315:
complexity among Native
Americans than previously thought, including an early divergence in the genetic lineage some 13,000 years ago. One theory suggested that after crossing into North America from Siberia, a group of the first Americans, with the lineage D4h3a, moved south along the Pacific coast and finally, through thousands of years, into Central and South America. Another line may have moved inland, east of the Rocky Mountains, ultimately populating most of what is now the United States and Canada.
397:, Doyle works in Native American studies at Montana State University. There were mixed opinions about the research conducted on Anzick-1, but many tribal members said that they would prefer to have been contacted before the destructive techniques were performed, not after. The overwhelming response from Montana tribal members was that the remains of Anzick-1 should be reburied according to tribal ritual.
218:, investigation of basic health indicators, and some information about cultural practices. Originally, investigators thought the left clavicle showed evidence of cremation, but further analysis revealed that the discoloration was the result of groundwater staining and not fire. Additionally, all of the Anzick-1 remains were stained with ocher, which masks the natural color of the infant's bones.
289:
including in lower North
America and Central and South America.) The infant was also related to persons from Siberia and Central Asia, believed to be the ancestral population of indigenous peoples in the Americas. This finding supports the theory that the peopling of the Americas occurred from Asia across the Bering Strait.
202:, representing some of the oldest records of elk in North America south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The antlers were radiocarbon dated to between 56 and 483 years before Anzick-1's death and as such, it is questionable if artifacts found at the site such as the Clovis points were actually produced by Anzick-1's community.
298:
to these than to any modern
Eurasian population. Anzick-1's genome was closer to 44 Native American populations from Central and South America than to 7 Native American populations from North America; samples from North America were limited as tribes in the United States have been reluctant to participate.
359:
could have entered the New World across the
Beringian land bridge, and passing south from Alaska through an ice-free corridor in Canada. Another concept is that they used boats to sail along the coast of Siberia, the Beringia land bridge, and the Pacific coast of North America. Archeological evidence
335:
Anzick-1's mtDNA, nuclear DNA, and Y-Chromosome analysis revealed a close genetic affinity to modern Native
Americans and provided evidence of gene flow from Siberia into the Americas nearly 13,000 years ago, earlier than thought. These findings tend to support the Beringia Hypothesis of the peopling
193:
The tools found at the site appear to exhibit use-wear, and therefore were not manufactured specifically for the burial. The antler artifacts were in the form of rods at least some of which appeared to have been beveled. Similar rods have been found at other Clovis culture and
Paleoindian sites. The
377:
After the remains of Anzick-1 were excavated in 1968, they were analyzed by several teams of researchers and eventually returned to the Anzick family. The daughter of the Anzick family, Sarah Anzick had become a genetic researcher. She hoped to conduct genomic analysis on the Anzick-1 skeleton. She
297:
The genome of Anzick-1 was sequenced and analyzed to look for specific mutations that might shed light on the population history of modern Native
Americans. Anzick-1's genome was compared to over 50 Native American genomes for comparison, and researchers found that it was significantly more similar
385:
Because Anzick-1 was discovered on private property, Sarah Anzick was not legally required to consult tribal members before conducting analysis of the remains. She discussed her goals with representatives of several
Montana tribes that now inhabit the area, to determine whether to use the required
288:
These analyses revealed that the individual was closely related to Native
Americans in Central and South America, instead of being closely related to the people of the Canadian Arctic, as had previously been thought likely. (The people of the Arctic are distinct from Native Americans to the south,
189:
for the burial. Skull fragments of a second individual (Anzick-2), a child of around 6-8 years of age, were also found at the site 6 metres (20 ft) east of Anzick-1, which lack ocher staining. The two individuals were originally thought to be contemporaneous, but later carbon dating revealed
141:
was not required in their study. However, some Native
American tribal members in Montana felt they should have been consulted before the researchers undertook analysis of the infant's skeleton and genome. Montana State law does require consultation with Native Americans concerning disposition of
229:
The age at death of an individual can be determined from several skeletal markers, including cranial suture closure, tooth eruption rates, rates of epiphyseal fusion on long bones, and others. Cranial bones fuse together along suture lines throughout the life of every human, and can be used to
314:
is also found in modern Native American populations, which provides a link between Anzick-1 and modern Native Americans. Although it is rare in most of today's Native Americans in the US and Canada, D4h3a genes are more common in native people of South America. This suggests a greater genetic
368:
Studying the remains of ancient Native Americans has been described as an "ethical minefield" because it calls into question "ownership" and interpretation of the past. Historically Native American remains were routinely excavated and analyzed without the consultation with, or permission of,
1134:
White, Samuel Stockton V. 2015. M.A. Thesis: "The Anzick Site: Cultural Balance and the Treatment of Ancient Human Remains (Toward a Collaborative Standard)." Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, Missoula, MT: University of Montana, ScholarWorks, Graduate School.
