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apple butter, the two main things that stand out to consumers on the nutritional facts table are the amount of carbohydrates and the amount of sugar that the apple butter contains. For 1 tablespoon the amount of carbohydrates is about 4–15 grams and the sugar content is about 4–10 grams. Apple butter is not a good source for iron, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B, though it contains a small amount of vitamin C. Although all the recipes vary, the main ingredients in all apple butters are apples and apple juice. In commercial brands of apple butter, the type of apples used is not specified, but in certain homemade recipes they specify what types of apples to use. Commercial brands tend to use corn syrup in their apple butter. In homemade apple butter, sugar or brown sugar are more frequently used. Apple butter may be a healthier choice of spread than other breakfast spreads, but would not be considered to be healthy, as it does not provide very many nutrients.
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643:. There is a widespread view that the iron content arises from the interaction of the acid in the apples with the metal of vessels in which the appelstroop is prepared and packaged. However, commercially sold appelstroop is often sold in paper- or plastic-based containers (or, in Germany, glass jars). Well into the fifties, the traditional cooking pots used for the preparation of appelstroop were generally of copper. Regardless of how appelstroop originally gained its reputation as a source of dietary iron, the iron content (10–20 mg per 100 g) in typical factory-produced product is boosted by the
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growth of spoilage-causing and illness-causing microorganisms in the product. As a result of thermal processing and the softening of the apples, the presence of air bubbles can be minimized during canning. Refrigeration is a way of preserving apple butter after thermal processing. Though it is not a method which eliminates microorganisms, it is a method to decrease the rate at which microorganisms grow. Opened jars of apple butter may last a year if kept under low-temperature conditions. With refrigeration, the quality of apple butter may still decrease over time.
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preservation technique used to preserve apple butter is called canning. Canning is a process where pre-packaged food is exposed to moist heat of at least 121 °C for a certain amount of time in order to kill microorganisms that cause spoilage and disease. Although apple butter is at low risk for food-borne disease if canned improperly, especially when being made at home, the product may grow dangerous microorganisms. If the apple butter is improperly canned,
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happens with time even if the product is refrigerated, and does not pose a threat to the consumer. Some indicators for change in quality include the change of color and smell. However, apple butter should be discarded if there are clear signs of spoilage, such as when mold is found on the product surface. Even prior to apple butter preparation, the quality of apples should be taken into consideration since it has been reported to correspond to the level of
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unable to participate in chemical reactions or be utilized by microorganisms to contribute to their growth. Free water refers to water molecules free to perform the above functions, and should be decreased to achieve a longer preservation period. The addition of sugar to apple butter allows more binding with the free water molecules and thereby decreases the amount of free water to support microbial growth.
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647:, which is included with apples in the approximate ratio of 30:70. The cooking process thickens the texture of the sugar beet syrup, providing the extra sweetness which modern tastes expect (no refined sugar is added in these recipes) and increases the proportion of various mineral elements including the iron which is already present before cooking in both apples and sugar beet.
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to a large steam vat. Small amounts of sodium bicarbonate are added to the mixture in order to reduce acidity and help bring out sweetness from the natural fructose available in the apples. The mixture will then be boiled during the evaporation process, allowing the volume to reduce to one seventh. The end product will be a concentrated mixture used as apple butter.
