377:, for hunting and possibly self-defense. Wear on Clovis points indicates that they were multifunctional objects that also served as cutting and slicing tools, with some authors suggesting that some Clovis-point types were primarily used as knives. Clovis points were at least sometimes resharpened, though the idea that they were continually resharpened "long-life" tools has been questioned. The shape and size of Clovis points varies significantly over space and time; the largest points exceed 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in length. The points required considerable effort to make and often broke during knapping, particularly during fluting. The fluting may have served to make the finished points more durable during use by acting as a "shock absorber" to redistribute stress during impact, though others have suggested that it may have been purely stylistic or used to strengthen the
558:. It is generally agreed that the people who produced the Clovis culture were reliant on big game for a significant portion of their diet (while also consuming smaller animals and plants), though to what degree they were reliant on megafauna is disputed, with some authors arguing for a generalist hunter-gatherer lifestyle that also involved the occasional targeting of megafauna. The effectiveness of Clovis tools for hunting proboscideans has been contested by some authors, though others have asserted that Clovis points were likely capable of killing proboscideans, noting that replica Clovis points have been able to penetrate elephant hide in experimental tests, and that groups of hunter-gatherers in Africa have been
29:
4365:
344:
selectivity; distinctive patterns of flake and blade platform preparation, thinning and flaking; characteristic biface size and morphology, including the presence of end-thinning; and the size, curvature and reduction strategies of blades". It has long been recognised that the definition of the Clovis culture is to a degree ambiguous, the term being "used in a number of ways, referring to an era, to a culture, and most specifically, to a distinctive projectile point type", with disagreement between scholars about distinguishing between Clovis and various other
Paleoindian archaeological cultures.
369:. Clovis points are bifacial (having flakes removed from both faces) and typically fluted (having an elongate flake removed from the base of the point) on both sides, with the fluting typically running up a third or a half of the length of the point, distinct from many later Paleoindian traditions where the flute runs up the entire point length. Clovis points are typically parallel-sided to slightly convex, with the base of the point being concave. Although no direct evidence of what was attached to Clovis points has been found, Clovis points are commonly thought to have served as tips for
435:(diagonally cut) ends. These rods are made of bone, antlers, and ivory. The function of the rods is unknown and has been subject to numerous hypotheses. Rods that were beveled on both ends are most often interpreted as foreshafts to which stone points were hafted, with a pair of rods surrounding each side of the point, while rods that are beveled on only one end, with the other being pointed, are most often interpreted as projectile points. The rods may have served other purposes, such as prybars. Clovis people are also known to have used ivory and bone to create projectile points.
622:, particularly those from Central and South America, and less related to those from contemporary North America, including northern Mexico, though there is considerable variability in the genetic closeness of Central and South American indigenous peoples to Anzick-1, with older ancient South American remains generally being closer, suggesting that the Native American population had already diverged into multiple genetically distinct groups by the time of the Clovis culture, followed by subsequent migration of these populations later in the
569:, Clovis people created campsites of considerable size, which are often on the periphery of the region near sources of workable stone, from which they are suggested to have seasonally migrated into the plains to hunt megafauna. In the southeast, Clovis peoples created large camps that may have served as "staging areas", which may have been seasonally occupied, where a number of bands may have gathered for social occasions. At Jake Bluff in northern Oklahoma, Clovis points are associated with numerous butchered
3966:
4549:
470:
in one case over 900 kilometres (560 mi) away. The people who produced the Clovis culture probably had a low population density but with geographically extensive cultural networks. The Clovis culture is suggested to have heavily utilized hides, wood, and natural fibres, though no direct evidence of this has been preserved. Clovis culture artifacts have often been found associated with big game, including
654:, consistent with the results obtained in a 2007 study by the same authors. Other authors have argued that some sites extend the range of the Clovis culture back to 13,500 years BP, though the dating for these earlier sites is not secure. Some scholars have supported a long chronology for Clovis of around 1,500 years.
703:
The end of the Clovis culture may have been driven by the decline of the megafauna that the Clovis hunted, as well as decreasing mobility, resulting in local differentiation of lithic and cultural traditions across North
America. This is generally considered to be the result of normal cultural change
593:
in North
America were driven by human hunting, including by Clovis peoples, with the hunting and extinction of large herbivores having a knock-on effect causing the extinction of large carnivores. This suggestion has been the subject of controversy. The timing of megafauna extinction in North America
1259:
Rasmussen, M.; Anzick, S. L.; Waters, M. R.; Skoglund, P.; DeGiorgio, M.; Stafford, T. W.; Rasmussen, S.; Moltke, I.; Albrechtsen, A.; Doyle, S. M.; Poznik, G. D.; Gudmundsdottir, V.; Yadav, R.; Malaspinas, A. S.; White, S. S.; Allentoft, M. E.; Cornejo, O. E.; Tambets, K.; Eriksson, A.; Heintzman,
469:
Clovis hunter-gatherers are characterized as "high-technology foragers" who utilized sophisticated technology to maintain access to resources under conditions of high mobility. In many Clovis localities, the stone tools found at a site were hundreds of kilometers away from the source stone outcrop,
695:
lithic style widespread in
Beringia. While some authors have suggested that the Clovis culture resulted from diffusion of traditions through an already pre-existing Paleoindian population, others have asserted that the culture likely originated from the expansion of a single population. In Western
443:
A distinctive feature of the Clovis culture generally not found in subsequent cultures is "caching", where a collection of artifacts (typically stone tools, such as Clovis points or bifaces) were deliberately left at a location, presumably with the intention to return to collect them later, though
138:, and bifacial tools, with bone tools including beveled rods and shaft wrenches, with possible ivory points also being identified. Hides, wood, and natural fibers may also have been utilized, though no direct evidence of this has been preserved. Clovis artifacts are often found grouped together in
1671:
Potter, Ben A.; Chatters, James C.; Prentiss, Anna Marie; Fiedel, Stuart J.; Haynes, Gary; Kelly, Robert L.; Kilby, J. David; Lanoë, François; Holland-Lulewicz, Jacob; Miller, D. Shane; Morrow, Juliet E.; Perri, Angela R.; Rademaker, Kurt M.; Reuther, Joshua D.; Ritchison, Brandon T. (January 2,
1383:
Potter, Ben A.; Chatters, James C.; Prentiss, Anna Marie; Fiedel, Stuart J.; Haynes, Gary; Kelly, Robert L.; Kilby, J. David; Lanoë, François; Holland-Lulewicz, Jacob; Miller, D. Shane; Morrow, Juliet E.; Perri, Angela R.; Rademaker, Kurt M.; Reuther, Joshua D.; Ritchison, Brandon T. (January 2,
686:
The Clovis culture is known from localities across North
America, from southern Canada to northern Mexico and across the east and west of the continent. The area of its origin remains unclear, though the development of fluted Clovis points appears to have occurred in North America south of the
3254:
GarcĂa-Ortiz, Humberto; Barajas-Olmos, Francisco; Contreras-Cubas, Cecilia; Cid-Soto, Miguel Ăngel; CĂłrdova, Emilio J.; Centeno-Cruz, Federico; Mendoza-Caamal, Elvia; CicerĂłn-Arellano, Isabel; Flores-Huacuja, Marlen; Baca, Paulina; Bolnick, Deborah A.; Snow, Meradeth; Flores-MartĂnez, Silvia
195:
The end of the Clovis culture may have been driven by the decline of the megafauna that the Clovis hunted as well as decreasing mobility, resulting in local differentiation of lithic and cultural traditions across North
America. Beginning around 12,750â12,600 years BP, the Clovis culture was
410:
blade tradition. Clovis blades are twice as long as they are wide and were used and modified to create a variety of tools, including endscrapers (used to scrape hides), serrated tools, and gravers. Unlike bifaces, Clovis blade cores do not appear to have been regularly transported over long
343:
has been contested, with other authors suggesting that overface flaking (where flakes that travel past the midline but terminate before reaching the opposite end are removed) was the primary goal. Other elements considered distinctive of the Clovis culture tool complex include "raw material
3320:
Posth, Cosimo; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Skoglund, Pontus; Mallick, Swapan; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Rohland, Nadin; NĂ€gele, Kathrin; Adamski, Nicole; Bertolini, Emilie; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Cooper, Alan; Culleton, Brendan J.; Ferraz, Tiago; Ferry, Matthew (November 2018).
3508:
Davis, Loren G.; Madsen, David B.; Sisson, David A.; Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Higham, Thomas; Stueber, Daniel; Bean, Daniel W.; Nyers, Alexander J.; Carroll, Amanda; Ryder, Christina; Sponheimer, Matt; Izuho, Masami; Iizuka, Fumie; Li, Guoqiang; Epps, Clinton W. (December 23, 2022).
618:, in 1968. The body was associated with over 100 stone and bone artifacts, all of which were stained with red ocher, and it dates to approximately 12,990â12,840 years BP. Sequencing of his genome demonstrates that he belonged to a population that is ancestral to many contemporary
3627:
Holliday, Vance T.; Daulton, Tyrone L.; Bartlein, Patrick J.; Boslough, Mark B.; Breslawski, Ryan P.; Fisher, Abigail E.; Jorgeson, Ian A.; Scott, Andrew C.; Koeberl, Christian; Marlon, Jennifer R.; Severinghaus, Jeffrey; Petaev, Michail I.; Claeys, Philippe (December 2023).
554:. Proboscideans (especially mammoths) are the most common recorded species found in Clovis sites, followed by bison. However, the Clovis culture is not exclusively associated with large animals, with several sites showing the exploitation of small game like tortoises and
460:
for a variety of artistic and ritual purposes, including burials, and to cover objects in caches. Clovis peoples are known to have transported ocher 100 kilometres (62 mi) from its original outcrop. They are also suggested to have produced beads out of animal bones.
634:, which is common among contemporary Native Americans, and to mitochondrial haplogroup D4h3a, which is rare among contemporary Native Americans (occurring in only 1.4%, primarily along the Pacific coast) but more common in the very earliest Indigenous Americans.
456:, and engraved stones. The best-known examples of this were found at the Gault site in Texas and consist of limestone nodules incised with expressive geometric patterns, some of which mimic leaf patterns. Clovis peoples, like other Paleoindian cultures, used red
325:
point thereafter associated with megafauna (especially mammoths) at over a dozen other archaeological sites in North
America would have been more appropriately named "Dent" rather than Clovis, the town near Blackwater Draw that gave the type of point its name.
