Elk - Knowledge

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objects to help remove hair from their bodies. All elk have small and clearly defined rump patches with short tails. They have different coloration based on the seasons and types of habitats, with gray or lighter coloration prevalent in the winter and a more reddish, darker coat in the summer. Subspecies living in arid climates tend to have lighter colored coats than do those living in forests. Most have lighter yellow-brown to orange-brown coats in contrast to dark brown hair on the head, neck, and legs during the summer. Forest-adapted Manchurian and Alashan wapitis have red or reddish-brown coats with less contrast between the body coat and the rest of the body during the summer months. Calves are born spotted, as is common with many deer species, and lose them by the end of summer. Adult Manchurian wapiti may retain a few orange spots on the back of their summer coats until they are older. This characteristic has also been observed in the forest-adapted

1517: 1501: 2730: 2072: 1533: 166: 1989:, affects the brain tissue in elk, and has been detected throughout their range in North America. First documented in the late 1960s in mule deer, the disease has affected elk on game farms and in the wild in a number of regions. Elk that have contracted the disease begin to show weight loss, changes in behavior, increased watering needs, excessive salivation and urinating and difficulty swallowing, and at an advanced stage, the disease leads to death. No risks to humans have been documented, nor has the disease been demonstrated to pose a threat to domesticated cattle. In 2002, 1875: 1617: 2092:. The habitat of Siberian elk in Asia is similar to that of the Rocky Mountain subspecies in North America. During the Late Pleistocene their range was much more extensive, being distributed across Eurasia, with remains being found as far west as France. These populations are most closely related to modern Asian populations of the elk. Their range collapsed at the start of the Holocene, possibly because they were specialized to cold periglacial tundra-steppe habitat. When this environment was replaced largely by closed forest the red deer might have outcompeted the elk. 1778: 1597:, where the largest males are estimated to weigh up to 600 kg (1,300 lb). More typically, male Roosevelt elk weigh around 318 to 499 kg (701 to 1,100 lb), while females weigh 261 to 283 kg (575 to 624 lb). Male tule elk weigh 204–318 kg (450–701 lb) while females weigh 170–191 kg (375–421 lb). The whole weights of adult male Manitoban elk range from 288 to 478 kilograms (635 to 1,054 lb). Females have a mean weight of 275 kilograms (606 lb). The elk is the second largest extant species of deer, after the 148: 1732: 1748: 1638: 1657: 1049: 1033: 1740:

the antlers laid back. A bull may get violent and hit the cow with his antlers. During courtship, the bull is more peaceful and approaches her with his head and antlers raised. The male signals his intention to test the female for sexual receptivity by flicking his tongue. If not ready, a cow will lower her head and weave from side to side while opening and closing her mouth. The bull will stop in response in order not to scare her. Otherwise, the bull will copiously lick the female and then mount her.

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predation. Large bull elk are less vulnerable and can afford to wander alone, while cows stay in larger groups for protection for their calves. Bulls are more vulnerable to predation by wolves in late winter, after they have been weakened by months of chasing females and fighting. Males that have recently lost their antlers are more likely to be preyed upon.

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cover. The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem elk herds comprise as many as 40,000 individuals. During the spring and fall, they take part in the longest elk migration in the continental U.S., traveling as much as 168 mi (270 km) between summer and winter ranges. The Teton herd consists of between 9,000 and 13,000 elk and they spend winters on the

1866:, whereas the supplementally fed gut microbiome may have less fiber-digesting bacteria. Therefore, transitioning from natural foraging to concentrated alfalfa pellets can cause changes in the gut microbiome that might affect the elk's ability to efficiently digest their natural diet or could potentially lead to imbalances that affect overall health. 1917:, which includes Yellowstone National Park, bears are the most significant predators of calves while healthy bulls have never been recorded to be killed by bears and such encounters can be fatal for bears. The killing of cows in their prime is more likely to affect population growth than the killing of bulls or calves. 2217:

was undertaken to study the descendants of this release. There is significant hybridization of elk with red deer. These deer have had an adverse impact on forest regeneration of some plant species, as they consume more palatable species, which are replaced with those that are less favored by the elk.

