1502:
1344:
1494:
1451:
932:
salmon. A follow-up benefit-risk analysis on salmon consumption balanced the cancer risks with the (nâ3) fatty acid advantages of salmon consumption. For this reason, current methods for this type of analysis take into consideration the lipid content of the sample in question. PCBs specifically are lipophilic, so are found in higher concentrations in fattier fish in general, thus the higher level of PCB in the farmed fish is in relation to the higher content of beneficial nâ3 and nâ6 lipids they contain. They found that recommended levels of (n-3) fatty acid consumption can be achieved eating farmed salmon with acceptable carcinogenic risks, but recommended levels of (n-3)
36:
301:. Because of the lack of floods, spawning channels must sometimes be cleaned out to remove accumulated sediment. The same floods which destroy natural redds also clean them out. Spawning channels preserve the natural selection of natural streams as no temptation exists, as in hatcheries, to use prophylactic chemicals to control diseases. However, exposing fish to wild parasites and pathogens using uncontrolled water supplies, combined with the high cost of spawning channels, makes this technology unsuitable for salmon aquaculture businesses. This type of technology is only useful for stock enhancement programs.
1030:
Scientific
Evidence Fails to Support the Extinction Hypothesis " The time since these studies has shown a general increase in abundance of Pink Salmon in the Broughton Archipelago. Another comment in the scientific literature by Canadian Government Fisheries scientists Brian Riddell and Richard Beamish et al. came to the conclusion that there is no correlation between farmed salmon louse numbers and returns of pink salmon to the Broughton Archipelago. And in relation to the 2007 Krkosek extinction theory: "the data was used selectively and conclusions do not match with recent observations of returning salmon".
6131:
478:
rendered unconscious in water saturated in carbon dioxide, although this practice is being phased out in some countries due to ethical and product quality concerns. More advanced systems use a percussive-stun harvest system that kills the fish instantly and humanely with a blow to the head from a pneumatic piston. They are then bled by cutting the gill arches and immediately immersing them in iced water. Harvesting and killing methods are designed to minimize scale loss, and avoid the fish releasing stress hormones, which negatively affect flesh quality.
190:
1042:
population: although the farm sea lice population during the out-migration of juvenile pink salmon was greater in 2000 than that of 2001, there was a record salmon returning to spawn in 2001 (from the juveniles in 2000) compared with a 97% collapse in 2002 (from the juveniles in 2001). The authors also note that initial studies had not investigated bacterial and viral causes for the event despite reports of bleeding at the base of the fins, a symptom often associated with infections, but not with sea lice exposure under laboratory conditions.
748:
which for instance lead to a double-digit proportion (20-50%) of the Alaska's yearly âwildâ salmon harvest - is not void of controversy, and the Alaska salmon harvest are highly dependent on the operation of Alaskaâs
Regional Aquaculture Associations. Furthermore, the sustainability of enhanced/hatchery-based âwildâ caught salmon has long been hotly debated, both from a scientific and political/marketing perspective. Such debate and positions were central to a 'halt' in the re-certification of Alaska salmon fisheries by the
1324:
underway to prevent escapes and the potential spread of
Atlantic salmon in the Pacific and elsewhere. The risk of Atlantic Salmon becoming a legitimate invasive threat on the Pacific Coast of N. America is questionable in light of both Canadian and American governments deliberately introducing this species by the millions for a 100-year period starting in the 1900s. Despite these deliberate attempts to establish this species on the Pacific coast; no established populations have been reported.
821:, and may swim close to the water surface, gulping for air. However, the disease can also develop without the fish showing any external signs of illness, the fish maintain a normal appetite, and then they suddenly die. The disease can progress slowly throughout an infected farm, and in the worst cases, death rates may approach 100%. It is also a threat to the dwindling stocks of wild salmon. Management strategies include developing a vaccine and improving genetic resistance to the disease.
5617:
1273:
944:"...consumers should not eat farmed fish from Scotland, Norway and eastern Canada more than three times a year; farmed fish from Maine, western Canada and Washington state no more than three to six times a year; and farmed fish from Chile no more than about six times a year. Wild chum salmon can be consumed safely as often as once a week, pink salmon, Sockeye and Coho about twice a month and Chinook just under once a month."
224:
208:
359:(i.e., the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms, plants, algae, tubeworms, barnacles, mollusks, and other organisms). By inhibiting microbial growth, copper alloy aquaculture cages avoid costly net changes that are necessary with other materials. The resistance of organism growth on copper alloy nets also provides a cleaner and healthier environment for farmed fish to grow and thrive.
1336:
57:
980:âthe former scientist turned activist/investigator and head of a small Global Alliance Against Industrial Aquacultureâagrees, saying that a 10-fold increase in the use of some chemicals was seen in the 2016-2017 timeframe. The use of the toxic drug emamectin is rising fast. The levels of chemicals used to kill sea lice have breached environmental safety limits more than 100 times in the last 10 years.
470:
obtain maximum quality, minimizing the level of stress is necessary in the live salmon until actually being electrically and percussively killed and the gills slit for bleeding. These improvements in processing time and freshness to the final customer are commercially significant and forcing the commercial wild fisheries to upgrade their processing to the benefit of all seafood consumers.
872:
infrastructure such as ports, processing plants, and logistical facilities such as airports. Logistical considerations are significant, and feed and maintenance labor must be transported to the facility and the product returned. Siting decisions are complicated by complex, politically driven permit problems in many countries that prevents optimal locations for the farms.
1560:. The heart beats for a time as the animal is bled from its sliced gills. This method of relaxing the salmon when it is killed produces firm, long-keeping flesh. Lack of disease in wild populations and low stocking densities used in the cages means that New Zealand salmon farmers do not use antibiotics and chemicals that are often needed elsewhere.
1025:
exposed in river estuaries containing large numbers of open-net farms, many young wild salmon are infected, and do not survive as a result. Adult salmon may survive otherwise critical numbers of sea lice, but small, thin-skinned juvenile salmon migrating to sea are highly vulnerable. In 2007, mathematical studies of data available from the
1156:(WWF)-USA initiated the Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue, one of several Aquaculture Dialogues. The aim of the dialogues was to produce an environmental and social standard for farmed salmon and other species (12 species currently, as of 2018). Since 2012, the standards elaborated by the multi-stakeholder Dialogues were passed-on to the
1383:
Chile and Norway, the ocean-cage production of steelhead has expanded to supply export markets. Inland production of rainbow trout to supply domestic markets has increased strongly in countries such as Italy, France, Germany, Denmark, and Spain. Other significant producing countries include the United States,
1120:
The use of forage fish for fish meal production has been almost a constant for the last 30 years and at the maximum sustainable yield, while the market for fish meal has shifted from chicken, pig, and pet food to aquaculture diets. This market shift at constant production appears an economic decision
752:
in 2012. The Alaska salmon fisheries subsequently re-attained MSC-certification status; however the heavily hatchery-dependent Prince
William Sound (PWS) unit of certification (âone of the most valuable fishing area in the Stateâ) was for several years excluded from the MSC-certification (it remained
296:
An alternative method to hatching in freshwater tanks is to use spawning channels. These are artificial streams, usually parallel to an existing stream with concrete or rip-rap sides and gravel bottoms. Water from the adjacent stream is piped into the top of the channel, sometimes via a header pond
1111:
Juvenile farmed
Chinook have been shown to have higher rates of predation due to their larger size than wild juveniles upon release into marine environments. Their size correlates with the preferred size of prey for predators like birds, seals, and fish. This may have ecological implications because
1053:
to the ocean where they grow up. Most salmon return to the river where they were born, although some stray to other rivers. Concern exists about of the role of genetic diversity within salmon runs. The resilience of the population depends on some fish being able to survive environmental shocks, such
1029:
indicated the louse-induced mortality of pink salmon in some regions was over 80%. Later that year, in reaction to the 2007 mathematical study mentioned above, Canadian federal fisheries scientists
Kenneth Brooks and Simon Jones published a critique titled "Perspectives on Pink Salmon and Sea Lice:
409:
models that are effectively competing with similar models for chicken and pig feeds for the same feed ingredients, and these models show that fish meal is more useful in aquatic diets than in chicken diets, where they can make the chickens taste like fish. Unfortunately, this substitution can result
292:
Conventional hatchery systems operate flow-through, where spring water or other water sources flow into the hatchery. The eggs are then hatched in trays and the salmon smolts are produced in raceways. The waste products from the growing salmon fry and the feed are usually discharged into the local
2514:
Astaxanthin (3,3'-hydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione) is a carotenoid pigment, one of a large group of organic molecules related to vitamins and widely found in plants. In addition to providing red, orange, and yellow colours to various plant parts and playing a role in photosynthesis, carotenoids are
988:
Farmed salmonids can, and often do, escape from sea cages. If the farmed salmonid is not native, it can compete with native wild species for food and habitat. If the farmed salmonid is native, it can interbreed with the wild native salmonids. Such interbreeding can reduce genetic diversity, disease
871:
Salmonid farms are typically sited in marine ecosystems with good water quality, high water exchange rates, current speeds fast enough to prevent pollution of the bottom but slow enough to prevent pen damage, protection from major storms, reasonable water depth, and a reasonable distance from major
743:
The US in their dietary guidelines for 2010 recommends eating 8 ounces per week of a variety of seafood and 12 ounces for lactating mothers, with no upper limits set and no restrictions on eating farmed or wild salmon. In 2018, Canadian dietary guidelines recommended eating at least two servings of
486:
Wild salmonids are captured from wild habitats using commercial fishing techniques. Most wild salmonids are caught in North
American, Japanese, and Russian fisheries. The following table shows the changes in production of wild salmonids and farmed salmonids over a period of 25 years, as reported by
309:
Sea cages, also called sea pens or net pens, are usually made of mesh framed with steel or plastic. They can be square or circular, 10 to 32 m (33 to 105 ft) across and 10 m (33 ft) deep, with volumes between 1,000 and 10,000 m (35,000 and 353,000 cu ft). A large
1323:
diversity of the species leading to lower survival rates, and lower catch rates. On the West Coast of North
America, the non-native salmon could be an invasive threat, especially in Alaska and parts of Canada. This could cause them to compete with native salmon for resources. Extensive efforts are
1315:
Fry are generally reared in large freshwater tanks for 12 to 20 months. Once the fish have reached the smolt phase, they are taken out to sea, where they are held for up to two years. During this time, the fish grow and mature in large cages off the coasts of Canada, the United States, or parts of
1072:
in laboratories so they can grow faster. A company, Aqua Bounty Farms, has developed a modified
Atlantic salmon which grows nearly twice as fast (yielding a fully grown fish at 16â18 months rather than 30), and is more disease resistant, and cold tolerant. It also requires 10% less food. This was
906:
in several varieties of fish. The farmed salmonids population had nearly 3 times the level of PCBs, more than 3 times the level of PDBEs, and nearly twice the level of dioxins and furans seen in the wild population. On the other hand, "Update of the monitoring of levels of dioxins and PCBs in food
833:
from river salmon farms to wild pink salmon in the same river. The
European Commission (2002) concluded, "The reduction of wild salmonid abundance is also linked to other factors but there is more and more scientific evidence establishing a direct link between the number of lice-infested wild fish
777:
parasite, was introduced with live trout and salmon from Sweden (Baltic stocks are resistant to it) into government-operated hatcheries in Norway. From the hatcheries, infected eggs, smolt, and fry were implanted in many rivers with the goal to strengthen the wild salmon stocks, but caused instead
477:
net. The sweep net is a big net with weights along the bottom edge. It is stretched across the pen with the bottom edge extending to the bottom of the pen. Lines attached to the bottom corners are raised, herding some fish into the purse, where they are netted. Before killing, the fish are usually
434:
through its internal COMPASS programs in Norway, resulting in the proprietary RAPID feed blend. These methods studied macronutrient profiles of fish feed based upon geography and season. Using RAPID feed, salmon farms reduced the time to maturity of salmon to about 15 months, in a period one-fifth
317:
In contrast to closed or recirculating systems, the open net cages of salmonid farming lower production costs, but provide no effective barrier to the discharge of wastes, parasites, and disease into the surrounding coastal waters. Farmed salmon in open net cages can escape into wild habitats, for
313:
They are usually placed side by side to form a system called a seafarm or seasite, with a floating wharf and walkways along the net boundaries. Additional nets can also surround the seafarm to keep out predatory marine mammals. Stocking densities range from 8 to 18 kg (18 to 40 lb)/m for
931:
and other contaminants up to ten times greater in farmed salmon than wild Pacific salmon. On a positive note, further research using the same fish samples used in the previous study, showed that farmed salmon contained levels of beneficial fatty acids that were two to three times higher than wild
747:
Currently, much controversy exists about the ecological and health impacts of intensive salmonid aquaculture. Of particular concern are the impacts on wild salmonids and other marine life and on the incomes of commercial salmonid fishermen. However, the 'enhanced' production of salmon juveniles â
469:
Modern harvesting methods are shifting towards using wet-well ships to transport live salmon to the processing plant. This allows the fish to be killed, bled, and filleted before rigor has occurred. This results in superior product quality to the customer, along with more humane processing. To
1382:
Steelhead are raised in many countries throughout the world. Since the 1950s, production has grown exponentially, particularly in Europe and recently in Chile. Worldwide, in 2007, 604,695 tonnes of farmed steelhead were harvested, with a value of $ 2.59 billion. The largest producer is Chile. In
1033:
A 2008 meta-analysis of available data shows that salmonid farming reduces the survival of associated wild salmonid populations. This relationship has been shown to hold for Atlantic, steelhead, pink, chum, and coho salmon. The decrease in survival or abundance often exceeds 50%. However, these
948:
In 2005, Russia banned importing chilled fish from Norway, after samples of Norwegian farmed fish showed high levels of heavy metals. According to the Russian Minister of Agriculture Aleksey Gordeyev, levels of lead in the fish were 10 to 18 times higher than Russian safety standards and cadmium
922:
contaminants. They found the contaminants were higher in farmed salmon. Within the farmed salmon, European (particularly Scottish) salmon had the highest levels, and Chilean salmon the lowest. The FDA and Health Canada have established a tolerance/limit for PCBs in commercial fish of 2000 ppb A
1198:: A growing salmon farming business must control and reduce its dependency upon fishmeal and fishoil â a primary ingredient in salmon feedâso as not to put additional pressure on the world's fisheries. Fish caught to make fishmeal and oil currently represent one-third of the global fish harvest.