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at the former area of the land bridge or a coastal path has been lost because of the rise in sea levels. The Anzick-1 paleogenetic analysis lends support to the Beringia Hypothesis theory, showing that humans had arrived in Montana by nearly 13,000 years ago.
393:, a Danish genetic researcher, visited several Indian reservations in Montana in 2013 to try to engage community members in the decision-making related to the research of Anzick-1. He met with Shane Doyle, who became a co-author of the paper. A member of the
373:
passed in 1990 US law protects the remains and artifacts of Native Americans found on federal lands or stored by institutions that receive federal funding. It requires restoration of remains and artifacts to tribes associated with the remains or culture.
172:
The Anzick-1 remains were found buried among numerous tools: 100 stone tools and 15 remnants of tools made of antler. The site contained hundreds of stone projectile points, bifaces and flake tools. All of the artifacts were covered in red
238:
is also present in the frontal bone of Anzick-1. This suture is present in most human infants but closes well before adulthood. The presence of a frontal suture in Anzick-1's remains corroborates the age estimation of 1–2 years old.
386:
techniques (which destroy some material) to analyze the remains of Anzick-1. Because she was unable to achieve consensus, she temporarily gave up the project. She eventually conducted DNA analysis on the remains of Anzick-1.
281:, and compared these sequences to those of modern populations throughout the world. The results of these analyses allowed the researchers to make conclusions about ancient migration patterns and the
1141:
White, Samuel Stockton V. 2019 Ph.D. Dissertation "THE ANZICK ARTIFACTS: A HIGH-TECHNOLOGY FORAGER TOOL ASSEMBLAGE" (2019). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 11338.
145:
After consultation, Anzick-1 was reburied on June 28, 2014, in the Shields River Valley in an intertribal ceremony. The numerous Clovis artifacts associated with the first burial are curated at the
507:
190:
that the skull fragments of Anzick-2 date to around 9530 to 9600 years ago, several thousand years younger than Anzick-1, and thus was unrelated to the Anzick-1 and the Clovis artefacts.
310:. They found that Anzick-1's mtDNA belongs to the haplogroup D4h3a, a "founder" haplogroup that might represent people taking an early coastal migration route into the Americas. The
306:
Morten Rasmussen and Sarah L. Anzick et al. sequenced the mitochondrial DNA of Anzick-1 and determined that the infant represents an ancient migration to North America from
389:
After the results of the analysis revealed a link between Anzick-1 and modern Native Americans, the team of researchers sought consultation from several Montana tribes.
2169:
370:
138:
2240:
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214:, the left clavicle, and several ribs. These bones were discovered in highly fragmented states; however, partial reconstruction of the crania allowed for
434:
Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Waters, Michael R.; Stafford, Thomas W.; Anzick, Sarah L.; Comeskey, Daniel; Devièse, Thibaut; Higham, Thomas (2018-07-03).
340:
which argues for Pale-European migration to the New World and which had little academic support even prior to the sequencing of Anzick-1's genome.
1217:
257:, possibly supplemented with those of deer and equines, rather than of bison, though there is uncertainty due to possible minor contamination.