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seal between the lid and the rim. The heat used for this method of canning can be sufficient to kill bacterial cells found in the food. Only high-acid food with a pH of 4.6 or less can be processed using the boiling water bath method. This is because high-acid foods prevent the growth of spores of the bacterium
295:, the production of apple butter is a family event, due to the large amount of labor necessary to produce apple butter in large quantities. Traditionally, apple butter was prepared in large copper kettles outside. Large paddles were used to stir the apples, and family members would take turns stirring. In
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The nutritional value of apple butter varies quite a bit based on the recipe used to prepare that particular product. The ingredient list can be as simple as just two ingredients to a much more complicated mixture of foods. Although the ingredients may vary, which changes the nutritional value of the
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is a preservative that has a high level of acidity and is often used by manufacturers in the preservation of food products, including apple butter. Sodium benzoate, an additive allowed under the
Canadian food regulation, is capable of inhibiting the growth of fungi and has been used as a preservative
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Apples are first selected based on ripeness, texture, natural sweetness and tartness/acidity. Some of these apples are pressed into fresh apple cider, while the rest are peeled and cored, then wholly steamed and cooked into apple puree. The freshly pressed apple cider and cooked apple puree are added
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Different types of apples can be used for the production of apple butter. Apples are chosen based on their physical and chemical properties – such as hardness, sweetness, acidity/tartness, etc. Soft apples are often chosen for the production of apple butter because they can be broken down more easily
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During the preparation, apples are cored for apple sauces but not for apple butter, allowing it to have a much stronger apple taste. The two also differ in cooking time; apple sauce just needs to be cooked until the apples are soft enough to be pureed, while apple butter needs to be cooked until the
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Low-acid foods can be processed in a pressure canner to get rid of the risk of botulism; however, this treatment is not necessary for high-acid foods such as apple butter. Apple butter does not require sterilization at extremely high temperatures to reach optimum storage and maintain quality, so the
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can survive and multiply in the jar. This germ produces a toxin that can seriously harm an individual or in some cases even cause death. Makers of apple butter need to verify that the jars are properly sealed and that the heat treatment is used on the jars of apple butter for a sufficient amount of
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Similar to the boiling process, vacuum sealing jars or cans of apple butter can remove remaining oxygen in the jar, forming a tight seal. The vacuuming process can be done in both a large-scale factory manner or at home with a mechanical vacuum sealer. Special devices, such as a vacuum pack sealer,
251:(with large orchards) appeared. The production of the butter was a perfect way to conserve part of the fruit production of the monasteries in that region, at a time when almost every village had its own apple-butter producers. The production of apple butter was also a popular way of using apples in
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Apple butter and apple sauce also have different uses. Popular ways of using apple butter include, condiment or spreads for pastries and pie fillings. It can also be used as a healthier alternative for oil, shortening, or butter. Some people also enjoy using it to marinate meat, or pairing it with
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Aside from controlling the temperature, regulation of the water activity in apple butter may also preserve the quality of apple butter. Water present in foods may exist in two types: bound water and free water. Bound water refers to water molecules that are attached to other molecules, making them
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concepts, including controlling the temperature, water activity, and level of acidity in the product. Thermal processing not only helps produce texture and flavor characteristic to apple butter but is also a common way of sterilizing food products. It is a critical step in minimizing the potential
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Applying high temperatures over a specified period of time can not only aid in the sterilization of the jars or cans used in packaging, but it can help maximize the storage time of the apple butter or other products. Boiling the jars will remove the oxygen remaining in the jar, which forms a tight
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Lowering the pH level of apple butter may also help decrease the rate of spoilage. Acidity in foods creates a less favorable environment for the survival of microorganisms, thus inhibiting the growth of bacteria and molds. Foods that have a pH of less than 4.6 are considered high-acid foods, and
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Apple butter is a product created as a means of preserving apples. Due to its high acidity, high sugar content and low amounts of free water, an opened package can be kept for months at room temperature without spoiling. Nevertheless, there are numerous methods that can be used for the storage of
723:, the production of apple butter is associated with a community event, most often occurring in the fall at the end of the apple-harvest season. At many of these events, apple butter is cooked on-site in the traditional method, using huge copper kettles over open fires that are stirred for hours.
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It is possible to observe spoilage in apple butter if the end product is not properly sterilized during the canning process, allowing microorganisms to survive and grow in the container. Lack of refrigeration may also speed up the rate of spoilage of apple butter. Slight deterioration in quality
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Apple butter is at low risk for spreading food-borne disease. The way that apple butter is packaged is very similar to that of jams. Apple butter is stored in glass jars, which allow light to enter the container therefore their shelf-life is less than that of food canned in steel cans. The
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Apples are a high acid food, with a pH below 4.6. Therefore, the apple butter can be placed in hot jars without chances of compromising quality of the product. The main sources of spoilage, molds, yeasts and enzymes, are killed at the temperatures reached in the hot water bath during the
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apples brown, break down and thicken. As a result of its long cooking time, apple butter is a much darker, caramel brown color, while apple sauce is usually a lighter golden color. Apple sauce has a more liquid consistency while apple butter is thicker and is more spreadable.