1024:
which feed on mucus, blood, and skin, and migrate and latch onto the skin of salmon during planktonic nauplii and copepodid larval stages, which can persist for several days. Large numbers of highly populated, open-net salmon farms can create exceptionally large concentrations of sea lice; when
288:
Modern commercial hatcheries for supplying salmon smolts to aquaculture net pens have been shifting to recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS)s where the water is recycled within the hatchery. This allows location of the hatchery to be independent of a significant fresh water supply and allows
1041:
A 2010 study that made the first use of sea lice count and fish production data from all salmon farms on the Broughton Archipelago found no correlation between the farm lice counts and wild salmon survival. The authors conclude that the 2002 stock collapse was not caused by the farm sea lice
414:
content in the farmed product. However, when vegetable oil is used in the growing diet as an energy source and a different finishing diet containing high omega-3 content fatty acids from either fish oil, algae oils, or some vegetable oils are used a few months before harvest, this problem is
1528:
of farmed king salmon, accounting for over half of world production (7,400 tonnes in 2005). Most of the salmon are farmed in the sea (mariculture) using a method sometimes called sea-cage ranching, which takes place in large floating net cages, about 25 m across and 15 m deep, moored to the
251:
Salmonids are usually farmed in two stages and in some places maybe more. First, the salmon are hatched from eggs and raised on land in freshwater tanks. Increasing the accumulated thermal units of water during incubation reduces time to hatching. When they are 12 to 18 months old, the
1239:
were not investing in such systems beyond the hatchery stage. In the United States, a major investor in the effort was Atlantic Sapphire, which plans to bring salmon raised in Florida to market in 2021. Other companies investing in the effort include Nordic Acquafarms and Whole Oceans.
989:
resistance, and adaptability. In 2004, about 500,000 salmon and trout escaped from ocean net pens off Norway. Around Scotland, 600,000 salmon were released during storms. Commercial fishermen targeting wild salmon frequently catch escaped farm salmon. At one stage, in the
824:
In the wild, diseases and parasites are normally at low levels, and kept in check by natural predation on weakened individuals. In crowded net pens, they can become epidemics. Diseases and parasites also transfer from farmed to wild salmon populations. A recent study in
1143:
In addition, salmon require nutritional intakes of protein, which is often supplied in the form of fish meal as the lowest-cost alternative. Consequently, farmed salmon consume more fish than they generate as a final product, though considerably more preferred as food.
785:(ISAv) was discovered in Norway in an Atlantic salmon hatchery. Eighty percent of the fish in the outbreak died. ISAv, a viral disease, is now a major threat to the viability of Atlantic salmon farming. It is now the first of the diseases classified on List One of the
1034:
studies are all correlation analysis and correlation doesn't equal causation, especially when similar salmon declines were occurring in Oregon and California, which have no salmon aquaculture or marine net pens. Independent of the predictions of the failure of
247:
were used in Europe and North America. From the late 1950s, enhancement programs based on hatcheries were established in the United States, Canada, Japan, and the USSR. The contemporary technique using floating sea cages originated in Norway in the late 1960s.
321:
An emerging wave in aquaculture is applying the same farming methods used for salmonids to other carnivorous finfish species, such as cod, bluefin tuna, halibut, and snapper. However, this is likely to have the same environmental drawbacks as salmon farming.
418:
On a dry-dry basis, 2â4 kg of wild-caught fish are needed to produce 1 kg of salmon. The ratio may be reduced if non-fish sources are added. Wild salmon require about 10 kg of forage fish to produce 1 kg of salmon, as part of the normal
1081:
only in the presence of light. The modified salmon does not switch growth hormone production off. The company first submitted the salmon for FDA approval in 1996. In 2015, FDA has approved the AquAdvantage Salmon for commercial production. A concern with
243:. The percentage of the Alaska salmon harvest resulting from ocean ranching depends upon the species of salmon and location. Methods of salmonid aquaculture originated in late 18th-century fertilization trials in Europe. In the late 19th century, salmon
1210:: Salmon farming often employs a large number of workers on farms and in processing plants, potentially placing labor practices and worker rights under public scrutiny. Additionally, conflicts can arise among users of the shared coastal environment.
378:, making it a high-protein fish feed suitable for salmon. Many other substitutions for fish meal are known, and diets containing zero fish meal are possible. For example, a planned closed-containment salmon fish farm in Scotland uses
838:
by sea lice from nearby salmon farms. These predictions have been disputed by other scientists and recent harvests have indicated that the predictions were in error. In 2011, Scottish salmon farming introduced the use of farmed
1288:
during its annual runs. At one time, the species supported an important commercial fishery and a supplemental food fishery. However, the wild Atlantic salmon fishery is commercially dead; after extensive habitat damage and
1484:
Worldwide, in 2007, 115,376 tonnes of farmed Coho salmon were harvested with a value of $ 456 million. Chile, with about 90 percent of world production, is the primary producer with Japan and Canada producing the rest.
2994:
Munson, A. Douglas; Elliott, Diane G.; Johnson, Keith (2010). "Management of Bacterial Kidney Disease in Chinook Salmon Hatcheries Based on Broodstock Testing by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: A Multiyear Study".
1204:: Excess food and fish waste in the water have the potential to increase the levels of nutrients in the water. This can cause the growth of algae, which consumes oxygen that is meant for other plant and animal life.
1520:
in Alaska are particularly known for their color, rich flavor, firm texture, and high omega-3 oil content. Alaska has a long-standing ban on finfish aquaculture that was enacted in 1989. (Alaska Stat. § 16.40.210)
1296:
Atlantic salmon is, by far, the species most often chosen for farming. It is easy to handle, grows well in sea cages, commands a high market value, and adapts well to being farmed away from its native habitats.
263:
Norway produces 33% of the world's farmed salmonids, and Chile produces 31%. The coastlines of these countries have suitable water temperatures and many areas well protected from storms. Chile is close to large
1411:). They also eat fish eggs and adult forms of terrestrial insects (typically ants, beetles, grasshoppers, and crickets) that fall into the water. Other prey include small fish up to one-third of their length,
272:
for salmon aquaculture. Scotland and Canada are also significant producers; and it was reported in 2012 that the Norwegian government at that time controlled a significant fraction of the Canadian industry.
1293:, wild fish make up only 0.5% of the Atlantic salmon available in world fish markets. The rest are farmed, predominantly from aquaculture in Chile, Canada, Norway, Russia, the United Kingdom, and Tasmania.
1533:
in clean, fast-flowing coastal waters. Smolt (young fish) from freshwater hatcheries are transferred to cages containing several thousand salmon, and remain there for the rest of their lives. They are fed
961:
in smoked and cured salmon. Norway applies EU regulations on food additives, according to which nitrite is allowed as a food additive in certain types of meat, but not fish. Fresh salmon was not affected.
1086:
salmon is what might happen if they escape into the wild. One study, in a laboratory setting, found that modified salmon mixed with their wild cohorts were aggressive in competing, but ultimately failed.
2306:
Bell, J.G.; Pratoomyot, J.; Strachan, F.; Henderson, R.J.; Fontanillas, R.; Hebard, A.; Guy, D.R.; Hunter, D.; Tocher, D.R. (2010). "Growth, flesh adiposity and fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon
2582:
1435:. Cultured steelhead are fed a diet formulated to closely resemble their natural diet that includes fish meal, fish oil, vitamins and minerals, and the carotenoid asthaxanthin for pigmentation.
239:
techniques. However, the concept of "wild" salmon as used by the Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute includes stock enhancement fish produced in hatcheries that have historically been considered
1327:
In 2007, 1,433,708 tonnes of Atlantic salmon were harvested worldwide with a value of $ 7.58 billion. Ten years later, in 2017, over 2 million tonnes of farmed Atlantic salmon were harvested.
3246:
Hamilton, M. Coreen; Hites, Ronald A.; Schwager, Steven J.; Foran, Jeffery A.; Knuth, Barbara A.; Carpenter, David O. (2005). "Lipid Composition and Contaminants in Farmed and Wild Salmon".
3232:
5648:
1164:(June 2012, and revised in 2017 after comprehensive public consultation). The WWF had originally identified what they called "seven key environmental and social impacts", characterised as:
423:
energy transfer. The difference between the two numbers is related to farmed salmon feed containing other ingredients beyond fish meal and because farmed fish do not expend energy hunting.
2271:
Kadir Alsagoff, Syed A.; Clonts, Howard A.; Jolly, Curtis M. (1990). "An integrated poultry, multi-species aquaculture for Malaysian rice farmers: A mixed integer programming approach".
1180:: Excessive use of chemicals â such as antibiotics, anti-foulants and pesticides â or the use of banned chemicals can have unintended consequences for marine organisms and human health.
293:
river. Conventional flow-through hatcheries, for example the majority of Alaska's enhancement hatcheries, use more than 100 tonnes (16,000 st) of water to produce a kg of smolts.
1304:. Eggs and sperm are "stripped", after the fish are cleaned and cloth dried. Sperm and eggs are mixed, washed, and placed into fresh water. Adults recover in flowing, clean, well-
3030:
Bruno, D. W. (1986). "Changes in serum parameters of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum".
491:. Russia, Japan and Alaska all operate major hatchery based stock enhancement programs. The resulting fish hatchery fish are defined as "wild" for FAO and marketing purposes.
181:
Much controversy exists about the ecological and health impacts of intensive salmonids aquaculture. Of particular concern are the impacts on wild salmon and other marine life.
297:
to settle out sediment. Spawning success is often much better in channels than in adjacent streams due to the control of floods which in some years can wash out the natural
1966:
972:, argues that the scale of fish farming in Norway is unsustainable. Huge volumes of uneaten feed and fish excrement pollute the seabed, while chemicals designed to fight
4111:
1545:, using techniques similar to those used for sea-farmed salmon. A unique form of freshwater salmon farming occurs in some hydroelectric canals in New Zealand. A site in
1427:, and the eggs of other rainbow trout. Rainbows also consume decomposing flesh from carcasses of other fish. Adult steelhead in the ocean feed primarily on other fish,
256:(juvenile salmon) are transferred to floating sea cages or net pens anchored in sheltered bays or fjords along a coast. This farming in a marine environment is known as
1897:
1316:
Europe. Generally, cages are made of two nets; inner nets, which wrap around the cages, hold the salmon while outer nets, which are held by floats, keep predators out.
846:
Globally, salmon production fell around 9% in 2015, in large part due to acute outbreaks of sea lice in Scotland and Norway. Lasers are used to reduce lice infections.
4156:
1481:(spawners) are needed, alternating each year. Broodfish are selected from the salmon in the seasites and transferred to freshwater tanks for maturation and spawning.
2526:
162:$ 10.7 billion globally. Salmonid aquaculture production grew over ten-fold during the 25 years from 1982 to 2007. In 2012, the leading producers of salmonids were
6015:
3128:
Hites, R. A.; Foran, J. A.; Carpenter, D. O.; Hamilton, M. C.; Knuth, B. A.; Schwager, S. J. (2004). "Global Assessment of Organic Contaminants in Farmed Salmon".
