51:
301:
into Modern Indo-Aryan languages. The boundaries of these periods are somewhat hazy, not strictly chronological. Modern North Indian languages are often considered to have begun to develop a distinct identity around the 11th century – while
Apabhraṃśas were still in use – and became fully distinct by the end of the 12th century.
300:
of North India that were spoken perhaps as late as the 4th to 8th centuries, but some scholars use the term for the entire Middle Indo-Aryan period. Middle Indo-Aryan languages gradually transformed into
Apabhraṃśa dialects, which were used until about the 13th century. The Apabhraṃśas later evolved
316:
were writing in a language quite similar to modern Urdu and Hindi, many poets, especially in regions that were still ruled by Hindu kings, continued to write in
Apabhraṃśa. These authors include
634:
Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New
England Publishing Associates, 2001.
552:
After Muslim Hindi-Persian poet Masood Saad Salman, "Sandesh Rasak" is the first
Apbharansh work of poetry. It was probably written in 11th century. Abdur Rahman, in his ...
371:
asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared. Compositions in
Apabhramsha continued until the 18th century, when Bhagavatidasa wrote
2530:
267:, spanning the period between the 6th and 13th centuries CE. However, these dialects are conventionally included in the Middle Indo-Aryan period.
2535:
701:
271:
645:
2565:
2560:
564:
280:
Apabhraṃśa literature is a valuable source for the history of North India for the period spanning the 12th to 16th centuries.
502:
277:
in
Sanskrit literally means "corrupt" or "non-grammatical language", that which deviates from the norm of Sanskrit grammar.
2545:
183:
694:
2230:
612:
173:
1100:
490:
2525:
1882:
917:
687:
672:
1853:
1673:
1519:
836:
602:
2550:
2540:
2416:
2384:
2240:
260:
17:
1950:
2389:
2090:
2064:
1503:
1387:
545:
2285:
1046:
95:
2493:
2362:
1638:
1432:
1249:
784:
550:. Oriental Original Series. Vol. 47. Delhi: Idarah-i-Adabiyat-Delli. pp. 12–13, 195.
100:
534:
Apabhramsha
Sahitya, Devendra Kumar Jain, Mahavir Jain Vidyalay Suvarna Mahotsav Granth, 2003.
2163:
1976:
1462:
1427:
1422:
1261:
1244:
764:
470:
2555:
2451:
2426:
2295:
2265:
2122:
1902:
1892:
1702:
1281:
710:
264:
105:
589:
8:
2498:
2305:
2026:
2011:
1943:
1917:
1907:
1832:
1549:
1339:
1266:
1239:
991:
821:
660:
465:
452:
2310:
2223:
2188:
1960:
1478:
1213:
903:
831:
826:
442:
379:
2503:
2317:
1986:
1955:
1933:
1897:
1739:
1697:
1602:
1544:
1309:
1231:
1226:
1135:
1056:
1036:
958:
883:
800:
733:
652:
608:
498:
390:
Below is the list of some of the eminent writers and poets of
Apabhraṃśa literature:
216:
204:
179:
2421:
2411:
2357:
2290:
2193:
2168:
2158:
2137:
2132:
2107:
2046:
1938:
1912:
1875:
1870:
1824:
1770:
1723:
1682:
1633:
1578:
1539:
1488:
1407:
1377:
1324:
1314:
1172:
1167:
1159:
1145:
1095:
1051:
963:
769:
718:
568:
239:
2466:
2300:
2255:
2142:
2112:
2069:
2021:
1981:
1887:
1837:
1808:
1786:
1718:
1628:
1588:
1554:
1498:
1493:
1452:
1437:
1417:
1412:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1329:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1271:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1140:
1061:
986:
942:
898:
893:
878:
873:
816:
779:
774:
521:. New Delhi: Bhartiya Jnanpith. Bhartiya Jnanpith Bhartiya Jnanpith. p. 388.