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Freezing jars of apple butter can help to maintain quality and inhibit bacterial growth. This storage method does not destroy pre-existing microorganisms that may be present in the product, so it is important to be wary when consuming previously frozen product.
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time in order to kill all microorganisms and prevent the product from contamination through the air of the outside environment. Once the jar is unsealed, the product must be refrigerated to slow down or inhibit the growth of microorganisms that cause spoilage.
270:, and other spices, apple butter is usually spread on bread, used as a side dish, an ingredient in baked goods, or as a condiment. Apple butter may also be used on sandwiches to add an interesting flavor, but is not as commonly used as in historical times.
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sterilization process for cans and jars. The spoilage microorganisms in acid foods can be destroyed in a small amount of time at temperatures below that of boiling water, so there is little risk of microorganisms appearing in the food product itself.
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Typically, the jars are sterilized before packaging to ensure no harmful microorganisms or bacteria will infect the product, causing it to spoil. Ideally, jars are sterilized using a combination of high temperature heating and ensuring a tight seal.
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as an ingredient. In
Northern Ireland it is now produced under the name "Irish Black Butter" in Co. Armagh. The possibly apocryphal story is that it was Scots-Irish immigrants who introduced the recipe to the Appalachians.
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Al Zaemey, A. B.; Magan, N.; Thompson, A. K. (1993). "Studies on the effect of fruit-coating polymers and organic acids on growth of colletotrichum musae in vitro and on post-harvest control of anthracnose of bananas".
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and faster when cooked. These types of apples include: McIntosh (soft, creamy), Cortland (soft, sweet-and-tart, all-purpose), Granny Smith (tartness sweetens upon cooking, ideal complement to savory and salty foods).
381:) is prepared by the reduction of fruit puree with some sugar and sometimes spices. The final product should contain no more than 34% of moisture and about 60% of sugar. The most popular one is made from apples, but
738:, each have an annual apple butter festival, as well. Grand Rapids, Ohio, also celebrates with an Apple Butter Fest on October 12. There is also an Apple Butter Stir Off held on the first weekend in October in
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apple butter. No method is 100% dependable, as there is always a chance of the presence of bacteria or other microorganisms within the food itself, on the storage equipment or in the storage facility.
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and is considerably lighter in color, typically a shade of yellow. It is used as a spread on toast or as a filling in baked buns, and may have a mashed texture with small apple chunks, similar to the
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Apple butter is typically packaged in the same way whether it is prepared in a factory setting or made at home. It can be packaged mechanically in jars or cans through the use of machinery.
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United States
Department of Agriculture and National Institute of Food and Agriculture. (n.d.). Selecting, Preparing and Canning Fruit and Fruit Products. Retrieved February 24, 2016, from
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apples in general have a pH of 3.7. Some recipes may include the addition of vinegar as a way to further bring down the pH and preserve the quality of the end product.
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Parker,K.; Salas,M.; Nwosu, V.C. (2010). High fructose corn syrup: Production, uses and public health concerns. Biotechnology and
Molecular Biology Review, 5(5),71-78.
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cooked meat and cheeses such as cheddar, brie or chevre. Apple sauce, in contrast, is usually served on its own or as a side dish for a variety of dishes.
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is also made from apricots, cherries, prunes, pears, and cranberries. Polish powidła is made from fresh purple plums with the addition of sugar.
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In the
Netherlands, appelstroop is widely recognised as a good source of iron, a dietary element in which modern diets are frequently
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refers only to the butter-like thick, soft consistency, and apple butter's use as a spread for breads. Sometimes seasoned with
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Health Canada. (2016). List of
Permitted Preservatives (Lists of Permitted Food Additives). Retrieved February 21, 2016, from
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Kadakal, Ç.; Nas, S. (2003). "Effect of heat treatment and evaporation on patulin and some other properties of apple juice".