2286:
2281:
1738:
874:
Morrow, Juliet E., and Stuart J. Fiedel. 2006. “New Radiocarbon Dates for the Clovis Component of the Anzick Site, Park County, Montana.” In
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analysis of the remains of Anzick-1 (which probably reflect the diet of his mother) are more consistent with a diet primarily consisting of
2214:
2154:
1843:
1913:
1703:
1188:
137:
Anzick-1's discovery and subsequent analysis has been controversial. The remains were found on private land, so compliance with the
1808:
763:
Owsley, Douglas W; Hunt, David (May 2001). "Clovis and early Archaic crania from the Anzick site (24PA506), Park County, Montana".
355:. This hypothesis is supported by genetic and archaeological evidence that places the migration no earlier than 32,000 years ago.
1603:
198:. Genetic analysis of the antler rods found with Anzick-1 indicates that the antlers used to create the artifacts were those of
1678:
1613:
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1818:
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945:
Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains: Proceedings of a Seminar at the Field Museum of Natural History
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119:
130:. These findings support the hypothesis that modern Native Americans are descended from Asian populations who crossed
1158:
1693:
811:
Lahren, Larry; Bonnichsen, Robson (October 11, 1974). "Bone Foreshafts from a Clovis Burial in Southwest Montana".
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The Y-chromosome of Anzick-1 was sequenced, and researchers determined that his Y-chromosome haplogroup is
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2204:
1973:
1558:
1543:
1417:
1813:
1568:
146:
2031:
1983:
1167:
889:
1505:
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1743:
1302:
1204:
1163:
406:
351:, which posits a migration of early Amerindians from Siberia across a land bridge that spanned the
348:
282:
107:, suggesting a deliberate burial. Anzick-1 is the only human whose remains are associated with the
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2209:
1943:
1933:
1893:
1768:
1500:
1435:
221:
Due to the incomplete nature of the remains of Anzick-1, no cause of death could be ascertained.
378:
was cautious because a previous case, involving the ancient remains of a Native American called
194:
function of these rods is unknown, but may have served as foreshafts to which stone points were
1878:
1598:
1445:
1388:
1322:
1307:
926:
Oppenheimer, Stephen (et al.). 2014. Solutrean Hypothesis: Genetics, The Mammoth in the Room.
878:, edited by Juliet E. Morrow and C. Gnecco, 123–138. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
2072:
2006:
1953:
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1748:
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103:. The child was found with more than 115 tools made of stone and antlers and dusted with red
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of the artefacts and the remains of Anzick-1 indicate an age of around 12,990–12,840 years
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8:
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182:
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1753:
1510:
1490:
1272:
1092:
1067:
1007:
948:
909:
844:
784:
728:
654:
617:"The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana"
570:
483:
465:
344:
270:
254:
856:
2189:
2026:
1978:
1928:
1868:
1783:
1708:
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1475:
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324:
211:
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60:
905:
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2036:
1788:
1733:
1723:
1583:
1362:
1292:
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1267:
1234:
832:
390:
210:
Anzick-1's skeletal remains included 28 cranial fragments comprising much of the
792:
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2149:
2139:
1778:
1608:
1563:
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49:
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2016:
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https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5415&context=etd
913:
469:
411:
379:
356:
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266:
169:, on private land. The remains were found on the ranch of the Anzick family.
127:
123:
96:
88:
68:
460:
2224:
2179:
2129:
2119:
2099:
2067:
1968:
1923:
1903:
1688:
1668:
1633:
1548:
1533:
1352:
1224:
1011:
848:
732:
658:
574:
487:
278:
162:
37:
2077:
1958:
1938:
1803:
1663:
1653:
1538:
1282:
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274:
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of Anzick-1's crania revealed that the individual was 1–2 years old. The
111:, and is the first ancient Native American genome to be fully sequenced.
