Atlantic salmon - Knowledge

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growth rate in Atlantic salmon. To model the contribution that breeding has made in the industry from generation 0 (harvested in 1975– 1978) to generation 11 (harvested in 2017 – 2019), and to simulate growth until 2050 (generation 24), the Norwegian salmon aquaculture production between 2016 and 2019 was used as a base case. The simulation of the expected growth until 2050 (generation 24) gave five different scenarios : Historical (H1), Forecast 1 (F1), Forecast 2 (F2), Forecast 3 (F3) and Forecast 4 (F4). Changes in thermal growth coefficient (TGC) per generation were used in the model to simulate the differences in the five scenarios. The genetic data, H1, and the most conservative forecast scenario, F1, simulate what can be expected in 2050 if the trend from generation 0 through 11 is maintained. The following forecast scenarios assume a greater increase in genetic growth with a larger increase in the TGC in the generations to come. In the next two generations, more advanced selection methods such as marker assisted selection (from generation 10) and genomic selection (from generation 11) were implemented. This resulted in increased gain in selection for growth and simulated F2 and F3. The most progressive scenario, F4, aimed at exploring the effect in the industry when the full genetic potential is utilized. This assumes a further development of advanced techniques in the years to come. The authors of the article found that the daily yield of the biomass increased with increasing generations in the historic and forecast scenarios. Further, the production time in seawater to reach the harvest weight of 5100 g is expected to be reduced by 53% in 2050. When production time can be reduced, this will also reduce e.g. time at risk of diseases. In the most progressive scenario, mortality in seawater was expected to be reduced by up to 50%. Further, the authors found that production per license can increase by up to 121%. Additionally, 77% of the new volume needed to achieve five million tonnes in 2050, may be provided by genomic selection. However, one should keep in mind that this article was published by the firm Aquagen, and can possibly be biased and too optimistic.

980: 929: 1124: 1403: 949: 315: 1042:, which means the fish may recondition themselves and return to the sea to repeat the migration and spawning pattern several times, although most spawn only once or twice. Migration and spawning exact an enormous physiological toll on individuals, such that repeat spawners are the exception rather than the norm. Atlantic salmon show high diversity in age of maturity and may mature as parr, one- to five-sea-winter fish, and in rare instances, at older sea ages. This variety of ages can occur in the same population, constituting a ' 961: 726: 498:. After two years at sea, the fish average 71 to 76 cm (28 to 30 in) in length and 3.6 to 5.4 kg (7.9 to 11.9 lb) in weight. But specimens that spend four or more winters feeding at sea can be much larger. An Atlantic salmon netted in 1960 in Scotland, in the estuary of the river Hope, weighed 49.44 kg (109.0 lb), the heaviest recorded in all available literature. Another netted in 1925 in Norway measured 160.65 cm (63.25 in) in length, the longest Atlantic salmon on record. 485: 899: 191: 1171: 914: 539: 5148: 526: 166: 5141: 4258: 39: 1277:", however it has been 25 years since the IUCN has released this status. A more recent regional assessment revealed that the European population of this species is vulnerable, and this might be the same or a similar status globally. Location-specific assessments have shown population declines across parts of the Atlantic Salmon's natural range, with populations along the coast of Maine and the Inner Bay of Fundy now listed as " 5134: 585:

historian D.W. Dunfield (1985) "over half of the historical Atlantic salmon runs had been lost in North America by 1850". As early as 1798, a bill for the preservation of Atlantic Salmon was introduced in Canadian Parliament, to protect populations in Lake Ontario. In the Gulf Region of Nova Scotia it was reported that 31 of the 33 Atlantic salmon streams were blocked off by lumber dams, leading to the

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cross-breeding of wild and farmed Atlantic salmon in the Northwest Atlantic, showing that 27.1% of fish in 17 out of 18 rivers examined are artificially stocked or hybrids. Farming of Atlantic salmon in open cages at sea has also been linked, at least in part, to a decline in wild stocks attributed to the passing of parasites from farmed to wild individuals.

1491:". However, both state and federal experts indicated that this find likely represented a dwindling wave of returning stocked fish from massive salmon restoration efforts that had concluded years earlier in 2012. Significant doubt was cast on fish returning to spawn in meaningful numbers after 2017, when the last generation of stocked salmon would return. 576:

that historical claims of abundance may have been exaggerated. This argument was later challenged in another paper which claimed that lack of archaeological bone fragments could be explained by salmon bones being rare at sites that still have large salmon runs and that salmonid bones in general are poorly recovered relative to other fish species.

1419:, Atlantic salmon have been reintroduced, but the percentage of salmon reproducing naturally is very low. Most areas are re-stocked annually. Since the extirpation of Atlantic salmon from Lake Ontario in the late 19th century, the state of New York has stocked its adjoining rivers and tributaries, and in many cases does not allow active fishing. 1066:. The proportions of hybrids in samples of salmon ranged from 0 to 7-7% but these proportions were not significantly homogeneous among locations, resulting in a mean hybridization rate of 2-3%. This is the highest rate of natural hybridization so far reported and is significantly greater than rates observed elsewhere in Europe. 1082:, although some fish and game departments continue to advocate removal of beaver dams as potential barriers to spawning runs. Migration of adult Atlantic salmon may be limited by beaver dams during periods of low stream flows, but the presence of juvenile salmon upstream of the dams suggests they are penetrated by 374:, which means it can survive spawning and return to sea to repeat the process again in another year with 5-10% returning to the sea to spawn again. Such individuals can grow to extremely large sizes, although they are rare. The different life stages of the fish are known by many different names in English: 1106:

may make beaver-created permanent summer pools a crucial success factor for Atlantic salmon populations. In fact, two-year-old Atlantic salmon parr in beaver ponds in eastern Canada showed faster summer growth in length and mass and were in better condition than parr upstream or downstream from the pond.

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Farmed Atlantic salmon are known to occasionally escape from cages and enter the habitat of wild populations. Interbreeding between escaped farm fish and wild fish decreases genetic diversity and introduces "the potential to genetically alter native populations, reduce local adaptation and negatively

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differences between fresh water and seawater habitat. When smoltification is complete, the parr (young fish) now begin to swim with the current instead of against it. With this behavioral change, the fish are now referred to as smolt. When the smolt reach the sea, they follow sea surface currents and

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Two publications from 1988 and 1996 questioned the notion that Atlantic salmon were prehistorically plentiful in New England, when the climate was warmer as it is now. This argument was primarily based on a paucity of bone data in archaeological sites relative to other fish species, and the assertion

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in 2000 demonstrated that the genes of farmed Atlantic salmon intrude wild populations mainly through wild males breeding with farmed females, though farmed specimens showed reduced capacity for breeding success overall compared to their wild counterparts. Further study in 2018 discovered extensive

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When they have had a year of good growth, they will move to the sea surface currents that transport them back to their natal river. It is a major misconception that salmon swim thousands of kilometres at sea; instead they surf through sea surface currents. It is possible they find their natal river

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In Quebec, the daily catch limit for Atlantic salmon is dependent on the individual river. Some rivers are strictly catch and release with a limit of 3 released fish. Each catch must be declared. Some rivers allow you to keep between 1 or 2 grilse (30 cm to 63 cm), while some of the more

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The importance of winter habitat to salmonids afforded by beaver ponds may be especially important in streams of northerly latitudes without deep pools where ice cover makes contact with the bottom of shallow streams. In addition, the up to eight-year-long residence time of juveniles in freshwater

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When the mature fish re-enter rivers to spawn, they change in colour and appearance. Some populations of this fish only migrate to large lakes, and are "landlocked", spending their entire lives in freshwater. Such populations are found throughout the range of the species. Unlike Pacific species of

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A study of Næve et al. (2022) estimated the impact of 50 years of genetic selection and tried to predict the impact it could have until 2050. In order to do this, a common garden experiment was used to model and simulate past and future effects for 11 generations of genetic selection of increased

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The natural breeding grounds of Atlantic salmon are rivers in Europe and the northeastern coast of North America. In Europe, Atlantic salmon are still found as far south as Spain, and as far north as Russia. Because of sport-fishing, some of the species' southern populations in northern Spain are

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Despite being the source of considerable controversy, the likelihood of escaped Atlantic salmon establishing an invasive presence in the Pacific Northwest is considered minimal, largely because a number of 20th century efforts aimed at deliberately introducing them to the region were ultimately

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Fry are generally reared in large freshwater tanks for 12 to 20 months. Once the fish have reached the smolt phase, they are taken out to sea, where they are held for up to two years. During this time, the fish grow and mature in large cages off the coasts of Canada, the US, or parts of Europe.