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juice is sometimes mixed in while cooking to provide a small amount of tartness to the usually sweet apple butter. The
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A. Rosanoff; B. M. Kennedy (25 August 2006). "Bioavailability of Iron
Produced by the Corrosion of Steel in Apples".
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Fenner Nature Center in
Lansing, Michigan, also has an annual Apple Butter Festival on the third weekend of October.
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A comparison of apple sauce to apple butter. Apple sauce is much lighter in color and has a more liquid consistency.
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1709:"Apple Butter Makin' Days - Mt. Vernon, Missouri from the Mt. Vernon Chamber of Commerce - Mt. Vernon, Missouri"
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Sometimes, commercial brands of apple butter can be found with other ingredients and food additives.
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can be fitted with specific jar attachments to fit over the lid of a jar and create a secure fit.
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Food
Preservation: Canning & Freezing. (2010, September). Retrieved February 24, 2016, from
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Chan, J. (2016, February 19). Course:FNH200/Lesson 02. Retrieved
February 21, 2016, from
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Chan, J. (2016, February 21). Course:FNH200/Lesson 06. Retrieved February 21, 2016, from
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In Europe, an apple butter is traditionally made which is closer to dense syrup, in the
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Spices (nutmeg, cloves, allspice, cardamom, vanilla extract and lemon juice – optional)
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Chan, J. (2016, February 19). Course:FNH200/Lesson 05. Retrieved March 12, 2016, from
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Chan, J. (2016, February 19). Course:FNH200/Lesson 07. Retrieved March 12, 2016, from
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FOOD STORAGE — HOW LONG CAN YOU KEEP... (2016). Retrieved February 21, 2016, from
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1023:"ANR Catalog - ANRCatalog - Apples: Safe Methods to Store, Preserve, and Enjoy"
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http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/addit/list/11-preserv-conserv-eng.php
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Walden Farms: Nutrition Facts. (2014). Retrieved February 21, 2016, from
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Apple Butter Makin' Days has been held on the courthouse square in
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with apple juice or water to a point where the sugar in the apples
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http://nchfp.uga.edu/publications/usda/GUIDE02_HomeCan_rev0715.pdf
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The preservation of apple butter involves application of several
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pressure canning process is not typically used for this product.
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346:(in Germany, outside of the Rhineland, it is generally sold in
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1684:"What is the Difference between Apple Sauce and Apple Butter?"
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Cider Apple Butter. (n.d.). Retrieved February 21, 2016, from
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in reduced-fat or fat-free cooking, as well as vegan recipes.
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975:"Heat penetration and thermocouple location in home canning"
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Reasonover, F. (1977). "Beginner's guide to home canning".
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Prefectures and often uses local apple varieties such as
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often include apple butter as part of their traditional
1756:"apple-butter-baking - Berkeley Springs West Virginia"
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and the Rhineland, apple syrup is a minority taste in
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The product contains no actual dairy butter; the term
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
487:Soft apples are usually used to make apple butter.
884:"University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics |"
350:), and a similar food is produced in francophone
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433:It is produced in apple-growing regions such as
1148:http://www.stilltasty.com/fooditems/index/16367
1117:Considine, D. M., Considine, G. D. (1995).
1816:"Wellesley Apple Butter & Cheese Festival"
1802:"Fred King named St. Marys girls' hoops coach"
1364:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
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1908:
555:Boiling jars during the sterilization process
3259:PRI disease resistant apple breeding program
973:Etzel, M.; Willmore, P.; Ingham, B. (2014).
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1444:. The J.M. Smucker Company. Archived from
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1348:http://wiki.ubc.ca/Course:FNH200/Lesson_05
1175:http://wiki.ubc.ca/Course:FNH200/Lesson_02
1071:http://wiki.ubc.ca/Course:FNH200/Lesson_06
1050:http://wiki.ubc.ca/Course:FNH200/Lesson_07
954:
844:. Columbia University Press. p. 157.