374:
Work continues on developing salmonid diet made from concentrated plant protein. As of 2014, an enzymatic process can be used to lower the carbohydrate content of
2816:
Riddell, B. E.; Beamish, R. J.; Richards, L. J.; Candy, J. R. (2008). "Comment on "Declining Wild Salmon Populations in Relation to Parasites from Farm Salmon"".
2762:
Krkosek, M.; Ford, J. S.; Morton, A.; Lele, S.; Myers, R. A.; Lewis, M. A. (2007). "Declining Wild Salmon Populations in Relation to Parasites from Farm Salmon".
1379:). Steelhead are an anadromous form of rainbow trout that migrate between lakes and rivers and the ocean, and are also known as steelhead salmon or ocean trout.
280:
corporations, operating mechanized assembly lines on an industrial scale. In 2003, nearly half of the worldâs farmed salmon was produced by just five companies.
4412:
4388:
4170:
1423:
feeders. In rivers and streams populated with other salmonid species, rainbow trout eat varied fish eggs, including those of salmon, brown and cutthroat trout,
1192:: Escaped farmed salmon can compete with wild fish and interbreed with local wild stocks of the same population, altering the overall pool of genetic diversity.
976:
find their way into the food chain. He says: "If people knew this, they wouldnât eat salmon", describing the farmed fish as "the most toxic food in the world".
4484:
4460:
4436:
4364:
4340:
3805:"Sea Louse Infestation in Wild Juvenile Salmon and Pacific Herring Associated with Fish Farms off the East-Central Coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia"
2727:
2405:
1442:. Considerable research has been conducted on redmouth disease, as its implications for steelhead farmers are significant. The disease does not affect humans.
1231:
make it possible to farm salmon entirely on land, which as of 2019 is an ongoing initiative in the industry. However, large farmed salmon companies such as
3910:
Brooks, Kenneth M.; Jones, Simon R. M. (2008). "Perspectives on Pink Salmon and Sea Lice: Scientific Evidence Fails to Support the Extinction Hypothesis".
2083:
4942:
940:
intake cannot be achieved solely from farmed (or wild) salmon without unacceptable carcinogenic risks. The conclusions of this paper from 2005 were that
3643:
2699:
2060:
3804:
2600:
6762:
5877:
4580:
2899:
3627:
2746:
3224:
5903:
4877:
2164:
977:
5395:
4509:
1174:: Chemicals and excess nutrients from food and feces associated with salmon farms can disturb the flora and fauna on the ocean bottom (benthos).
911:, stated that farmed salmon and trout contained on average a many times lesser fraction of dioxins and PCBs than wild-caught salmon and trout."
4856:
1524:
Worldwide, in 2007, 11,542 tonnes (1,817,600 st) of farmed Chinook salmon were harvested with a value of $ 83 million. New Zealand is the
993:, 20 to 40 percent of all fish caught were escaped farm salmon. In 2017, about 263,000 farmed non-native Atlantic salmon escaped from a net in
4604:
2357:
5232:
1095:
Sea cages can attract a variety of wild predators which can sometimes become entangled in associated netting, leading to injury or death. In
998:
2951:
6008:
5247:
1674:
parasite, spreads from Norwegian hatcheries to wild salmon, probably by means of fishing gear, and devastates some wild salmon populations.
6065:
4254:
5913:
4532:
3620:
3558:"Making sense of the aquaculture debate: analysis of the issues related to netcage salmon farming and wild salmon in British Columbia"
3374:
2232:
335:
alloys as netting materials. Copper alloys have become important netting materials because they are antimicrobial (i.e., they destroy
2035:
371:, much of the fish meal market has shifted from chicken and pig feed to fish and shrimp feeds as aquaculture has grown in this time.
4631:"Growth and nephrocalcinosis for Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) post-smolt exposed to elevated carbon dioxide partial pressures"
4197:"Population effects of growth hormone transgenic coho salmon depend on food availability and genotype by environment interactions"
2249:
1501:
6001:
5049:
1973:
3435:
834:
and the presence of cages in the same estuary." It is reported that wild salmon on the west coast of Canada are being driven to
3225:"Risk-based consumption advice for farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific Salmon contaminated with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds"
2515:
powerful antioxidants, and some (notably various forms of carotene) are essential precursors to vitamin A synthesis in animals.
4092:
2925:
5417:
5385:
5349:
5331:
5310:
5293:
5162:
5137:
5112:
5087:
4105:
3310:
2683:
1914:
1908:
4148:
1580:
1763: Fertilization trials for Atlantic salmon take place in Germany. Later biologists refined these in Scotland and France.
1419:. As rainbow trout grow, the proportion of fish consumed increases in most populations. Some lake-dwelling forms may become
171:
6499:
2178:
2148:
1721:
5427:
2498:
2472:
1343:
817:. Unlike mammals, the red blood cells of fish have ribosomes, and can become infected with viruses. The fish develop pale
461:, so their flesh colour matches wild salmon, which also contain the same carotenoid pigments from their diet in the wild.
6787:
6630:
4908:
4556:
2586:
1801:"Conserving America's Fisheries-An Assessment of Economic Contributions from Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Conservation"
1740:
142:
are the most commonly reared fish for recreational restocking. Commonly farmed non-salmonid fish groups include tilapia,
4820:
1493:
1161:
1103:. This has prompted one company, Huon Aquaculture, to sponsor a bird rehabilitation centre and try more robust netting.
1054:
as unusual temperature extremes. The effect of hatchery production on the genetic diversity of salmon is also unclear.
6817:
5923:
5898:
5663:
5457:
3083:
2429:
6842:
6489:
6348:
5367:
5279:
4419:
4395:
2970:
1450:
924:
4491:
4467:
4443:
4371:
4347:
2724:
6529:
6479:
5865:
5763:
5509:
4321:
2881:
1845:
1252:
1228:
762:
1942:
1140:
like salmon. To satisfy this requirement, more than 50% of the world fish oil production is fed to farmed salmon.
1020:, can cause deadly infestations of both farm-grown and wild salmon. Sea lice are naturally occurring and abundant
289:
economical temperature control to both speed up and slow down the growth rate to match the needs of the net pens.
6807:
4629:
Fivelstad, Sveinung; Hosfeld, Camilla Diesen; Medhus, Reidunn Agathe; Olsen, Anne Berit; Kvamme, Kristin (2018).
3725:
3069:"Stick to wild salmon unless heart disease is a risk factor, risk/benefit analysis of farmed and wild fish shows"
3640:
3409:
3180:
5794:
5359:
2094:
2013:
1681:
908:
782:
367:
With the amount of worldwide fish meal production being almost a constant amount for the last 30+ years and at
17:
4939:
2311:) families with contrasting flesh adiposity: Effects of replacement of dietary fish oil with vegetable oils".
1525:
6607:
6509:
5841:
5589:
5022:
3510:"Evidence of Natural Reproduction of Aquaculture-Escaped Atlantic Salmon in a Coastal British Columbia River"
2707:
135:
2711:
6855:
6711:
6484:
5870:
5441:
3835:
1516:
of Oregon, and are known as "king salmon" because of their large size and flavourful flesh. Those from the
1368:
326:
1073:
achieved using a chinook salmon gene sequence affecting growth hormones, and a promoter sequence from the
6822:
6666:
6562:
5967:
5860:
5753:
5606:
2734:
1684:, a viral disease, is discovered in a Norwegian salmon hatchery. Eighty percent of the involved fish die.
1550:
1063:
3756:"Effects of host migration, diversity and aquaculture on sea lice threats to Pacific salmon populations"
1800:
83:
fish under controlled conditions for both commercial and recreational purposes. Salmonids (particularly
6911:
6827:
6797:
6635:
5893:
5653:
5355:
4742:
Nash, Colin E.; Waknitz, F.William (2003). "Interactions of Atlantic salmon in the Pacific Northwest".
1153:
860:
855:
749:
4884:
4279:
Nelson, Benjamin W.; Shelton, Andrew O.; Anderson, Joseph H.; Ford, Michael J.; Ward, Eric J. (2019).
1744:
includes a description of a visit to the "McSalmon Aqua Farms" where salmon are raised caged in a sea
6906:
6782:
6757:
6625:
6494:
5908:
2651:
2132:
1556:
Before they are killed, cage salmon are sometimes anaesthetised with a herbal extract. They are then
1387:, Germany, and the UK. Rainbow trout, including juvenile steelhead in fresh water, routinely feed on
368:
4840:
4134:
3326:
Foran, J. A.; Good, D. H.; Carpenter, D. O.; Hamilton, M. C.; Knuth, B. A.; Schwager, S. J. (2005).
3200:
1583:
1854: Salmon spawing beds and rearing ponds built along the bank of a river by the Dohulla Fishery,
1160:
which was created in 2010 to administer and developed them further. The first such standard was the
1124:
Fish do not actually produce omega-3 fatty acids, but instead accumulate them from either consuming
35:
6772:
6737:
6676:
6422:
6376:
6366:
2388:
2090:
1656:
1591:
1439:
969:
928:
850:
793:
should an outbreak of the disease be confirmed on any farm. ISAv seriously affects salmon farms in
5006:
1319:
Many Atlantic salmon escape from cages at sea. Those salmon that further breed tend to lessen the
789:âs fish health regimen. Amongst other measures, this requires the total eradication of the entire
276:
Modern salmonid farming systems are intensive. Their ownership is often under the control of huge
6777:
6469:
5834:
4959:
4630:
1513:
1100:
1026:
1121:
implying that the development of salmon aquaculture had no impact on forage fish harvest rates.
6867:
6716:
6597:
6552:
5812:
5601:
3195:
1717:
2019: The first salmon fish farm in the Middle East is established in the United Arab Emirates.
1574:
744:
fish each week and choosing fish such as char, herring, mackerel, salmon, sardines, and trout.
5375:
3290:
2673:
6896:
6850:
6837:
6742:
6691:
6592:
6524:
6407:
5638:
5448:â Trade association representing the salmon aquaculture industry in British Columbia, Canada.
5407:
5321:
5300:
5248:"Argentina becomes first country to ban open-net salmon farming due to impact on environment"
4281:"Ecological implications of changing hatchery practices for Chinook salmon in the Salish Sea"
1870:
1824:
1690:
1987: First reports of escaped Atlantic salmon being caught in wild Pacific salmon fisheries.
1542:
1517:
1376:
933:
387:
175:
3068:
6860:
6832:
6812:
6802:
6792:
6752:
6747:
6572:
6557:
6514:
5805:
5781:
5768:
5630:
5502:
4642:
4292:
4208:
4040:
3919:
3819:
3591:
3521:
3391:
3367:
3255:
3137:
3039:
3004:
2825:
2771:
2320:
2280:
1069:
957:
In 2006, eight Norwegian salmon producers were caught in unauthorized and unlabeled use of
937:
391:
167:
127:
6130:
2061:"B.C. Supreme Court upholds right of anti-salmon farm activist to make defamatory remarks"
1186:: Viruses and parasites can transfer between farmed and wild fish, as well as among farms.
8:
6767:
6706:
6696:
6681:
6519:
6391:
6260:
6120:
5961:
5852:
5788:
5461:
2039:
809:, causing major economic losses to infected farms. As the name implies, it causes severe
786:
260:. There they are fed pelleted feed for another 12 to 24 months, when they are harvested.
5036:
4646:
4296:
4212:
4044:
3923:
3823:
3595:
3525:
3459:
Fleming, I. A.; Hindar, K; Mjølnerød, I. B.; Jonsson, B; Balstad, T; Lamberg, A (2000).
3259:
3141:
3043:
3008:
2866:
2829:
2775:
2324:
2284:
1038:
in Canada indicated by these studies, the wild salmon run in 2010 was a record harvest.
6412:
6371:
6105:
6055:
5918:
5658:
5569:
4122:
4063:
4028:
3981:
3954:
3935:
3887:
3860:
3780:
3755:
3754:
KrkoĹĄek, M.; A. Gottesfeld; B. Proctor; D. Rolston; C. Carr-Harris; M.A. Lewis (2007).
3539:
3485:
3460:
3161:
3051:
2849:
2795:
2380:
1660:
1553:, is the highest salmon farm in the world, 677 m (2,221 ft) above sea level.