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was unhindered by beavers. In a restored, third-order stream in northern Nova Scotia, beaver dams generally posed no barrier to Atlantic salmon migration except in the smallest upstream reaches in years of low flow where pools were not deep enough to enable the fish to leap the dam or without a

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There are many different commercially available cage designs built to operate in a wide variety of aquatic conditions. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) cages are widely used, with HDPE pipes forming a floating collar ring onto which the fish net pen is secured and suspended in the water below.

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of most North American streams. Beaver populations were trapped to near-extinction by 1800, and log drives and clear-cutting further exacerbated stream erosion and habitat loss. As timber and fur gave way to agriculture, freshwater Atlantic salmon habitat was further compromised. According to

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Other names used for the Atlantic salmon are: bay salmon, black salmon, caplin-scull salmon, fiddler, sebago salmon, silver salmon, outside salmon and winnish. At different points in their maturation and life cycle, they are known as parr, smolt, grilse, grilt, kelt, slink, and spring salmon.

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phase, when they become ready to return to the same freshwater tributary they departed from as smolts. After returning to their natal streams, the salmon will cease eating altogether prior to spawning. Although largely unknown, odor – the exact chemical signature of that stream – may play an

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Around the North Atlantic, efforts to restore salmon to their native habitats are underway, with slow progress. Habitat restoration and protection are key to this process, but issues of excessive harvest and competition with farmed and escaped salmon are also primary considerations. In the

1564:. Another act passed in 1865 imposed charges to fish and catch limits. It also caused the formation of local boards having jurisdiction over a certain river. The next significant act, passed in 1907, allowed the board to charge 'duties' to catch other freshwater fish, including trout. 1426:

started the Atlantic Salmon Restoration Program in 2006, which is one of the largest freshwater conservation programs in North America. It has since stocked Lake Ontario and surrounding tributaries with upwards of 6,000,000 young Atlantic salmon, with efforts growing each year. In

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The colouration of young Atlantic salmon does not resemble the adult stage. While they live in fresh water, they have blue and red spots. At maturity, they take on a silver-blue sheen. The easiest way of identifying them as an adult is by the black spots predominantly above the

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Despite legislation, board effects decreased until, in 1948, the River Boards Act gave authority of all freshwater fish and the prevention of pollution to one board per river. In total, it created 32 boards. In 1974, the 32 boards, which by then were integrated into regional

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Atlantic salmon is considered a very healthy food and one of the fish with a more refined taste in many cultures. As such it features in numerous popular traditional cuisines and can fetch a higher price than some other fish. It has thus long been the target of

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Young salmon begin a feeding response within a few days. After the yolk sac is absorbed by the body, they begin to hunt. Juveniles start with tiny invertebrates, but as they mature, they may occasionally eat small fish. During this time, they hunt both in the

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by smell, although this is not confirmed; only 5% of Atlantic salmon go up the wrong river. The range of an individual Atlantic salmon can thus be the river where they are born and the sea surface currents that are connected to that river in a circular path.

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of early-run fish in many watersheds. The inshore Atlantic salmon fishery became a major export of the New World, with major fishing operations establishing along the shores of major river systems. The southernmost populations were the first to disappear.

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during its annual runs. At one time, the species supported an important commercial fishery, but having become endangered throughout its range globally, wild-caught Atlantic salmon are now virtually absent from the market. Instead, nearly all are from

1516:. It was established in 1983 to help protect Atlantic salmon stocks, through the cooperation between nations. They work to restore habitat and promote conservation of the salmon. In December 2021, NASCO published an updated interactive map of their 1393:

are examples of those regulations. However, catch and release angling can be an additional stressor on Atlantic salmon populations, especially when its impacts are combined with the existing pressures of climate change, overfishing, and predation.

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On the west coast of the United States and Canada, aquaculturists are generally under scrutiny to ensure that non-native Atlantic salmon cannot escape from their open-net pens, however occasional incidents of escape have been documented. During

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Section 9 of the ESA makes it illegal to take an endangered species of fish or wildlife. The definition of "take" is to "harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct".

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methods have also been developed, and at present it is farmed in great numbers in many places around the world. Although this is now a viable alternative to wild-caught fish, farming methods have attracted criticism from environmentalists.

1232:, for example, up to 300,000 potentially invasive Atlantic salmon escaped a farm among the San Juan Islands in Puget Sound, Washington. Washington went on in 2019 to implement a gradual phase out of salmon farming to be completed by 2025. 406:, has impacted the population in some areas. As a result, the species is the subject of conservation efforts in several countries, which appear to have been somewhat successful since the 2000s. Techniques to farm this species using 1551:

Based on this, a royal commission was appointed in 1860 to thoroughly investigate the Atlantic salmon and the laws governing the species, resulting in the 1861 Salmon Fisheries Act. The act placed enforcement of the laws under the

1244:; however, a self-sustaining population never materialized. Similarly unsuccessful results were realized after deliberate attempts at introduction by Washington as late as the 1980s. Consequently, environmental assessments by the 1734:

In Lake Ontario, the historic populations of Atlantic salmon became extinct, and cross-national efforts have been under way to reintroduce the species, with some areas already having restocked naturally reproducing populations.

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through memoranda of understanding, for example. A new Atlantic salmon policy is in the works, and in the past three years, the government has attempted to pass a new version of the century-old Fisheries Act through Parliament.

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Leeuwen, Travis E. Van; Dempson, J. Brian; Burke, Chantelle M.; Kelly, Nicholas I.; Robertson, Martha J.; Lennox, Robert J.; Havn, Torgeir B.; Svenning, Martin; Hinks, Ross; Guzzo, Matthew M.; Thorstad, Eva B. (8 June 2020).

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J. L. Horreo; G. Machado-Schiaffino; A. M. Griffiths; D. Bright; J. R. Stevens; E. Garcia-Vazquez (2011). "Atlantic Salmon at Risk: Apparent Rapid Declines in Effective Population Size in Southern European Populations".

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growing smaller. The species distribution is easily influenced by changes in freshwater habitat and climate. Atlantic salmon are a cold-water fish species and are particularly sensitive to changes in water temperature.

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The species constructs a nest or "redd" in the gravel bed of a stream. The female creates a powerful downdraught of water with her tail near the gravel to excavate a depression. After she and a male fish have eggs and

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Atlantic salmon populations were significantly reduced in the United States following European settlement. The fur trade, timber harvesting, dams and mills and agriculture degraded freshwater habitats and lowered the

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blamed less fish caught by recreational anglers on overfishing at sea, and thus created the North Atlantic Salmon Fund to buy commercial quotas in the Atlantic from commercial fishermen in an effort to preserve wild

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stage, where the fish grow and subsequently leave the breeding ground in search of food. During this time, they move to areas with higher prey concentration. The final freshwater stage is when they develop into

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Commercial and recreational fishing of wild, anadromous Atlantic salmon is prohibited in the United States. Several populations of Atlantic salmon are in serious decline, and are listed as endangered under the

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prolific rivers (mainly on the north coast) will allow you to keep 1 salmon over 63 cm. The annual catch limit is 4 Atlantic salmon of small size and only 1 of those may be bigger than 63 cm.

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Stephen F. Jane; Keith H. Nislow; Andrew R. Whiteley (September 2014). "The use (and misuse) of archaeological salmon data to infer historical abundance in North America with a focus on New England".