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466:Apples (peeled, cored, and finely chopped)
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135:Apple butter on a slice of buttered bread
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1888:The original easy apple butter recipe
1083:"USDA Complete Guide to Home Canning"
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707:Making black butter on the island of
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518:Apple butter packaged at home in jars
418:, apple butter often contains actual
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1475:"PC BLACK LABEL APPLE BUTTER SPREAD"
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469:Brown (or white) sugar or unrefined
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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841:Food and faith in Christian culture
211:) is a highly concentrated form of
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1656:Hyde, Virginia (14 October 2014).
1514:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb10134.x
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239:(Belgium and the Netherlands) and
215:produced by long, slow cooking of
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1734:"Apple Butter Festival Kimmswick"
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1658:"Pairing Apple Butter and Cheese"
1632:"What do I do with apple butter?"
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235:The roots of apple butter lie in
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1578:"Thermal Preservation of Foods"
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1481:. 2015 Loblaw Companies Limited
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34:needs additional citations for
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931:"Wellesley Brand Apple Butter"
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448:Apple butter can be used as a
286:'seven sweets and seven sours'
255:, well into the 19th century.
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3282:Countries by apple production
1834:"Fenner Nature Center - Home"
1334:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80218-9
793:
455:
230:
1777:"About the Applebutter Fest"
1107:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
979:Food Science & Nutrition
622:
476:Apple juice (or apple cider)
7:
1606:"Home Canning and Botulism"
1121:. Boston, MA: Springer US.
760:
730:, each October since 1967.
676:Difference from apple sauce
537:
396:, apple butter is known as
320:) and in Germany (known as
10:
3404:
1922:
906:"A Visual Guide to Apples"
546:
3297:
3187:
3132:
3036:
3027:
2999:
2871:
2738:
1975:
1943:
1930:
1526:A.Rosanoff, B.M.Kennedy,
1127:10.1007/978-1-4684-8511-0
714:
586:Preservation and spoilage
491:
183:
168:
150:
140:
128:
1103:Robertson, G.L. (2013).
866:"Cook's Thesaurus: Fats"
608:High fructose corn syrup
2305:Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg
2175:Cripps Pink (Pink Lady)
1935:List of apple cultivars
1875:, WBGU-PBS documentary
1820:wellesleyabcfestival.ca
1502:Journal of Food Science
1405:"Apple Butter, Organic"
666:
631:Apple butter on a spoon
354:, where it is known as
194:Media: Apple butter
2768:Calville Blanc d'hiver
1873:"Stirring Up The Past"
1411:. 2016 Eden Foods, Inc
728:Mount Vernon, Missouri
711:
700:
685:
632:
556:
519:
488:
2595:Rhode Island Greening
2515:Sciros (Pacific Rose)
2425:Karmijn de Sonnaville
2195:Devonshire Quarrenden
1758:. Berkeleysprings.com
1438:"Spiced Apple Butter"
706:
695:
683:
659:Clostridium botulinum
630:
562:Clostridium botulinum
554:
517:
510:Packaging and storage
486:
3274:US Apple Association
2215:Duchess of Oldenburg
1959:Malus niedzwetzkyana
1879:Applebutter Festival
1322:Mycological Research
1027:anrcatalog.ucanr.edu
755:Oak Glen, California
641:considered deficient
288:dinner table array.
43:improve this article
3388:Appalachian cuisine
3383:American condiments
3363:New England cuisine
3064:Apple cider vinegar
2430:King of the Pippins
2160:Cox's Orange Pippin
2140:Cornish Gilliflower
1883:Apple butter recipe
1877:Grand Rapids (Ohio)
1479:presidentschoice.ca
1376:2003JSFA...83..987K
838:Ken Albala (2011).
732:Kimmswick, Missouri
699:on a slice of bread
297:Appalachian cuisine
125:
3215:Fruit tree pruning
2843:Reinette du Canada
2715:Worcester Pearmain
2470:Lucombe's Seedling
2455:Liveland Raspberry
2300:Gascoyne's Scarlet
2255:Esopus Spitzenburg
2220:Dumelow's Seedling
2050:Aurora Golden Gala
1838:mynaturecenter.org
1688:Pastry Chef Online
1192:2016-04-07 at the
886:. Uihealthcare.com
746:Wellesley, Ontario
712:
701:
686:
651:Food-borne disease
633:
557:
520:
489:
282:Pennsylvania Dutch
227:than apple sauce.