87:
2476:
2218:
2127:
2059:
2054:
2036:
2016:
1803:
1796:
1765:
1659:
1607:
1447:
1442:
1397:
1372:
1364:
1319:
1289:
1256:
1107:
1016:
981:
973:
937:
888:
754:
345:
140:
115:
604:
Objects of
Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter
2519:
2461:
2117:
2031:
2006:
1791:
1130:
1031:
664:
364:
256:
448:
2456:
1221:
325:
309:
269:
230:
50:
1534:
1349:
852:
431:
341:
248:
78:
1643:
1612:
1583:
679:
337:
297:
147:
2433:
2342:
2322:
1011:
1006:
738:
368:
244:
160:
2471:
2213:
1564:
1026:
1021:
1001:
759:
329:
252:
191:
110:
2405:
2276:
1749:
1483:
996:
378:
The first known example of an Apabhraṃśa work by a Muslim is the
353:
305:
289:
221:
187:
304:
A significant amount of Apabhraṃśa literature has been found in
1744:
1593:
1568:
1125:
1117:
1041:
932:
857:
438:
349:
321:
317:
1559:
1457:
313:
68:
64:
382:
of Abdur Rahman of Multan, possibly written around 1000 CE.
2260:
1573:
333:
293:
530:
528:
190:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2352:
525:
259:
for the dialects forming the transition between the
55:The word "Apabhraṃśa" written in Devanagari script
359:An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is the
2517:
669:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
225:
40:
519:Apabhramsha Bhasha Sahitya Ki Shodh Pravritiyan
695:
493:, in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.),
251:before the rise of the modern languages. In
437:Abdur Rahman (Addahamāṇa) (12th century) –
340:(9th century CE); Dhanapal; Muni Ramsimha;
702:
688:
49:
709:
510:
2531:Languages attested from the 6th century
516:
488:
296:, is also used as a cover term for the
184:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
2518:
658:
547:Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature
2536:Languages extinct in the 13th century
683:
600:
394:Mahakavi Swyambhudev (8th century CE)
215:
594:
385:
543:
24:
411:Mahakavi Pushpadant (10th century)
25:
2577:
638:
441:poet who penned the epic romance
336:(9th century CE); Pushpadanta of
2408:(unknown further classification)
517:Shastri, Devendra Kumar (1996).
247:to refer to languages spoken in
2566:History of the Bengali language
2561:Languages written in Devanagari
226:
41:
607:. Princeton University Press.
583:
557:
537:
482:
13:
1:
673:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
624:
601:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009).
653:Hindi: The language of songs
489:Shapiro, Michael C. (2003),
7:
2546:Linguistic history of India
459:
283:
270:
265:Modern Indo-Aryan languages
243:(native grammarians) since
231:
10:
2582:
667:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
659:Halder, Shashwati (2012).
646:Dr. Devendra Kumar Shastri
544:Alī, Saiyada Asad (2000).
2485:
2442:
2398:
2375:
2331:
2274:
2248:
2239:
2206:
2181:
2151:
2100:
2089:
2082:
2045:
1999:
1969:
1926:
1863:
1852:
1817:
1779:
1758:
1732:
1711:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1652:
1621:
1527:
1518:
1471:
1363:
1280:
1212:
1205:
1158:
1116:
1088:
1081:
1074:
972:
951:
925:
916:
866:
845:
809:
793:
747:
726:
717:
208:
170:
158:
153:
137:
84:
74:
60:
48:
39:
34:
27:Class of Indian languages
2286:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
495:The Indo-Aryan Languages
476:
565:"Pauma-Chariu (Part-I)"
2494:Indo-Iranian languages
655:", Yashwant K. Malaiya
172:This article contains
2164:Maharashtrian Konkani
471:History of Hindustani
217:[ɐpɐbʱrɐ̃ˈɕɐ]
2526:Indo-Aryan languages
2452:Andaman Creole Hindi
1883:Bishnupriya Manipuri
1703:Caribbean Hindustani
711:Indo-Aryan languages
630:Shapiro, Michael C.
237:) is a term used by
2499:Nuristani languages
2231:Mitanni superstrate
837:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
671:(Second ed.).
453:Kanhadade Prabandha
356:(15th century CE).