848:, they experience a period of rapid growth during the one to four years they live in the ocean. Typically, Atlantic salmon migrate from their home streams to an area on the continental plate off West 1236:

unsuccessful. From 1905 until 1935, for example, in excess of 8.6 million Atlantic salmon of various life stages (predominantly advanced fry) were intentionally introduced to more than 60 individual

1719:, constantly demand for improvements in management, and for initiatives to be considered. For example, the ASF and the Nova Scotia Salmon Association desire the use of technology for mitigation of 1210:

Advancements in cage technologies have allowed for reduction in fish escapes, improvement in growing conditions, and maximization of aquaculture production volume per unit area of growing space.

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Recreational fishing of stocked, landlocked Atlantic salmon is now authorized in much of the US and Canada where it occurs in large numbers, but this is subject to regulations in many states or

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important role in how salmon return to the area where they hatched. Once heavier than about 250 g, the fish no longer become prey for birds and many fish, although seals do prey upon them.

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Barry A. Taylor; Charles MacInnis; Trevor A. Floyd (2010). "Influence of Rainfall and Beaver Dams on Upstream Movement of Spawning Atlantic Salmon in a Restored Brook in Nova Scotia, Canada".

1677:(ESA). Currently, runs of 11 rivers in Maine are on the list – Kennebec, Androscoggin, Penobscot, Sheepscot, Ducktrap, Cove Brook, Pleasant, Narraguagus, Machias, East Machias and Dennys. The 1619:

are impeded from ascending and descending..." Laws on catching fish upon royal lands were frequently updated, demonstrating their importance. Because the fish were held in such high regard,

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The Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act was passed in 1975. Among other things, it regulated fishing licences, seasons, and size limits, and banned obstructing the salmon's migratory paths.

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is involved in restoration efforts along the eastern United States and Canada, where their projects are focused on removing barriers to fish passage and eradicating invasive species.

1191:; their eggs and sperm are "stripped" after the fish are cleaned and cloth dried. Sperm and eggs are mixed, washed, and placed into freshwater. Adults recover in flowing, clean, well- 1046:' strategy against variation in stream flows. So in a drought year, some fish of a given age will not return to spawn, allowing that generation other, wetter years in which to spawn. 2717: 602:

feed on plankton or fry from other fish species such as herring. During their time at sea, they can sense the change in the Earth magnetic field through iron in their lateral line.

3940: 3333:"The power of genetics: Past and future contribution of balanced genetic selection to sustainable growth and productivity of the Norwegian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) industry" 706:

Fry and parr have been said to be territorial, but evidence showing them to guard territories is inconclusive. While they may occasionally be aggressive towards each other, the

1031:(sperm), respectively, upstream of the depression, the female again uses her tail, this time to shift gravel to cover the eggs and milt which have lodged in the depression. 762:, which has been shown in recent studies to have spent its entire life cycle in the watershed of the lake. In North America, the landlocked strains are frequently known as 453:, meaning leaper, according to M. Barton, but more likely meaning "resident of salt water" . Lewis and Short's Latin Dictionary (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1879) translates 2289:

Brian S. Robinson; George L. Jacobson; Martin G. Yates; Arthur E. Spiess; Ellen R. Cowie (October 2009). "Atlantic salmon, archaeology and climate change in New England".

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goes back to the 18th–19th centuries, due to logging and soil erosion, as well as dam and mill construction. By 1896, the species was declared extirpated from the lake.

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Douglas B. Sigourney, Benjamin H. Letcher & Richard A. Cunjak (2006). "Influence of beaver activity on summer growth and condition of age-2 Atlantic salmon parr".

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alone. Other predators include other fish and birds. Egg and juvenile survival is dependent on habitat quality as Atlantic salmon are sensitive to ecological change.

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Matthews, M. A., Poole, W. R., Thompson, C. E., McKillen, J., Ferguson, A., Hindar, K., and Wheelan, K. F. 2000. Incidence of hybridization between Atlantic salmon,

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The freshwater phases of Atlantic salmon vary between two and eight years, according to river location. While the young in southern rivers, such as those to the

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Preventing Salmon Escapes from Aquaculture in Canada and the USA: Limited International Coordinates, Divergent Regulatory Currents and Possible Future Courses

1639:. The volume of the early Scottish salmon trade is impossible to determine, since surviving custom records date only from the 1420 onward, and since Aberdeen 597:, changing camouflage from stream-adapted with large, gray spots to sea-adapted with shiny sides. They also undergo some endocrinological changes to adapt to 1697:

has prime responsibility for protecting the Atlantic salmon, but over the last generation, effort has continued to shift management as much as possible to

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hybrids smolt. Urke HA, Koksvik J, Arnekleiv JV, Hindar K, Kroglund F, Kristensen T. Source Norwegian Institute of Water Research, 7462, Trondheim, Norway

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Human activities have impacted salmon populations across parts of its range. The major threats are from overfishing and habitat change. Salmon decline in

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Where's the salmon? A reevaluation of the role of anadromous fisheries in aboriginal New England in Holocene human ecology in Northeastern North America

898: 362:, hatching in streams and rivers but moving out to sea as they grow where they mature, after which the adults seasonally move upstream again to spawn. 1660:

More recent legislation has established commissioners who manage districts. Furthermore, the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act in 1951 required the

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Atlantic salmon do not require saltwater. Numerous examples of fully freshwater (i.e., "landlocked") populations of the species exist throughout the

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is the "anchor river" for Atlantic salmon populations in the US. Returning fish in 2008 were around 2,000, more than double the 2007 return of 940.

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in Maine, returns were about 940 in 2007, and by mid-July 2008, the return was 1,938. Similar stories were reported in rivers from Newfoundland to

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as their meal of choice. Capelin are elongated silvery fish that grow up to 20–25 centimetres (8–10 in) long. Other fish consumed include

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Kate Buchanan, "Wheeles and Creels: The Physical Representation of the Right to Milling and Fishing in Sixteenth-Century Angus, Scotland" in

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The fry become parr, and pick home rocks or plants in the streambed from which they dart out to capture insect larvae and other passing food

1307:. After an initial series of record annual catches, the numbers crashed; between 1979 and 1990, catches fell from four million to 700,000. 466: 3654:"Mortality of Atlantic salmon after catch and release angling: assessment of a recreational Atlantic salmon fishery in a changing climate" 5286: 2212: 1561: 1646:

During the 15th century, many laws were passed; many regulated fishing times, and worked to ensure smolts could safely pass downstream.

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Wood and stone weirs along streams and ponds were used for millennia to harvest salmon in the rivers of New England. European fishermen

4534: 1611:, cruives, and nets, were used to catch the fish. Fishing for salmon was heavily regulated in order to conserve the resource. In 1318, 1577: 1326:

Beginning around 1990, the rates of Atlantic salmon mortality at sea more than doubled in the western Atlantic. Rivers of the coast of

2073:. Boston, Massachusetts: Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History: monographs on the natural history of New England. pp. 1291:

In the 1950s, salmon from rivers in the United States and Canada, as well as from Europe, were discovered to gather in the sea around

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Adult Atlantic salmon are considered much more aggressive than other salmon, and are more likely to attack other fish than others.

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spp.), as related to their influence on stream ecosystems and riparian habitats, and the subsequent effects on fish – a review".

1744: 5742: 3277:"Common Future, Different Policy Paths? Managing the Escape of Farmed Atlantic Salmon in British Columbia and Washington State" 1142:

for Atlantic salmon in rivers using hand-made nets for many centuries and gillnetting was also used in early colonial America.