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cycle of only a day or two, and matings usually involve a dozen or more attempts. By the autumn of their second year, females can produce one and, very rarely, two offspring. Reproduction is most common when cows weigh at least 200 kilograms (440 lb). Dominant bulls follow groups of cows during

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A bull interacts with cows in his harem in two ways: herding and courtship. When a female wanders too far away from the harem's range, the male will rush ahead of her, block her path and aggressively rush her back to the harem. Herding behavior is accompanied by a stretched out and lowered neck and

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deer species. During the summer group size can reach 400 individuals. For most of the year, adult males and females are segregated into different herds. Female herds are larger while bulls form small groups and may even travel alone. Young bulls may associate with older bulls or female groups. Male

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period is eight to nine months and the offspring weigh around 16 kilograms (35 lb). When the females are near to giving birth, they tend to isolate themselves from the main herd, and will remain isolated until the calf is large enough to escape predators. Calves are born spotted, as is common

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by the time they are six months old. Elk will leave their natal (birth) ranges before they are three years old. Males disperse more often than females, as adult cows are more tolerant of female offspring from previous years. Elk live 20 years or more in captivity but average 10 to 13 years in the

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During the fall, elk grow a thicker coat of hair, which helps to insulate them during the winter. Both male and female North American elk grow thin neck manes; females of other subspecies may not. By early summer, the heavy winter coat has been shed. Elk are known to rub against trees and other

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basin, with sporadic reports of deformed hooves. Since then, the disease has spread rapidly with increased sightings throughout southwest Washington and into Oregon. The disease is characterised by deformed, broken, or missing hooves and leads to severe lameness in elk. The primary cause is not

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into areas of higher altitude in the spring, following the retreating snows, and the opposite direction in the fall. Hunting pressure impacts migration and movement. During the winter, they favor wooded areas for the greater availability of food to eat. Elk do not appear to benefit from thermal

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covers and protects them. This is shed in the summer when the antlers have fully developed. Bull elk typically have around six tines on each antler. The Siberian and North American elk carry the largest antlers while the Altai wapiti has the smallest. Roosevelt bull antlers can weigh 18 kg

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Elk have thick bodies with slender legs and short tails. They have a shoulder height of 0.75–1.5 m (2 ft 6 in – 4 ft 11 in) with a nose-to-tail length of 1.6–2.7 m (5 ft 3 in – 8 ft 10 in). Males are larger and weigh 178–497 kg

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Elk may avoid predation by switching from grazing to browsing. Grazing puts an elk in the compromising situation of being in an open area with its head down, leaving it unable to see what is going on in the surrounding area. Living in groups also lessens the risk of an individual falling to

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Younger, less dominant bulls, known as "spike bulls" because their antlers have not yet forked, will harass unguarded cows. These bulls are impatient and will not perform any courtship rituals and will continue to pursue a female even when she signals him to stop. As such, they are less

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from Asia depict antler-less female elk, which have been interpreted as symbolizing life and sustenance. They were also frequently overlaid with boats and associated with rivers, suggesting they also represented paths to the underworld. Petroglyphs of elk were carved into cliffs by the

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known to affect the spinal cord and brain tissue of elk and other species, leading to death. The definitive host is the white-tailed deer, in which it normally has no ill effects. Snails and slugs, the intermediate hosts, can be inadvertently consumed by elk during grazing. The

1838:. Elk have a tendency to do most of their feeding in the mornings and evenings, seeking sheltered areas in between feedings to digest. Their diets vary somewhat depending on the season, with native grasses being a year-round supplement, tree bark being consumed in winter, and 3854: 4218: 2757:

and played a spiritual role in their society. The male elk was admired for its ability to attract mates, and Lakota men will play a courting flute imitating a bugling elk to attract women. Men used elks' antlers as love charms and wore clothes decorated with elk images.

