135:
515:
111:
371:
was taller, had larger bones and horns, and was 15 to 25% larger overall than modern bison. It reached up to 2.27 m (7.4 ft) tall, 4.6 m (15 ft) long, and a weight of 1,588 kg (3,501 lb), with an average of around 800 kg (1,800 lb). The horns were on average 87
438:
spear and projectile points have been recovered in conjunction with the animal skeletons at the site, which is dated around 9,700 to 10,000 years ago. The reason for the "die-off" of so many animals in one compact location is still in conjecture; some professionals argue it was the result of a very
482:
became extinct. After the extinction of most of the North
American megafauna, Native Americans of the Plains and Rocky Mountains depended largely on bison as their major food source.. Frison noted, " oldest, well-documented bison kills by pedestrian human hunters in North America date to about
998:
Froese, Duane; Stiller, Mathias; Heintzman, Peter D.; Reyes, Alberto V.; Zazula, Grant D.; Soares, André E. R.; Meyer, Matthias; Hall, Elizabeth; Jensen, Britta J. L.; Arnold, Lee J.; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Shapiro, Beth (28 March 2017).
1163:
Moore, Christopher R.; Kimball, Larry R.; Goodyear, Albert C.; Brooks, Mark J.; Daniel, I. Randolph; West, Allen; Taylor, Sean G.; Weber, Kiersten J.; Fagan, John L.; Walker, Cam M. (10 June 2023).
567:
C. G Van Zyll de Jong , 1986, A systematic study of recent bison, with particular consideration of the wood bison (Bison bison athabascae Rhoads 1898), p.53, National Museum of
Natural Sciences
683:"Late Pleistocene Bison antiquus from Orcas Island, Washington, and the biogeographic importance of an early postglacial land mammal dispersal corridor from the mainland to Vancouver Island"
348:
in 1852. Although the original fossils were fragmentary, a complete skull of an old male was discovered in southern
California and were described as a new species,
953:"Late Pleistocene northward-dispersing Bison antiquus from the Bighill Creek Formation, Gallelli Gravel Pit, Alberta, Canada, and the fate of Bison occidentalis"
491:
fossils were found in
Washington State in recent years, with apparent fracture patterns on bones consistent with stone tools as opposed to carnivorous activity.
439:
successful paleo-Indian hunt, while others feel the herd died as a result of some dramatic natural event, to be later scavenged by humans. Individuals of
1165:"Paleoamerican exploitation of extinct megafauna revealed through immunological blood residue and microwear analysis, North and South Carolina, USA"
341:
340:, Kentucky in Pleistocene deposits in the 1850s and only consisted of a fragmentary posterior skull and a nearly complete horn core. The fossil (
1544:
1524:
1465:
484:
1534:
1439:
826:
1554:
538:
1113:
1153:
Agenbroad, L.D. (1978) The Hudson-Meng site: an
Alberta bison kill in the Nebraska high plains. University Press of America.
1363:
682:
1564:
578:
Catalogue of Type
Specimens of Fossil Vertebrates Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Part II: Terrestrial Mammals.
1559:
1549:
1529:
1305:
1104:(Mammalia; Artiodactyla) in the Mojave Desert of Southern California and Nevada". In Wang, X.; Barnes, L.G. (eds.).
1470:
641:
372:
centimetres (2.85 ft) across tip to tip, but could be as much as 106.7 centimetres (3.50 ft) across.
410:
became increasingly abundant in parts of midcontinent North
America from 18,000 until about 10,000 years ago.
779:
Jiménez-Hidalgo, E.; Cabrera-Pérez, L.; MacFadden, B.J.; Guerrero-Arenas, R. (March 2013). "First record of
1539:
778:
1417:
594:
337:
1324:
134:
1062:
122:
1496:
1379:
427:
1491:
240:
1483:
1426:
1178:
1074:
1012:
964:
864:
792:
753:
694:
475:
8:
951:
Wilson, Michael C.; Hills, Leonard V.; Shapiro, Beth (July 2008). Gilbert, Robert (ed.).