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Young salmon spend one to four years in their natal river. When they are large enough (c. 15 centimetres (5.9 in)), they

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tributary, hosted the southernmost Atlantic salmon spawning runs in the United States. However, there is a 1609 account by

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Howard Park & Øystein Cock Rønning (2007). "Low potential for restraint of anadromous salmonid reproduction by beaver

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lakes and streams. Historical records indicate, in a few instances, mature sea-run Atlantic salmon were captured in the

1086:. Downstream migration of Atlantic salmon smolts was similarly unaffected by beaver dams, even in periods of low flows. 5757: 4544: 4519: 4309: 4121: 82: 20: 1982: 1074:

The decline in anadromous salmonid species over the last two to three centuries is correlated with the decline in the

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When the alevin or sac fry have depleted their yolk sac or "lunch box", they emerge from the gravel habitat of their

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of the poet Ausonius (4th century CE). Later, the differently coloured smolts were found to be the same species.

431: 305: 89: 3781: 2905: 1548:. Because of confusing laws and the appointed conservators having little power, most laws were barely enforced. 1487:, a tributary of the Connecticut River where Atlantic salmon had not been observed spawning since "probably the 4450: 2131: 1624: 1062:). Hybrids between Atlantic salmon and brown trout were detected in two of four watersheds studied in northern 60: 2628:"Natural hybridization between Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and brown trout, Salmo trutta, in northern Spain" 2566:

Youngson, A. F., Webb, J. H., Thompson, C. E., and Knox, D. 1993. Spawning of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon (

1374:. In 2011, more than 3,100 salmon returned to the Penobscot, the most since 1986, and nearly 200 ascended the 5611: 4497: 4230: 1712: 510:

is usually unspotted. When they reproduce, males take on a slight green or red colouration. The salmon has a

3026:"Extensive hybridization following a large escape of domesticated Atlantic salmon in the Northwest Atlantic" 2987:

Thorstad, Eva B.; Fleming, Ian A.; McGinnity, Philip; Soto, Doris; Wennevik, Vidar; Whoriskey, Fred (2008).

71: 5055: 1573: 2046:) in the United States. Report to the National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 892:

seals commonly eat Atlantic salmon. Survivability to this stage has been estimated at between 14 and 53%.

5549: 5396: 5373: 4588: 4409: 4247: 979: 829:, they begin the trip to the ocean, which predominantly happens between March and June. Migration allows 797:. During this developmental stage, their young gills develop and they become active hunters. Next is the 5401: 3596:"Telemetry reveals how catch and release affects prespawning migration in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)" 743:

pattern, in that they undergo their greatest feeding and growth in saltwater; however, adults return to

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Atlantic salmon is a popular fish for human consumption and is commonly sold fresh, canned, or frozen.

628: 1864:"Chemical use in salmon aquaculture: A review of current practices and possible environmental effects" 1863: 1862:

Burridge, Les; Weis, Judith S.; Cabello, Felipe; Pizarro, Jaime; Bostick, Katherine (15 August 2010).

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As of 2013, there has been some success in establishing Atlantic salmon in Fish Creek, a tributary of

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Possibly because of improvements in ocean feeding grounds, returns in 2008 were very positive. On the

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have concluded the potential risk of Atlantic salmon colonization in the Pacific Northwest is low.

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Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History- Monographs on the Natural History of New England

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B. Dempson; C. J. Schwarz; D. G. Reddin; M. F. O'Connell; C. C. Mullins; C. E. Bourgeois (2001).

2802: 1805: 568:. In addition, fish scale evidence dating to 10,000 years BP places Atlantic salmon in a coastal 355: 49: 3433: 1402: 5590: 5541: 5313: 5263: 5196: 4468: 4242: 4098: 4091: 2492:

Klemetsen A, Amundsen P-A, Dempson JB, Jonsson B, Jonsson N, O'Connell MF, Mortensen E (2003).

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Atlantic salmon runs were declared endangered in 2000. A recovery and action plan is in place.

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were severely punished; a person twice convicted of poaching salmon on a royal estate could be

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have been noticed playing with dead salmon, but it is still unclear whether they consume them.

711: 4614: 3836:"So Long, Salmon! Atlantic salmon are spawning in the CT River, but it's too little, too late" 2224: 2108: 2040:

Fay, C.; M. Bartron; S. Craig; A. Hecht; J. Pruden; R. Saunders; T. Sheehan; J. Trial (2006).

1951: 1123: 5351: 5281: 5258: 5221: 5147: 4717: 4707: 4279: 3892:(eds. Kate Buchanan & Lucinda H.S. Dean with Michael Penman: Routledge, 2016), pp. 59–60. 2074: 1647: 1635:

through salting and barreling, allowing them to be exported abroad, including as far away as

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Dymond, John R.; MacKay, Hugh H.; Burridge, Mary E.; Holm, Erling; Bird, Phillip W. (2019).

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Recent documented successes in the reintroduction of Atlantic salmon include the following:

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In its natal streams, Atlantic salmon are considered prized recreational fish, pursued by

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for Atlantic salmon constructed to allow Atlantic salmon and Sea-trout to navigate over a

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stage, when the fish stay in the breeding ground and use the remaining nutrients in their

8: 5642: 5248: 4582: 4444: 4329: 4078: 3214:"Please go fishing, Washington state says after farmed Atlantic salmon escape broken net" 2003: 1750: 1533: 1520:, showing the stock status of wild Atlantic salmon populations across the species range. 755: 403: 155: 3890:

Medieval and Early Modern Representations of Authority in Scotland and the British Isles

3835: 3541: 3348: 2818: 2773: 2730: 2643: 2521: 2348: 2302: 2259: 2041: 2018: 1879: 1281:" under the Endangered Species Act, and the Canadian Species at Risk Act, respectively. 609:

Wild salmon continued to disappear from many rivers during the twentieth century due to

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Næve, Ingun; Korsvoll, Sven A.; Santi, Nina; Medina, Matias; Aunsmo, Arnfinn (2022).

3114: 3096: 3055: 2997: 2954: 2789: 2746: 2530: 2493: 2372: 2360: 2191: 2132:"Fish scale evidence for rapid post-glacial colonization of an Atlantic coastal pond" 2096: 2068: 1891: 1842: 1782: 1632: 1604: 1536:

instituted a penalty for collecting salmon during certain times of the year. His son

1440: 1386: 1375: 1342:. An international effort to study the increased mortality rate was organized by the 1315: 581: 538: 5365: 5133: 3410: 2834: 2420: 2275: 1923: 1664:

be given data about the catches of salmon and trout to help establish catch limits.

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had significant salmon populations, all ten also regulated and conserved trout and

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which are designed to maintain the continuity of the species. Strict catch limits,

1237: 1196: 586: 553: 5515: 3502: 2356: 1094: 314: 5737: 5660: 5253: 5206: 5114: 4911: 4324: 4136: 3809:"Salmon Found Spawning in Farmington River Watershed For First Time in Centuries" 3706: 3594:

RichardAntoine; BernatchezLouis; ValiquetteEliane; DionneMélanie (16 July 2014).

3091: 2026: 1678: 1640: 1569: 1367: 1079: 857: 798: 775: 751:

streams where the eggs hatch and juveniles grow through several distinct stages.

744: 734: 557: 379: 170: 5616: 5140: 4014: 3984: 2245: 1439:. There is some success thus far, with populations growing in the Penobscot and 725: 484: 5732: 5471: 5458: 5241: 5216: 5119: 5104: 4832: 4792: 4727: 4655: 4595: 4577: 4565: 4394: 4351: 4225: 4200: 1955: 1839:

The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Fishes, Whales & Dolphins

1761: 1589: 1557: 1505: 1444: 1436: 1241: 1115: 935: 740: 594: 395: 351: 232: 27: 3041: 2759: 2689: 2310: 2267: 1727:

rivers and managed to raise the funds to get a project in place in one river.