993:
640:
265:
A team of researchers throughout the United States and Europe conducted
2114:
2011:
1883:
1798:
1623:
1154:
840:
394:
230:
estimate the age at death of human remains. The small size and lack of
161:
was accidentally discovered by two construction workers in a collapsed
1713:
1888:
1718:
1089:
Bioarchaeology: An Integrated Approach to Working with Human Remains
723:
698:
565:
540:
433:
2087:
2051:
1863:
1648:
131:
890:"Paleoindian-Era Osseous Rods: Distribution, Dating, and Function"
2094:
1578:
1455:
1377:
436:"Reassessing the chronology of the archaeological site of Anzick"
307:
195:
115:
92:
64:
247:
1440:
139:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)
269:
research on the Anzick-1 skeletal remains. They sequenced the
2184:
1087:
Martin, Debra L.; Harrod, Ryan P.; PĂ©rez, Ventura R. (2013).
174:
104:
327:*(xM3), one of the major founding lineages of the Americas.
2144:
1046:
Peopling of the Americas : Currents, Canoes, and DNA
199:
1113:"Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act"
541:"Palaeogenomics: Genetic roots of the first Americans"
539:
Raff, Jennifer; Bolnick, Deborah (February 13, 2014).
371:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
118:
ancestry and a closer genetic relationship to modern
16:
Paleo-Indian male infant remains found in Montana, US
615:
Rasmussen, Morten; et al. (February 13, 2014).
99:, in 1968. He has been dated to 12,990–12,840 years
970:"Reconstructing Native American population history"
177:. The stone points were identified as those of the
947:. Arkansas Archaeological Report Research Series.
876:Paleoindian Archaeology: A Hemispheric Perspective
1086:
508:"Remains of ancient child ceremoniously reburied"
2258:
943:Buikstra, Jane E.; Ubelaker, Douglas H. (1994).
942:
810:
91:child whose remains were found in south central
1203:
440:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
114:Paleogenomic analysis of the remains revealed
1189:
968:Reich, David; et al. (August 16, 2012).
301:
538:
1196:
1182:
762:
181:because of their distinct shape and size.
1704:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
1001:
722:
648:
614:
564:
477:
459:
369:contemporary Native Americans. Under the
1043:
696:
336:of the Americas, and tend to refute the
318:
260:
205:
1061:
1024:
382:, caused a great deal of controversy.
292:
2259:
1143:https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/11338
1091:. New York: Springer. pp. 32–36.
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610:
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134:between 23,000 and 14,000 years ago.
2287:Unsolved deaths in the United States
2282:Oldest human remains in the Americas
1048:. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
870:
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699:"Ancient genome stirs ethics debate"
697:Callaway, Ewen (February 12, 2014).
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2175:Norse colonization of North America
1080:
1062:Jobling, Mark; et al. (2013).
13:
1052:
1044:Peterson, Barbara Bennett (2011).
1037:
933:
665:
494:
424:
14:
2298:
1159:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1148:
863:
799:
739:
581:
525:
224:
347:is the mainstream model for the
2195:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
1105:
1018:
961:
920:
506:French, Brett (June 28, 2014).
330:
1031:University of California Press
1027:First Peoples in the New World
888:Sutton, Mark Q. (2018-07-03).
881:
1:
906:10.1080/20555563.2018.1525600
777:10.1080/2052546.2001.11932062
417:
2277:Modern human genetic history
2160:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
2110:Eastern Agricultural Complex
833:10.1126/science.186.4159.147
152:
87:was a young (1–2 years old)
7:
1544:Bandelier National Monument
1418:List of Mississippian sites
1205:Pre-Columbian North America
1064:Human Evolutionary Genetics
400:
10:
2305:
1964:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
1569:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
1278:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
1164:" The Great Human Odyssey"
1025:Meltzer, David J. (2009).
302:Mitochondrial DNA analysis
147:Montana Historical Society
142:ancient skeletal remains.
2233:
2205:Three Sisters agriculture
2060:
1992:
1524:
1253:
1211:
1155:"The Great Human Odyssey"
363:
124:Central and South America
74:
55:
44:
32:
24:
1744:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
1303:Buttermilk Creek complex
407:Peopling of the Americas
357:Ancient Native Americans
349:peopling of the Americas
283:peopling of the Americas
1944:Town Creek Indian Mound
1914:Sierra de San Francisco
1769:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
461:10.1073/pnas.1803624115
1599:Coso Rock Art District
1486:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
1389:List of Hopewell sites
2007:Arlington Springs Man
1849:Portsmouth Earthworks
930:Volume 46(5): 752-774
765:Plains Anthropologist
319:Y-chromosome analysis
261:Paleogenetic findings
206:Osteological findings
2215:Transoceanic contact
2105:Container Revolution
1679:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1644:Etowah Indian Mounds
338:Solutrean Hypothesis
293:Nuclear DNA analysis
149:in Helena, Montana.