3574:
Braje, Todd J.; Erlandson, Jon M.; Rick, Torben C.; Davis, Loren; Dillehay, Tom; Fedje, Daryl W.; Froese, Duane; Gusick, Amy; Mackie, Quentin; McLaren, Duncan; Pitblado, Bonnie; Raff, Jennifer; Reeder-Myers, Leslie; Waters, Michael R. (January 2020).
657:
Historically, many authors argued for a "Clovis first" paradigm, where Clovis, which represents the earliest recognisable archaeological culture in North
America, were suggested to represent the earliest inhabitants of the Americas south of the
338:
that "during the manufacture of a biface are struck from prepared edges of a piece and travel from one edge across the face", with limited removal of the opposite edge. Whether or not the overshot flaking was intentional on the part of the
674:
in Idaho (c. 15,800 years BP) are suggested to be considerably older than the oldest Clovis sites. Historically, it was suggested that the ancestors of the people who produced the Clovis culture migrated into North
America along the
2622:
Surovell, Todd A.; Litynski, McKenna L.; Allaun, Sarah A.; Buckley, Michael; Schoborg, Todd A.; Govaerts, Jack A.; O'Brien, Matthew J.; Pelton, Spencer R.; Sanders, Paul H.; Mackie, Madeline E.; Kelly, Robert L. (February 5, 2024).
188:). While historically, many scholars held to a "Clovis first" model, where Clovis represented the earliest inhabitants in the Americas, today this is largely rejected, with several generally accepted sites across the Americas like
133:
shape. Clovis points are typically large, sometimes exceeding 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in length. These points were multifunctional, also serving as cutting tools. Other stone tools used by the Clovis culture include knives,
704:
through time. There is no evidence that the disappearance of the Clovis culture was the result of the onset of the
Younger Dryas, or that there was a population decline of Paleoindians following the end of the Clovis culture.
285:, the first professionally excavated Clovis site, in August 1932, and visited Whiteman and his Blackwater Draw site. By November, Howard was back at Blackwater Draw to investigate additional finds from a construction project.
389:
rocks. Clovis points were thinned using end-thinning ("the removal of blade-like flakes parallel to the long-axis"). They were initially prepared using percussion flaking, with the point being finished using
2689:
2774:
Sanchez, Guadalupe; Holliday, Vance T.; Gaines, Edmund P.; Arroyo-Cabrales, JoaquĂn; MartĂnez-TagĂŒeña, Natalia; Kowler, Andrew; Lange, Todd; Hodgins, Gregory W. L.; Mentzer, Susan M. (July 29, 2014).
1154:
New Rdiocarbon Dates for the Anzick Clovis Burial by Juliet E. Morrow and Stuart J.Fiedel. In Paleoindian Archaeology, edited by J.E.Morrow and C.G.Gnecco. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
419:
Bifaces served a variety of roles for Clovis hunter-gatherers, such as cutting tools, preforms for formal tools such as points, and as portable sources of large flakes useful as preforms or tools.
220:
region. The Clovis and Folsom traditions may have overlapped, perhaps for around 80â400 years. The end of the Clovis culture is generally thought be the result of normal cultural change over time.
4353:
2374:
Kilby, David. "A Regional Perspective on Clovis Blades and Blade Caching." In "Clovis: On the Edge of a New Understanding," Ed. by Ashley Smallwood and Thomas Jennings, TAMU Press., 2014.
184:
The Clovis culture represents the earliest widely recognised archaeological culture in North America (though in western North America, it appears to have been contemporaneous with the
1043:
642:
Some authors have suggested that the Clovis culture lasted for a relatively short period of a few centuries, with a 2020 study suggesting a temporal range, based on ten securely
358:
2157:
Baldino, Jacob; McKinny, Scott; Taylor, Jaymes; Wilson, Michael; Buchanan, Briggs; Walker, Robert S.; Story, Brett; Bebber, Michelle R.; Eren, Metin I. (October 20, 2023).
723:
points in the southeast, and the Gainey points in the northeast-Great Lakes region. The Clovis and Folsom traditions may have overlapped, perhaps for around 80â400 years.
3469:
Smith, Geoffrey M.; Duke, Daron; Jenkins, Dennis L.; Goebel, Ted; Davis, Loren G.; O'Grady, Patrick; Stueber, Dan; Pratt, Jordan E.; Smith, Heather L. (January 2, 2020).
2612:, edited by Kelly E. Graf, Caroline V. Ketron, and Michael R. Waters, 257â272. College Station: Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University.
4346:
726:
A number of authors have suggested that the Clovis culture is ancestral to other fluted point-producing cultures in Central and South America, like the widespread
2385:
4310:
3954:
294:, in its JanuaryâMarch 1932 edition, mentions Howard's work in Burnet Cave, including the discovery of extinct fauna and a "Folsom type" point 4 ft below a
6110:
261:
In 1929, 19-year-old Ridgely Whiteman, who had been closely following the excavations in nearby Folsom in the newspapers, discovered the Clovis site near the
6181:
5136:
1785:
700:, which produced unfluted projectile points, with the Western Stemmed Tradition continuing in the region for several thousand years after the end of Clovis.
4339:
2570:
Zarzycka, Sandra E.; Surovell, Todd A.; Mackie, Madeline E.; Pelton, Spencer R.; Kelly, Robert L.; Goldberg, Paul; Dewey, Janet; Kent, Meghan (June 2019).
169:
in North America, though this idea has been subject to controversy. Only one human burial has been directly associated with tools from the Clovis culture:
3170:
7580:
3187:
Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Waters, Michael R.; Stafford, Thomas W.; Anzick, Sarah L.; Comeskey, Daniel; DeviĂšse, Thibaut; Higham, Thomas (July 3, 2018).
4586:
3932:
662:. However, since the beginning of the 21st century, this hypothesis has been abandoned by most researchers, as several widely accepted sites, notably
8079:
3613:
Rosencrance, R. L., D. Duke, A. Hartman, and A. Hoskins. 2024. "Western Stemmed Tradition Projectile Point Chronology in the Intermountain West". In
594:
also coincides with major climatic changes, making it difficult to disentangle the effects of various factors. In a 2012 survey of archaeologists in
3511:"Dating of a large tool assemblage at the Cooper's Ferry site (Idaho, USA) to ~15,785 cal yr B.P. extends the age of stemmed points in the Americas"
431:(likely used for woodworking), bone "shaft wrenches" (suggested to have been used to straighten wooden shafts), as well as rods, some of which have
6219:
4756:
258:. This confirmation of a human presence in the Americas during the Pleistocene inspired many people to start looking for evidence of early humans.
7977:
7718:
7314:
8094:
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5679:
4766:
4746:
2311:
Thomas, Kaitlyn A.; Story, Brett A.; Eren, Metin I.; Buchanan, Briggs; Andrews, Brian N.; O'Brien, Michael J.; Meltzer, David J. (May 2017).
2973:
Smallwood, Ashley M.; Jennings, Thomas A. (2014). "From Mammoth to Bison: Changing Clovis Prey Availability at the End of the Pleistocene".
1260:
P. D.; Karmin, M.; Korneliussen, T. S.; Meltzer, D. J.; Pierre, T. L.; Stenderup, J.; Saag, L.; Warmuth, V. M.; Lopes, M. C.; Malhi, R. S.;
7933:
7442:
2159:"North American Clovis Point Form and Performance V: An Experimental Assessment of Spear Thrusting Penetration Depth and Entry Wound Size"
6155:
5053:
4601:
3947:
3000:
Kilby, J. David; Surovell, Todd A.; Huckell, Bruce B.; Ringstaff, Christopher W.; Hamilton, Marcus J.; Haynes, C. Vance (October 2022).
2270:
Buchanan, Briggs; Hamilton, Marcus J.; Gala, Nicholas; Smith, Heather; Wilson, Michael; Eren, Metin I.; Walker, Robert S. (April 2024).
7765:
7216:
6095:
5784:
1344:
Eren, Metin I.; Story, Brett; Perrone, Alyssa; Bebber, Michelle; Hamilton, Marcus; Walker, Robert; Buchanan, Briggs (October 1, 2020).
444:
some authors have interpreted cache deposits as ritual behavior. Over twenty such "caches" have been identified across North America.
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8084:
5854:
5644:
5129:
4926:
4721:
4701:
3721:
Kennett, D. J.; Kennett, J. P.; West, A.; Mercer, C.; Que Hee, S. S.; Bement, L.; Bunch, T. E.; Sellers, M.; Wolbach, W. S. (2009).
8119:
5749:
4741:
1632:
Buchanan, Briggs; Kilby, J. David; LaBelle, Jason M.; Surovell, Todd A.; Holland-Lulewicz, Jacob; Hamilton, Marcus J. (July 2022).
1120:
Owsley, Douglas W; Hunt, David (May 2001). "Clovis and early Archaic crania from the Anzick site (24PA506), Park County, Montana".
3844:; Bradley, Bruce (2002). "Chapter 9 â Ocean Trails and Prairie Paths? Thoughts About Clovis Origins". In Nina G. Jablonski (ed.).
5544:
4816:
4636:
4571:
4397:
2841:
Kooyman, Brian; Newman, Margaret E.; Cluney, Christine; Lobb, Murray; Tolman, Shayne; McNeil, Paul; Hills, L. V. (October 2001).
1504:"The ClovisâCumberlandâDalton Succession: Settling into the Midsouth United States during the Pleistocene to Holocene Transition"
173:, a young boy found buried in Montana, who has a close genetic relation to some modern Native American populations, primarily in
4528:
577:(dry watercourse) that formed a dead end, suggesting that hunters trapped the bison herd within the arroyo before killing them.
5619:
5554:
5534:
4986:
3940:
590:
166:
1462:"On the Dating of the Folsom Complex and its Correlation with the Younger Dryas, the End of Clovis, and Megafaunal Extinction"
559:
5759:
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3703:
3680:
2984:
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2359:
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1439:
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2192:
Mika, Anna; Buchanan, Briggs; Walker, Robert; Key, Alastair; Story, Brett; Bebber, Michelle; Eren, Metin I. (July 3, 2022).
6212:
5122:
3576:
3426:
3121:
2892:
2842:
2529:
1674:"Current Understanding of the Earliest Human Occupations in the Americas: Evaluation of Becerra-Valdivia and Higham (2020)"
1633:
1386:"Current Understanding of the Earliest Human Occupations in the Americas: Evaluation of Becerra-Valdivia and Higham (2020)"
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8124:
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bones, which represented a bison herd of at least 22 individuals. At the time of deposition, the site was a steep-sided
121:
in 1929. Clovis sites have been found across North America. The most distinctive part of the Clovis culture toolkit are
5889:
5669:
5494:
4961:
4796:
4786:
4676:
3971:
2233:"Size, shape, scars, and spatial patterning: A quantitative assessment of late Pleistocene (Clovis) point resharpening"
2108:
Eren, Metin I.; Meltzer, David J.; Story, Brett; Buchanan, Briggs; Yeager, Don; Bebber, Michelle R. (October 1, 2021).