465:

Atlantic salmon that do not journey to sea are known as landlocked salmon (or

5721: 5575: 5336: 5231: 5109: 5099: 4881: 4876: 4804: 4777: 4722: 4571: 4399: 4389: 3419: 3162:"Fish farm fiasco: Why officials want you to catch as many salmon as you can" 3100: 2990:

Incidence and impacts of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in nature

2364: 1895: 1791: 1616: 1351: 1331: 1296: 1274: 1175: 1170: 1155: 1131: 1127: 967: 826: 471: 427: 387: 301: 175: 3669: 3611: 3289: 3276: 2156: 1990: 838: 511: 5554: 5211: 5179: 5169: 5073: 4896: 4822: 4664: 4602: 4474: 4455: 4359: 4190: 3550: 3521: 3118: 3059: 1706: 1470: 1347: 1285: 861: 845: 759: 707: 683: 664: 565: 561: 503: 347: 5388: 3734: 1572:, were reduced to 10 regional water authorities (RWAs). Although only the 5598: 5523: 5345: 5236: 5189: 5174: 5156: 4859: 4827: 4739: 4702: 4215: 4205: 4195: 3903:

Troubled Waters: A Social and Cultural History of Ireland's Sea Fisheries

3678: 2975: 1908:

Barton, M.: "Biology of Fishes.", pages 198–202 Thompson Brooks/Cole 2007

1724: 1553: 1477: 1432: 1428: 1416: 1390: 1355: 1335: 1151: 1146: 1139: 1090: 1083: 1055: 1039: 1035: 1016: 983: 905: 889: 803: 778:, are only one year old when they leave, those further north, such as in 610: 519: 407: 383: 371: 5665: 5424: 5502: 5184: 5164: 5078: 5065: 4972: 4369: 4334: 4175: 2165: 1636: 1346:. In 2000 the numbers of Atlantic salmon dropped to very low levels in 1188: 994: 939: 786:, northern Quebec, smolts as old as eight years have been encountered. 783: 748: 691: 569: 525: 507: 359: 343: 252: 242: 5489: 4257: 4067: 3735:"About the Program | Lake Ontario Atlantic Salmon Restoration Program" 2826: 2710: 2670:

P. Collen & R. J. Gibson (2001). "The general ecology of beavers (

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When in shared breeding habitats, Atlantic salmon will hybridize with

419:

The Atlantic salmon was given its scientific binomial name by Swedish

26:

This article is about a particular species of fish. For the food, see

5528: 5445: 4957: 4944: 4901: 4687: 4479: 4339: 4266: 4220: 3075:"A Global Assessment of Salmon Aquaculture Impacts on Wild Salmonids" 2781: 2738: 1720: 1654: 1517: 1513: 1339: 1304: 1292: 1012: 885: 849: 830: 810: 652: 648: 202: 5307: 4058: 3720: 3408: 3240:"Atlantic Salmon in Washington State: A Fish Management Perspective" 2988: 2574:). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 50:1986-1990. 2147: 2097:"The fishes of New England- the salmon family. Part 2 - the salmons" 1780: 1615:

enacted legislation setting a minimum size for cruives, "so that no

1034:

Unlike the various Pacific salmon species which die after spawning (

999:

Atlantic salmon breed in the rivers of Western Europe from northern

354:, growing up to a meter in length. Atlantic salmon are found in the 38: 5484: 5450: 5330: 4924: 4891: 4844: 4839: 4767: 4697: 4672: 3625:

Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (14 April 2021).

2491: 1989:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 13 September 2010. Archived from 1628: 1620: 1483:

In November 2015, salmon nests were observed in Connecticut in the

1192: 1159: 1020: 1000: 920: 853: 834: 794: 779: 679: 660: 644: 640: 632: 222: 3627:"Atlantic Salmon Recreational Fishing for the Gulf Region in 2021" 2627: 2070:

The fishes of New England: the salmon family. Part 2 - the salmons

904:

Very young fertilized salmon eggs, notice the developing eyes and

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2015).

2039: 1705:

Federal legislation regarding at-risk populations is weak. Inner

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In October 2007, salmon were video-recorded running in Toronto's

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and other techniques that have proven effective in the West with

1423: 1407: 1008: 873: 869: 687: 675: 671: 598: 420: 339: 5678: 3567:"Shiny Patches in Maine's Streambeds Are Bright Sign for Salmon" 2972:

Aquaculture operations in floating HDPE cages - A field handbook

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farms, predominantly in Norway, Chile, Canada, the UK, Ireland,

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When the parr are ready for migration to the ocean, they become

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During these times, the Atlantic salmon are very susceptible to

5437: 5040: 5030: 4995: 4864: 4854: 4677: 4644: 4384: 4237: 4159: 4097:- profile in the Nonindigenous Aquatic Species database of the 1657:

because of its history of killing fish attracted to the wheel.

1509: 1371: 1319: 1098: 1004: 880: 790: 656: 446: 375: 212: 2129: 1310: 1273:

rates this as a common species with a conservation status of "

1102:

column of water over-topping the dam for the fish to swim up.

146: 5050: 5000: 4985: 4934: 4787: 4762: 4682: 4560: 4107: 3861:"NASCO ~ The North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization" 3522:"Estimation of marine exploitation rates on Atlantic salmon ( 3306:"On the Risk of Colonization by Atlantic Salmon in BC waters" 3188:"Why Washington State Is Phasing Out Atlantic Salmon Farming" 1651: 1327: 1063: 814: 695: 636: 631:

and in the current. Some have been known to eat salmon eggs.

515: 439: 262: 3941:"Atlantic Salmon inner Bay of Fundy population: action plan" 3939:

Canada, Environment and Climate Change (10 September 2019).

3782:"Cicero angler lands 27-inch Atlantic salmon in Oneida Lake" 3402: 2986: 2669: 2591:

L., in Ireland. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 7:337–347.

806:, in which they prepare for the trek to the Atlantic Ocean. 4980: 4919: 4782: 4692: 4086: 1608: 1541: 1270: 1028: 987: 19:"Landlocked salmon" redirects here. For other species, see 3275:

Pechlaner, Gabriela; Rutherford, Murray B. (Summer 2006).

1861: 4952: 4817: 4379: 4128: 3721:"Lake Ontario Atlantic Salmon Restoration Program |" 1248:, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and the 865: 647:

are also consumed. The most commonly eaten foods include

4110:

Atlantic Salmon Commission (which was abolished in 2010)

3864: 3650: 3073:

Ford, Jennifer S.; Myers, Ransom A. (12 February 2008).

2330: 1643:

enjoyed an exemption on salmon customs until the 1530s.

494:

Atlantic salmon are the largest species in their genus,

3383:

Centre, World Conservation Monitoring (1 August 1996).

3330: 3958: 358:

and in rivers that flow into it. Most populations are

1627:. The export of salmon was economically important in 1544:. Enforcement was overseen by those appointed by the 852:. During this time, they face predation from humans, 3624: 2333:"The history of the Atlantic Salmon in Lake Ontario" 2210: 2185: 1607:, and various fishing methods, including the use of 489:

Atlantic salmon are among the largest salmon species

346:. It is the third largest of the Salmonidae, behind 3274: 2414: 2412: 2410: 1631:; beginning in the 15th century, the fish could be 1504:is an international council made up of Canada, the 1378:, up from the low two digits just a decade before. 879:Once large enough, Atlantic salmon change into the 63:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3827: 3658:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3600:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3385:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Salmo salar" 3141:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 58 2506:(L.): a review of aspects of their life histories" 2471:"Study sheds light on extinct Lake Ontario salmon" 2130:Robert A. Daniels; Doroty Peteet (November 1998). 1970:The Domesday Book of Giant Salmon Volume 1 & 2 1512:, and the United States, with its headquarters in 3308:. B.C. Salmon Farmers Association. Archived from 2213:"The [In]Significance of Atlantic Salmon" 1723:-affected rivers such as used in Norway is in 54 5719: 3212:Mapes, Linda V.; Bernton, Hal (22 August 2017). 3132:Barry, Tricia K.; VanderZwaag, David L. (2007). 3131: 2951:Broodstock Management and Egg and Larval Quality 2407: 2186:Catherine C. Carlson (1988). GP Nicholas (ed.). 1556:'s control, but it was later transferred to the 4525:North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization 3303: 2715:in the Numedalslågen river catchment, Norway". 1502:North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization 1344:North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization 837:. Once ready, young smolt leave, preferring an 3457:"Atlantic Salmon (Protected) | NOAA Fisheries" 3153: 2806:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 2625: 2570:): hybridization of females with brown trout ( 2444:"Atlantic Salmon - Protected | NOAA Fisheries" 2066: 2042:Status Review for Anadromous Atlantic Salmon ( 2007:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 1303:industry was established, taking salmon using 1219:affect population viability and character". A 4630: 4144: 3409:World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). 3268: 1781:World Conservation Monitoring Centre (2023). 1469:A migrating salmon was observed in Ontario's 1089:In a 2003 study, Atlantic salmon and sea-run 3773: 3247:Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife 3211: 2980: 2933: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2094: 1958:- Office of Protected Resources. 5 May 2017. 1806:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023.RLTS.T19855A67373433.en 3884: 3882: 3800: 3434:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T19855A9026693.en 2929: 2927: 2897: 2398: 1246:US National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) 1015:, and the east coast of North America from 782:rivers, can be over four years old, and in 533: 4637: 4623: 4535:Welsh Salmon and Trout Angling Association 4151: 4137: 4104:Maine Atlantic Salmon Commission Documents 3497: 3495: 3017: 2948: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 1578:Welsh National Water Development Authority 1540:continued, regulating the construction of 1195:water. Some researchers have even studied 1097:and 51 of its tributaries in southeastern 710:is still unclear. Many have been found to 313: 164: 145: 3916:Power and Propaganda: Scotland, 1306–1488 3703:Ecology and Management of Atlantic Salmon 3700: 3677: 3564: 3549: 3454: 3432: 3356: 3288: 3205: 3159: 3125: 3108: 3090: 3072: 3049: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2529: 2480: 2441: 2337:Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 2211:Catherine C. Carlson (Fall–Winter 1996). 2155: 1972:. Constable (2007) & Constable (2010) 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1804: 1314:A man fishing for Atlantic salmon in the 1109: 123:Learn how and when to remove this message 3879: 3231: 2924: 2626:Leaniz, C. Garcia; Verspoor, E. (1989). 2551: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1841:. Chanticleer Press. 1983. p. 395. 1753:, a genetically modified Atlantic salmon 1401: 1309: 1169: 1122: 978: 758:, including a now extinct population in 724: 537: 524: 483: 5788:Fauna of the Northeastern United States 4063:Atlantic Salmon Conservation Foundation 3833: 3807:Hladky, Gregory B. (25 December 2015). 3513: 3492: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3237: 2996:. World Wildlife Fund, Inc. p. 6. 2903: 2600:Seawater tolerance in Atlantic salmon, 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2466: 2464: 2379: 2136:Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 1019:in the United States north to northern 714:, especially when leaving the estuary. 457:as a kind of trout from its use in the 5720: 3938: 3806: 3779: 3565:Carpenter, Murray (26 December 2011). 3382: 3023: 2976:http://www.fao.org/3/i4508e/i4508e.pdf 2894:pp. 181–182. Boston, Houghton Mifflin. 2658: 1987:Connecticut River Coordinator's Office 1946: 1944: 1820: 1747:, Gouvernement du Québec, Canada, 2023 1397: 639:are important food for pre-grilse but 5728:IUCN Red List near threatened species 5312: 5311: 4618: 4132: 3694: 3589: 3587: 3378: 3376: 3249:. State of Washington. Archived from 3024:Wringe, Brenden; et al. (2018). 2966: 2964: 2892:The Salmon: Their Fight for Survival, 2853:The Penobscot River Restoration Trust 2677:Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2248:Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 1962: 1911: 564:that Atlantic salmon once ran up the 5653:260789af-b501-4300-b646-7f99d5efd594 5477:18a9d2ca-876d-4d13-b3eb-e80681ac42a1 4114:Invasive Species — Atlantic Salmon ( 3474: 2538: 2461: 1528: 1174:Atlantic salmon marine cages in the 61:adding citations to reliable sources 32: 3918:(Edinburgh University Press, 2014). 3526:L.) stocks in Newfoundland, Canada" 3503:"Salmon campaigner lands top award" 3420:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3389:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3185: 2881:, p. 68. London, David and Charles. 2855:. 25 September 2013. Archived from 1941: 1792:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1774: 1255: 919:Newly hatched alevin feed on their 820: 769: 13: 4545:Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project 4520:Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association 4310:Pre-spawn mortality in coho salmon 4122:Alaska Department of Fish and Game 4079:Species directory: Atlantic salmon 3981:Bring Back the Salmon Lake Ontario 3977:"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)" 3584: 3373: 2961: 2652:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb02956.x 2442:Fisheries, NOAA (21 August 2018). 2317: 1562:Board of Agriculture and Fisheries 1410:, Sweden shows a Norwegian salmon. 1250:BC Environmental Assessment Office 667:, as well as terrestrial insects. 543:Ocean migration of Atlantic salmon 21:Landlocked salmon (disambiguation) 14: 5819: 4083:National Marine Fisheries Service 4049: 3905:(Four Courts Press, 2010), p. 77. 3358:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738061 3238:Amos, Kevin H.; Appleby, Andrew. 3160:Donaldson, Jim (22 August 2017). 2418: 2291:Journal of Archaeological Science 1888:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.05.020 1745:Map of Quebec's 111 salmon rivers 1338:saw runs drop precipitously, and 342:of ray-finned fish in the family 5146: 5139: 5132: 4420:Diseases and parasites in salmon 4295:Environmental issues with salmon 4256: 3834:Vancini, Peter (29 March 2016). 3780:Figura, David (13 August 2013). 3455:Fisheries, NOAA (22 June 2021). 2531:10.1034/j.1600-0633.2003.00010.x 1667: 1069: 1049: 959: 947: 927: 912: 897: 322:Distribution of Atlantic salmon 189: 37: 3999: 3969: 3951: 3932: 3921: 3908: 3895: 3853: 3748: 3727: 3713: 3644: 3618: 3558: 3448: 3324: 3297: 3179: 3066: 2942: 2904:Bittman, Mark (10 April 2009). 2884: 2871: 2841: 2796: 2762:River Research and Applications 2753: 2718:River Research and Applications 2704: 2619: 2594: 2577: 2560: 2435: 2421:"ADW: Salmo salar: INFORMATION" 2282: 2239: 2204: 2179: 2123: 2088: 2060: 2033: 1952:"Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)" 1350:, Canada. In 2007 at least one 1264: 1187:Adult male and female fish are 739:Most Atlantic salmon follow an 414: 48:needs additional citations for 4451:Infectious salmon anemia virus 4106:, archive of documents of the 3530:ICES Journal of Marine Science 1997: 1975: 1902: 1855: 1523: 1354:organization from Iceland and 1213: 1165: 720: 479: 1: 5743:Freshwater fish of the Arctic 4498:Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae 4033: 3485:Harb, M. "Upstream Battle", 2654:– via www.academia.edu. 2357:10.1080/14634988.2019.1641044 1713:Nongovernmental organizations 1603:Salmon was greatly valued in 1447:now has Atlantic salmon. The 729:Life cycle of Atlantic salmon 670:As adults, the salmon prefer 4070:of the Atlantic Salmon Trust 4045:. Retrieved 4 November 2012. 