48:12,990–12,840 years
2135:Green Corn Ceremony
1949:Turkey River Mounds
1739:Lake Jackson Mounds
1559:Blue Spring Shelter
1066:. Garland Science.
994:10.1038/nature11258
986:2012Natur.488..370R
825:1974Sci...186..147L
715:2014Natur.506..142C
641:10.1038/nature13025
633:2014Natur.506..225R
557:2014Natur.506..162R
452:2018PNAS..115.7000B
345:Beringia Hypothesis
21:
2267:Burials in Montana
2220:Underwater panther
1894:Rosenstock Village
1764:Marmes Rockshelter
1749:L'Anse aux Meadows
273:(mtDNA), the full
183:Radiocarbon dating
19:
2254:
2253:
2246:Pre-Columbian era
2047:Spirit Cave mummy
1844:Plum Bayou Mounds
1754:Lynch Quarry Site
1273:Ancient Beringian
980:(7411): 370–374.
928:World Archaeology
819:(4159): 147–150.
709:(7487): 142–143.
627:(7487): 225–229.
551:(7487): 162–163.
446:(27): 7000–7003.
271:mitochondrial DNA
243:Isotopic analysis
126:than to those of
82:
81:
2294:
2190:Projectile point
2027:Leanderthal Lady
1954:Upward Sun River
1929:Stallings Island
1919:Shell ring sites
1869:Recapture Canyon
1784:Moorehead Circle
1629:El Fin del Mundo
1614:Cueva de la Olla
1420:
1407:Maritime Archaic
1391:
1221:
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1168:Nova (TV series)
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771:(176): 115–124.
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167:Wilsall, Montana
120:Native Americans
56:Place discovered
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2241:Genetic history
2229:
2083:Ceremonial pipe
2056:
2037:Minnesota Woman
1994:
1988:
1809:Ocmulgee Mounds
1789:Morrison Mounds
1734:Kolomoki Mounds
1724:Kimball Village
1584:Candelaria Cave
1526:
1520:
1501:Suwannee Valley
1436:Old Cordilleran
1416:
1387:
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391:Eske Willerslev
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75:Date discovered
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2165:Mound Builders
2162:
2157:
2152:
2150:Medicine wheel
2147:
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2140:Horned Serpent
2137:
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2127:
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232:suture closure
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187:Before Present
179:Clovis culture
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2061:Miscellaneous
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2032:Melbourne Man
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23:
2225:Water glyphs
2180:Oasisamerica
2170:N.A.G.P.R.A.