619:
269:
discoveries, the best documented evidence of the Clovis complex was collected and excavated between 1932 and 1937 near
7343:
6249:
1890:
2075:
Eren, Metin I.; Meltzer, David J.; Story, Brett; Buchanan, Briggs; Yeager, Don; Bebber, Michelle R. (October 2022).
227:
style was contemporaneous to the usage of Clovis points in North America and possibly developed from Clovis points.
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4696:
597:
365:
A hallmark of the toolkit associated with the Clovis culture is the distinctively shaped lithic point known as the
2030:"Continent-wide or region-specific? A geometric morphometrics-based assessment of variation in Clovis point shape"
1634:"Bayesian Modeling of the Clovis and Folsom Radiocarbon Records Indicates a 200-Year Multigenerational Transition"
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7353:
6391:
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6135:
6100:
5904:
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3617:, edited by K. N. McDonough, R. L. Rosencrance, and J. E. Pratt, 21â58. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
2530:"Early Art in North America: Clovis and Later Paleoindian Incised Artifacts from the Gault Site, Texas (41BL323)"
290:
1264:; Sicheritz-Ponten, T.; Barnes, I.; Collins, M.; Orlando, L.; Balloux, F.; Manica, A.; Gupta, R.; Metspalu, M.;
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4221:
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165:, and horse, but they also consumed smaller animals and plants. The Clovis hunters may have contributed to the
2194:"North American Clovis Point Form and Performance III: An Experimental Assessment of Knife Cutting Efficiency"
452:
A few Clovis culture artifacts are suspected to reflect creative expression, such as rock art, the use of red
7575:
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5028:
4906:
4626:
4556:
4369:
2608:
Kilby, J. David, and Bruce B. Huckell. 2013. "Clovis caches: Current perspectives and future directions". In
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3471:"The Western Stemmed Tradition: Problems and Prospects in Paleoindian Archaeology in the Intermountain West"
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7570:
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6583:
6050:
5599:
5069:
4841:
4751:
3257:"The genomic landscape of Mexican Indigenous populations brings insights into the peopling of the Americas"
1546:"Pre-Clovis to the Early Archaic: Human Presence, Expansion, and Settlement in Florida over Four Millennia"
680:
602:, 63% of respondents said that megafauna extinctions were likely the result of a "combination of factors".
28:
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278:
334:
A feature considered to be distinctive of the Clovis tradition is overshot flaking, which is defined as
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213:
4331:
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1987:
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224:
185:
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5684:
5243:
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2776:"Human (Clovis)âgomphothere (Cuvieronius sp.) association ~13,390 calibrated yBP in Sonora, Mexico"
1346:"North American Clovis Point Form and Performance: An Experimental Assessment of Penetration Depth"
6997:
6992:
2938:, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 39â53,
974:
406:âlong flakes removed from specially prepared conical or wedge-shaped coresâare part of the global
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3001:
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2312:
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2076:
1908:"More on the Rumor of "Intentional Overshot Flaking" and the Purported Ice-Age Atlantic Crossing"
1723:
647:
310:
3886:
Straus, Lawrence G. (April 2000). "Solutrean Settlement of North America? A Review of Reality".
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where they had been stored for later retrieval, and over 20 Clovis caches have been identified.
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3994:
3577:"Fladmark + 40: What Have We Learned about a Potential Pacific Coast Peopling of the Americas?"
2231:
Buchanan, Briggs; Eren, Metin I.; Boulanger, Matthew T.; O'Brien, Michael J. (September 2015).
671:
94:
1460:
Surovell, Todd A.; Boyd, Joshua R.; Haynes, C. Vance; Hodgins, Gregory W. L. (April 2, 2016).
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5894:
5789:
5689:
5456:
5421:
5411:
5352:
5013:
4801:
4515:
4490:
4320:
373:/darts likely used as handheld thrusting or throwing weapons, possibly in combination with a
309:
in Colorado was the first known association of Clovis points with mammoth bones, as noted by
135:
7162:
4364:
8043:
7994:
7989:
7972:
7967:
7945:
7735:
7449:
7302:
7194:
7098:
6891:
6576:
6375:
6318:
5584:
5436:
5308:
4966:
4886:
4239:
4200:
3805:
3739:
3641:
3522:
3427:"Monte Verde II: an assessment of new radiocarbon dates and their sedimentological context"
3383:
3268:
3200:
3133:
3091:
3013:
2787:
2737:"Clovis points on flakes: A technological variation seen in long distance lithic transport"
2636:
2583:
2444:
2432:
2324:
2244:
2121:
2041:
1735:
1285:
1265:
1206:
794:
659:
574:
6546:
2077:"Not just for proboscidean hunting: On the efficacy and functions of Clovis fluted points"
8:
8033:
7698:
7503:
7336:
6869:
6742:
6623:
6598:
6075:
5371:
5298:
5273:
5238:
5218:
4931:
4876:
4726:
4661:
4651:
4510:
4465:
4445:
4420:
4285:
4229:
4195:
4111:
586:
403:
295:
139:
3809:
3743:
3645:
3526:
3387:
3272:
3204:
3137:
3095:
3017:
2974:
2791:
2665:
2640:
2624:
2587:
2448:
2328:
2248:
2125:
2045:
1906:
Eren, Metin I.; Patten, Robert J.; O'Brien, Michael J.; Meltzer, David J. (March 2014).
1739:
1289:
1210:
798:
7984:
7887:
7789:
7602:
6784:
6514:
6480:
6160:
5704:
5699:
5559:
5406:
5342:
5323:
5258:
5253:
5185:
4921:
4761:
4691:
4641:
4425:
4280:
3921:
3913:
3888:
3829:
3796:
3763:
3551:
3510:
3347:
3322:
3297:
3256:
3231:
3188:
2931:
2870:
2818:
2775:
2717:
2413:
1848:
1840:
1701:
1306:
1273:
1232:
1172:
1137:
1102:
1002:
823:
783:
696:
North America, the Clovis culture was contemporaneous with and perhaps preceded by the
643:
270:
240:
153:), having a particularly strong association with mammoths, and to a lesser extent with
118:
114:
5278:
3722:
3692:
Bones, Boats and Bison: Archeology and the First Colonization of Western North America
3371:
3103:
2893:"Late Pleistocene Western Camel ( Camelops Hesternus ) Hunting in Southwestern Canada"
8026:
8016:
8006:
7955:
7612:
7530:
6824:
6809:
6794:
6774:
6665:
6644:
6455:
6298:
6186:
5987:
5694:
5451:
5431:
5213:
5103:
5048:
4951:
4941:
4916:
4781:
4731:
4671:
4500:
4485:
4249:
4167:
4101:
3925:
3905:
3872:
3853:
3848:. Edited proceedings of The Fourth Wattis Symposium, October 2, 1999. San Francisco:
3821:
3780:
3767:
3755:
3730:
3709:
3699:
3676:
3596:
3556:
3538:
3490:
3448:
3407:
3399:
3352:
3302:
3284:
3236:
3218:
3149:
3060:
2980:
2947:
2912:
2862:
2823:
2805:
2756:
2709:
2670:
2652:
2549:
2510:
2468:
2460:
2405:
2355:
2293:
2213:
2174:
2139:
2057:
2029:
2007:
1968:
1929:
1886:
1852:
1801:
1791:
1705:
1693:
1653:
1607:
1565:
1523:
1481:
1435:
1405:
1365:
1311:
1274:"The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana"
1224:
1141:
1094:
1006:
994:
955:
909:
867:
828:
810:
475:
407:
386:
126:
3653:
1924:
1907:
847:
8021:
7928:
7671:
7454:
7254:
7174:
7130:
6930:
6752:
6603:
6563:
6130:
5967:
5919:
5869:
5809:
5724:
5649:
5639:
5614:
5569:
5416:
5366:
5347:
5337:
5288:
5283:
4846:
4711:
4616:
4460:
4440:
4234:
4205:
4162:
4152:
4034:
3897:
3833:
3813:
3794:
Schurr, Theodore G. (2000). "Mitochondrial DNA and the Peopling of the New World".
3747:
3649:
3588:
3546:
3530:
3482:
3438:
3391:
3342:
3334:
3292:
3276:
3226:
3208:
3141:
3099:
3052:
3021:
2939:
2904:
2854:
2813:
2795:
2752:
2748:
2701:
2660:
2644:
2591:
2541:
2502:
2452:
2397:
2332:
2283:
2252:
2205:
2166:
2129:
2088:
2049:
1999:
1960:
1919:
1832:
1743:
1685:
1645:
1599:
1557:
1515:
1473:
1397:
1357:
1301:
1293:
1236:
1214:
1129:
1086:
986:
947:
901:
859:
818:
802:
712:
708:
631:
627:
615:
391:
382:
340:
201:
197:
146:
80:
7513:
7469:
3486:
2843:"Identification of Horse Exploitation by Clovis Hunters Based on Protein Analysis"
2506:
2209:
2170:
2003:
1964:
1689:
1603:
1561:
1519:
1477:
1401:
1361:
1133:
951:
905:
890:"On Fluted Point Morphometrics, Cladistics, and the Origins of the Clovis Culture"
7902:
7872:
7634:
7562:
7540:
7498:
7393:
7363:
7228:
7223:
6874:
6757:
6328:
6023:
5977:
5729:
5674:
5664:
5524:
5303:
5233:
5228:
5208:
5175:
4881:
4851:
4631:
4611:
4470:
4415:
4244:
4106:
4049:
4024:
3841:
3025:
2595:
2456:
2256:
2134:
2109:
2093:
1781:
1747:
1269:
990:
273:, by a crew under the direction of Edgar Billings Howard until 1935 and later by
262:
174:
110:
69:
3615:
Current Perspectives of Stemmed and Fluted Technologies in the American Far West
3253:
3040:
2943:
1261:
936:"The geographic origin of Clovis technology: Insights from Clovis biface caches"
630:, confirming the Asian origin of the Clovis culture. He belongs to Y chromosome
130:
8011:
7938:
7760:
7725:
7656:
7545:
7417:
7125:
6710:
6521:
6502:
6105:
6090:
6080:
5719:
5549:
5504:
5401:
5313:
5087:
4891:
4596:
4581:
4576:
4566:
4450:
4210:
4172:
4157:
3338:
3280:
3056:
2908:
2648:
2545:
2354:. Texas archaeology and ethnohistory series. Austin (Tx): University of Texas.