3959:"Atlantic Salmon Federation" 3487:Canadian Geographic Magazine 3304:R. M. J. Ginetz (May 2002). 3092:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060033 2877:Jenkins, J. Geraint (1974). 2477:, 9 November 2016, page GT1. 2027:10.1080/00028487.2011.585574 1983:"Atlantic Salmon Life Cycle" 1574:Northumbrian Water Authority 7: 5798:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 4589:Salmon Fishing in the Yemen 4248:Genetically modified salmon 3863:. Nasco.int. Archived from 2906:"The Bottom Line on Salmon" 1738: 1598: 974: 938:(nest) to look for food as 701: 522:, are bordered with black. 10: 5824: 5808:Habitats Directive species 5768:Fish of the North Atlantic 4515:Atlantic Salmon Federation 4300:Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery 4158: 4011:Atlantic Salmon Federation 3963:Atlantic Salmon Federation 3760:Atlantic Salmon Federation 2510:Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2190:. New York: Plenum Press. 1757:Atlantic Salmon Federation 1717:Atlantic Salmon Federation 1449:Atlantic Salmon Federation 1180: 1113: 1038:), the Atlantic salmon is 992: 813:. Nearly 40% are eaten by 732: 616: 25: 18: 5758:Freshwater fish of Europe 5320: 5272: 5155: 5130: 5092: 5064: 5016: 4971: 4943: 4910: 4803: 4738: 4663: 4654: 4553: 4530:Pacific Salmon Commission 4507: 4408: 4350: 4265: 4254: 4166: 3042:10.1038/s42003-018-0112-9 2938:. Fishing News Books LTD. 2311:10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.001 2268:10.1007/s11160-013-9337-3 2217:History Through a Pinhole 1688: 1586:Southwest Water Authority 1582:Northwest Water Authority 514:body, and well-developed 321: 312: 291: 284: 186:Scientific classification 184: 162: 153: 144: 139: 5783:Fauna of Atlantic Canada 5763:Fish of the Arctic Ocean 4290:Fly fishing bibliography 4007:"Endangered Populations" 3283:(150: Aquaculture): 47. 1767: 1560:, and then later to the 1495: 534:Distribution and habitat 529:Juvenile Atlantic salmon 5773:Fish of the Great Lakes 4491:Sphaerothecum destruens 4075:Profiles and documents 4055:Groups and initiatives 3670:10.1139/cjfas-2019-0400 3612:10.1139/cjfas-2014-0072 3290:10.14288/bcs.v0i150.692 2936:Salmon Farming Handbook 2890:Netboy, Anthony (1973) 2690:10.1023/A:1012262217012 2632:Journal of Fish Biology 2067:Kendall, W. C. (1935). 1508:, Iceland, Norway, the 825:When parr develop into 789:The first phase is the 621: 518:. All fins, except the 402:, and this, as well as 356:northern Atlantic Ocean 5803:ESA endangered species 5793:Fish described in 1758 4469:Nanophyetus salmincola 4099:U.S. Geological Survey 3788:. Syracuse Media Group 3551:10.1006/jmsc.2000.1014 3030:Communications Biology 2448:www.fisheries.noaa.gov 1699:provincial authorities 1675:Endangered Species Act 1411: 1323: 1178: 1135: 1110:Relationship to humans 990: 730: 545: 530: 491: 5282:World fish production 4645:Principal commercial 4285:Aquaculture of salmon 4280:Alaska salmon fishery 3631:www.glf.dfo-mpo.gc.ca 2934:Sedgwick, S. (1988). 2587:L., and brown trout, 2423:. Animaldiversity.org 2223:(3/4). Archived from 2095:W.C. Kendall (1935). 2048:(Report). p. 294 1928:animallist.weebly.com 1799:: e.T19855A67373433. 1546:justices of the peace 1405: 1389:practices and forced 1334:and much of mainland 1313: 1183:Salmon in aquaculture 1173: 1126: 1076:North American beaver 982: 728: 541: 528: 487: 5472:Fauna Europaea (new) 4462:Myxobolus cerebralis 4438:Gyrodactylus salaris 4425:Amoebic gill disease 4243:Spike-toothed salmon 4017:on 19 September 2015 3928:(16 U.S.C. 1532(19)) 3427:: e.T19855A9026693. 3312:on 17 September 2012 3192:Smithsonian Magazine 2910:Diner's Journal Blog 2502:L. and Arctic charr 2399:Shearer, W. (1992). 2227:on 16 September 2016 1480:in central New York. 1230:one incident in 2017 741:anadromous migration 613:and habitat change. 57:improve this article 4583:Salmon of Knowledge 4445:Henneguya zschokkei 4330:Salmon conservation 4081:- profile from the 3542:2001ICJMS..58..331D 3349:2022Aquac.55338061N 2949:N. Bromage (1995). 2859:on 26 November 2013 2819:2006TrAFS.135.1068S 2774:2010RivRA..26..183T 2731:2007RivRA..23..752P 2644:1989JFBio..34...41D 2522:2003EcoFF..12....1K 2401:The Atlantic Salmon 2349:2019AqEHM..22..305D 2303:2009JArSc..36.2184R 2260:2014RFBF...24..943J 2019:2011TrAFS.140..605H 1993:on 15 January 2014. 1880:2010Aquac.306....7B 1751:AquAdvantage salmon 1398:Restoration efforts 1095:Numedalslågen River 1023:and Arctic Canada. 756:Northern Hemisphere 476:in North America). 438:, derives from the 404:habitat destruction 156:Conservation status 5297:Fisheries glossary 5287:Commercial species 5277:Commercial fishing 4665:Large pelagic fish 4540:Wild Salmon Center 4315:Puget Sound salmon 4305:Pacific Salmon War 3867:on 21 January 2013 3701:Mills, D. (1989). 3571:The New York Times 3489:, June 2008, p. 24 3186:Treviño, Julissa. 2554:Salmon Aquaculture 2504:Salvelinus alpinus 1695:federal government 1662:Secretary of State 1625:sentenced to death 1510:Russian Federation 1441:Connecticut Rivers 1412: 1324: 1301:commercial fishing 1179: 1136: 991: 844:Having left their 731: 546: 531: 492: 400:commercial fishing 5778:Fish of Greenland 5715: 5714: 5687:Open Tree of Life 5314:Taxon identifiers 5305: 5304: 5202:Freshwater prawns 5128: 5127: 4612: 4611: 4431:Ceratomyxa shasta 4120:profile from the 4095:(Atlantic salmon) 3987:on 11 August 2015 3914:Katie Stevenson, 3901:Jim Mac Laughlin, 3815:. Tribune Company 3606:(11): 1730–1739. 3256:on 28 August 2017 3218:The Seattle Times 3166:Bellingham Herald 3003:978-82-426-1966-2 2974:. Retrieved from 2955:Blackwell Science 2879:Nets and Coracles 2827:10.1577/T05-159.1 2604:L., brown trout, 2556:. Halstead Press. 2552:Heen, K. (1993). 2494:"Atlantic salmon 2403:. Halstead Press. 2297:(10): 2184–2191. 2197:978-0-306-42869-2 1924:"Atlantic Salmon" 1605:medieval Scotland 1570:river authorities 1529:England and Wales 1489:Revolutionary War 1473:in November 2007. 1387:catch and release 1376:Narraguagus River 582:carrying capacity 326: 325: 179: 133: 132: 125: 107: 72:"Atlantic salmon" 5815: 5708: 5707: 5695: 5694: 5682: 5681: 5669: 5668: 5656: 5655: 5646: 5645: 5633: 5632: 5620: 5619: 5617:NBNSYS0000188606 5607: 5606: 5594: 5593: 5584: 5583: 5571: 5570: 5558: 5557: 5545: 5544: 5532: 5531: 5519: 5518: 5506: 5505: 5493: 5492: 5480: 5479: 5467: 5466: 5454: 5453: 5441: 5440: 5428: 5427: 5418: 5417: 5405: 5404: 5392: 5391: 5382: 5381: 5369: 5368: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5309: 5308: 5150: 5143: 5136: 4718:southern bluefin 4708:Atlantic bluefin 4661: 4660: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4260: 4231:Taiwanese salmon 4186:Black Sea salmon 4153: 4146: 4139: 4130: 4129: 4068:official website 4059:official website 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4013:. Archived from 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3983:. Archived from 3973: 3967: 3966: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3936: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3813:Hartford Courant 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3681: 3664:(9): 1518–1528. 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3509:. 22 April 2007. 3499: 3490: 3483: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3436: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3380: 3371: 3370: 3360: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3255: 3244: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3140: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3112: 3094: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3053: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2995: 2984: 2978: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2931: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2912:. New York Times 2901: 2895: 2888: 2882: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2813:(4): 1068–1075. 2800: 2794: 2793: 2782:10.1002/rra.1252 2757: 2751: 2750: 2739:10.1002/rra.1008 2708: 2702: 2701: 2667: 2656: 2655: 2623: 2617: 2598: 2592: 2581: 2575: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2549: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2498:L., brown trout 2489: 2478: 2468: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2419:Renzi, Vanessa. 