1424:
994:
406:
395:
236:
201:
189:
5057:
4755:
4654:
4231:
4196:
3302:
2952:"Salmon farming has done 'enormous harm' to fish and environment, warns Jeremy Paxman"
2332:
6671:
6157:
6080:
5774:
5413:
5381:
5363:
5345:
5327:
5306:
5289:
5275:
5158:
5133:
5108:
5083:
4759:
4709:
4236:
4101:
4068:
3986:
3892:
3785:
3664:
3534:
3509:
3490:
3349:
3328:"Quantitative analysis of the benefits and risks of consuming farmed and wild salmon"
3306:
3271:
3209:
3153:
2841:
2787:
2679:
2384:
2292:
1904:
1707:
1630:
5268:
5178:
3939:
3543:
3165:
2799:
6328:
6250:
6100:
6047:
5828:
5718:
5544:
4751:
4650:
4300:
4226:
4216:
4058:
4048:
4009:
3976:
3966:
3927:
3882:
3872:
3827:
3775:
3767:
3707:
3599:
3529:
3480:
3472:
3339:
3298:
3263:
3205:
3145:
3108:
3047:
3012:
2879:
Integrated Sea Lice Management Strategies â Scottish Salmon Producers' Organisation
2853:
2833:
2779:
2502:
2372:
2336:
2328:
2288:
1711:
1620:
1467:
1309:
1248:
826:
216:
5477:
5474:
Independent association which promotes salmon farming in British Columbia, Canada.
3084:
Fish and Seafood Survey â Environmental Contaminants â Food Safety â Health Canada
6901:
6650:
6640:
6323:
6139:
6085:
5673:
5539:
5495:
5445:
4946:
4728:
3971:
3647:
3557:
2885:
2731:
2376:
2257:
2208:
2186:
1281:
528:
473:
An older method of harvesting is to use a sweep net, which operates a bit like a
253:
131:
104:
6333:
6305:
3621:
2017 Cypress Island Atlantic Salmon Net Pen Failure: An Investigation and Review
3288:
1777:
6721:
6701:
6381:
6315:
6182:
6115:
6110:
6060:
6035:
5974:
5956:
5944:
5738:
5695:
5584:
5559:
3461:"Lifetime success and interactions of farm salmon invading a native population"
2542:
2163:
Shepherd, Jonathan; Jackson, Andrew and Mittaine, Jean-Francois (July 4, 2007)
1895:
1765:
1602:
1509:
1137:
1078:
1050:
919:
638:
586:
314:
Atlantic salmon and 5 to 10 kilograms (11 to 22 lb)/m for Chinook salmon.
232:
147:
119:
3931:
3508:
Volpe, John P.; Taylor, Eric B.; Rimmer, David W.; Glickman, Barry W. (2000).
1700:, a bacterial disease, spreads through Norwegian salmon farms and wild salmon.
6890:
6686:
6582:
6577:
6386:
6240:
6230:
6207:
6172:
6090:
6075:
5950:
5743:
5733:
5396:"Bioeconomic modelling and salmon aquaculture: an overview of the literature"
4924:
4811:
4763:
3344:
3327:
3291:"Ch. 4 Interactions between lipids and persistent organic pollutants in fish"
3113:
3096:
2558:
1967:"Sea Lice and Salmon: Elevating the dialogue on the farmed-wild salmon story"
1644:
1629:
1970: Hatchery raised Atlantic salmon fry were released in the rivers of the
1619:
1961: Hatchery raised Atlantic salmon fry were released in the rivers of the
1613:
1584:
1356:
1352:
990:
965:
887:
840:
550:
458:
420:
244:
123:
115:
88:
5269:
Cage and Pen fish farming: Carrying capacity models and environmental impact
5181:["Trout" first cultivated in Thailand at âInthanon Royal Projectâ].
4221:
4053:
3877:
3753:
3436:"Salmon farming in crisis: 'We are seeing a chemical arms race in the seas'"
3149:
2837:
2783:
2747:
Scientific Evidence of Sea Lice from Fishfarms Seriously Harming Wild Stocks
2633:
2614:
2569:
6645:
6587:
6567:
6539:
6449:
6417:
6295:
6152:
6147:
5981:
5818:
5799:
5703:
5549:
5460:â Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue, a "multi-stakeholder roundtable" led by the
5374:
Lustig, B. Andrew; Brody, Baruch A.; McKenny, Gerald P. (1 November 2008).
5183:
4240:
4072:
3990:
3896:
3789:
3771:
3744:. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
3698:) salmon in the nearshore marine environment of British Columbia, Canada".
3641:
Sea Lice and Salmon: Elevating the dialogue on the farmed-wild salmon story
3604:
3575:
3573:
3494:
3476:
3353:
3275:
3157:
2845:
2791:
1697:
1693:
1988: A storm hits the Faroe Islands releasing millions of Atlantic salmon.
1667:
1652:
1634:
1606:
1570:
1541:
Chinook salmon are also farmed in net cages placed in freshwater rivers or
1463:
1021:
876:
769:
277:
227:
Salmon egg hatching: In about 24 hr, it will be a fry without the yolk sac.
76:
5993:
5205:
4986:
4795:
4013:
6617:
6504:
6461:
6445:
6358:
6220:
6192:
6187:
6095:
5574:
5564:
5554:
3858:
3097:"Update of the monitoring of levels of dioxins and PCBs in food and feed"
1735:
1616:
are used in Europe, North America, and Japan to enhance wild populations.
1546:
1459:
1290:
1285:
790:
621:
604:
567:
474:
454:
265:
257:
240:
231:
The aquaculture or farming of salmonids can be contrasted with capturing
197:
155:
139:
100:
2878:
886:
Contaminants are commonly found in the flesh of farmed and wild salmon.
6547:
6474:
6338:
6265:
6167:
6162:
5713:
5678:
5534:
4581:"Nordic Aquafarms pursues US market before Maine salmon plant complete"
2652:"2015 Alaska Preliminary Commercial Salmon Harvest and Exvessel Values"
1938:
1478:
1416:
1400:
1301:
1125:
1083:
1074:
1046:
1035:
835:
451:
405:
However, commercial economic animal diets are determined by least-cost
383:
379:
356:
5616:
5377:
Altering Nature: Volume II: Religion, Biotechnology, and Public Policy
4510:"Growing pains as companies try to move fish farms from ocean to land"
4305:
4280:
3831:
3685:
3267:
3016:
2499:"Pigments in Salmon Aquaculture: How to Grow a Salmon-coloured Salmon"
1272:
1147:
6602:
6245:
5823:
5683:
5625:
5579:
5078:
Newton, Chris (2013). "The Strange Case of the Disappearing Salmon".
3955:"A Global Assessment of Salmon Aquaculture Impacts on Wild Salmonids"
2341:
1671:
1530:
1432:
1396:
1255:. One key driver of nephrocalcinosis is exposure to high levels of CO
1251:
is an emerging issue in salmon aquaculture with the increased use of
1128:
that produce these fatty acids, as is the case with forage fish like
952:
774:
399:
269:
6275:
5050:"History of Ballyconneely from earliest settlers to the present day"
4909:
LSC â Fish Disease Leaflet 82. Enteric Redmouth Disease of Salmonids
4029:"Relationship of farm salmon, sea lice, and wild salmon populations"
3859:
KrkoĹĄek, M.; M.A. Lewis; A. Morton; L.N. Frazer; J.P. Volpe (2006).
3711:
3181:"Balancing the risks and benefits of fish for sensitive populations"
2900:"Salmon retail prices set to leap owing to infestations of sea lice"
2473:"Farmed fish: a major provider or a major consumer of omega-3 oils?"
1998:
1896:
Knapp, Gunnar; Roheim, Cathy A.; Anderson, James L. (January 2007).
1798:
1623:
in a failed attempt to establish a population in the South Atlantic.
6343:
6285:
6255:
6070:
5027:
Te Ara â the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 21 September 2007
3580:
L., in the Faroese fishery and estimates of catches of wild salmon"
2926:"The gross reason you'll be paying a lot more for salmon this year"
2406:"Cargill, an intensely private firm, sheds light on the food chain"
1648:
1595:
1557:
1535:
1477:
Coho salmon mature after only one year in the sea, so two separate
1420:
1412:
1404:
1320:
1305:
1133:
1096:
973:
830:
802:
444:
352:
336:
80:
5471:
5466:
5394:
Pomeroy R., Bravo-Ureta B. E., Solis D. and Johnston R. J. (2008)
4960:"Alaska Statutes - Section 16.40.210.: Finfish farming prohibited"
4004:
Larkin, Kate (3 September 2010). "Canada sees shock salmon glut".
1626:
Late 1960s: First salmon farms established in Norway and Scotland.
223:
6290:
6270:
6215:
6177:
5708:
5668:
5302:
Modern Aquaculture in the Coastal Zone: Lessons and Opportunities
4557:"Will Your Next Salmon Come from a Massive Land Tank in Florida?"
1703:
1996: World farmed salmon production exceeds wild salmon harvest.
1129:
958:
895:
880:
859:
heavily impacted Chinook hatcheries in Idaho. The disease causes
427:
411:
340:
207:
143:
96:
5438:
5356:
The Great Salmon Run: Competition between Wild and Farmed Salmon
3802:
3686:
Morton, A.; R. Routledge; C. Peet; A. Ladwig (2004). "Sea lice (
1898:
The Great Salmon Run: Competition Between Wild And Farmed Salmon
1335:
883:(seafloor) near the salmon farms, particularly copper and zinc.
6300:
6225:
6197:
5728:
5596:
5518:
5233:"Desert salmon farming becomes reality for Dubai-based company"
4776:
4319:
3410:"As wild salmon decline, Norway pressures its giant fish farms"
2305:
2250:"Gir Hardanger-laksen omega-3 fra alger importert fra Nebraska"
1601:
1892: Hatchery raised Atlantic salmon fry were released in the
1590:
1864: Hatchery raised Atlantic salmon fry were released in the
1236:
899:
810:
806:
798:
375:
332:
193:
163:
84:
4533:"Report: Does 'big salmon' know something RAS startups don't?"
4090:
1677:
Late 1970s: Salmon farms established in Chile and New Zealand.
1569:
1527: The life history of the Atlantic salmon is described by
863:
that can lead to abscesses in the liver, spleen, and kidneys.
5939:
5454:
Canadian association representing all salmon farms in Canada.
5451:
5179:""ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕš" ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš "ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕš""
5009:
4911:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
3458:
3289:
Elskus, Adria A.; Collier, Tracy K.; Monosson, Emily (2005).
2888:. Scottishsalmon.co.uk (2013-11-23). Retrieved on 2016-10-26.
1825:"Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme Salmo trutta"
1471:
1428:
1388:
794:
778:
devastation to some of the wild salmon populations affected.
348:
344:
298:
151:
56:
5426:
British Columbia Salmon Farming Association, "Did you Know"
1157:
843:
for the purpose of cleaning farmed salmon of ectoparasites.
331:
A second emerging wave in aquaculture is the development of
4848:
4813:
Integrated Annual Report 2017 - Leading the Blue Revolution
4628:
4195:
Devlin, R. H.; d'Andrade, M.; Uh, M.; Biagi, C. A. (2004).
3127:
2971:"Lice-Hunting Underwater Drone Protects Salmon With Lasers"
2815:
2529:. The Fishery and Aquaculture Industry Research Fund (2010)
2005:
1745:
1392:
1384:
1284:
are considered a prized recreational fish, pursued by avid
1232:
903:
891:
818:
814:
431:
430:
has been researching and developing alternative feeds with
92:
4194:
3325:
3245:
2063:. Postmedia Network Inc. VANCOUVER SUN. 28 September 2012.
1598:
in a failed attempt to establish a population in Australia
1077:
affecting antifreeze production. Normally, salmon produce
6280:
6235:
5723:
5487:
5358:
Report of the Institute of Social and Economic Research,
5271:
4982:
4920:
4852:
4791:
4605:"Land-based salmon farmer Whole Oceans eyeing west coast"
4278:
3507:
2554:
2538:
2479:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2270:
2128:
2009:
1827:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
1799:
Joseph John Charbonneau; James Caudill (September 2010).
1408:
488:
212:
211:
Very young fertilised salmon eggs, notice the developing
159:
45:
5380:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 321â.
4883:. British Columbia Ministry of Fisheries. Archived from
2975:
IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News
2678:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 348â.
2179:"Alternative Fish Feeds Use Less Fishmeal and Fish Oils"
2149:"Search for Sustainable Solutions in Salmon Aquaculture"
1609:
in a failed attempt to establish a population in Africa.
103:. The most commonly commercially farmed salmonid is the
5082:. Ellesmere, Shropshire: Medlar Press. pp. 57â66.
3760:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3465:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2658:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. October 16, 2015.
1640:
Early 1970s: Salmon farms established in North America.
27:
Fish farming and harvesting under controlled conditions
4171:"Genetically Engineered Animals - AquAdvantage Salmon"
3619:
Lee, Kessina; Windrope, Amy; Murphy, Kyle (Jan 2018).
1972:. Watershed Watch Salmon Society. 2004. Archived from
1136:, or consuming forage fish, as is the case with fatty
4341:"Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue: Benthic impacts report"
2761:
1633:
in a failed attempt to establish a population in the
1099:, Australian salmon-farming sea cages have entangled
6444:
5409:
The Behavior and Ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout
5157:. Ellesmere, Shropshire: Medlar Press. p. 163.