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and female herds come together during the mating season, which may begin in late August. Males try to intimidate rivals by vocalizing and displaying with their antlers. If neither bull backs down, they engage in antler wrestling, sometimes sustaining serious injuries.

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The long-term impact will be an alteration of the types of plants and trees found, and in other animal and plant species dependent upon them. As in Chile and Argentina, the IUCN has declared that red deer and elk populations in New Zealand are an invasive species.

2023:. Researchers are attempting to eradicate the disease through vaccinations and herd-management measures, which are expected to be successful. Nevertheless, research has been ongoing since 2002, and a successful vaccine has yet to be developed as of 2016. 570:

word meaning "white rump", after the distinctive light fur around the tail region which the animals may fluff-up or raise to signal their agitation or distress to one another, when fleeing perceived threats, or among males courting females and

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sprouts which rise in the spring, elk have had some impact on aspen groves which have been declining in some regions where elk exist. Range and wildlife managers conduct surveys of elk pellet groups to monitor populations and resource use.

5847: 2781:(B.P.O.E.) chose the elk as its namesake because a number of its attributes seemed appropriate for cultivation by members of the fraternity. Jewel-encrusted, gold-mounted elk teeth are prized possessions of many members of the B.P.O.E. 7228: 3846: 5428:

Nol, Pauline; Olsen, Steven C.; Rhyan, Jack C.; Sriranganathan, Nammalwar; McCollum, Matthew P.; Hennager, Steven G.; Pavuk, Alana A.; Sprino, Phillip J.; Boyle, Stephen M.; Berrier, Randall J.; Salman, Mo D. (10 February 2016).

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in Wyoming by collecting the antlers which are shed each winter. They are then auctioned, with 80% of the proceeds returned to the refuge. In 2010, 2,520 kilograms (5,560 lb) of antlers were auctioned, which brought in over

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While elk are not generally harvested for meat production on a large scale, some restaurants offer the meat as a specialty item and it is also available in some grocery stores. The meat has a taste somewhere between beef and

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in commercial livestock. The mode of transmission is also not known, but it appears to be highly contagious among elk. Studies are being undertaken by government departments to determine how to halt or eliminate the disease.

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variation in antlers, mane and rump patch development are based on "climatic-related lifestyle factors". Of the six subspecies of elk known to have inhabited North America in historical times, four remain, including the

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The introduction of deer to New Zealand began in the middle of the 19th century, and current populations are primarily European red deer, with only 15 percent being elk. In 1905 18 American wapiti were released in

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Couch, Claire E.; Wise, Benjamin L.; Scurlock, Brandon M.; Rogerson, Jared D.; Fuda, Rebecca K.; Cole, Eric K.; Szcodronski, Kimberly E.; Sepulveda, Adam J.; Hutchins, Patrick R.; Cross, Paul C. (8 April 2021).

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The elk ranges from central Asia through to Siberia and east Asia and in North America. They can be found in open deciduous woodlands, boreal forests, upland moors, mountainous areas and grasslands. The

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with many deer species, and they lose their spots by the end of summer. After two weeks, calves are able to join the herd, and are fully weaned at two months of age. Elk calves are as large as an adult

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Recent DNA analyses suggest that there are no more than three or four total subspecies of elk. All American forms, aside from possibly the Tule and the Roosevelt's elk, seem to belong to one subspecies—

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Although breakdown figures for each game species are not available in the 2006 National Survey from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, hunting of wild elk is most likely the primary economic impact.

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As of 2014, population figures for all North American elk subspecies were around one million. Prior to the European colonization of North America, there were an estimated 10 million on the continent.

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beginning in 1913 and throughout the mid-20th Century, and now remain at a stable population of approximately 1,400 individuals. Since the late 1990s, they were reintroduced and recolonized in the

4427: 5873: 2019:-like symptoms that may last for years. Though bison are more likely to transmit the disease to other animals, elk inadvertently transmitted brucellosis to horses in Wyoming and cattle in 1195:

of the same species (adapted to local environments through minor changes in appearance and behavior). Populations vary in antler shape and size, body size, coloration and mating behavior.