255:, it is used as an
2551:Medieval languages
2541:Languages of India
2385:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2266:Early Ardhamagadhi
571:on 24 January 2016
373:Migankaleha Chariu
2513:
2512:
2504:Iranian languages
2371:
2370:
2291:Dramatic Prakrits
2202:
2201:
2177:
2176:
2078:
2077:
1995:
1994:
1951:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
1848:
1847:
1668:
1667:
1514:
1513:
1504:list of languages
1201:
1200:
1154:
1153:
1070:
1069:
912:
911:
504:978-0-415-77294-5
386:Writers and poets
308:libraries. While
292:, which includes
198:
197:
180:rendering support
176:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
2573:
2390:Proto-Indo-Aryan
2246:
2245:
2169:Canarese Konkani
2098:
2097:
2087:
2086:
1861:
1860:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1525:
1524:
1210:
1209:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1078:
923:
922:
724:
723:
704:
697:
690:
681:
680:
676:
619:
618:
598:
592:
587:
581:
580:
578:
576:
567:. Archived from
561:
555:
554:
541:
535:
532:
523:
522:
514:
508:
507:
486:
401:Ritthanemichariu
361:Vikramorvashiyam
275:
236:
229:
228:
219:
214:
210:
163:
143:
90:
53:
44:
43:
32:
31:
21:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2481:
2444:
2438:
2394:
2377:
2367:
2327:
2270:
2256:Ashokan Prakrit
2235:
2198:
2173:
2147:
2092:
2074:
2041:
1991:
1965:
1922:
1855:
1844:
1813:
1775:
1754:
1728:
1707:
1664:
1648:
1617:
1589:Hyderabadi Urdu
1510:
1467:
1359:
1276:
1197:
1150:
1141:Pahari-Pothwari
1112:
1066:
1047:Pahari Kinnauri
968:
947:
908:
874:Indus Kohistani
867:Hazara Division
862:
841:
805:
789:
743:
713:
708:
641:
627:
622:
615:
599:
595:
588:
584:
574:
572:
563:
562:
558:
542:
538:
533:
526:
515:
511:
505:
487:
483:
479:
462:
388:
286:
212:
178:Without proper
159:
144:
139:
133:
91:
88:Language family
86:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2579:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2095:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1685:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1571:
1562:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1257:Lisan ud-Dawat
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
978:
976:
970:
969:
967:
966:
961:
955:
953:
949:
948:
946:
945:
940:
935:
929:
927:
920:
914:
913:
910:
909:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
870:
868:
864:
863:
861:
860:
855:
849:
847:
843:
842:
840:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
813:
811:
807:
806:
804:
803:
797:
795:
791:
790:
788:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
751:
749:
745:
744:
742:
741:
736:
730:
728:
721:
715:
714:
707:
706:
699:
692:
684:
678:
677:
665:Islam, Sirajul
661:"Apabhrangsha"
656:
649:
640:
639:External links
637:
636:
635:
626:
623:
621:
620:
613:
593:
582:
556:
536:
524:
509:
503:
480:
478:
475:
474:
473:
468:
461:
458:
457:
456:
455:(15th century)
446:
445:in Apabhraṃśa.