782:
Waters, Michael R.; Stafford, Thomas W.; Carlson, David L. (October 23, 2020).
716:
707:
The Clovis culture was succeeded by various regional point styles, such as the
274:
254:
205:
192:
being dated to at least a thousand years earlier than the oldest Clovis sites.
158:
102:
5982:
5114:
2336:
2053:
8068:
7897:
7882:
7828:
7806:
7703:
7691:
7607:
7476:
7358:
7319:
7307:
7295:
7007:
6918:
6847:
6588:
6531:
6509:
6418:
6350:
6345:
6323:
5962:
5957:
5849:
5799:
5794:
5779:
5769:
5764:
5514:
5391:
5203:
5180:
5082:
4971:
4911:
4716:
4706:
4480:
4475:
4290:
4044:
3909:
3825:
3777:
Entering America: northeast Asia and Beringia before the last glacial maximum
3600:
3542:
3494:
3452:
3403:
3372:"Redefining the Age of Clovis: Implications for the Peopling of the Americas"
3288:
3222:
3153:
3064:
2916:
2866:
2809:
2760:
2713:
2656:
2553:
2514:
2464:
2409:
2297:
2217:
2178:
2143:
2061:
2011:
1972:
1933:
1870:(4th ed.). Denver, CO: Denver Museum of Natural History. pp. 43â44.
1697:
1657:
1611:
1569:
1527:
1485:
1409:
1369:
1098:
998:
959:
913:
871:
814:
720:
667:
651:
540:
525:
493:
374:
266:
209:
178:
149:. It is generally agreed that these groups were reliant on hunting big game (
122:
39:
6438:
3751:
3713:
3395:
3213:
2800:
2352:
Clovis Blade technology: a comparative study of the Keven Davis Cache, Texas
1805:
7816:
7772:
7753:
7708:
7508:
7432:
7189:
7184:
7140:
6767:
6649:
6613:
6593:
6445:
6423:
6335:
6165:
6120:
6070:
6060:
6040:
6008:
5909:
5864:
5844:
5629:
5609:
5574:
5489:
5474:
5293:
5165:
4956:
4866:
4831:
4776:
4606:
4591:
4254:
4190:
4147:
4134:
4096:
4039:
3759:
3560:
3534:
3411:
3356:
3306:
3240:
3002:"Evidence supports the efficacy of Clovis points for hunting proboscideans"
2932:"Estimates of Clovis-Era Megafaunal Populations and Their Extinction Risks"
2827:
2674:
2472:
1315:
1228:
832:
806:
692:
566:
550:
366:
335:
249:
239:
humans seen by multiple archaeologists in the Americas was discovered near
7865:
3041:"Jake Bluff: Clovis Bison Hunting on the Southern Plains of North America"
2891:
Kooyman, Brian; Hills, L.V.; Tolman, Shayne; McNeil, Paul (January 2012).
2528:
Lemke, Ashley K.; Wernecke, D. Clark; Collins, Michael B. (January 2015).
1761:
746:
Fluted: Having a flake removed from the base, either on one or both sides.
298:
burial. Reference is made to a slightly earlier article on Burnet Cave in
281:
at the University of Pennsylvania. Howard's crew left their excavation in
7855:
7845:
7801:
7796:
7748:
7686:
7649:
7622:
7523:
7493:
7368:
7290:
7211:
7199:
6960:
6945:
6935:
6906:
6864:
6779:
6747:
6695:
6628:
6465:
6340:
6197:
6018:
5899:
5879:
5744:
5604:
5594:
5479:
5223:
5077:
4976:
4856:
4686:
4666:
3443:
3323:"Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America"
3145:
2313:"Explaining the origin of fluting in North American Pleistocene weaponry"
1649:
663:
555:
535:
530:
487:
483:
471:
411:
distances, with only the blades typically carried in the mobile toolkit.
282:
236:
217:
189:
98:
49:
3630:"Comprehensive refutation of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH)"
3592:
1297:
322:
7999:
7892:
7850:
7666:
7629:
7592:
7488:
7075:
6987:
6814:
6715:
6688:
6608:
6406:
6360:
6271:
6239:
6055:
5952:
5824:
5739:
5564:
5063:
4991:
4871:
4811:
4656:
4646:
4361:
4054:
3917:
3817:
3255:
Esperanza; Ortiz-Lopez, Rocio; Reynolds, Austin W. (October 12, 2021).
3171:
Survey of professional opionions regarding the peopling of the Americas
2874:
2288:
2271:
1106:
514:
5654:
2721:
2417:
1986:
Beck, Charlotte; Jones, George T.; Taylor, Amanda K. (April 3, 2019).
1844:
1819:
Heffner, Edward H.; Blegen, Elizabeth Pierce; Burrows, Millar (1932).
1075:"Clovis Hunting Strategies, or How to Make out on Plentiful Resources"
863:
7907:
7676:
7661:
7259:
7244:
7169:
7152:
7070:
6955:
6896:
6886:
6881:
6804:
6683:
6571:
6497:
6264:
6254:
5829:
5659:
4736:
4259:
1947:
Eren, Metin I.; Meltzer, David J.; Andrews, Brian N. (July 3, 2018).
848:"Clovis Type-Site, Blackwater Draw, New Mexico: A History, 1929â2009"
306:
150:
106:
64:
4548:
3901:
3186:
2858:
2773:
1988:"What's Not Clovis? An Examination of Fluted Points in the Far West"
1219:
1194:
1090:
145:
The Clovis peoples are thought to have been highly mobile groups of
7681:
7617:
7464:
7422:
7157:
7065:
6940:
6762:
6725:
6705:
6028:
5992:
5942:
5804:
5589:
5023:
4826:
4029:
3975:
3965:
2705:
2401:
2110:"On the efficacy of Clovis fluted points for hunting proboscideans"
1836:
688:
623:
611:
520:
499:
479:
170:
162:
154:
3846:
The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World
2491:"Paleoindian-Era Osseous Rods: Distribution, Dating, and Function"
2028:
Buchanan, Briggs; O'Brien, Michael J.; Collard, Mark (June 2014).
7743:
7535:
7481:
7427:
7249:
7055:
6965:
6819:
6720:
6678:
6541:
6460:
6413:
6401:
6035:
5519:
5396:
5318:
4019:
3507:
3189:"Reassessing the chronology of the archaeological site of Anzick"
2690:"Coming into the Country: Early Paleoindian Hunting and Mobility"
1820:
509:
505:
378:
245:
2230:
101:
period of North America, spanning around 13,050 to 12,750 years
7811:
7348:
7326:
7179:
7115:
7060:
6450:
6428:
6396:
6370:
5381:
3670:
3626:
3319:
1544:
Faught, Michael K.; Pevny, Charlotte Donald (January 2, 2019).
748:
Lanceolate: Tapering to a point at one end, like the head of a
357:
3840:
626:. Like other Native Americans, Anzick-1 is closely related to
7877:
7597:
7331:
7285:
7147:
7002:
6950:
6526:
6492:
6125:
3370:
Waters, Michael R.; Stafford, Thomas W. (February 23, 2007).
2999:
2936:
American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene
2621:
1258:
749:
545:
457:
453:
432:
428:
381:
to the spear handle. The points were generally produced from
370:
2569:
1905:
1670:
1631:
1382:
7823:
7784:
7264:
7120:
7050:
6970:
6842:
6355:
6085:
3869:
Across Atlantic Ice: The Origin of America's Clovis Culture
3723:"Nanodiamonds in the Younger Dryas Boundary Sediment Layer"
1885:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 56.
2431:
Haynes, C. Vance; Hemmings, E. Thomas (January 12, 1968).
2272:"Comparing Clovis and Folsom fluting via scaling analysis"
2156:
2027:
1169:"A Genetic Chronicle of the First Peoples in the Americas"
7135:
6901:
6859:
2572:"Long-distance transport of red ocher by Clovis foragers"
2269:
1459:
3720:
2890:
2433:"Mammoth-Bone Shaft Wrench from Murray Springs, Arizona"
2107:
2074:
589:
proposed the "overkill hypothesis", suggesting that the
117:, where stone tools were found alongside the remains of
16:
Prehistoric culture in the Americas c. 11,100â10,800 BCE
4311:
List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado
3573:
2840:
2625:"Use of hare bone for the manufacture of a Clovis bead"
2310:
1073:
Waguespack, Nicole M.; Surovell, Todd A. (April 2003).
975:"Clovis Lithic Technology: The Devil Is in the Details"
3468:
1343:
1195:"Palaeogenomics: Genetic roots of the first Americans"
2191:
1883:
The Early Settlement of North America: The Clovis Era
1787:
1491: New revelations of the Americas before Columbus
1724:"The Anzick genome proves Clovis is first, after all"
1432:
The Early Settlement of North America: The Clovis Era
781:
3039:
Bement, Leland C.; Carter, Brian J. (October 2010).
2527:
1818:
1434:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 52.
3885:
3122:"Initial Human Colonization of the Americas, Redux"
2979:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
504:A handful of sites possibly suggest the hunting of
427:Other tools associated with the Clovis culture are
196:succeeded by more regional cultures, including the
3078:Grayson, Donald K.; Meltzer, David J. (May 2003).
2688:Kelly, Robert L.; Todd, Lawrence C. (April 1988).
1946:
1072:
691:. The Clovis culture may have originated from the
212:points in the southeast, and Gainey points in the
2972:
1193:Raff, J. A.; Bolnick, D. A. (February 13, 2014).
679:", but many later scholars have suggested that a
8066:
3774:
3671:Carlson, Roy L.; Luke, Dalla Bona, eds. (1996).
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
784:"The age of Clovisâ13,050 to 12,750 cal yr B.P."
650:years BP, ending subsequent to the onset of the
5144:
3866:
3689:
3193:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2780:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1985:
1162:
1160:
265:in eastern New Mexico. Despite several earlier
5059:Protection of Native American sites in Florida
3369:
3077:
2430:
637:
6213:
5130:
4347:
3948:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1243:
1042:Thomas A. Jennings and Ashley M. Smallwood "
3779:. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
3424:
3038:
1157:
252:with the bones of the extinct bison species
5054:Indigenous peoples of the Everglades region
4370:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida
3425:Pino, Mario; Dillehay, Tom D. (June 2023).