830:
1207:
1182:
1164:
1078:
1016:
968:
868:
796:
757:
740:
from the
Bighill Creek Formation, Gallelli Gravel Pit, Alberta, Canada, and the fate of
698:
1169:
1035:
1000:
887:
852:
808:
718:
459:
431:
389:
268:
129:
1063:"Phylogeny of Late Pleistocene and Holocene Bison species in Europe and North America"
952:
736:
Wilson, M.C.; Hills, L.V.; Shapiro, B. (2008). "Late
Pleistocene northward-dispersing
360:
have been discovered in many parts of the United States, Canada, and southern Mexico.
1478:
1301:
1212:
1194:
1109:
1040:
1001:"Fossil and genomic evidence constrains the timing of bison arrival in North America"
980:
933:
892:
812:
722:
710:
507:
in central North
America at the very end of the Pleistocene. The last populations of
1140:
Davis, L.B. and Wilson, M. (1978) "Bison procurement and utilization: A symposium,"
660:
1283:
Davis, L. B.; Wilson, M. (1978), "Bison procurement and utilization: A symposium",
1202:
1186:
1082:
1030:
1020:
972:
923:
882:
872:
800:
761:
702:
656:
546:
471:
309:
1348:
1086:
804:
398:
706:
474:
period, between about 12,000 and 11,000 years ago, dominated by glaciation (the
1519:
1190:
1108:. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 359–382.
452:
448:
321:
1255:
1513:
1402:
1198:
984:
714:
61:
1025:
1216:
1044:
937:
896:
435:
381:
345:
259:
514:
430:
operated by the U.S. Forest Service, 18 mi (29 km) northwest of
352:, by Samuel Rhoads in 1897, but the species is considered synonymous with
1452:
1411:
1106:
Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America
320:
in Late Pleistocene North America. It is a direct ancestor of the living
186:
110:
36:
1316:
Prehistoric Human and Bison Relationships on the Plains of North America
1444:
928:
911:
624:
577:
443:
of both sexes and a typical range of ages have been found at the site.
81:
46:
1457:
1298:
Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 2: Part II North America
877:
479:
317:
146:
86:
1373:
976:
765:
1396:
912:"Predicting body mass in Ruminantia using postcranial measurements"
681:
Wilson, Michael C.; Kenady, Stephen M.; Schalk, Randall F. (2009).
166:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
1351:. The Loess Hills of the Lower Mississippi Valley. Backyard Nature
735:
511:
became extinct during the early Holocene, around 10,000 years ago.
206:
196:
91:
66:
1431:
1100:
Scott, E.; Cox, S.M. (2008). "Late Pleistocene distribution of
176:
156:
628:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
625:
Notes on living and extinct species of North American Bovidae.
599:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
581:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
356:. Since the 19th century, several well preserved specimens of
305:
216:
997:
1256:"The Bison at Ayer Pond on Orcas Island is archaeological"
1162:
1122:
1061:
Zver, Lars; Toškan, Borut; Bužan, Elena (September 2021).
1223:
851:
Martin, J.M.; Mead, J.I.; Barboza, P.S. (April 2018).
827:"Warkworth Western Weekend Rodeo | Competitors"
458:
According to internationally renowned archaeologist
422:
semifossilized skeletons of over 500 individuals of
1318:, Edmonton, Alberta: International Bison Conference
1235:
1099:
950:
680:
850:
772:
1511:
649:Proceedings of the United States National Museum
1093:
1060:
1005:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
783:from the Late Pleistocene of southern Mexico".
729:
576:Gillette, D. D., & Colbert, E. H. (1976).
1295:
1229:
592:
455:, based on blood residue from Clovis points.
312:North America until around 10,000 years ago.
1326:Memoir on the extinct species of American ox
1282:
1128:
639:
413:
613:– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
539:"Animals of the La Brea Tar Pits Timeline"
418:One of the best educational sites to view
109:
1206:
1034:
1024:
927:
909:
886:
876:
447:may have been hunted by Clovis people in
1322:
785:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
513:
531:
327:
1512:
1364:Paleobiology Database - Bison antiquus
1313:
1253:
1241:
561:
392:into North America. In North America,
380:Around 195,000-130,000 years ago, the
1378:
1377:
1056:
1054:
1545:Prehistoric mammals of North America
1525:Extinct animals of the United States
853:"Bison body size and climate change"
670:– via Smithsonian Institution.
503:) is suggested to have evolved from
406:sometime prior to 60,000 years ago.
642:"The fossil bison of North America"
478:in North America), when many other
396:evolved into the large long-horned
13:
1346:
1296:Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L. (2004),
1276:
1051:
991:
957:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
910:Wimberley, A.N. (September 2023).
746:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
14:
1576:
1340:
1314:Frison, George C. (August 2000),
1254:Mackie, Quentin (24 April 2010).
1142:Plains Anthropologist. Volume 23,
316:was one of the most common large
344:12990) was briefly described by
133:
34:
1535:Pleistocene species extinctions
1247:
1156:
1147:
1134:
944:
903:
844:
819:
661:10.5479/si.00963801.21-1172.755
332:The first described remains of
674:
633:
617:
586:
570:
428:Hudson-Meng archeological site
363:
1:
1555:Fossil taxa described in 1852
543:La Brea Tar Pits & Museum
525:
494:
1285:Plains Anthropologist Part 2
1087:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.04.022
805:10.1016/j.jsames.2012.07.011
375:
7:
1349:"Ancient Bison foot fossil"
1260:Northwest Coast Archaeology
707:10.1016/j.yqres.2008.09.001
499:The living American bison (
304:, is an extinct species of
10:
1581:
1565:Taxa named by Joseph Leidy
1191:10.1038/s41598-023-36617-z
402:, which then gave rise to
1560:Extinct animals of Canada
1550:Mammals described in 1852
1386:
1230:Ehlers & Gibbard 2004
274:
267:
246:
239:
130:Scientific classification
128:
117:
108:
23:
16:Extinct species of mammal
1530:Pleistocene Artiodactyla
1144:Issue 82, Part 2. p 128.
1118:. No. 41 Science Series.
1067:Quaternary International
414:Relationship with humans
1323:Leidy, Joseph (1852b),
1300:, Amsterdam: Elsevier,
1129:Davis & Wilson 1978
1026:10.1073/pnas.1620754114
123:La Brea Tar Pits Museum
623:Rhoads, S. N. (1897).
593:Leidy, Joseph (1852).
522:
1492:Paleobiology Database
916:Journal of Morphology
857:Ecology and Evolution
517:
640:Lucas, F.A. (1899).
476:Wisconsin glaciation
328:History of discovery
1183:2023NatSR..13.9464M
1079:2021QuInt.595...30Z
1017:2017PNAS..114.3457F
969:2008CaJES..45..827W
869:2018EcoEv...8.4564M
797:2013JSAES..42...83J
758:2008CaJES..45..827W
699:2009QuRes..71...49W
687:Quaternary Research
1540:Prehistoric bovids
1170:Scientific Reports
929:10.1002/jmor.21636
742:Bison occidentalis
549:on 11 January 2018
523:
470:both survived the
460:George Carr Frison
432:Crawford, Nebraska
390:Bering Land Bridge
336:were collected at
278:Bison californicus
1507:
1506:
1479:Open Tree of Life
1380:Taxon identifiers
1115:978-1-891276-27-9
1011:(13): 3457–3462.
878:10.1002/ece3.4019
655:(1172): 755–771.
289:
288:
283:
1572:
1500:
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1487:
1486:
1474:
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1461:
1460:
1448:
1447:
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1434:
1422:
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1407:
1406:
1405:
1375:
1374:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1319:
1310:
1292:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1028:
995:
989:
988:
948:
942:
941:
931:
907:
901:
900:
890:
880:
863:(9): 4564–4574.
848:
842:
841:
839:
838:
829:. Archived from
823:
817:
816:
776:
770:
769:
733:
727:
726:
678:
672:
671:
669:
667:
646:
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631:
621:
615:
614:
612:
610:
590:
584:
574:
568:
565:
559:
558:
556:
554:
545:. Archived from
535:
472:Late Pleistocene
310:Late Pleistocene
281:
255:
251:
232:B. antiquus
138:
137:
113:
103:
33:
32:Late Pleistocene
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
1580:
1579:
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1510:
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1508:
1503:
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1482:
1477:
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1443:
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1425:
1416:
1415:
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1395:
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1308:
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1277:Further reading
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977:10.1139/E08-027
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766:10.1139/E08-027
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464:B. occidentalis
416:
399:Bison latifrons
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366:
350:B. californicus
330:
280:
263:
257:
249:
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235:
132:
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1475:
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1449:
1436:
1423:
1418:Bison antiquus
1408:
1392:
1390:
1388:Bison antiquus
1384:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1342:
1341:External links
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1131:, p. 128.