5155:
The Trout's Tale â The Fish That Conquered an Empire
5132:. Ellesmere, Shropshire: Medlar Press. p. 153.
5130:
The Trout's Tale â The Fish That Conquered an Empire
5107:. Ellesmere, Shropshire: Medlar Press. p. 106.
5105:
The Trout's Tale â The Fish That Conquered an Empire
5080:
The Trout's Tale â The Fish That Conquered an Empire
4255:"Fish farmer sponsors new aviary for injured eagles"
3574:
Hansen L. P., J. A. Jacobsen and R. A. Lund (1999).
3086:. Hc-sc.gc.ca (2007-03-26). Retrieved on 2016-10-26.
2993:
2869:. Bbc.com (14 August 2015). Retrieved on 2016-10-26.
2672:
Stead, Selina M.; Laird, Lindsay (14 January 2002).
1846:"Responsible Sourcing Guide: Farmed Atlantic Salmon"
923:
follow-up study confirmed this, and found levels of
5398:International Journal of Environment and Pollution
5153:Newton, Chris (2013). "The Monsters of Kerguelen".
4027:Marty, G. D.; Saksida, S. M.; Quinn, T. J. (2010).
2430:"CARGILL AQUA NUTRITION SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2016"
2167:. International Fishmeal and Fish Oil Organisation.
1999:"The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2008"
1655:, the highest mountain in Thailand, as part of the
1148:
Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue and ASC Salmon Standard
1090:
5373:
4949:. Seattlest (2006-05-16). Retrieved on 2016-10-26.
4779:World Distribution of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar
4149:"Fast Growing GM Salmon Swims Close to US Markets"
3700:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
3576:"The incidence of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon,
2209:"Process Turns Barley into High-protein Fish Food"
2131:: Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme:
1710:jellyfish wipes out a 100,000 fish salmon farm in
1049:. They spawn inland in fresh water and when young
953:Pollutants or toxins introduced by pisciculturists
426:In 2017 it was reported that the American company
402:, reducing the harvest of wild fish as fish meal.
5878:Steelhead and salmon distinct population segments
5354:Knapp G., Roheim C. A. and Anderson J. A. (2007)
4086:
4084:
4082:
4026:
3618:
3373:. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. 2005-12-29.
2725:Fact Sheet â Atlantic Salmon Aquaculture Research
2358:"Nature's Subsidies to Shrimp and Salmon Farming"
2159:
2157:
6888:
5458:Creating Standards for Responsibly Farmed Salmon
5452:CAIA â Canadian Industry Aquaculture Association
4735:
4706:Broodstock Management and Egg and Larval Quality
3628:Washington State Department of Natural Resources
2615:"Of Fairness⌠Seafood Watch & Farmed Salmon"
1395:, and adult forms of aquatic insects (typically
5904:North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization
5323:Sea Trout: Biology, Conservation and Management
5320:Harris, Graeme; Milner, Nigel (12 March 2007).
4485:"Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue: Nutrient loading"
4320:Aquaculture Stewardship Council, (ASC) (2017).
4201:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4033:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3865:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3562:Pacific Fisheries Resource Conservation Council
2867:Cleaner-fish keep salmon healthy by eating lice
5015:
4365:"Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue: Chemical report"
4079:
3861:"Epizootics of wild fish induced by farm fish"
3812:North American Journal of Fisheries Management
3427:
3172:
2997:North American Journal of Fisheries Management
2923:
2154:
753:âunder assessmentâ pending further analysis).
99:, are the three most important fish groups in
6009:
5503:
5152:
5127:
5103:Newton, Chris (2013). "Scotland with Lions".
5102:
5077:
4437:"Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue: Escapes report"
4413:"Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue: Sealice report"
4389:"Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue: Disease report"
3803:Morton, A.; R. Routledge; M. KrkoĹĄek (2008).
2949:
2583:"Meat and Alternatives - Canada's Food Guide"
2455:
2453:
1706:2007: A 10-square-mile (26 km) swarm of
999:2017 Cypress Island Atlantic salmon pen break
866:
42:Aquaculture production of salmonids in tonnes
5412:. American Fisheries Society. pp. 18â.
5319:
5230:
5206:"Billions of jellyfish wipe out salmon farm"
4688:
4684:
4682:
4490:. World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from
4466:. World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from
4442:. World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from
4418:. World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from
4394:. World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from
4370:. World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from
4346:. World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from
4177:. United States Food and Drug Administration
4094:Chapter 5: The World Salmon Farming Industry
4003:
2897:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1687:1985: Salmon farms established in Australia.
6066:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
6023:
5340:Heen K., Monahan R. L. and Utter F. (1993)
5128:Newton, Chris (2013). "Falklands' Silver".
4940:Foodies...FREAK! Copper River Salmon Arrive
4741:
4703:
4091:Knapp, G; Roheim, CA; Anderson, JA (2007).
3909:
2585:. Health Canada. 2012-11-19. Archived from
2247:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
1720:2021: Open-net salmon farming is banned in
1438:The steelhead is especially susceptible to
983:
398:may be replaced by land-based (non-marine)
126:are the most commonly farmed salmonids for
6016:
6002:
5914:Welsh Salmon and Trout Angling Association
5510:
5496:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4907:Bullock, G. L. and Cipriano, R. C. (1990)
4835:
4833:
4777:MacCrimmon, Hugh R; Gots, Barra L (1979).
4461:"Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue: Feed report"
3953:Ford, Jennifer S; Myers, Ransom A (2008).
2811:
2809:
2757:
2755:
2700:"New Brunswick to help Chile beat disease"
2671:
2450:
2084:"It's all about salmon-Salmon Aquaculture"
1961:
1959:
1806:. US Fish and Wildlife Service. p. 20
4725:Ecology and Management of Atlantic Salmon
4679:
4304:
4230:
4220:
4062:
4052:
3980:
3970:
3952:
3886:
3876:
3779:
3662:
3603:
3533:
3484:
3368:"GAIN Report: Russia Bans Norwegian Fish"
3343:
3199:
3112:
2340:
2299:
1884:
1863:
495:Salmonid production in tonnes by species
63:Salmon farm in the archipelago of Finland
5245:
5030:
4722:
4666:
4664:
3392:"Hard Times for Norwegian Salmon (2006)"
3222:
3178:
2667:
2665:
2264:
2243:
2241:
2111:
2067:
1778:"Fish Farming Information and Resources"
1764:Based on data sourced from the relevant
1500:
1492:
1449:
1342:
1334:
1271:
1115:
756:
310:sea cage can contain up to 90,000 fish.
222:
206:
188:
5298:
4995:
4830:
4670:
3293:. In Moon, T.W.; Mommsen, T.P. (eds.).
3063:
3061:
2806:
2752:
2631:
2612:
2593:
2235:The Scotsman, Retrieved 22 January 2013
1956:
1057:
450:Farm raised salmonids are also fed the
447:production is fed to farmed salmonids.
438:
14:
6889:
4716:
3742:) and salmon farms in British Columbia
3407:
3248:Environmental Science & Technology
2572:. health.gov. Retrieved on 2016-10-26.
2355:
2176:
2030:
2028:
2026:
1758:
1202:Nutrient loading and carrying capacity
949:levels were almost four times higher.
918:, analysed farmed and wild salmon for
6443:
6033:
5997:
5491:
5405:
5274:Fisheries technical paper 255, Rome.
4819:. Marine Harvest. 2018. p. 246.
4661:
4527:
4525:
4507:
3556:Gardner J. and D. L. Peterson (2003)
3433:
3029:
2662:
2238:
2233:Sea-change as farm grows fish on land
2206:
2038:. World Wildlife Fund. Archived from
1728:
1308:water. Some researchers have studied
1223:
1158:Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC)
481:
410:in lower levels of the highly valued
3690:) infection rates on juvenile pink (
3408:Castle, Stephen (November 6, 2017).
3058:
2501:. seafoodmonitor.com. Archived from
1873:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game
1549:, fed by fast, cold waters from the
875:In sites without adequate currents,
5286:The Economics of Salmon Aquaculture
4843:Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)
2603:, Aquaculture North America, vol 16
2520:
2459:
2023:
1996:
24:
6034:
5924:Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project
5899:Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association
5664:Pre-spawn mortality in coho salmon
5261:
4522:
4100:. University of Alaska Anchorage.
3665:"Sea lice in Chilean salmon farms"
3052:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1986.tb01005.x
2968:
2213:USDA Agricultural Research Service
2183:USDA Agricultural Research Service
1267:
890:in 2002 published measurements of
25:
6923:
6490:Geothermal energy and aquaculture
6349:Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
5432:
4655:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.09.012
3229:Environmental Health Perspectives
2333:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.05.021
2248:von MĂźnchow, Otto (5 June 2019).
1538:pellets high in protein and oil.
1488:
1347:Male ocean phase steelhead salmon
1253:recirculating aquaculture systems
1229:Recirculating aquaculture systems
907:and feed", a 2012 study from the
6129:
5866:Environmental issues with salmon
5764:Diseases and parasites in salmon
5615:
5299:Coimbra, JoĂŁo (1 January 2001).
5239:
5224:
5198:
5171:
5146:
5121:
5096:
5071:
5042:
4976:
4952:
4933:
4914:
4901:
4870:
4826:from the original on 2019-05-22.
4804:
4785:
4770:
4697:
4622:
4159:from the original on 2010-02-01.
4117:from the original on 2019-05-22.
3535:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99194.x
3380:from the original on 2017-02-01.
3235:from the original on 2017-11-07.
3210:10.1111/j.1748-0159.2008.00111.x
2950:Sarah Knapton (12 August 2017).
2613:Charron, Bertrand (April 2014).
2559:Species Fact Sheets, Salmo salar
2019:from the original on 2018-03-12.
1091:Impact on wild predatory species
763:Diseases and parasites in salmon
750:Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)
443:As of 2008, 50-80% of the world
55:
34:
5246:Cockburn, Harry (8 July 2021).
4859:from the original on 2018-07-01
4597:
4573:
4549:
4501:
4477:
4453:
4429:
4405:
4381:
4357:
4333:
4313:
4272:
4247:
4188:
4163:
4141:
4020:
3997:
3946:
3903:
3852:
3796:
3747:
3726:Interactions between sea lice (
3718:
3679:
3656:
3634:
3612:
3567:
3550:
3501:
3452:
3401:
3384:
3360:
3319:
3282:
3239:
3216:
3121:
3089:
3077:
3023:
2987:
2962:
2943:
2917:
2891:
2872:
2860:
2740:
2718:
2692:
2644:
2625:
2606:
2599:Pirquet, K. T. (May/June 2010)
2575:
2563:
2548:
2532:
2491:
2465:
2422:
2398:
2349:
2231:Merrit, Mike (13 January 2013)
2225:
2200:
2170:
2141:
2053:
1990:
1945:from the original on 2018-08-16
1903:(Report). World Wildlife Fund.
1300:Adult male and female fish are
849:In the mid 1980s to the 1990s,
6763:Federated States of Micronesia
5795:Infectious salmon anemia virus
5472:Positive Aquaculture Awareness
5467:Watershed Watch Salmon Society
5360:University of Alaska Anchorage
5231:The National (29 March 2019).
3651:Watershed Watch Salmon Society
3584:ICES Journal of Marine Science
2924:Gwynn Guilford (22 Jan 2017).
2675:The Handbook of Salmon Farming
2634:"Alaska salmon: ASMI vs. MSC?"
2632:Charron, Bertrand (May 2012).
1931:
1838:
1817:
1792:
1770:
1445:
1363:from the former binominals of
909:European Food Safety Authority
829:links the spread of parasitic
13:
1:
5842:Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae
5439:BC Salmon Farmers Association
4756:10.1016/S0165-7836(03)00063-8
3669:Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol
3303:10.1016/S1873-0140(05)80007-4
3179:Santerre, Charles R. (2008).
2708:Fish Information and Services
2177:Durham, Sharon (2010-10-13).
2093:. Spring 2005. Archived from
1752:
1505:Male freshwater-phase Chinook
1243:
1106:
464:
283:
136:National Fish Hatchery System
44:1950â2010 as reported by the
5871:2002 Klamath River fish kill
3972:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060033
3912:Reviews in Fisheries Science
2710:. 2008-12-12. Archived from
2377:10.1126/science.282.5390.883
2356:Naylor, Rosamond L. (1998).
2293:10.1016/0308-521X(90)90002-8
2207:Avant, Sandra (2014-07-14).
1454:Male ocean phase Coho salmon
1369:Columbia River redband trout
1330:
1217:World Wide Fund for Nature,
327:Copper alloys in aquaculture
304:
7:
6563:Fish diseases and parasites
5968:Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
5861:Puget Sound salmon recovery
5607:Genetically modified salmon
5305:. IOS Press. pp. 32â.
5012:. Updated 16 November 2007.