121:
3335:
3334:
3183:
3182:
3119:Jewish apple cake
2858:White Transparent
2778:Chelmsford Wonder
2125:Claygate Pearmain
1682:Field, Jennifer.
1384:10.1002/jsfa.1339
1328:(12): 1463–1468.
1274:on March 13, 2016
935:wellappleproducts
611:in apple butter.
348:health food shops
247:, when the first
202:
201:
119:
118:
111:
93:
3395:
3325:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3305:
3304:
3227:Johnny Appleseed
3034:
3033:
3001:Ornamental apple
2315:Golden Delicious
2230:Ellison's Orange
2155:Court Pendu Plat
2135:Cornish Aromatic
2080:Belle de Boskoop
2045:Ashmead's Kernel
2015:Allington Pippin
1995:Airlie Red Flesh
1917:
1910:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1779:. Archived from
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1740:. Archived from
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1711:. Archived from
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1573:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1549:health.gov.on.ca
1541:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1471:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1448:on 23 April 2016
1434:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1401:
1388:
1387:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1270:. Archived from
1263:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1221:. Archived from
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1150:
1144:
1129:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1002:
991:10.1002/fsn3.185
970:
961:
960:
952:
946:
945:
943:
941:
927:
921:
920:
918:
916:
901:
895:
894:
892:
891:
880:
874:
873:
862:
856:
855:
835:
829:
828:
826:
825:
819:
813:. Archived from
812:
804:
777:
772:
771:
426:filling used in
338:. Other than in
291:In areas of the
253:colonial America
192:
169:Main ingredients
133:
126:
124:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3378:Preserved fruit
3353:Belgian cuisine
3338:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3293:
3179:
3128:
3114:Himmel und Erde
3023:
3019:Wijcik McIntosh
2995:
2991:Yarlington Mill
2971:Slack-ma-Girdle
2867:
2793:Crimson Bramley
2758:Blenheim Orange
2734:
2445:Laxton's Superb
2225:Egremont Russet
2180:Delbard Jubilée
1971:
1966:Malus sieversii
1952:Malus domestica
1939:
1926:
1921:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1574:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1525:
1521:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1436:
1435:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1391:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1268:"Archived copy"
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1219:"Archived copy"
1217:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1194:Wayback Machine
1184:
1180:
1172:
1153:
1145:
1132:
1116:
1112:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1016:
971:
964:
953:
949:
939:
937:
929:
928:
924:
914:
912:
902:
898:
889:
887:
882:
881:
877:
864:
863:
859:
852:
836:
832:
823:
821:
817:
810:
806:
805:
801:
796:
783:List of spreads
773:
766:
763:
717:
678:
669:
653:
625:
588:
579:
570:
549:
540:
512:
503:
494:
463:
458:
394:Channel Islands
233:
198:
151:Place of origin
136:
122:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3401:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3368:Spreads (food)
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3309:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3287:Apple diseases
3284:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3232:Malling series
3229:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3089:Apple seed oil
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3031:
3029:Apple products
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2946:Kingston Black
2943:
2941:Harrison Cider
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2886:Cap of Liberty
2883:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2833:Norfolk Biffin
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2798:Flower of Kent
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2740:Cooking apples
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2645:Sturmer Pippin
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2605:Roxbury Russet
2602:
2600:Ribston Pippin
2597:
2592:
2590:Redlove apples
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2500:Newtown Pippin
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2465:Lord Lambourne
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2205:Dorsett Golden
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:Delbarestivale
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:Civni (Rubens)
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:Birgit Bonnier
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2075:Beauty of Bath
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2040:Arkansas Black
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1985:Adams Pearmain
1981:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1868:
1867:External links
1865:
1862:
1861:
1843:
1825:
1807:
1793:
1768:
1747:
1744:on 2013-08-30.
1725:
1700:
1674:
1648:
1622:
1594:
1561:
1536:
1519:
1508:(2): 609–613.
1492:
1459:
1422:
1389:
1370:(9): 987–990.