2416: 2405: 2404: 2396: 2377: 2376: 2328: 2315: 2314: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2159: 2157:2060/19990023267 2127: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1979: 1973: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1948: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1920: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1835: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1808: 1778: 1485:Farmington River 1422:The province of 1406:A fishmonger in 1256:Future prospects 1238:British Columbia 1197:cryopreservation 1093:spawning in the 963: 951: 931: 916: 901: 858:Greenland sharks 833:to the changing 821:Saltwater phases 770:Freshwater phase 708:social hierarchy 554:Housatonic River 475: 317: 297: 194: 193: 173: 168: 167: 149: 140:Atlantic salmon 137: 136: 128: 121: 117: 114: 108: 106: 65: 41: 33: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5753:Commercial fish 5748:Cold water fish 5718: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5703: 5698: 5690: 5685: 5677: 5672: 5664: 5661:Observation.org 5659: 5651: 5649: 5643:atlantic-salmon 5641: 5636: 5628: 5623: 5615: 5610: 5602: 5597: 5589: 5587: 5579: 5574: 5566: 5561: 5553: 5548: 5540: 5535: 5527: 5522: 5514: 5509: 5501: 5496: 5488: 5483: 5475: 5470: 5462: 5457: 5449: 5444: 5436: 5431: 5423: 5421: 5413: 5408: 5400: 5395: 5387: 5385: 5377: 5372: 5364: 5359: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5316: 5306: 5301: 5268: 5207:Gilt-head bream 5151: 5145: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5124: 5115:Lobster fishing 5088: 5060: 5012: 4967: 4945:Other wild fish 4939: 4912:Freshwater fish 4906: 4799: 4734: 4713:Pacific bluefin 4650: 4643: 4613: 4608: 4549: 4503: 4485:Salmon tapeworm 4411: 4404: 4346: 4325:Putcher fishing 4270: 4261: 4252: 4181:Atlantic salmon 4168: 4162: 4157: 4052: 4040:Atlantic salmon 4036: 4031: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3922: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3896: 3887: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3840:Valley Advocate 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3707:Springer-Verlag 3699: 3695: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3623: 3619: 3592: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3563: 3559: 3518: 3514: 3501: 3500: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3381: 3374: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3302: 3298: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3071: 3067: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2969: 2962: 2947: 2943: 2932: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2885: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2801: 2797: 2758: 2754: 2709: 2705: 2668: 2659: 2624: 2620: 2599: 2595: 2582: 2578: 2565: 2561: 2550: 2539: 2490: 2481: 2469: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2417: 2408: 2397: 2380: 2329: 2318: 2287: 2283: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2168: 2148:10.2307/2997716 2128: 2124: 2114: 2112: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2038: 2034: 2002: 1998: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1967: 1963: 1950: 1949: 1942: 1932: 1930: 1922: 1921: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1860: 1856: 1849: 1837: 1836: 1821: 1811: 1809: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1741: 1691: 1679:Penobscot River 1670: 1601: 1531: 1526: 1518:Rivers Database 1498: 1400: 1368:Penobscot River 1267: 1258: 1216: 1199:of their eggs. 1185: 1168: 1118: 1112: 1080:European beaver 1072: 1052: 997: 977: 970: 964: 955: 952: 943: 932: 923: 917: 908: 902: 823: 776:English Channel 772: 737: 735:Juvenile salmon 723: 704: 624: 619: 558:Naugatuck River 544: 536: 490: 482: 469: 417: 348:Siberian taimen 330:Atlantic salmon 308: 299: 293: 280: 188: 180: 171:Near Threatened 169: 165: 158: 129: 118: 112: 109: 66: 64: 54: 42: 31: 24: 17: 16:Species of fish 12: 11: 5: 5821: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5696: 5683: 5670: 5657: 5647: 5634: 5621: 5608: 5595: 5585: 5572: 5559: 5546: 5533: 5520: 5507: 5494: 5481: 5468: 5459:Fauna Europaea 5455: 5442: 5429: 5419: 5406: 5393: 5383: 5370: 5357: 5342: 5326: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5292:Fishing topics 5289: 5284: 5279: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5161: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5120:Shrimp fishery 5117: 5112: 5107: 5105:Crab fisheries 5102: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5022: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5004: 5003: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4897:Smelt-whitings 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4833:Alaska pollock 4830: 4825: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649:species groups 4642: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4619: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4599: 4596:The Salmon Fly 4592: 4585: 4580: 4578:Salmon (color) 4575: 4568: 4566:Salmon cannery 4563: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4395:Salmon tartare 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4356: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4274: 4263: 4262: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4226:Sockeye salmon 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4201:Chinook salmon 4198: 4191:Pacific salmon 4188: 4183: 4178: 4172: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4156: 4155: 4148: 4141: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4111: 4101: 4089: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4065: 4051: 4050:External links 4048: 4047: 4046: 4043:NOAA FishWatch 4035: 4032: 4029: 4028: 3998: 3968: 3950: 3931: 3920: 3907: 3894: 3878: 3852: 3826: 3799: 3772: 3747: 3726: 3712: 3693: 3643: 3617: 3583: 3557: 3536:(1): 331–341. 3512: 3491: 3473: 3447: 3401: 3372: 3323: 3296: 3267: 3230: 3204: 3178: 3152: 3124: 3065: 3016: 3002: 2979: 2960: 2941: 2923: 2896: 2883: 2870: 2840: 2795: 2768:(2): 183–193. 2752: 2725:(7): 752–762. 2703: 2684:(4): 439–461. 2657: 2618: 2593: 2576: 2559: 2537: 2479: 2460: 2434: 2406: 2378: 2343:(3): 305–315. 2316: 2281: 2254:(3): 943–954. 2238: 2203: 2196: 2178: 2142:(6): 467–476. 2122: 2087: 2059: 2032: 2013:(3): 605–610. 1996: 1974: 1961: 1956:NOAA Fisheries 1940: 1910: 1901: 1854: 1847: 1819: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1762:Salmon as food 1759: 1754: 1748: 1740: 1737: 1715:, such as the 1690: 1687: 1669: 1666: 1650:even closed a 1600: 1597: 1590:freshwater eel 1558:Board of Trade 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1506:European Union 1497: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1481: 1474: 1467: 1445:Lake Champlain 1437:Pacific salmon 1399: 1396: 1340:even disappear 1322:as recreation. 1266: 1263: 1257: 1254: 1242:Cowichan River 1215: 1212: 1167: 1164: 1162:in Australia. 1116:Salmon as food 1111: 1108: 1071: 1068: 1051: 1048: 976: 973: 972: 971: 965: 958: 956: 953: 946: 944: 933: 926: 924: 918: 911: 909: 903: 896: 822: 819: 771: 768: 722: 719: 703: 700: 623: 620: 618: 615: 542: 535: 532: 488: 481: 478: 416: 413: 352:Chinook salmon 324: 323: 319: 318: 310: 309: 300: 289: 288: 282: 281: 274: 272: 268: 267: 260: 256: 255: 250: 246: 245: 240: 236: 235: 233:Actinopterygii 230: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 182: 181: 163: 160: 159: 154: 151: 150: 142: 141: 131: 130: 45: 43: 36: 28:Salmon as food 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5820: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5110:Krill fishery 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5100:Cod fisheries 5098: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5074:Sea cucumbers 5072: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4882:Orange roughy 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4805:Demersal fish 4802: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4628: 4626: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4572:Salmon (book) 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508:Organisations 4506: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4400:Smoked salmon 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4390:Salmon burger 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4238:Danube salmon 4236: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4149: 4147: 4142: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4117: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4076: 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