2034:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
1543:
1192:
447:
6227:
6220:
6206:
5137:
5123:
4354:
4340:
3955:
3941:
3673:Early Human Occupation in British Columbia
3006:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
2976:Clovis: On the Edge of a New Understanding
2576:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
2237:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
2114:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
2081:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
1865:
1416:
1119:
235:On August 29, 1927, the first evidence of
27:
5645:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
3550:
3442:
3346:
3296:
3230:
3212:
2930:Haynes, Gary (2009), Haynes, Gary (ed.),
2817:
2799:
2687:
2664:
2287:
2133:
2092:
1923:
1774:
1305:
1218:
845:
822:
666:in Chile (c. 14,500 years BP) as well as
317:(4th ed. 1957). Gary Haynes, in his book
223:In South America, the widespread similar
8080:Archaeological cultures of North America
1949:"Is Clovis Technology Unique to Clovis?"
1186:
933:
610:The only known Clovis burial is that of
356:
3080:"A requiem for North American overkill"
2735:Wernick, Christopher D. (August 2015).
2734:
2349:
580:
560:observed killing elephants using spears
8067:
3793:
3464:
3462:
3165:
3163:
3119:
2929:
2886:
2884:
2565:
2563:
2488:
1880:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1586:Ellis, Christopher J. (July 3, 2019).
1581:
1579:
1539:
1537:
1497:
1495:
1429:
1038:
1036:
887:
846:Boldurian, Anthony T. (January 2008).
591:Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions
167:Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions
8095:Hunter-gatherers of the United States
7391:
7030:
6296:
6201:
5118:
4335:
4316:List of prehistoric sites in Colorado
3936:
3115:
3113:
2484:
2482:
2383:
2023:
2021:
1585:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
972:
883:
881:
319:The Early Settlement of North America
243:. At this site, they found the first
7392:
1780:
1501:
1166:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
929:
927:
925:
923:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
6116:Norse colonization of North America
3459:
3160:
2966:
2923:
2881:
2560:
1712:
1618:
1576:
1534:
1492:
1167:Raff, Jennifer (February 8, 2022).
934:Schroedl, Alan R. (April 3, 2021).
888:Morrow, Juliet E. (April 3, 2019).
715:in mid/southern North America, the
670:in Oregon (c. 14,200 years BP) and
614:, an infant boy who was found near
329:
204:in mid/southern North America, the
59:13,050â12,750 BP (11,100â10,800 BC)
13:
4547:
3871:. University of California Press.
3664:
3110:
2681:
2479:
2101:
2018:
1448:
1322:
1013:
878:
646:Clovis sites, of 13,050 to 12,750
620:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
14:
8141:
7344:Megalithic architectural elements
3084:Journal of Archaeological Science
2384:Kelly, Robert L. (October 1988).
2317:Journal of Archaeological Science
1588:"On the Reality of Gainey Points"
1053:
920:
766:
681:migration along the Pacific coast
8110:Prehistoric cultures in Colorado
8085:Archaeology of the United States
7031:
5070:List of shell ring sites#Florida
4363:
3964:
3867:Stanford DJ, Bradley BA (2012).
3120:Fiedel, Stuart J (August 2022).
2489:Sutton, Mark Q. (July 3, 2018).
973:Ellis, Christopher (July 2013).
687:Laurentide Ice Sheet and not in
8120:1929 archaeological discoveries
7963:Evolutionary origin of religion
6136:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
4071:Southern Ute Indian Reservation
3654:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104502
3620:
3607:
3567:
3501:
3418:
3363:
3313:
3247:
3180:
3071:
3032:
2993:
2834:
2767:
2728:
2615:
2602:
2521:
2424:
2377:
2368:
2343:
2304:
2263:
2224:
2185:
2150:
2068:
1979:
1940:
1925:10.1179/0197726113Z.00000000033
1899:
1874:
1859:
1825:American Journal of Archaeology
1812:
1762:"America's Stone Age Explorers"
1754:
1722:Fiedel, Stuart J. (July 2017).
1664:
1502:Tune, Jesse W. (July 2, 2016).
1376:
1148:
1050:May 2019 âą Volume 19 âą Number 3
352:
291:American Journal of Archaeology
3990:Outline of Colorado prehistory
3850:California Academy of Sciences
3696:University of New Mexico Press
2753:10.1179/2052546X15Y.0000000004
1268:; Jakobsson, M.; Nielsen, R.;
1113:
966:
839:
740:
711:in central North America, the
491:) bison, equines of the genus
422:
300:The University Museum Bulletin
200:in central North America, the
111:Blackwater Draw locality No. 1
1:
7576:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
7106:British megalith architecture
3487:10.1080/20555563.2019.1653153
3175:The SAA Archaeological Record
3104:10.1016/S0305-4403(02)00205-4
2507:10.1080/20555563.2018.1525600
2386:"The Three Sides of a Biface"
2210:10.1080/01977261.2021.2016257
2171:10.1080/01977261.2023.2270255
2004:10.1080/20555563.2019.1613145
1965:10.1080/20555563.2018.1531277
1690:10.1080/20555563.2021.1978721
1604:10.1080/20555563.2019.1591141
1562:10.1080/20555563.2019.1597608
1520:10.1080/20555563.2016.1199193
1478:10.1080/20555563.2016.1174559
1402:10.1080/20555563.2021.1978721
1362:10.1080/01977261.2020.1794358
1134:10.1080/2052546.2001.11932062
1048:The SAA Archaeological Record
952:10.1080/00320447.2021.1888188
906:10.1080/20555563.2019.1618179
759:
7571:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
7111:Nordic megalith architecture
6101:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
6051:Eastern Agricultural Complex
3177:Volume 12, No. March 2, 2012
3026:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103600
2596:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.05.001
2457:10.1126/science.159.3811.186
2350:Collins, Michael B. (1999).
2257:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.05.011
2135:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103166
2094:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103601
1748:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.06.022
991:10.1080/00938157.2013.817867
852:North American Archaeologist
464:
315:Ancient Man in North America
230:
7:
5485:Bandelier National Monument
5359:List of Mississippian sites
5146:Pre-Columbian North America
4587:Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge
4529:North peninsular Gulf coast
2944:10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_3
638:Distribution and chronology
605:
279:Academy of Natural Sciences
10:
8146:
8125:Upper Paleolithic cultures
7719:British Isles and Brittany
7640:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
5905:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
5510:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
5219:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
4837:Ortona Prehistoric Village
3339:10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.027
3281:10.1038/s41467-021-26188-w
3057:10.7183/0002-7316.75.4.907
2909:10.7183/0002-7316.77.1.115
2649:10.1038/s41598-024-53390-9
2546:10.7183/0002-7316.79.4.113
1868:Early Man in North America
414:
7921:
7734:
7561:
7408:
7404:
7387:
7273:
7237:
7086:
7043:
7039:
7026:
6833:
6664:
6637:
6562:
6488:
6479:
6384:
6309:
6305:
6297:
6292:
6235:
6174:
6146:Three Sisters agriculture
6001:
5933:
5465:
5194:
5152:
5096:
5041:
5005:
4540:
4406:
4376:
4303:
4268:
4219:
4181:
4133:
4124:
4084:
4063:
4012:
4003:
3982:
3775:Madsen, David B. (2004).
2337:10.1016/j.jas.2017.03.004
2054:10.1007/s12520-013-0168-x
1866:Wormington, H.M. (1957).
698:Western Stemmed Tradition
438:
397:
361:Example of a Clovis point
186:Western Stemmed Tradition
76:
63:
55:
45:
35:
26:
5685:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
5244:Buttermilk Creek complex
4822:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
4627:Cayson Mound and Village
4092:Battle of Beecher Island
3690:Dixon, E. James (1999).
3675:. Vancouver: UBC Press.
1728:Quaternary International
733:
585:Beginning in the 1950s,
497:, and the extinct camel
448:Art and ritual practices
347:
321:, suggested the type of
7951:Evolutionary musicology
7354:Oldest extant buildings
7281:Archaeological features
6800:Prepared-core technique
5885:Town Creek Indian Mound
5855:Sierra de San Francisco
5710:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
3752:10.1126/science.1162819
3396:10.1126/science.1137166
3214:10.1073/pnas.1803624115
2801:10.1073/pnas.1404546111
979:Reviews in Anthropology
311:Hannah Marie Wormington
8105:Pre-Columbian cultures
7913:Unchambered long cairn
7761:Mound Builders culture
7094:Neolithic architecture
6229:Prehistoric technology
5540:Coso Rock Art District
5427:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
5330:List of Hopewell sites
4757:Letchworth-Love Mounds
4702:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
4562:Aqui Esta Burial Mound
4552:
4496:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
4276:Cynthia Irwin-Williams
4076:Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
3995:Prehistory of Colorado
3535:10.1126/sciadv.ade1248
807:10.1126/sciadv.aaz0455
728:Fishtail or Fell point
362:
225:Fishtail or Fell point
95:archaeological culture
8090:Archaeology of Mexico
7588:List of Stone Age art
6790:Microblade technology
6738:Langdale axe industry
6336:Ard / plough
5948:Arlington Springs Man
5790:Portsmouth Earthworks
5014:Manasota Key Offshore
4997:Yon Mound and Village
4772:Mark Pardo Shellworks
4742:Kimball Island Midden
4551:
4321:Trail of the Ancients
3634:Earth-Science Reviews
3261:Nature Communications
2741:Plains Anthropologist
2610:Paleoamerican Odyssey
1881:Haynes, Gary (2002).
1821:"Archaeological News"
1430:Haynes, Gary (2002).
1272:(February 13, 2014).
1122:Plains Anthropologist
940:Plains Anthropologist
600:Archaeological Record
360:
7995:Prehistoric medicine
7990:Prehistoric counting
7973:Prehistoric religion
7968:Paleolithic religion
7946:Behavioral modernity
7303:Causewayed enclosure
7195:Abri de la Madeleine
6319:Neolithic Revolution
6156:Transoceanic contact
6046:Container Revolution
5620:Gila Cliff Dwellings
5585:Etowah Indian Mounds
5029:Warm Mineral Springs
4602:Bowers Bluff Middens
4269:Noted archaeologists
4240:Dismal River culture
4201:Mount Albion complex
4004:Contemporary peoples
3852:. pp. 255â271.
3444:10.15184/aqy.2023.32
3333:(5): 1185â1197.e22.
3146:10.1017/RDC.2021.103
1650:10.1017/aaq.2021.153
660:Laurentide Ice Sheet
581:Megafauna extinction
302:from November 1931.