435:
434:(12th century)
428:
427:
426:
425:
422:
421:Naykumarchariu
419:
413:
412:
408:
407:
406:
405:
402:
396:
395:
387:
384:
332:; Devasena of
285:
282:
263:and the early
196:
195:
182:, you may see
168:
167:
164:
156:
155:
154:Language codes
151:
150:
145:
141:Writing system
138:
135:
134:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
116:Vedic Sanskrit
94:
92:
85:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
62:
61:Native to
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2578:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:Haflong Hindi
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2417:Chinali–Lahul
2415:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2364:
2363:Khasa Prakrit
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
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1802:
1798:
1795:
1793:
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1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:
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1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:Chhattisgarhi
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:Rathwi Bareli
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
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1094:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:Mahasu Pahari
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
977:
975:
971:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
954:
950:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
924:
921:
919:
915:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
869:
865:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
848:
844:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
812:
808:
802:
799:
798:
796:
792:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
750:
746:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
729:
725:
722:
720:
716:
712:
705:
700:
698:
693:
691:
686:
685:
682:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
654:
650:
647:
643:
642:
633:
629:
628:
616:
614:9780691125947
610:
606:
605:
597:
591:
586:
570:
566:
560:
553:
549:
548:
540:
531:
529:
520:
513:
506:
500:
497:, Routledge,
496:
492:
485:
481:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
454:
450:
447:
444:
443:Sandeśarāsaka
440:
436:
433:
430:
429:
424:Jasaharchariu
423:
420:
417:
416:
415:
414:
410:
409:
403:
400:
399:
398:
397:
393:
392:
391:
383:
381:
380:Sandeśarāsaka
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
299:
295:
291:
281:
278:
276:
274:
273:
266:
262:
258:
257:umbrella term
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:
235:
234:
223:
218:
206:
202:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
175:
169:
165:
162:
157:
152:
149:
146:
142:
136:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
96:Indo-European
93:
89:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
59:
52:
47:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2457:Bombay Hindi
2399:Unclassified
2347:
2333:
2296:Ardhamagadhi
2123:Berar Deccan
1977:Chittagonian
1970:Chittagonian
1463:Vaagri Booli
1428:Pauri Bareli
1423:Palya Bareli
1388:Dhodia–Kukna
1262:Parkari Koli
1075:Northwestern
765:Kundal Shahi
668:
648:", Jainworld
631:
603:
596:
590:Jain granths
585:
573:. Retrieved
569:the original
559:
551:
546:
539:
518:
512:
494:
484:
404:Pauma-Chariu
389:
377:
372:
360:
358:
310:Amir Khusrow
303:
287:
279:
268:
240:vaiyākaraṇāḥ
238:
232:
200:
199:
171:
120:
101:Indo-Iranian
29:
2556:North India
2445:and creoles
2427:Lahul Lohar
2306:Maharashtri
1903:Mal Paharia
1893:Kharia Thar
1535:Braj Bhasha
432:Hemachandra
342:Hemachandra
298:vernaculars
261:late Middle
249:North India
186:instead of
79:North India
18:Apabhramsha
2520:Categories
2348:Apabhraṃśa
2334:Apabhraṃśa
2311:Shauraseni
2027:Bodo Parja
2012:Sambalpuri
1944:Goalpariya
1918:Tanchangya