4508:Shore, Randy (2018-10-20).
3297:. Elsevier. pp. 119â.
3223:Schwager, SJ (2005-05-01).
2898:Sarah Butler (2017-01-13).
2735:Fisheries and Oceans Canada
2619:www.seafoodintelligence.com
2138:Rome. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
1741:Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
1563:
1355:were reclassified into the
1064:Genetically modified salmon
10:
6928:
6636:Microalgal bacterial flocs
5894:Atlantic Salmon Federation
5654:Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery
5517:
5267:Beveridge, Malcolm (1984)
5037:Aquaculture in New Zealand
4992:Rome. Accessed 9 May 2009.
4930:Rome. Accessed 9 May 2009.
4801:Rome. Accessed 9 May 2009.
4323:ASC Salmon Standard (V1.1)
3434:Vidal, John (2017-01-01).
2165:Fishmeal industry overview
1612:Late 19th century: Salmon
1262:
1172:Benthic impacts and siting
1154:World Wide Fund for Nature
1112:of the effect on feeding.
1061:
927:, chlorinated pesticides,
914:A 2004 study, reported in
867:Pollution and contaminants
861:granulomatous inflammation
856:Renibacterium salmoninarum
760:
657:Total salmonid production
362:
324:
184:
6730:
6659:
6616:
6538:
6460:
6456:
6439:
6400:
6357:
6314:
6206:
6138:
6127:
6046:
6042:
6029:
5932:
5909:Pacific Salmon Commission
5886:
5851:
5752:
5694:
5624:
5613:
5525:
5406:Quinn, Thomas P. (2005).
4878:"BC Fish Facts-Steelhead"
4693:. Fishing News Books LTD.
3932:10.1080/10641260801937131
2749:. saveourskeenasalmon.org
738:
666:
663:
508:
505:
502:
499:
369:maximum sustainable yield
6500:Integrated multi-trophic
5649:Fly fishing bibliography
4988:Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
3332:The Journal of Nutrition
3295:Environmental Toxicology
3114:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2832
3032:Journal of Fish Diseases
2737:. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
2091:Seafood Choices Alliance
1682:Infectious salmon anemia
1659:, an initiative of King
1497:Male ocean-phase Chinook
1440:enteric redmouth disease
1280:In their natal streams,
1101:white-bellied sea eagles
984:Impact on wild salmonids
970:Green Warriors of Norway
851:bacterial kidney disease
783:infectious salmon anemia
318:example, during storms.
73:aquaculture of salmonids
6470:Aquaculture engineering
6024:Fishing industry topics
5835:Sphaerothecum destruens
5326:. Wiley. pp. 18â.
5284:Bjorndal, Trond (1990)
4985:: Species Fact Sheets:
4923:: Species Fact Sheets:
4794:: Species Fact Sheets:
4691:Salmon Farming Handbook
4222:10.1073/pnas.0400023101
4054:10.1073/pnas.1009573108
3878:10.1073/pnas.0603525103
3728:Lepeophtheirus salmonis
3688:Lepeophtheirus salmonis
3150:10.1126/science.1091447
2838:10.1126/science.1156341
2784:10.1126/science.1148744
1766:FAO Species Fact Sheets
1027:Pacific coast of Canada
1006:Lepeophtheirus salmonis
1004:Sea lice, particularly
158:of salmonids was worth
5813:Nanophyetus salmincola
4841:"Species Fact Sheets:
3772:10.1098/rspb.2007.1122
3740:Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
3692:Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
3605:10.1006/jmsc.1998.0437
3477:10.1098/rspb.2000.1173
3345:10.1093/jn/135.11.2639
3188:Journal of Foodservice
1941:. METRO EAST ANGLERS.
1871:"Commercial Fisheries"
1575:University of Aberdeen
1506:
1498:
1455:
1348:
1340:
1277:
1259:in the rearing water.
1221:
1220:
946:
879:can accumulate on the
228:
220:
204:
196:salmon hatchery, near
6408:World fish production
5644:Aquaculture of salmon
5639:Alaska salmon fishery
5480:â Video extract from
5478:What about this fish?
5187:(in Thai). 2017-10-26
4781:. NRC Research Press.
4689:Sedgwick, S. (1988).
4014:10.1038/news.2010.449
3074:, Cornell University.
2527:Modern Salmon Harvest
1504:
1496:
1453:
1377:coastal rainbow trout
1346:
1338:
1275:
1167:
1166:
1116:Impact on forage fish
942:
757:Disease and parasites
388:eicosapentaenoic acid
386:as feed. Some of the
226:
210:
192:
5806:Myxobolus cerebralis
5782:Gyrodactylus salaris
5769:Amoebic gill disease
5602:Spike-toothed salmon
4926:Oncorhynchus kisutch
4704:Bromage, N. (1995).
3734:), juvenile salmon (
3724:Peet, C. R. (2007).
3514:Conservation Biology
2638:Seafood Intelligence
2273:Agricultural Systems
2151:Stanford University.
2147:Naylor R. L. (2005)
2134:Oncorhynchus kisutch
1939:"Incubation Biology"
1415:, shrimp, and other
1070:genetically modified
1058:Genetic modification
439:Other feed additives
392:docosahexaenoic acid
6261:Fish protein powder
5962:Salmon of Knowledge
5789:Henneguya zschokkei
5462:World Wildlife Fund
5344:, Wiley-Blackwell.
5288:. Wiley-Blackwell.
5212:. November 21, 2007
5039:aquaculture.govt.nz
5024:Aquaculture: Salmon
4647:2018Aquac.482...83F
4297:2019Ecosp..10E2922N
4213:2004PNAS..101.9303D
4045:2010PNAS..10722599M
3924:2008RvFS...16..403B
3824:2008NAJFM..28..523M
3596:1999ICJMS..56..200H
3526:2000ConBi..14..899V
3471:(1452): 1517â1523.
3260:2005EnST...39.8622H
3142:2004Sci...303..226H
3044:1986JFDis...9..205B
3009:2010NAJFM..30..940M
2830:2008Sci...322.1790R
2776:2007Sci...318.1772K
2543:Species fact sheets
2325:2010Aquac.306..225B
2285:1990AgSys..32..207K
1558:spiked in the brain
1361:Oncorhynchus mykiss
1162:ASC Salmon Standard
1012:species, including
787:European Commission
658:
496:
435:faster than usual.
396:Omega-3 fatty acids
355:), so they prevent
132:subsistence fishing
6413:Fishing by country
6056:Commercial fishing
5919:Wild Salmon Center
5659:Pacific Salmon War
5444:2011-04-23 at the
5342:Salmon Aquaculture
5021:Wassilieff, Maggy
5007:Marine Aquaculture
4945:2010-02-14 at the
4744:Fisheries Research
4673:Salmon Aquaculture
3663:Bravo, S. (2003).
3646:2010-12-14 at the
3067:Lang S. S. (2005)
2884:2018-06-23 at the
2730:2010-12-29 at the
2601:"Follow the Money"
2570:Dietary Guidelines
1729:In popular culture
1661:Bhumibol Adulyadej
1647:was first bred in
1507:
1499:
1456:
1425:mountain whitefish
1349:
1341:
1278:
1224:Land-raised salmon
656:
494:
482:Wild versus farmed
407:linear programming
237:commercial fishing
229:
221:
205:
202:Scottish Highlands
79:and harvesting of
6912:Fishing in Norway
6884:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6677:Freshwater prawns
6435:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6158:Fish preservation
6081:Midwater trawling
5991:
5990:
5775:Ceratomyxa shasta
5419:978-0-295-98457-5
5387:978-1-4020-6923-9
5350:978-0-85238-204-2
5333:978-1-4051-2991-6
5312:978-0-9673355-6-8
5294:978-0-632-02704-0
5164:978-1-907110-44-3
5139:978-1-907110-44-3
5114:978-1-907110-44-3
5089:978-1-907110-44-3
4723:Mills D. (1989).
4710:Blackwell Science
4675:. Halstead Press.
4585:Undercurrent News
4537:Undercurrent News
4306:10.1002/ecs2.2922
4107:978-0-89164-175-9
4039:(52): 22599â604.
3832:10.1577/M07-042.1
3736:Oncorhynchus keta
3732:Caligus clemensii
3696:Oncorhynchus keta
3630:. pp. 1â120.
3312:978-0-08-045873-1
3268:10.1021/es050898y
3254:(22): 8622â8629.
3107:(7): 2832. 2012.
3017:10.1577/M09-044.1
2969:Dumiak, Michael.
2685:978-1-85233-119-1
2462:, Fish oil, p. 58
2371:(5390): 883â884.
1910:978-0-89164-175-9
1708:Pelagia noctiluca
1631:Kerguelen Islands
1184:Disease/parasites
1068:Salmon have been
736:
735:
654:
653:
16:(Redirected from
6919:
6907:Fishing in Chile
6808:Papua New Guinea
6788:Marshall Islands
6458:
6457:
6450:farmed fisheries
6441:
6440:
6329:Shrimp marketing
6251:Fish hydrolysate
6133:
6048:Fishing industry
6044:
6043:
6031:
6030:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5995:
5994:
5619:
5590:Taiwanese salmon
5545:Black Sea salmon
5512:
5505:
5498:
5489:
5488:
5423:
5391:
5337:
5316:
5256:
5255:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5056:. Archived from
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5019:
5013:
5004:
4993:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4956:
4950:
4937:
4931:
4918:
4912:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4889:
4882:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4837:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4818:
4808:
4802:
4799:(Linnaeus, 1758)
4789:
4783:
4782:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4686:
4677:
4676:
4671:Heen K. (1993).
4668:
4659:
4658:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4561:www.politico.com
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4529:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4489:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4465:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4441:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4417:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4345:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4224:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4118:
4116:
4099:
4088:
4077:
4076:
4066:
4056:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3974:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3880:
3871:(42): 15506â10.
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3840:
3834:. Archived from
3809:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3766:(1629): 3141â9.
3751:
3745:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3660:
3654:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3625:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3571:
3565:
3564:, Vancouver, BC.
3554:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3372:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3185:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3072:Chronicle Online
3065:
3056:
3055:
3027:
3021:
3020:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2895:
2889:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2770:(5857): 1772â5.
2759:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2610:
2604:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2552:
2546:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2387:. Archived from
2362:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2319:(1â4): 225â232.
2303:
2297:
2296:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2256:(in Norwegian).
2245:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2185:. Archived from
2174:
2168:
2161:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2126:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2088:
2080:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2036:"Farmed Seafood"
2032:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1913:. Archived from
1902:
1893:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1722:Tierra del Fuego
1712:Northern Ireland
1621:Falkland Islands
1526:largest producer
1310:cryopreservation
1249:Nephrocalcinosis
1218:
1045:Wild salmon are
1018:C. rogercresseyi
968:, leader of the
853:(BKD) caused by
827:British Columbia
659:
655:
497:
493:
266:forage fisheries
235:salmonids using
217:vertebral column
59:
38:
21:
6927:
6926:
6922:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6872:
6818:Solomon Islands
6726:
6655:
6641:Photobioreactor
6612:
6534:
6452:
6427:
6396:
6353:
6324:Live fish trade
6310:
6202:
6140:Fish processing
6134:
6125:
6116:Fishing vessels
6086:Bottom trawling
6038:
6025:
6022:
5992:
5987:
5928:
5882:
5847:
5829:Salmon tapeworm
5755:
5748:
5690:
5674:Putcher fishing
5629:
5620:
5611:
5540:Atlantic salmon
5527:
5521:
5516:
5482:Harvest of Fear
5446:Wayback Machine
5435:
5420:
5388:
5334:
5313:
5264:
5262:Further reading
5259:
5252:The Independent
5244:
5240:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5190:
5188:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5101:
5097:
5090:
5076:
5072:
5063:
5061:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5020:
5016:
5005:
4996:
4990:(Walbaum, 1792)
4981:
4977:
4968:
4966:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4947:Wayback Machine
4938:
4934:
4928:(Walbaum, 1792)
4919:
4915:
4906:
4902:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4862:
4860:
4839:
4838:
4831:
4823:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4790:
4786:
4775:
4771:
4740:
4736:
4729:Springer-Verlag
4721:
4717:
4702:
4698:
4687:
4680:
4669:
4662:
4627:
4623:
4614:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4589:
4587:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4565:
4563:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4541:
4539:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4514:
4512:
4506:
4502:
4494:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4470:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4446:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4398:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4374:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4350:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4277:
4273:
4264:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4193:
4189:
4180:
4178:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4130:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4097:
4089:
4080:
4025:
4021:
4002:
3998:
3951:
3947:
3908:
3904:
3857:
3853:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3807:
3801:
3797:
3752:
3748:
3723:
3719:
3712:10.1139/f04-016
3684:
3680:
3661:
3657:
3648:Wayback Machine
3639:
3635:
3623:
3617:
3613:
3572:
3568:
3555:
3551:
3506:
3502:
3457:
3453:
3444:
3442:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3406:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3338:(11): 2639â43.