8100:Paleo-Indian period
8034:Prehistoric warfare
6780:Magdalenian culture
6743:Levallois technique
6674:Earliest toolmaking
6076:Green Corn Ceremony
5890:Turkey River Mounds
5680:Lake Jackson Mounds
5500:Blue Spring Shelter
4932:Shell Bluff Landing
4877:Pompano Beach Mound
4817:Myakkahatchee Creek
4767:Madira Bickel Mound
4747:Lake Jackson Mounds
4398:Post-Archaic period
4286:Waldo Rudolph Wedel
4230:Ancestral Puebloans
4196:Basketmaker culture
4125:Precontact cultures
4112:Sand Creek massacre
3810:2000AmSci..88..246S
3744:2009Sci...323...94K
3646:2023ESRv..24704502H
3593:10.1017/aaq.2019.80
3527:2022SciA....8E1248D
3388:2007Sci...315.1122W
3382:(5815): 1122â1126.
3273:2021NatCo..12.5942G
3205:2018PNAS..115.7000B
3138:2022Radcb..64..845F
3096:2003JArSc..30..585G
3018:2022JArSR..45j3600K
2792:2014PNAS..11110972S
2786:(30): 10972â10977.
2641:2024NatSR..14.2937S
2588:2019JArSR..25..519Z
2449:1968Sci...159..186V
2329:2017JArSc..81...23T
2249:2015JArSR...3...11B
2126:2021JArSR..39j3166E
2046:2014ArAnS...6..145B
1740:2017QuInt.444....4F
1298:10.1038/nature13025
1290:2014Natur.506..225R
1211:2014Natur.506..162R
799:2020SciA....6..455W
23:
8115:11th millennium BC
7985:Origin of language
7978:Spiritual drug use
7888:Rectangular dolmen
7790:Dartmoor kistvaens
7603:Carved stone balls
7315:Circular enclosure
7274:Other architecture
7217:Alp pile dwellings
6805:Solutrean industry
6716:Gravettian culture
6366:Secondary products
6161:Underwater panther
5835:Rosenstock Village
5705:Marmes Rockshelter
5690:L'Anse aux Meadows
4982:Waddells Mill Pond
4927:Shark River Slough
4762:Little Salt Spring
4553:
4281:Paul Sidney Martin
4006:native to Colorado
3972:Indigenous peoples
3889:American Antiquity
3818:10.1511/2000.3.246
3797:American Scientist
3581:American Antiquity
3045:American Antiquity
2897:American Antiquity
2847:American Antiquity
2694:American Antiquity
2629:Scientific Reports
2534:American Antiquity
2390:American Antiquity
2289:10.1111/arcm.12921
1638:American Antiquity
1079:American Antiquity
363:
271:Clovis, New Mexico
241:Folsom, New Mexico
119:Columbian mammoths
115:Clovis, New Mexico
36:Geographical range
21:
8062:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8007:Prehistoric music
7956:music archaeology
7613:Cup and ring mark
7438:Clothing/textiles
7383:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7022:
7021:
7018:
7017:
6825:Yubetsu technique
6810:Striking platform
6775:Lithic technology
6660:
6659:
6645:Game drive system
6564:Projectile points
6456:Mortar and pestle
6195:
6194:
6187:Pre-Columbian era
5988:Spirit Cave mummy
5785:Plum Bayou Mounds
5695:Lynch Quarry Site
5214:Ancient Beringian
5112:
5111:
5104:Pre-Columbian era
5049:Beaver Lake point
4942:Third Gulf Breeze
4752:Lake Pithlachocco
4672:Fort Walton Mound
4329:
4328:
4299:
4298:
4250:Panhandle culture
4168:Plainview complex
4120:
4119:
4102:Comanche Campaign
3878:978-0-520-22783-5
3859:978-0-940228-49-8
3786:978-0-87480-786-8
3705:978-0-8263-2057-5
3682:978-0-7748-0536-0
3199:(27): 7000â7003.
3169:Amber D. Wheat "
2986:978-1-62349-228-1
2953:978-1-4020-8792-9
2443:(3811): 186â187.
2361:978-0-292-71235-5
2198:Lithic Technology
2163:Lithic Technology
1912:Lithic Technology
1797:978-1-4000-4006-3
1441:978-0-521-52463-6
1350:Lithic Technology
1284:(7487): 225â229.
1266:Bustamante, C. D.
1205:(7487): 162â163.
1044:The Clovis Record
864:10.2190/NA.29.1.d
677:ice-free corridor
644:radiocarbon-dated
476:Columbian mammoth
408:Upper Paleolithic
387:cryptocrystalline
127:projectile points
87:
86:
8137:
8022:Divje Babe flute
7929:Archaeoastronomy
7672:Petrosomatoglyph
7406:
7405:
7389:
7388:
7238:Water management
7041:
7040:
7028:
7027:
6931:Denticulate tool
6753:Lithic reduction
6486:
6485:
6307:
6306:
6294:
6293:
6222:
6215:
6208:
6199:
6198:
6131:Projectile point
5968:Leanderthal Lady
5895:Upward Sun River
5870:Stallings Island
5860:Shell ring sites
5810:Recapture Canyon
5725:Moorehead Circle
5570:El Fin del Mundo
5555:Cueva de la Olla
5361:
5348:Maritime Archaic
5332:
5162:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5116:
5115:
5072:
4652:Devil's Den Cave
4617:Butcherpen Mound
4572:Bear Lake Mounds
4531:
4524:
4384:
4368:
4367:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4333:
4332:
4304:Related articles
4235:Apishapa culture
4206:Oshara tradition
4163:Hell Gap complex
4153:Folsom tradition
4131:
4130:
4035:Jicarilla Apache
4010:
4009:
3969:
3968:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3882:
3863:
3842:Stanford, Dennis
3837:
3790:
3771:
3727:
3717:
3686:
3658:
3657:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3554:
3521:(51): eade1248.
3515:Science Advances
3505:
3499:
3498:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3437:(393): 524â540.
3422:
3416:
3415:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3234:
3216:
3184:
3178:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3036:
3030:
3029:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2803:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2747:(235): 246â265.
2732:
2726:
2725:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2619:
2613:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2025:
2016:
2015:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1782:Mann, Charles C.
1778:
1772:
1771:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1457:
1446:
1445:
1427:
1414:
1413:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1341:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1256:
1241:
1240:
1222:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1128:(176): 115â124.
1117:
1111:
1110:
1070:
1051:
1040:
1011:
1010:
970:
964:
963:
946:(258): 120â148.
931:
918:
917:
885:
876:
875:
843:
837:
836:
826:
793:(43): eaaz0455.
787:Science Advances
779:
753:
744:
713:Cumberland point
709:Folsom tradition
683:is more likely.
632:Haplogroup Q-L54
628:Siberian peoples
616:Wilsall, Montana
548:, and the llama
506:caribou/reindeer
392:pressure flaking
330:Material culture
202:Cumberland point
198:Folsom tradition
147:hunter-gatherers
81:Folsom tradition
31:
24:
20:
8145:
8144:
8140:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8135:
8134:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8050:
7917:
7903:Stone box grave
7873:Megalithic tomb
7778:Cotswold-Severn
7730:
7635:Guardian stones
7563:Prehistoric art
7557:
7400:
7375:
7364:Timber trackway
7269:
7233:
7229:Wattle and daub
7082:
7061:Standing stones
7035:
7014:
6829:
6656:
6633:
6558:
6475:
6385:Food processing
6380:
6329:New World crops
6301:
6288:
6231:
6226:
6196:
6191:
6182:Genetic history
6170:
6024:Ceremonial pipe
5997:
5978:Minnesota Woman
5935:
5929:
5750:Ocmulgee Mounds
5730:Morrison Mounds
5675:Kolomoki Mounds
5665:Kimball Village
5525:Candelaria Cave
5467:
5461:
5442:Suwannee Valley
5377:Old Cordilleran
5357:
5328:
5196:
5190:
5156:
5148:
5143:
5113:
5108:
5092:
5068:
5037:
5007:
5001:
4987:Wakulla Springs
4967:Upper Tampa Bay
4882:Portavant Mound
4852:Persimmon Mound
4797:Mount Elizabeth
4542:
4536:
4527:
4520:
4506:Suwannee Valley
4408:
4402:
4380:
4372:
4362:
4360:
4330:
4325:
4295:
4264:
4245:Fremont culture
4215:
4177:
4126:
4116:
4107:Meeker Massacre
4080:
4059:
4005:
3999:
3978:
3963:
3961:
3902:10.2307/2694056
3879:
3860:
3787:
3725:
3706:
3694:. Albuquerque:
3683:
3667:
3665:Further reading
3662:
3661:
3625:
3621:
3612:
3608:
3572:
3568:
3506:
3502:
3467:
3460:
3423:
3419:
3368:
3364:
3318:
3314:
3252:
3248:
3185:
3181:
3168:
3161:
3118:
3111:
3076:
3072:
3037:
3033:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2971:
2967:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2928:
2924:
2889:
2882:
2859:10.2307/2694181
2839:
2835:
2772:
2768:
2733:
2729:
2686:
2682:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2603:
2568:
2561:
2526:
2522:
2487:
2480:
2429:
2425:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2348:
2344:
2309:
2305:
2268:
2264:
2229:
2225:
2190:
2186:
2155:
2151:
2106:
2102:
2073:
2069:
2026:
2019:
1984:
1980:
1945:
1941:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1879:
1875:
1864:
1860:
1817:
1813:
1798:
1779:
1775:
1770:. PBS TV. 2004.
