:compression,
340:
337:compression,
336:
335:Reciprocating
326:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
302:
298:
295:
290:
285:
281:
279:
274:
269:
259:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:sensible heat
226:
222:
218:
214:
205:
196:
194:
189:
184:
182:
181:cooling tower
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
141:
131:
128:
120:
117:December 2007
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2770:
2760:
2721:Fireproofing
2505:and services
2501:Professions,
2399:Gas detector
2299:Trickle vent
2274:Smoke damper
2269:Smoke canopy
2264:Space heater
2194:Plenum space
2129:Heating film
2009:Exhaust hood
1979:Dehumidifier
1938:
1919:Blast damper
1914:Barrier pipe
1889:Air purifier
1800:Thermosiphon
1679:Free cooling
1595:Chilled beam
1519:Thermal mass
1504:Stack effect
1489:Particulates
1469:Infiltration
1400:Fundamental
1347:
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1330:
1321:
1288:
1284:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:the original
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:the original
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1211:Matsu.com.au
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1159:the original
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955:. Retrieved
952:Academia.edu
951:
942:
902:Free cooling
855:
848:
621:Refrigerant
605:
597:
588:Refrigerants
579:
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359:gas turbines
343:screw-driven
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225:air handlers
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185:
151:
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123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2771:tahvienovin
2731:Warm Spaces
2373:Blower door
2351:and control
2349:Measurement
2330:Windcatcher
2304:Trombe wall
2244:Sail switch
2224:Refrigerant
2219:Recuperator
2094:Grease duct
2054:Freeze stat
2039:Fire damper
1909:Back boiler
1879:Air ionizer
1874:Air handler
1838:Ventilation
1690:Hybrid heat
1555:Air barrier
1474:Latent heat
600:refrigerant
594:Refrigerant
391:Input power
347:centrifugal
273:die-casting
233:latent heat
2784:Categories
2487:Thermostat
2409:Humidistat
2340:Zone valve
2309:TurboSwing
2184:Oil heater
2154:Humidifier
2084:Gas heater
2034:Fan heater
2004:Evaporator
1989:Economizer
1964:Compressor
1869:Air filter
1852:Components
1669:Forced-air
1565:Antifreeze
1538:Technology
1484:Outgassing
1424:Convection
1336:24 January
1165:2012-07-06
1137:2017-10-11
1085:2008-05-21
957:24 January
934:References
922:Pipefitter
611:(ODP) and
513:Evaporator
312:system in
176:waste heat
87:newspapers
2597:Industry
2446:OpenTherm
2124:Heat pump
2119:Heat pipe
2069:Fume hood
2044:Fireplace
1949:Condenser
1899:Attic fan
1695:Hydronics
907:Heat Pump
867:Tube tool
563:(kW/RT).
532:condenser
507:Condenser
501:Generator
76:"Chiller"
2704:See also
2429:LonWorks
2363:Aquastat
2229:Register
2209:Radiator
1864:Air door
1664:Firestop
1464:Humidity
1439:Enthalpy
1429:Dilution
1414:Bake-out
1402:concepts
1313:42262281
1041:York.com
860:See also
519:Absorber
18:Chillers
2503:trades,
2074:Furnace
1939:Chiller
1611:Coolant
1293:Bibcode
1111:23 July
268:coolant
252:trailer
156:coolant
152:chiller
101:scholar
2656:SMACNA
2616:ASHRAE
2436:(MERV)
2390:(CADR)
2368:BACnet
2321:(ULPA)
2174:Louver
2099:Grille
1974:Damper
1924:Boiler
1822:(VCRS)
1623:(DOAS)
1311:
1261:5 July
1235:5 July
1189:
1059:Lg.com
1019:
797:R600a
753:R410a
745:0.039
742:R409a
734:0.016
731:R408a
720:R407c
709:R407a
698:R404a
690:0.027
687:R401a
654:R134a
646:0.012
426:shell.
339:scroll
318:Canada
158:via a
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2696:(VOC)
2690:(SBS)
2679:(IAQ)
2636:CIBSE
2631:BSRIA
2534:(BIM)
2478:(STP)
2442:(NTP)
2064:Freon
1834:(VRF)
1828:(VAV)
1686:(HRV)
1660:(ERV)
1634:(DCV)
1607:(CAV)
1309:S2CID
1281:(PDF)
1105:(PDF)
792:3300
786:R507
781:5600
778:0.18
775:R502
764:R500
759:1725
748:1290
737:3020
726:1525
715:2000
704:3260
671:1700
668:0.05
660:1300
643:R123
638:2400
357:, or
355:steam
256:hoses
223:, in
221:coils
166:, or
108:JSTOR
94:books
2651:LEED
2611:AMCA
2606:AHRI
2139:HEPA
2059:Flue
1984:Duct
1338:2022
1263:2013
1237:2013
1187:ISBN
1113:2015
1017:ISBN
959:2022
912:HVAC
809:R744
770:???
767:0.7
693:970
665:R22
632:R12
627:GWP
624:ODP
375:COP
231:and
80:news
2661:UMC
2646:IIR
2626:BRE
2019:Fan
1301:doi
877:BTU
811:(CO
649:76
455:TEV
241:BTU
211:In
63:by
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