1351:
1339:
1311:
1299:
1258:
1249:
1209:
1197:
1178:
1151:
1130:
1110:
1095:
1074:
1053:
1038:
1014:
962:
947:
922:
904:Sung, Esther.
896:
875:
857:
850:
830:
798:
797:
795:
792:
791:
790:
785:
779:
778:
762:
759:
716:
713:
697:Sirop de Liège
677:
674:
668:
665:
652:
649:
624:
621:
587:
584:
578:
577:Pressurization
575:
569:
568:Vacuum sealing
566:
548:
545:
539:
536:
511:
508:
502:
499:
493:
490:
481:
480:
477:
474:
467:
462:
459:
457:
454:
450:fat substitute
424:red bean paste
403:lé nièr beurre
344:Western Europe
335:sirop de Liège
293:American South
232:
229:
200:
199:
197:
196:
184:
181:
180:
170:
166:
165:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
134:
117:
116:
58:"Apple butter"
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3400:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3358:Dutch cuisine
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3328:
3320:
3318:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Arctic Apples
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:Apple picking
3193:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:Caramel apple
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:Apple strudel
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:Golden Russet
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Chisel Jersey
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Newton Wonder
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:York Imperial
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Tompkins King
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Star of Devon
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Red Pineapple
2583:
2581:
2580:Red Delicious
2578:
2576:
2575:Red Astrachan
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Pam's Delight
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Knobby Russet
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
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54:Find sources:
48:
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32:This article
30:
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3348:Apple dishes
3236:
3219:
3054:Apple cheese
3044:Apple butter
3043:
2931:Golden Spire
2916:Ellis Bitter
2901:Crimson King
2873:Cider apples
2838:Northern Spy
2823:Manks Codlin
2808:Granny Smith
2803:Golden Noble
2720:Wyken Pippin
2385:Jersey Black
2375:James Grieve
2370:Ingrid Marie
2330:Granny Smith
2165:Crimson Gold
2150:Cosmic Crisp
2060:Autumn Glory
2055:Autumn Bough
1977:Table apples
1964:
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1796:
1785:. Retrieved
1781:the original
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1742:the original
1737:
1728:
1717:. Retrieved
1713:the original
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
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1635:
1625:
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1609:
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1581:
1576:Chan, Judy.
1552:. Retrieved
1548:
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1534:) 38(3): 454
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1446:the original
1442:smuckers.com
1441:
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985:(1): 25–31.
982:
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909:
899:
888:. Retrieved
878:
870:foodsubs.com
869:
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833:
822:. Retrieved
815:the original
808:"(in Dutch)"
802:
788:Fruit butter
753:
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205:Apple butter
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3249:Pollination
3188:Agriculture
3150:Apple juice
3145:Apple cider
3104:Candy apple
3099:Baked apple
3084:Apple sauce
3074:Apple flour
3069:Apple crisp
2881:Brown Snout
2560:Ralls Janet
2335:Gravenstein
2310:Ginger Gold
1856:oakglen.net
1738:GoKimmswick
1582:wiki.ubc.ca
940:24 February
915:24 February
775:Food portal
501:Manufacture
461:Ingredients
352:Switzerland
329:Sauerbraten
318:apple syrup
313:appelstroop
308:Netherlands
249:monasteries
245:Middle Ages
221:caramelizes
213:apple sauce
209:appelstroop
159:Netherlands
3342:Categories
3327:Production
3200:Apple scab
3059:Apple chip
3049:Apple cake
2863:Wolf River
2853:Upton Pyne
2818:King Byerd
2680:Tartu Rose
2675:Taliaferro
2650:Summerfree
2620:Sekai Ichi
2535:Pink Pearl
2440:Lady Alice
2355:Honeycrisp
2245:Enterprise
2170:Cripps Red
2085:Bellflower
1852:"Oak Glen"
1787:2014-03-13
1762:2018-04-16
1719:2008-10-10
1528:Fed. Proc.