1760:
1759:
1755:
1720:
1713:
1669:
1665:
1630:
1619:
1584:
1577:
1542:
1535:
1500:
1493:
1458:
1449:
1442:
1428:
1417:
1381:
1377:
1342:
1323:
1257:
1244:
1220:10.1038/506162a
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1118:
1114:
1091:10.2307/3557083
1071:
1054:
1041:
1014:
971:
967:
932:
921:
886:
879:
844:
840:
780:
767:
762:
757:
756:
747:
745:
741:
736:
640:
608:
583:
567:Southern Plains
467:
450:
441:
425:
417:
400:
355:
350:
332:
263:Blackwater Draw
233:
129:with a fluted,
70:Blackwater Draw
17:
12:
11:
5:
8143:
8133:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8075:Clovis culture
8060:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8048:
8047:
8046:
8036:
8031:
8030:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8012:Alligator drum
8004:
8003:
8002:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7960:
7959:
7958:
7948:
7943:
7942:
7941:
7939:lunar calendar
7936:
7925:
7923:
7922:Other cultural
7919:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7863:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7836:
7826:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7793:
7792:
7782:
7781:
7780:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7758:
7757:
7756:
7751:
7740:
7738:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7728:
7726:Venus figurine
7723:
7722:
7721:
7716:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7695:
7694:
7689:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7657:Megalithic art
7654:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7626:
7625:
7615:
7610:
7608:Cave paintings
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7584:
7583:
7573:
7567:
7565:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7548:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7491:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7467:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7414:
7412:
7410:Material goods
7402:
7401:
7385:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7340:
7339:
7329:
7324:
7323:
7322:
7312:
7311:
7310:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7288:
7283:
7277:
7275:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7241:
7239:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7209:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7166:
7165:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7133:
7128:
7126:Cliff dwelling
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7090:
7088:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7058:
7053:
7047:
7045:
7037:
7036:
7024:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6845:
6839:
6837:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6711:Fire hardening
6708:
6703:
6701:Clovis culture
6698:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6670:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6624:Manis Mastodon
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6568:
6566:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6524:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6507:
6506:
6505:
6503:throwing stick
6495:
6489:
6483:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6399:
6394:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6315:
6313:
6303:
6302:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6225:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6202:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6106:Mound Builders
6103:
6098:
6093:
6091:Medicine wheel
6088:
6083:
6081:Horned Serpent
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5820:Roberts Island
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5755:Old Stone Fort
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5720:Moaning Cavern
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5670:Kincaid Mounds
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5550:Cuarenta Casas
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5505:Bluefish Caves
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5471:
5469:
5466:Archaeological
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5264:Caloosahatchee
5261:
5256:
5251:
5249:Caborn-Welborn
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5195:Archaeological
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5142:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5119:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5088:Suwannee point
5085:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4902:Roberts Island
4899:
4894:
4892:Princess Mound
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4727:Josslyn Island
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4662:Douglass Beach
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4582:Big Mound City
4579:
4577:Big Heart West
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4546:
4544:
4541:Archaeological
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4525:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4456:Leon-Jefferson
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4431:Caloosahatchee
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4407:Archaeological
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4393:Archaic period
4390:
4385:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4359:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4211:Picosa culture
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4173:Plano cultures
4170:
4165:
4160:
4158:Goshen complex
4155:
4150:
4145:
4143:Clovis culture
4139:
4137:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3896:(2): 219â226.
3883:
3877:
3864:
3858:
3838:
3804:(3): 246â253.
3791:
3785:
3772:
3718:
3704:
3687:
3681:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3619:
3606:
3566:
3500:
3458:
3417:
3362:
3312:
3246:
3179:
3159:
3132:(4): 845â897.
3109:
3090:(5): 585â593.
3070:
3051:(4): 907â933.
3031:
2992:
2985:
2965:
2952:
2922:
2903:(1): 115â124.
2880:
2853:(4): 686â691.
2833:
2766:
2727:
2706:10.2307/281017
2700:(2): 231â244.
2680:
2614:
2601:
2559:
2540:(1): 113â133.
2520:
2501:(3): 183â201.
2478:
2423:
2402:10.2307/281115
2396:(4): 717â734.
2376:
2367:
2360:
2342:
2303:
2282:(2): 266â281.
2262:
2223:
2204:(3): 203â220.
2184:
2149:
2100:
2067:
2040:(2): 145â162.
2017:
1998:(2): 109â120.
1978:
1959:(3): 202â218.
1939:
1898:
1891:
1873:
1858:
1837:10.2307/498270
1811:
1796:
1773:
1753:
1711:
1663:
1644:(3): 567â580.
1617:
1598:(3): 211â217.
1575:
1533:
1514:(3): 261â273.
1491:
1447:
1440:
1415:
1375:
1356:(4): 263â282.
1321:
1270:Willerslev, E.
1242:
1185:
1156:
1147:
1112:
1085:(2): 333â352.
1052:
1012:
985:(3): 127â160.
965:
919:
900:(2): 191â205.
877:
838:
764:
763:
761:
758:
755:
754:
738:
737:
735:
732:
672:Cooper's Ferry
664:Monte Verde II
639:
636:
607:
604:
587:Paul S. Martin
582:
579:
571:Bison antiquus
466:
463:
449:
446:
440:
437:
424:
421:
416:
413:
399:
396:
354:
351:
349:
346:
331:
328:
275:John L. Cotter
255:Bison antiquus
232:
229:
190:Monte Verde II
103:Before Present
91:Clovis culture
85:
84:
83:(among others)
78:
74:
73:
67:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:
22:Clovis culture
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8142:
8131:
8130:Younger Dryas
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8009:
8008:
8005:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7964:
7961:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7898:Simple dolmen
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7883:Passage grave
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7830:
7829:Gallery grave
7827:
7825:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7786:
7783:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7771:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7759:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7745:
7744:Burial mounds
7742:
7741:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7727:
7724:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7704:Statue menhir
7702:
7700:
7697:
7693:
7692:Stone carving
7690:
7688:
7685:
7684:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7564:
7560:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7531:Sewing needle
7529:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7390:
7386:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7359:Timber circle
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7316:
7313:
7309:
7308:Tor enclosure
7306:
7305:
7304:
7301:
7297:
7296:fulacht fiadh
7294:
7293:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7272:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7085:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7029:
7025:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6912:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6636:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6532:spear-thrower
6530:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6510:Bow and arrow
6508:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6478:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6419:Grinding slab
6417:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6351:Domestication
6349:
6347:
6346:Digging stick
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6324:Founder crops
6322:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6265:New Stone Age
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6223:
6218:
6216:
6211:
6209:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6066:Falcon dancer
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:Miscellaneous
6000:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5973:Melbourne Man
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5963:La Brea Woman
5961:
5959:
5958:Kennewick Man
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5850:Serpent Mound
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5800:Pueblo Bonito
5798:
5796:
5795:Poverty Point
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5780:Pinson Mounds
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5770:Painted Bluff
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5650:Horr's Island
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5580:Effigy Mounds
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5545:Crystal River
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5464:
5458:
5457:Weeden Island
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5422:Safety Harbor
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5412:Poverty Point
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5392:Paleo-Indians
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5353:Mississippian
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5135:
5133:
5128:
5126:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5083:Simpson point
5081:
5079:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:Miscellaneous
5040:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5019:Melbourne Man
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4972:Useppa Island
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4922:Safety Harbor
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:Rookery Mound
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4717:Indian Fields
4715:
4713:
4712:Horr's Island
4710:
4708:
4707:Hinson Mounds
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4692:Halfway Creek
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4637:Crystal River
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:Apalachee Bay
4555:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4516:Weeden Island
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4491:Safety Harbor
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4481:Paleo-Indians
4479:
4477:
4476:Orange period
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4357:
4352:
4350:
4345:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4292:
4291:Joe Ben Wheat
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4123:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3623:
3616:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3463:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3114:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2969:
2955:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2371:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1892:9780521524636
1888:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:Brunak, S. R.
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
928:
926:
924:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
882:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
834:
830:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
765:
751:
743:
739:
731:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
701:
699:
694:
690:
684:
682:
678:
673:
669:
668:Paisley Caves
665:
661:
655:
653:
652:Younger Dryas
649:
645:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
603:
601:
599:
592:
588:
578:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
552:
547:
543:
542:
541:Glyptotherium
537:
533:
532:
527:
526:ground sloths
523:
522:
517:
516:
511:
507:
503:
501:
496:
495:
490:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:proboscideans
462:
459:
455:
445:
436:
434:
430:
420:
412:
409:
405:
395:
393:
388:
385:or siliceous
384:
380:
376:
375:spear thrower
372:
368:
359:
345:
342:
337:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
292:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
256:
251:
248:
247:
242:
238:
228:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
193:
191:
187:
182:
180:
179:South America
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
132:
128:
124:
123:Clovis points
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
82:
79:
75:
71:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
41:
40:North America
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
7839:wedge-shaped
7824:Funeral pyre
7817:Great dolmen
7773:Chamber tomb
7754:Round barrow
7709:Stone circle
7581:Blombos Cave
7509:Grooved ware
7433:Chalcolithic
7337:Thornborough
7255:Flush toilet
7190:Blombos Cave
7185:Rock shelter
7141:Quiggly hole
7033:Architecture
7008:illustration
6700:
6650:Buffalo jump
6471:Storage pits
6434:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
6424:Ground stone
6260:Subdivisions
6166:Water glyphs
6121:Oasisamerica
6111:N.A.G.P.R.A.
6071:Folsom point
6061:Effigy mound
6041:Clovis point
6009:Aridoamerica
5910:Wickiup Hill
5865:Spiro Mounds
5845:Salmon Ruins
5840:Russell Cave
5635:Helen Blazes
5630:Grimes Point
5610:Fort Juelson
5600:Fort Ancient
5575:El Vallecito
5535:Chaco Canyon
5475:Angel Mounds
5437:Steed-Kisker
5387:Paleo-Arctic
5309:Glacial Kame
5294:Fort Ancient
5268:
5186:Post-Classic
5157:
4957:Turtle Mound
4952:Turner River
4947:Thomas Creek
4937:Spruce Creek
4917:Ross Hammock
4887:Porter's Bar
4867:Platt Island
4832:Ormond Mound
4807:Mount Taylor
4777:Miami Circle
4732:Jungle Prada
4722:J&J Hunt
4697:Helen Blazes
4682:Garden Patch
4607:Bubba Midden
4592:Bird Hammock
4466:Mount Taylor
4435:
4388:Paleoindians
4381:
4255:Sopris phase
4191:Apex complex
4148:Cody complex
4142:
4135:Paleo-Indian
4097:Colorado War
4085:Major events
4064:Reservations
3893:
3887:
3868:
3845:
3801:
3795:
3776:
3738:(5910): 94.
3735:
3729:
3691:
3672:
3637:
3633:
3622:
3614:
3609:
3584:
3580:
3569:
3518:
3514:
3503:
3481:(1): 23â42.
3478:
3475:PaleoAmerica
3474:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3330:
3326:
3315:
3264:
3260:
3249:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3174:
3129:
3125:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2975:
2968:
2957:, retrieved
2935:
2925:
2900:
2896:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2632:
2628:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2579:
2575:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2498:
2495:PaleoAmerica
2494:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2370:
2351:
2345:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2279:
2276:Archaeometry
2275:
2265:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2162:
2152:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2037:
2033:
1995:
1992:PaleoAmerica
1991:
1981:
1956:
1953:PaleoAmerica
1952:
1942:
1918:(1): 55â63.
1915:
1911:
1901:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1831:(1): 43â73.