3324:
3320:
3313:
3287:
3283:
3244:
3240:
3221:
3217:
3201:10.1.1.570.4751
3183:
3177:
3173:
3136:(5655): 226â9.
3126:
3122:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3066:
3059:
3028:
3024:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2977:
2967:
2963:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2896:
2892:
2886:Wayback Machine
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2814:
2807:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2732:Wayback Machine
2723:
2719:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2670:
2663:
2656:adfg.alaska.gov
2650:
2649:
2645:
2630:
2626:
2611:
2607:
2598:
2594:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2553:
2549:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2508:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2304:
2300:
2269:
2265:
2258:Teknisk Ukeblad
2246:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2171:
2162:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2136:(Walbaum, 1792)
2127:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2024:
2016:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1851:. Seafish. 2015
1848:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1731:
1566:
1491:
1448:
1365:Salmo gairdneri
1333:
1282:Atlantic salmon
1276:Atlantic salmon
1270:
1268:Atlantic salmon
1265:
1258:
1246:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1178:Chemical inputs
1150:
1118:
1109:
1093:
1079:growth hormones
1066:
1060:
986:
955:
869:
765:
759:
741:
529:Atlantic salmon
484:
467:
441:
365:
329:
307:
286:
187:
154:. In 2007, the
105:Atlantic salmon
69:
68:
67:
66:
65:
64:
60:
51:
50:
49:
48:
43:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6925:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6882:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6870:
6865:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6847:United States
6845:
6843:United Kingdom
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6622:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6544:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6510:Antimicrobials
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6480:Best practices
6477:
6472:
6466:
6464:
6454:
6453:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6404:
6402:
6401:Area fisheries
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6382:English Market
6379:
6374:
6369:
6363:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6320:
6318:
6316:Fish marketing
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6183:Salmon cannery
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6144:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6061:Fish slaughter
6058:
6052:
6050:
6040:
6039:
6036:Wild fisheries
6027:
6026:
6021:
6020:
6013:
6006:
5998:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5978:
5975:The Salmon Fly
5971:
5964:
5959:
5957:Salmon (color)
5954:
5947:
5945:Salmon cannery
5942:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5863:
5857:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5785:
5778:
5771:
5766:
5760:
5758:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5739:Salmon tartare
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5700:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5622:
5621:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5585:Sockeye salmon
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5560:Chinook salmon
5557:
5550:Pacific salmon
5547:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5515:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5475:
5469:
5464:
5455:
5449:
5434:
5433:External links
5431:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5418:
5403:
5392:
5386:
5371:
5352:
5338:
5332:
5317:
5311:
5296:
5282:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5238:
5223:
5197:
5170:
5163:
5145:
5138:
5120:
5113:
5095:
5088:
5070:
5041:
5029:
5014:
4994:
4975:
4951:
4932:
4913:
4900:
4869:
4829:
4803:
4784:
4769:
4750:(3): 237â254.
4734:
4715:
4696:
4678:
4660:
4621:
4596:
4572:
4548:
4521:
4500:
4497:on 2008-08-29.
4476:
4473:on 2011-06-05.
4452:
4449:on 2008-11-20.
4428:
4425:on 2011-06-05.
4404:
4401:on 2011-06-05.
4380:
4377:on 2008-08-29.
4356:
4353:on 2011-06-05.
4332:
4312:
4271:
4246:
4207:(25): 9303â8.
4187:
4162:
4155:. 2009-02-11.
4140:
4106:
4078:
4019:
3996:
3945:
3918:(4): 403â412.
3902:
3851:
3818:(2): 523â532.
3795:
3746:
3717:
3706:(2): 147â157.
3678:
3655:
3633:
3611:
3590:(2): 200â206.
3566:
3549:
3520:(3): 899â903.
3500:
3451:
3426:
3414:New York Times
3400:
3383:
3359:
3318:
3311:
3281:
3238:
3215:
3194:(4): 205â212.
3171:
3120:
3088:
3076:
3057:
3038:(3): 205â211.
3022:
3003:(4): 940â955.
2986:
2961:
2942:
2916:
2890:
2871:
2859:
2824:(5909): 1790.
2805:
2751:
2739:
2717:
2714:on 2011-07-11.
2691:
2684:
2661:
2643:
2624:
2605:
2592:
2589:on 2018-10-28.
2574:
2562:
2547:
2531:
2519:
2490:
2464:
2449:
2421:
2397:
2394:on 2009-03-26.
2348:
2298:
2279:(3): 207â231.
2263:
2237:
2224:
2199:
2169:
2153:
2140:
2110:
2066:
2052:
2022:
1989:
1955:
1930:
1909:
1883:
1862:
1837:
1816:
1791:
1769:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1738:'s 2007 novel
1734:Chapter 14 of
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1704:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1664:
1641:
1638:
1627:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:Umkomass river
1599:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1565:
1562:
1510:Chinook salmon
1490:
1489:Chinook salmon
1487:
1447:
1444:
1407:, and aquatic
1332:
1329:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1245:
1242:
1225:
1222:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1168:
1149:
1146:
1138:predatory fish
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1092:
1089:
1062:Main article:
1059:
1056:
997:waters in the
985:
982:
954:
951:
920:organochlorine
868:
865:
758:
755:
740:
737:
734:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
719:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
702:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
685:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
668:
665:
662:
652:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:Sockeye salmon
635:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
618:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
601:
600:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:Chinook salmon
583:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
564:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
547:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
525:
524:
521:
518:
515:
511:
510:
507:
504:
501:
483:
480:
466:
463:
440:
437:
364:
361:
306:
303:
285:
282:
241:ocean ranching
186:
183:
148:black sea bass
138:. In Europe,
120:Chinook salmon
91:), along with
62:
61:
54:
53:
52:
41:
40:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
18:Salmon farming
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6924:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6869:
6866:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6729:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6692:Marine shrimp
6690:
6688:
6687:Hirudiculture
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6660:Other species
6658:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6609:
6608:US hatcheries
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6583:Fish stocking
6581:
6579:
6578:Fish hatchery
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6537:
6531:
6530:Recirculating
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6495:Inland saline
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6485:Copper alloys
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6442:
6438:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6418:Fishing banks
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6241:Fish emulsion
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6231:Cod liver oil
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6208:Fish products
6205:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6173:Filleted fish
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6132:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6076:Pair trawling
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6019:
6014:
6012:
6007:
6005:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5951:Salmon (book)
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5887:Organisations
5885:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5751:
5745:
5744:Smoked salmon
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5734:Salmon burger
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5618:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5597:Danube salmon
5595:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5508:
5506:
5501:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5368:0-89164-175-0
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5280:92-5-102163-5
5277:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5234:
5227:
5211:
5207:
5201:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5174:
5166:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5141:
5135:
5131:
5124:
5116:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5091:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5060:on 2012-02-24
5059:
5055:
5054:connemara.net
5051:
5045:
5038:
5033:
5026:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5008:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4991:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4936:
4929:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4910:
4904:
4890:on 2013-07-18
4886:
4879:
4873:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4844:
4836:
4834:
4822:
4815:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4780:
4773:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4692:
4685:
4683:
4674:
4667:
4665:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4511:
4504:
4493:
4486:
4480:
4469:
4462:
4456:
4445:
4438:
4432:
4421:
4414:
4408:
4397:
4390:
4384:
4373:
4366:
4360:
4349:
4342:
4336:
4325:
4324:
4316:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4153:The Fish Site
4150:
4144:
4136:
4124:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4096:
4095:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3841:on 2013-08-29
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3393:
3387:
3376:
3369:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2956:The Telegraph
2953:
2946:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2868:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2505:on 2004-09-02
2504:
2500:
2494:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2411:
2410:The Economist
2407:
2401:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2228:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2189:on 2016-03-25
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2100:on 2015-09-24
2096:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2042:on 2015-01-23
2041:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2015:
2012:. p. 6.
2011:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1979:on 2012-07-13
1975:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1920:on 2017-11-07
1916:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1872:
1866:
1847:
1841:
1826:
1820:
1802:
1795:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1657:Royal Project
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:Rainbow trout
1642:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:Ballyconneely
1582:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1551:Southern Alps
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:Pacific trout
1354:
1345:
1339:Rainbow trout
1337:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1312:of the eggs.
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1209:
1208:Social issues
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:In 2004, the
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1022:ectoparasites
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
991:Faroe Islands
981:
979:
978:Don Staniford
975:
971:
967:
966:Kurt Oddekalv
963:
960:
950:
945:
941:
939:
935:
930:
926:
921:
917:
912:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:Health Canada
884:
882:
878:
873:
864:
862:
858:
857:
852:
847:
844:
842:
841:ballan wrasse
837:
832:
828:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
776:
772:
771:
764:
754:
751:
745:
732:
729:
727:
724:
721:
720:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
703:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
676:
673:
671:
670:
661:
660:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
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613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
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598:
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584:
580:
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571:
569:
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552:
549:
548:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
498:
492:
490:
479:
476:
471:
462:
460:
459:canthaxanthin
456:
453:
448:
446:
436:
433:
429:
424:
422:
421:trophic level
416:
413:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
382:, algae, and
381:
377:
372:
370:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
302:
300:
294:
290:
281:
279:
274:
271:
268:which supply
267:
261:
259:
255:
249:
246:
242:
238:
234:
225:
218:
214:
209:
203:
199:
195:
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182:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:rainbow trout
121:
117:
116:United States
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:rainbow trout
86:
82:
78:
74:
58:
47:
37:
19:
6897:Fish farming
6823:South Africa
6712:Sea cucumber
6667:Brine shrimp
6646:Raceway pond
6588:Spawning bed
6568:Fish farming
6540:Fish farming
6377:Maine Avenue
6367:Billingsgate
6359:Fish markets
6334:Chasse-marĂŠe
6306:SurstrĂśmming
6296:Shrimp paste
6221:Fish as food
6153:Factory ship
6148:Fish factory
5982:The Big Fish
5980:
5973:
5966:
5949:
5853:Conservation
5840:
5833:
5819:Salmon louse
5811:
5804:
5800:M74 syndrome
5787:
5780:
5773:
5754:Diseases and
5704:Cured salmon
5643:
5481:
5408:
5402:(4) 485â500.
5399:
5376:
5341:
5322:
5301:
5285:
5251:
5241:
5226:
5214:. Retrieved
5209:
5200:
5189:. Retrieved
5184:ASTV Manager
5182:
5173:
5154:
5148:
5129:
5123:
5104:
5098:
5079:
5073:
5062:. Retrieved
5058:the original
5053:
5044:
5032:
5023:
5017:
4987:
4978:
4967:. Retrieved
4963:
4954:
4935:
4925:
4916:
4903:
4892:. Retrieved
4885:the original
4872:
4861:. Retrieved
4842:
4812:
4806:
4796:
4787:
4778:
4772:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4724:
4718:
4705:
4699:
4690:
4672:
4638:
4634:
4624:
4613:. Retrieved
4611:. 2019-03-04
4608:
4599:
4588:. Retrieved
4584:
4575:
4564:. Retrieved
4560:
4551:
4540:. Retrieved
4536:
4513:. Retrieved
4503:
4492:the original
4479:
4468:the original
4455:
4444:the original
4431:
4420:the original
4407:
4396:the original
4383:
4372:the original
4359:
4348:the original
4335:
4322:
4315:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4263:. Retrieved
4261:. 2014-06-16
4258:
4249:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4179:. Retrieved
4174:
4165:
4152:
4143:
4093:
4036:
4032:
4022:
4005:
3999:
3962:
3959:PLOS Biology
3958:
3948:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3843:. Retrieved
3836:the original
3815:
3811:
3798:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3694:) and chum (
3691:
3687:
3681:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3650:
3636:
3614:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3552:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3443:. Retrieved
3440:The Guardian
3439:
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3413:
3403:
3386:
3362:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3294:
3284:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3228:
3218:
3191:
3187:
3174:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3104:
3101:EFSA Journal
3100:
3091:
3079:
3071:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2978:. Retrieved
2974:
2964:
2955:
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2929:
2919:
2907:. Retrieved
2904:The Guardian
2903:
2893:
2874:
2862:
2821:
2817:
2767:
2763:
2742:
2720:
2712:the original
2703:
2694:
2674:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2627:
2618:
2608:
2595:
2587:the original
2577:
2565:
2550:
2534:
2522:
2513:
2507:. Retrieved
2503:the original
2493:
2481:. Retrieved
2476:
2467:
2441:. Retrieved
2439:. p. 20
2436:
2424:
2413:. Retrieved
2409:
2400:
2389:the original
2368:
2364:
2351:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2253:
2227:
2216:. Retrieved
2212:
2202:
2191:. Retrieved
2187:the original
2182:
2172:
2143:
2133:
2102:. Retrieved
2095:the original
2055:
2044:. Retrieved
2040:the original
1997:FAO (2008).