1229:2016-03-23
1089:2016-03-10
1032:2016-03-10
910:epicurious
890:2018-04-16
824:2012-11-24
794:References
645:sugar beet
471:sugar beet
456:Production
323:Apfelkraut
316:, meaning
310:(known as
231:Background
69:newspapers
3317:Cultivars
3269:Russeting
3205:Applecrab
3170:Ice cider
3155:Applejack
3140:Apfelwein
3079:Apple pie
2966:Redstreak
2813:Grenadier
2773:Campanino
2748:Antonovka
2685:Tentation
2670:SweeTango
2655:Sundowner
2630:Splendour
2530:Paula Red
2525:Papirovka
2360:Honeygold
2265:EverCrisp
2210:Dougherty
2200:Discovery
2190:Delrouval
2090:Ben Davis
1693:March 10,
1667:March 10,
1641:March 10,
1636:ChowHound
1278:March 23,
623:Nutrition
408:liquorice
392:, in the
241:Rhineland
99:July 2018
3264:Reinette
3244:Pearmain
3160:Calvados
3014:Goldspur
3009:Flamenco
2986:Woodcock
2981:Tom Putt
2961:Poveshon
2956:Michelin
2936:Hangdown
2921:Foxwhelp
2906:Dabinett
2896:Coccagee
2753:Bismarck
2550:Pristine
2480:McIntosh
2400:Jonathan
2395:Jonagold
2345:Haralson
2325:Goldspur
2280:Flamenco
2145:Cortland
2115:Champion
2100:Braeburn
2020:Ambrosia
1615:13 March
1587:13 March
1554:13 March
1485:13 March
1452:13 March
1415:13 March
1288:cite web
1238:cite web
1190:Archived
1009:25649758
761:See also
538:Freezing
365:Пови́дло
363:Russian
357:vin cuit
264:cinnamon
225:preserve
207:(Dutch:
179:or water
3175:Pommeau
2911:Dufflin
2788:Creston
2783:Costard
2763:Bramley
2710:Winston
2705:Winesap
2700:Wealthy
2640:Stayman
2625:Spartan
2490:Melrose
2450:Liberty
2415:Jupiter
2410:Julieta
2405:Jubilee
2390:Jonadel
2285:Florina
2275:Filippa
2065:Baldwin
2030:Annurca
2010:Alkmene
1990:Aia Ilu
1944:Species
1662:Culture
1610:cdc.gov
1372:Bibcode
1000:4304559
617:patulin
547:Boiling
383:povidlo
379:powidło
375:powidła
370:povidla
340:Benelux
274:Vinegar
237:Limburg
163:Germany
155:Belgium
83:scholar
3307:Apples
3278:Lists
3124:Pectin
2730:Zestar
2665:Suntan
2660:Sunset
2610:Sandow
2540:Pinova
2505:Nicola
2475:Macoun
2365:Idared
2350:Hokuto
2270:Fiesta
2240:Empire
2235:Elstar
2130:Clivia
2070:Beacon
2035:Ariane
1924:Apples
1007:
997:
848:
734:, and
715:Events
709:Jersey
492:Apples
439:Aomori
435:Nagano
420:butter
390:Jersey
260:butter
217:apples
187:
173:Apples
161:, and
145:Spread
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3238:Malus
3165:Cider
3133:Drink
2976:Styre
2951:Major
2695:Topaz
2615:Sansa
2565:Rambo
2555:Rajka
2545:Prima
2495:Mutsu
2485:Melba
2420:Kanzi
2110:Cameo
2105:Brina
2005:Åkerö
2000:Akane
818:(PDF)
811:(PDF)
473:juice
429:anpan
416:Japan
278:lemon
268:clove
177:cider
90:JSTOR
76:books
3254:Pome
3037:Food
2848:Rome
2570:Rave
2510:Opal
2460:Lodi
2380:Jazz
2295:Gala
2290:Fuji
2250:Envy
2025:Anna
1695:2016
1669:2016
1643:2016
1617:2016
1589:2016
1556:2016
1532:1979
1487:2016
1454:2016
1417:2016
1294:link
1280:2016
1244:link
1005:PMID
942:2016
917:2016
846:ISBN
667:Uses
443:Fuji
437:and
141:Type
62:news
2260:Eva
1510:doi
1380:doi
1330:doi
1123:doi
995:PMC
987:doi
414:In
401:or
388:In
377:or
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