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990:
963:(7): 827–859.
943:
922:(10): e21636.
902:
843:
818:
781:Bison antiquus
771:
752:(7): 827–859.
738:Bison antiquus
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595:"July 6, 1852"
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505:Bison antiquus
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453:South Carolina
434:. A number of
415:
412:
388:) crossed the
377:
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334:Bison antiquus
329:
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322:American bison
314:Bison antiquus
308:that lived in
293:Bison antiquus
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1347:Conrad, Jim.
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1307:0-444-51462-7
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833:on 2011-08-21
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338:Big Bone Lick
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302:ancient bison
299:
298:antique bison
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241:Binomial name
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68:
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53:
48:
43:
38:
26:
22:
19:
1387:
1367:
1355:19 September
1353:. Retrieved
1332:20 September
1330:, retrieved
1325:
1315:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1174:
1168:
1158:
1149:
1141:
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1124:
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1095:
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1066:
1008:
1004:
993:
960:
956:
946:
919:
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905:
860:
856:
846:
835:. Retrieved
831:the original
821:
788:
784:
780:
774:
749:
745:
741:
737:
731:
693:(1): 49–61.
690:
686:
676:
664:. Retrieved
652:
648:
635:
627:
619:
607:. Retrieved
602:
598:
588:
580:
572:
563:
551:. Retrieved
547:the original
542:
533:
518:
508:
504:
500:
498:
488:
487:years ago."
467:
463:
457:
444:
440:
436:paleo-Indian
423:
419:
417:
407:
403:
397:
393:
385:
382:steppe bison
379:
368:
367:
357:
353:
349:
346:Joseph Leidy
333:
331:
313:
301:
297:
292:
291:
290:
282:Rhoads, 1897
277:
252:
247:
231:
230:
217:
187:Artiodactyla
118:
24:
18:
1453:iNaturalist
1412:Wikispecies
1242:Frison 2000
1177:(1): 9464.
519:B. antiquus
509:B. antiquus
501:Bison bison
489:B. antiquus
468:B. antiquus
445:B. antiquus
441:B. antiquus
424:B. antiquus
408:B. antiquus
404:B. antiquus
369:B. antiquus
364:Description
358:B. antiquus
354:B. antiquus
203:Subfamily:
1514:Categories
837:2012-05-30
630:, 483-502.
526:References
495:Extinction
394:B. priscus
318:herbivores
1368:dead link
1199:2045-2322
1073:: 30–38.
985:0008-4077
813:140592800
791:: 83–90.
723:129543840
715:0033-5894
480:megafauna
376:Evolution
225:Species:
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
1397:Wikidata
1217:37301945
1208:10257692
1045:28289222
938:37708510
897:29760897
605:(1): 117
583:, 25-38.
553:14 March
269:Synonyms
193:Family:
177:Mammalia
167:Chordata
163:Phylum:
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
1445:4970768
1432:4447749
1403:Q694570
1179:Bibcode
1075:Bibcode
1036:5380047
1013:Bibcode
965:Bibcode
888:5938452
865:Bibcode
793:Bibcode
754:Bibcode
695:Bibcode
426:is the
420:in situ
250:†
229:†
213:Genus:
207:Bovinae
197:Bovidae
183:Order:
173:Class:
121:at the
98:↓
1484:931799
1471:304335
1458:201586
1304:
1265:1 June
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1112:
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811:
721:
713:
666:1 June
609:1 June
485:11,000
296:, the
262:, 1852
1520:Bison
1497:44508
1102:Bison
809:S2CID
719:S2CID
645:(PDF)
521:skull
449:North
306:bison
260:Leidy
218:Bison
1466:NCBI
1440:GBIF
1357:2013
1334:2013
1302:ISBN
1291:(82)
1267:2023
1213:PMID
1195:ISSN
1110:ISBN
1041:PMID
981:ISSN
934:PMID
893:PMID
711:ISSN
668:2023
611:2023
555:2017
466:and
451:and
342:ANSP
37:PreꞒ
1427:EoL
1203:PMC
1187:doi
1083:doi
1071:595
1031:PMC
1021:doi
1009:114
973:doi
924:doi
920:284
883:PMC
873:doi
801:doi
762:doi
744:".
703:doi
657:doi
300:or
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384:(
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:Ꞓ
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