1992:
1981:. Retrieved
1974:the original
1947:. Retrieved
1933:
1922:. Retrieved
1915:the original
1875:. Retrieved
1865:
1855:November 25,
1853:. Retrieved
1840:
1829:. Retrieved
1819:
1808:. Retrieved
1794:
1784:November 25,
1782:. Retrieved
1772:
1760:
1748:in Scotland.
1739:
1724:, Argentina.
1698:Furunculosis
1668:Gyrodactylus
1653:Doi Inthanon
1635:Indian Ocean
1607:South Africa
1592:River Plenty
1571:Hector Boece
1555:
1540:
1523:
1518:Copper River
1508:
1483:
1476:
1464:state animal
1457:
1437:
1381:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1302:anesthetized
1299:
1295:
1279:
1247:
1227:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1151:
1142:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1094:
1067:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:and various
1005:
1003:
987:
964:
956:
947:
943:
915:
913:
885:
877:heavy metals
874:
870:
854:
848:
845:
823:
813:of infected
780:
770:Gyrodactylus
768:
766:
746:
742:
485:
472:
468:
449:
442:
425:
417:
415:eliminated.
404:
373:
366:
351:, and other
330:
320:
316:
312:
308:
295:
291:
287:
278:agribusiness
275:
262:
250:
230:
180:
134:through the
128:recreational
113:
108:
72:
70:
6828:South Korea
6798:New Zealand
6717:Sea sponges
6618:Algaculture
6505:Mariculture
6462:Aquaculture
6446:Aquaculture
6423:Other areas
6193:Smoked fish
6188:Salted fish
6121:Power block
6096:Gillnetting
5719:Lomi salmon
5575:Pink salmon
5570:Masu salmon
5565:Coho salmon
5555:Chum salmon
4797:Salmo salar
4635:Aquaculture
4175:www.fda.gov
4131:|work=
4006:Nature News
3578:Salmo salar
3419:February 9,
2935:January 25,
2909:January 25,
2437:cargill.com
2313:Aquaculture
2309:Salmo salar
1780:. farms.com
1736:Paul Torday
1577:, Scotland.
1479:broodstocks
1460:Coho salmon
1446:Coho salmon
1417:crustaceans
1397:caddisflies
1291:overfishing
1286:fly anglers
1036:salmon runs
1014:C. clemensi
622:Chum salmon
605:Pink salmon
568:Coho salmon
475:purse seine
455:astaxanthin
452:carotenoids
384:amino acids
258:mariculture
198:Inchnadamph
156:aquaculture
140:brown trout
109:Salmo salar
101:aquaculture
6891:Categories
6783:Madagascar
6758:East Timor
6731:By country
6631:Microalgae
6626:Giant kelp
6548:Broodstock
6475:Aquaponics
6339:Fishmonger
6266:Fish sauce
6168:Dried fish
6163:Slurry ice
6101:Longlining
5714:Lohikeitto
5679:Salmon run
5631:management
5535:Salmonidae
5526:Groups and
5216:28 January
5191:2024-07-29
5064:2009-05-26
4969:2015-01-21
4894:2013-11-28
4863:2009-05-09
4615:2019-05-11
4590:2019-05-11
4566:2020-07-16
4542:2019-05-11
4515:2019-05-11
4265:2015-11-09
4181:2017-06-19
3965:(2): e33.
3845:2016-10-26
3675:: 197â200.
3626:(Report).
3445:2018-02-09
2980:2017-06-05
2509:2007-08-26
2460:FAO (2008)
2443:2017-09-11
2415:2017-09-11
2218:2014-09-09
2193:2014-09-09
2104:2015-01-21
2046:2015-01-21
1983:2015-01-22
1949:2016-03-27
1924:2015-01-22
1877:2015-01-12
1831:2015-01-21
1810:2015-01-21
1753:References
1672:monogenean
1670:, a small
1663:(Rama IX).
1614:hatcheries
1587:, Ireland.
1514:state fish
1421:planktonic
1401:stoneflies
1373:S. irideus
1244:Challenges
1126:microalgae
1107:Ecological
1084:transgenic
1075:ocean pout
1047:anadromous
995:Washington
836:extinction
791:fish stock
775:monogenean
761:See also:
730:3,157,831
714:2,165,321
545:2,087,110
542:1,433,708
465:Harvesting
390:(EPA) and
357:biofouling
325:See also:
284:Hatcheries
245:hatcheries
6773:Indonesia
6738:Australia
6603:Tailwater
6573:Fish feed
6246:Fish meal
5824:Sea louse
5756:parasites
5684:June hogs
5626:Fisheries
5580:Steelhead
4764:0165-7836
4641:: 83â89.
4609:IntraFish
4285:Ecosphere
4133:ignored (
4123:cite book
3196:CiteSeerX
2483:30 August
2477:GLOBEFISH
2385:129814837
2342:1893/2421
1531:sea floor
1433:amphipods
1409:dipterana
1353:steelhead
1351:In 1989,
1331:Steelhead
781:In 1984,
767:In 1972,
551:Steelhead
400:algae oil
394:(DHA) in
305:Sea cages
270:fish meal
6778:Kiribati
6707:Scallops
6515:Offshore
6344:Fishwife
6286:Lutefisk
6256:Fish oil
6236:Fish roe
6111:Dredging
6106:Trolling
6071:Trawling
5442:Archived
5210:NBC News
4943:Archived
4857:Archived
4821:Archived
4259:ABC News
4241:15192145
4157:Archived
4112:Archived
4073:21149706
3991:18271629
3940:55689510
3897:17021017
3790:17939989
3644:Archived
3544:86641677
3495:11007327
3375:Archived
3354:16251623
3276:16323755
3233:Archived
3166:24058620
3158:14716013
2882:Archived
2846:19095926
2800:86544687
2792:18079401
2728:Archived
2014:Archived
1943:Archived
1649:Thailand
1596:Tasmania
1564:Timeline
1543:raceways
1536:fishmeal
1512:are the
1413:crayfish
1405:mayflies
1215:â
1134:sardines
1097:Tasmania
974:sea lice
831:sea lice
803:Scotland
725:746,996
722:Overall
708:188,132
697:992,508
691:558,864
683:percent
677:percent
648:164,222
643:128,176
631:303,205
626:182,561
614:495,986
609:170,373
581:115,376
562:604,695
557:171,946
500:Species
445:fish oil
380:ragworms
353:microbes
337:bacteria
172:Scotland
81:salmonid
6868:Vanuatu
6722:Turtles
6702:Oysters
6697:Octopus
6682:Geoduck
6651:Seaweed
6598:Tilapia
6553:Catfish
6525:Raceway
6520:Organic
6392:Tsukiji
6291:Rakfisk
6271:Gravlax
6216:Seafood
6198:Kippers
6178:Gibbing
6091:Seining
5933:Related
5709:Gravlax
5696:As food
5669:Putcher
5528:species
4964:Findlaw
4643:Bibcode
4293:Bibcode
4209:Bibcode
4064:3012511
4041:Bibcode
3982:2235905
3920:Bibcode
3888:1591297
3820:Bibcode
3781:2293942
3653:, 2004.
3592:Bibcode
3522:Bibcode
3486:1690700
3256:Bibcode
3138:Bibcode
3130:Science
3040:Bibcode
3005:Bibcode
2854:7901971
2826:Bibcode
2818:Science
2772:Bibcode
2764:Science
2365:Science
2321:Bibcode
2281:Bibcode
1573:of the
1462:is the
1321:genetic
1306:aerated
1263:Species
1190:Escapes
1130:herring
1051:migrate
1010:Caligus
959:nitrite
925:dioxins
916:Science
896:dioxins
881:benthos
705:Farmed
680:tonnes
674:tonnes
599:11,542
591:25,147
578:17,200
572:42,281
536:13,265
533:10,326
523:Farmed
517:Farmed
428:Cargill
412:omega-3
363:Feeding
341:viruses
200:in the
185:Methods
144:catfish
114:In the
97:tilapia
77:farming
75:is the
6902:Salmon
6856:Hawaii
6851:Alaska
6838:Tuvalu
6743:Canada
6593:Salmon
6387:Scania
6372:Fulton
6301:Surimi
6276:HĂĄkarl
6226:Caviar
5729:Rui-be
5519:Salmon
5416:
5384:
5366:
5348:
5330:
5309:
5292:
5278:
5161:
5136:
5111:
5086:
4762:
4329:. ASC.
4291:(11).
4239:
4232:438972
4229:
4104:
4071:
4061:
3989:
3979:
3938:
3895:
3885:
3788:
3778:
3542:
3493:
3483:
3352:
3309:
3274:
3198:
3164:
3156:
2930:Quartz
2852:
2844:
2798:
2790:
2682:
2383:
1907:
1696:1989:
1680:1984:
1666:1975:
1643:1973:
1547:Tekapo
1431:, and
1389:larval
1371:) and
1237:Cermaq
900:furans
811:anemia
807:Canada
805:, and
799:Norway
739:Issues
596:8,906
575:2,921
539:2,989
376:barley
333:copper
194:Assynt
176:Canada
164:Norway
85:salmon
6861:Maine
6833:Tonga
6813:Samoa
6803:Palau
6793:Nauru
6753:China
6748:Chile
6672:Coral
6558:Cobia
5940:Ceasg
5010:MFish
4888:(PDF)
4881:(PDF)
4824:(PDF)
4817:(PDF)
4495:(PDF)
4488:(PDF)
4471:(PDF)
4464:(PDF)
4447:(PDF)
4440:(PDF)
4423:(PDF)
4416:(PDF)
4399:(PDF)
4392:(PDF)
4375:(PDF)
4368:(PDF)
4351:(PDF)
4344:(PDF)
4327:(PDF)
4115:(PDF)
4098:(PDF)
3936:S2CID
3839:(PDF)
3808:(PDF)
3624:(PDF)
3540:S2CID
3395:(PDF)
3378:(PDF)
3371:(PDF)
3184:(PDF)
3162:S2CID
2850:S2CID
2796:S2CID
2545:Rome.
2433:(PDF)
2392:(PDF)
2381:S2CID
2361:(PDF)
2254:Tu.no
2098:(PDF)
2087:(PDF)
2017:(PDF)
2002:(PDF)
1977:(PDF)
1970:(PDF)
1918:(PDF)
1901:(PDF)
1849:(PDF)
1804:(PDF)
1472:Japan
1468:Chiba
1429:squid
1393:pupal
904:PDBEs
819:gills
795:Chile
688:Wild
667:2007
664:1982
520:Wild
514:Wild
509:2013
506:2007
503:1982
349:algae
345:fungi
299:redds
254:smolt
168:Chile
152:bream
6768:Fiji
6448:and
5414:ISBN
5382:ISBN
5364:ISBN
5346:ISBN
5328:ISBN
5307:ISBN
5290:ISBN
5276:ISBN
5218:2010
5159:ISBN
5134:ISBN
5109:ISBN
5084:ISBN
4849:Rome
4760:ISSN
4237:PMID
4135:help
4102:ISBN
4069:PMID
3987:PMID
3893:PMID
3786:PMID
3738:and
3730:and
3491:PMID
3421:2018
3350:PMID
3307:ISBN
3272:PMID
3154:PMID
2937:2017
2911:2017
2842:PMID
2788:PMID
2680:ISBN
2485:2018
2006:Rome
1905:ISBN
1857:2018
1786:2018
1746:loch
1458:The
1385:Iran
1235:and
1233:Mowi
1196:Feed
1132:and
1016:and
929:PCBs
902:and
898:and
892:PCBs
815:fish
773:, a
487:the
457:and
432:EWOS
233:wild
215:and
213:eyes
174:and
150:and
130:and
122:and
95:and
93:carp
87:and
71:The
6281:Lox
5724:Lox
5628:and
5272:FAO
4983:FAO
4921:FAO
4853:FAO
4792:FAO
4752:doi
4651:doi
4639:482
4301:doi
4227:PMC
4217:doi
4205:101
4059:PMC
4049:doi
4037:107
4010:doi
3977:PMC
3967:doi
3928:doi
3883:PMC
3873:doi
3869:103
3828:doi
3776:PMC
3768:doi
3764:274
3708:doi
3600:doi
3530:doi
3481:PMC
3473:doi
3469:267
3340:doi
3336:135
3299:doi
3264:doi
3206:doi
3146:doi
3134:303
3109:doi
3048:doi
3013:doi
2834:doi
2822:322
2780:doi
2768:318
2704:FIS
2555:FAO
2539:FAO
2373:doi
2369:282
2337:hdl
2329:doi
2317:306
2289:doi
2129:FAO
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