1908:Noakhailla
1833:Bote-Darai
1644:Fiji Hindi
1613:Sadhukkadi
1584:Judeo-Urdu
1550:Hindustani
1340:Shekhawati
1282:Rajasthani
1267:Saurashtra
992:Bhadarwahi
822:Gawar-Bati
625:References
575:13 January
451:who wrote
449:Padmanābha
418:Mahapuran
338:Manyakheta
272:Apabhraṃśa
201:Apabhraṃśa
148:Devanagari
121:Apabhraṃśa
106:Indo-Aryan
35:Apabhraṃśa
2434:Sheikhgal
2378:languages
2343:Abahattha
2323:Paishachi
2224:Classical
2189:Maldivian
1961:Surjapuri
1927:Kamarupic
1829:Kuswaric
1691:Bhojpuric
1479:Khandeshi
1012:Chambeali
1007:Bilaspuri
904:Mankiyali
832:Shumashti
827:Nangalami
739:Kishtwari
369:Pururavas
288:The term
245:Patañjali
161:ISO 639-3
2490:See also
2472:Nefamese
2467:Nagamese
2358:Kamarupi
2318:Gāndhārī
2275:Middle (
2214:Sanskrit
2152:Konkanic
2101:Marathic
2091:Marathi–
2083:Southern
1987:Rohingya
1956:Rangpuri
1934:Assamese
1898:Kurmukar
1876:dialects
1856:Kamarupa
1740:Maithili
1733:Maithili
1698:Bhojpuri
1603:Kannauji
1565:Hinglish
1545:Haryanvi
1310:Dhundari
1250:Wadiyara
1232:Jandavra
1227:Gujarati
1214:Gujarati
1136:Khetrani
1101:dialects
1057:Sirmauri
1037:Jaunsari
1027:Mandeali
1022:Pangwali
1002:Bhateali
959:Garhwali
918:Northern
884:Chilisso
760:Brokskat
734:Kashmiri
727:Kashmiri
460:See also
365:Kālidāsa
330:Kamarupa
284:Overview
253:Indology
233:Avahaṃsa
205:Sanskrit
192:Help:IPA
111:Sanskrit
2443:Pidgins
2422:Chinali
2412:Bazigar
2406:Badeshi
2301:Magadhi
2277:Prakrit
2194:Sinhala
2182:Insular
2159:Konkani
2138:Katkari
2133:Phudagi
2113:Varhadi
2108:Marathi
2093:Konkani
2065:Bhunjia
1939:Kamrupi
1913:Sylheti
1871:Bengali
1864:Bengali
1825:Kumhali
1792:Kochila
1780:Tharuic
1771:Kurmali
1759:Sadanic
1750:Bajjika
1724:Khortha
1674:Eastern
1634:Bagheli
1622:Eastern
1579:Deccani
1555:Kauravi
1540:Bundeli
1528:Western
1520:Central
1489:Dawoodi
1484:Lambadi
1408:Bhilori
1378:Bhilali
1325:Marwari
1315:Harauti
1245:Parkari
1206:Western
1173:Kholosi
1168:Jadgali
1146:Saraiki
1096:Punjabi
1089:Eastern
1082:Punjabi
1052:Hinduri
997:Churahi
974:Western
964:Kumaoni
952:Central
926:Eastern
853:Kalasha
846:Chitral
801:Pashayi
794:Pashayi
770:Kalkoti
491:"Hindi"
466:Hindavi
439:Multani
367:, when
354:Gwalior
290:Prakrit
222:Prakrit
209:अपभ्रंश
188:Unicode
2376:Proto-
2332:Late (
2241:Middle
2143:Kadodi
2070:Nahari
2047:Halbic
2022:Bhatri
1982:Chakma
1888:Hajong
1854:Gauda–
1838:Danwar
1818:Others
1809:Musasa
1745:Angika
1719:Magahi
1712:Magahi
1683:Bihari
1653:Others
1629:Awadhi
1594:Rekhta
1569:Urdish
1499:Romani
1494:Domari
1472:Others
1453:Vasavi
1438:Pardhi
1418:Magari
1413:Mawchi
1403:Bauria
1393:Dhanki
1383:Chodri
1355:Nimadi
1345:Dhatki
1335:Mewari
1330:Mewati
1305:Gujari
1300:Loarki
1295:Goaria
1272:Vaghri
1193:Sindhi
1188:Memoni
1183:Luwati
1178:Kutchi
1160:Sindhi
1126:Hindko
1118:Lahnda
1062:Sarazi
1042:Kullui
987:Kangri
943:Nepali
933:Doteli
899:Tirahi
894:Kalami
879:Bateri
858:Khowar
817:Dameli
780:Palula
775:Ushoji
719:Dardic
632:Hindi.
611:
501:
350:Raidhu
348:; and
322:Tilopa
318:Saraha
75:Region
2477:Vedda
2249:Early
2219:Vedic
2128:Varli
2060:Kamar
2055:Halbi
2037:Kupia
2017:Desia
1804:Majhi
1797:Buksa
1787:Tharu
1766:Sadri
1660:Parya
1608:Sansi
1560:Hindi
1458:Wagdi
1448:Kalto
1443:Gamit
1398:Dubli
1373:Bhili
1320:Malvi
1290:Bagri
1240:Kachi
1236:Koli
1108:Sansi
1017:Gaddi
982:Dogri
938:Jumli
889:Gowro
810:Kunar
755:Shina
748:Shina
663:. In
477:Notes
346:Patan
326:Kanha
314:Kabir
227:अवहंस
69:Nepal
65:India
42:अवहंस
2261:Pāli
2118:Andh
2032:Reli
2007:Odia
2000:Odia
1574:Urdu
1365:Bhil
1131:Inku
785:Sawi
609:ISBN
577:2016
499:ISBN
334:Dhar
324:and
312:and
306:Jain
294:Pali
213:IPA:
67:and
2353:Elu
2207:Old
1222:Aer
363:of
352:of
344:of
328:of
174:IPA
2522::
1350:Od
527:^
375:.
320:,
224::
220:,
211:,
207::
2336:)
2279:)
1567:/
703:e
696:t
689:v
675:.
651:"
644:"
617:.
579:.
203:(
194:.
166:–
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