1828:
1824:
1814:
1786:
1776:
1765:
1756:
1731:
1727:
1684:(1): 62â76.
1681:
1678:PaleoAmerica
1677:
1666:
1641:
1637:
1595:
1592:PaleoAmerica
1591:
1556:(1): 73â87.
1553:
1550:PaleoAmerica
1549:
1511:
1508:PaleoAmerica
1507:
1472:(2): 81â89.
1469:
1466:PaleoAmerica
1465:
1431:
1396:(1): 62â76.
1393:
1390:PaleoAmerica
1389:
1378:
1353:
1349:
1281:
1277:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1150:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1082:
1078:
1047:
982:
978:
968:
943:
939:
897:
894:PaleoAmerica
893:
858:(1): 65â89.
855:
851:
841:
790:
786:
742:
725:
706:
702:
685:
656:
641:
609:
595:
584:
570:
564:
551:Hemiauchenia
549:
539:
529:
519:
513:
498:
492:
486:
468:
451:
442:
426:
418:
401:
367:Clovis point
364:
353:Clovis point
341:stoneknapper
333:
318:
314:
313:in her book
304:
299:
289:
287:
260:
253:
250:Folsom point
244:
234:
222:
194:
183:
144:
125:, which are
90:
88:
72:, New Mexico
18:
7861:unchambered
7856:Long barrow
7846:Grave goods
7802:Court cairn
7797:Clava cairn
7749:Bowl barrow
7687:Rock cupule
7630:Golden hats
7623:Hill figure
7524:Unstan ware
7504:Cord-marked
7369:Sweet Track
7291:Burnt mound
7212:Stilt house
7200:Sibudu Cave
6993:Tally stick
6961:Quern-stone
6946:Hammerstone
6936:Fire plough
6907:Pesse canoe
6865:Bannerstone
6835:Other tools
6748:Lithic core
6696:Aurignacian
6584:Bare Island
6466:Quern-stone
6151:Thunderbird
6019:Black drink
5983:Peñon woman
5920:Winterville
5900:Velda Mound
5880:Taos Pueblo
5775:Parkin Park
5760:Orwell site
5745:Nodena site
5640:Holly Bluff
5615:Four Mounds
5605:Fort Center
5530:Casa Grande
5480:Anzick site
5372:Monongahela
5299:Fort Walton
5274:Coles Creek
5239:Belle Glade
5224:Anishinaabe
5078:Shell works
4977:Velda Mound
4962:Twin Mounds
4847:Page-Ladson
4802:Mount Royal
4787:Monroe Lake
4687:Green Mound
4677:Galt Island
4667:Fort Center
4511:Swift Creek
4446:Fort Walton
4421:Belle Glade
4127:in Colorado
3587:(1): 1â21.
3267:(1): 5942.
3126:Radiocarbon
2635:(1): 2937.
2582:: 519â529.
556:jackrabbits
536:glyptodonts
531:Paramylodon
488:Cuvieronius
484:gomphothere
423:Other tools
296:Basketmaker
283:Burnet Cave
267:Paleoindian
237:Pleistocene
218:Great Lakes
99:Paleoindian
77:Followed by
50:Paleoindian
8069:Categories
8000:trepanning
7893:Ring cairn
7851:Jar burial
7834:transepted
7766:U.S. sites
7667:Petroglyph
7593:Bird stone
7551:wine press
7224:Stone roof
7207:Roundhouse
7099:long house
7076:Stonehenge
7044:Ceremonial
6988:Stone tool
6815:Tool stone
6785:Metallurgy
6689:Mousterian
6666:Toolmaking
6604:Cumberland
6577:Transverse
6547:Schöningen
6439:Qesem cave
6407:Earth oven
6361:Irrigation
6272:Technology
6240:Prehistory
6096:Metallurgy
6056:Eden point
5953:Buhl Woman
5825:Rock Eagle
5815:River Styx
5740:Mummy Cave
5735:Moundville
5715:Mesa Verde
5700:Marksville
5447:Tchefuncte
5407:Plaquemine
5343:Las Palmas
5259:Calf Creek
5254:Cades Pond
5064:Shell ring
4992:Yent Mound
4907:Rock Mound
4897:River Styx
4812:Mullet Key
4657:Dismal Key
4647:Demere Key
4632:C. J. Ostl
4622:Cayo Pelau
4612:Burns Lake
4426:Cades Pond
3640:: 104502.
3012:: 103600.
2120:: 103166.
2087:: 103601.
1178:October 9,
760:References
648:calibrated
515:Platygonus
482:, and the
131:lanceolate
105:(BP). The
8044:symbolism
7908:Tor cairn
7866:GrĂžnsalen
7807:Cremation
7699:Sculpture
7677:Pictogram
7662:Petroform
7482:amber use
7450:Cosmetics
7260:Reservoir
7245:Check dam
7175:Pueblitos
7170:Pit-house
7153:Longhouse
7087:Dwellings
6956:Microlith
6887:Bow drill
6882:Bone tool
6875:prismatic
6684:Acheulean
6599:Cresswell
6572:Arrowhead
6498:Boomerang
6414:Granaries
6376:Terracing
6255:Stone Age
6141:Stickball
5830:Rock Hawk
5660:Key Marco
5452:Troyville
5432:St. Johns
5417:Red Ocher
5176:Formative
4842:Otis Hare
4792:Mound Key
4782:Mill Cove
4737:Key Marco
4597:Blueberry
4567:Bay Pines
4522:McKeithen
4501:St. Johns
4486:Pensacola
4260:Tipi ring
3926:162349551
3910:0002-7316
3826:0003-0996
3768:206514910
3601:0002-7316
3543:2375-2548
3495:2055-5563
3453:0003-598X
3431:Antiquity
3404:0036-8075
3289:2041-1723
3223:0027-8424
3154:0033-8222
3065:0002-7316
2917:0002-7316
2867:0002-7316
2810:0027-8424
2761:0032-0447
2714:0002-7316
2657:2045-2322
2554:0002-7316
2515:2055-5563
2465:0036-8075
2410:0002-7316
2323:: 23â30.
2298:0003-813X
2243:: 11â21.
2218:0197-7261
2179:0197-7261
2144:2352-409X
2062:1866-9557
2012:2055-5563
1973:2055-5563
1934:0197-7261
1853:245265264
1790:. Knopf.
1706:239834259
1698:2055-5563
1658:0002-7316
1612:2055-5563
1570:2055-5563
1528:2055-5563
1486:2055-5563
1410:2055-5563
1370:0197-7261
1142:159572593
1099:0002-7316
1007:161844234
999:0093-8157
960:0032-0447
914:2055-5563
872:0197-6931
815:2375-2548
510:peccaries
465:Lifestyle
307:Dent site
277:from the
231:Discovery
214:Northeast
151:megafauna
107:type site
97:from the
65:Type site
7682:Rock art
7645:painting
7618:Geoglyph
7443:timeline
7423:Beadwork
7163:Mehrgarh
7158:Mudbrick
7066:megalith
6941:Fire-saw
6763:debitage
6758:analysis
6726:Hand axe
6706:Cupstone
6284:Glossary
6245:Timeline
6029:Chanunpa
6014:Ballgame
5993:Vero man
5943:Anzick-1
5915:Windover
5875:SunWatch
5805:Rassawek
5625:Glenwood
5515:Brewster
5367:Mogollon
5338:La Jolla
5324:Hopewell
5284:Deptford
5197:cultures
5034:Windover
5024:Vero man
4862:Pineland
4827:Nocoroco
4461:Manasota
4441:Deptford
4409:cultures
4050:Shoshone
4030:Comanche
4025:Cheyenne
3983:Overview
3976:Colorado
3760:19119227
3714:42022335
3561:36563150
3412:17322060
3357:30415837
3307:34642312
3241:29915063
2828:25024193
2675:38316967
2666:10844228
2473:17792354
2165:: 1â16.
1806:56632601
1784:(2005).
1316:24522598
1229:24522593
833:33087355
717:Suwannee
689:Beringia
624:Holocene
612:Anzick-1
606:Genetics
521:Mylohyus
500:Camelops
480:mastodon
206:Suwannee
171:Anzick-1
155:mastodon
136:scrapers
8039:Symbols
7650:pigment
7536:Weaving
7499:Cardium
7494:Pottery
7489:Mirrors
7477:Jewelry
7418:Baskets
7398:culture
7250:Cistern
7056:Pyramid
6998:Weapons
6976:Scraper
6966:Racloir
6926:Cleaver
6914:Chopper
6820:Uniface
6731:Grooves
6721:Hafting
6679:Oldowan
6638:Systems
6589:Cascade
6552:woomera
6542:harpoon
6515:history
6481:Hunting
6461:Pottery
6402:Cooking
6311:Farming
6277:history
6250:Outline
6178:Related
6036:Chunkey
5936:remains
5925:Wupatki
5765:Paquime
5655:HuĂĄpoca
5520:Cahokia
5490:Bastian
5397:Patayan
5319:Hohokam
5304:Fremont
5279:ComondĂș
5234:Baytown
5229:Avonlea
5209:Alachua
5181:Classic
5171:Archaic
5159:Periods
5100:Related
5008:remains
4471:Norwood
4416:Alachua
4382:Periods
4222:Archaic
4183:Archaic
4020:Arapaho
3970:
3918:2694056
3834:7527715
3806:Bibcode
3740:Bibcode
3731:Science
3642:Bibcode
3552:9788777
3523:Bibcode
3384:Bibcode
3376:Science
3348:6327247
3298:8511047
3269:Bibcode
3232:6142201
3201:Bibcode
3134:Bibcode
3092:Bibcode
3014:Bibcode
2875:2694181
2819:4121807
2788:Bibcode
2637:Bibcode
2584:Bibcode
2445:Bibcode
2437:Science
2325:Bibcode
2245:Bibcode
2122:Bibcode
2042:Bibcode
1736:Bibcode
1734:: 4â9.
1672:2022).
1384:2022).
1307:4878442
1286:Bibcode
1237:4445278
1207:Bibcode
1173:Sapiens
1107:3557083
824:7577710
795:Bibcode
730:style.
721:Simpson
693:Dyuktai
565:In the
433:beveled
415:Bifaces
402:Clovis
383:nodules
379:hafting
246:in situ
210:Simpson
175:Central
8017:flutes
7812:Dolmen
7736:Burial
7546:winery
7519:Linear
7349:Midden
7327:Cursus
7320:Goseck
7180:Pueblo
7131:Dugout
7116:Burdei
6795:Mining
6619:Lamoka
6614:Folsom
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