2130:Folsom point
2120:Effigy mound
2100:Clovis point
2068:Aridoamerica
2001:
1969:Wickiup Hill
1924:Spiro Mounds
1904:Salmon Ruins
1899:Russell Cave
1694:Helen Blazes
1689:Grimes Point
1669:Fort Juelson
1659:Fort Ancient
1634:El Vallecito
1594:Chaco Canyon
1534:Angel Mounds
1496:Steed-Kisker
1446:Paleo-Arctic
1368:Glacial Kame
1353:Fort Ancient
1245:Post-Classic
1216:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:
1107:
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1063:
1045:
1039:
1029:. Berkeley:
1026:
1020:
977:
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894:PaleoAmerica
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624:
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548:
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515:. Retrieved
511:
443:
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388:
384:
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367:
342:
334:
331:Implications
322:
312:D haplogroup
305:
296:
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279:Y-chromosome
267:paleogenetic
264:
248:
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228:
220:
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192:
171:
163:rock shelter
156:
144:
136:
113:
84:
83:
38:Homo sapiens
36:
2210:Thunderbird
2078:Black drink
2042:Peñon woman
1979:Winterville
1959:Velda Mound
1939:Taos Pueblo
1834:Parkin Park
1819:Orwell site
1804:Nodena site
1699:Holly Bluff
1674:Four Mounds
1664:Fort Center
1589:Casa Grande
1539:Anzick site
1431:Monongahela
1358:Fort Walton
1333:Coles Creek
1298:Belle Glade
1283:Anishinaabe
1117:www.nps.gov
275:nuclear DNA
159:Anzick site
89:Paleoindian
25:Common name
2261:Categories
2155:Metallurgy
2115:Eden point
2012:Buhl Woman
1884:Rock Eagle
1874:River Styx
1799:Mummy Cave
1794:Moundville
1774:Mesa Verde
1759:Marksville
1506:Tchefuncte
1466:Plaquemine
1402:Las Palmas
1318:Calf Creek
1313:Cades Pond
1122:2015-04-05
418:References
395:Crow tribe
277:, and the
28:Anzick Boy
20:Anzick Boy
2200:Stickball
1889:Rock Hawk
1719:Key Marco
1511:Troyville
1491:St. Johns
1476:Red Ocher
1235:Formative
914:2055-5563
793:214770823
785:159572593
470:0027-8424
153:Discovery
85:Anzick-1
2088:Chanunpa
2073:Ballgame
2052:Vero man
2002:Anzick-1
1974:Windover
1934:SunWatch
1864:Rassawek
1684:Glenwood
1574:Brewster
1426:Mogollon
1397:La Jolla
1383:Hopewell
1343:Deptford
1256:cultures
1012:22801491
857:38667901
849:17744223
789:ProQuest
733:24522580
659:24522598
575:24522593
488:29915063
401:See also
212:calvaria
132:Beringia
116:Siberian
2237:Related
2095:Chunkey
1995:remains
1984:Wupatki
1824:Paquime
1714:Huápoca
1579:Cahokia
1549:Bastian
1456:Patayan
1378:Hohokam
1363:Fremont
1338:ComondĂş
1293:Baytown
1288:Avonlea
1268:Alachua
1240:Classic
1230:Archaic
1218:Periods
1003:3615710
982:Bibcode
841:1738153
821:Bibcode
813:Science
711:Bibcode
650:4878442
629:Bibcode
553:Bibcode
479:6142201
448:Bibcode
308:Siberia
255:mammoth
93:Montana
65:Montana
61:Wilsall
33:Species
1654:Folsom
1619:Cutler
1554:Benson
1441:Oneota
1373:Glades
1348:Folsom
1328:Clovis
1225:Lithic
1095:
1070:
1010:
1000:
974:Nature
951:
912:
855:
847:
839:
791:
783:
731:
703:Nature
657:
647:
621:Nature
573:
545:Nature
517:28 Jan
486:
476:
468:
364:Ethics
196:hafted
2185:Piasa
1993:Human
1624:Eaker
1527:sites
1461:Plano
1263:Adena
1170:, PBS
853:S2CID
837:JSTOR
781:S2CID
325:Q-L54
175:ocher
165:near
105:ocher
59:Near
2145:Kiva
1093:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1008:PMID
949:ISBN
910:ISSN
845:PMID
729:PMID
655:PMID
571:PMID
519:2018
484:PMID
466:ISSN
343:The
157:The
78:1968
69:U.S.
1649:Eva
998:PMC
990:doi
978:488
902:doi
829:doi
817:186
773:doi
719:doi
707:506
645:PMC
637:doi
625:506
561:doi
549:506
474:PMC
456:doi
444:115
200:elk
122:of
45:Age
2263::
1166:,
1157:,
1115:.
1054:^
1006:.
996:.
988:.
976:.
972:.
935:^
908:.
896:.
892:.
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851:.
843:.
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801:^
787:.
779:.
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727:.
717:.
705:.
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667:^
653:.
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635:.
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619:.
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569:.
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543:.
527:^
510:.
496:^
482:.
472:.
464:.
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442:.
438:.
426:^
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458::
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251:C
249:δ
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