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Elk dwell in open forest and forest-edge habitats, grazing on grasses and sedges and browsing higher-growing plants, leaves, twigs and bark. Male elk have large, blood- and nerve-filled

1728:. A male elk's urethra points upward so that urine is sprayed almost at a right angle to the penis. The urine soaks into their hair and gives them a distinct smell which attracts cows. 1673: 1342:) also belong to the wapiti, and were not distinguishable from each other by mitochondrial DNA studies. These Chinese subspecies are sometimes treated as a distinct species, namely the 2855:

Antlers are also used in artwork, furniture and other novelty items. All Asian subspecies, along with other deer, have been raised for their antlers in central and eastern Asia by

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reproductively successful, and a cow may stay close to the big bull to avoid harassment. Dominant bulls are intolerant of spike bulls and will chase them away from their harems.

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from August into early winter. A bull will defend his harem of 20 cows or more from competing bulls and predators. Bulls also dig holes in the ground called wallows, in which

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Cook JG, Irwin LL, Bryant LD, Riggs RA, Thomas JW (1998). "Relations of forest cover and condition of elk: a test of the thermal cover hypothesis in summer and winter".

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Antlers are made of bone, which can grow at a rate of 2.5 centimeters (0.98 in) per day. While actively growing, a soft layer of highly vascularized skin known as

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occasionally affects elk in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the only place in the U.S. where the disease is still known to exist, though this can extend out to the

7583: 5615: 1326:, some researchers consider it premature to include the Manchurian wapiti as a true subspecies of wapiti, and that it likely needs to be elevated to its own species, 12878: 7477:

Angers, Rachel C.; Seward, Tanya S.; Napier, Dana; Green, Michael; Hoover, Edward; Spraker, Terry; O'Rourke, Katherine; Balachandran, Aru; Telling, Glenn C. (2009).

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Ripple, W.; Larsen, Eric J.; Renkin, Roy A.; Smith, Douglas W. (2001). "Trophic cascades among wolves, elk and aspen on Yellowstone National Park's northern range".

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populations survived into the early Holocene (until around 3000 years ago) in southern Sweden and the Alps, where the environment remained favorable.

610:, a loud series of throaty whistles, bellows, screams, and other vocalizations that establish dominance over other males and aim to attract females. 5987: 5217: 4547: 3523: 732:

industry in several countries, including the United States and Canada. The elk is hunted as a game species, and their meat is leaner, and higher in

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and other herbivores. This negative impact on native animal species has led the IUCN to identify the elk as one of the world's 100 worst invaders.

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Elk are ruminants and therefore have four-chambered stomachs. Unlike white-tailed deer and moose, which are chiefly browsers, elk are similar to

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study of captive elk in Pennsylvania attributed the cause of death in 33 of 65 cases to either gastrointestinal parasites (21 cases, primarily

12828: 12764: 12738: 12137: 1862:. The elk gut microbiome is typically characterized by a diverse community of bacteria specialized in breaking down complex plant fibers and 1318:) is, more or less, physically identical to the American forms, and thus may belong to this subspecies, too. However, the Manchurian wapiti ( 2126:

in 1918 after going extinct there in 1875. The Rocky Mountain elk subspecies was reintroduced by hunter-conservation organizations into the

12818: 4579: 1516: 4474: 4260: 3935: 1707:. Cows produce an alarm bark to alert other members of the herd to danger, while calves will produce a high-pitched scream when attacked. 6314: 6215: 5786: 4525: 3224: 2178:, although a wild population has not yet established. Since 2015, elk have also been reintroduced in a number of other states, including 6081: 6621: 5439:

Strain RB51 Overexpressing Superoxide Dismutase and Glycosyltransferase Genes Does Not Induce Adequate Protection against Experimental

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Hattel, Arthur L.; Shaw, Daniel P.; Fisher, Jenny S.; Brooks, Jason W.; Love, Brenda C.; Drake, Thomas R.; Wagner, Donald C. (2007).

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and tree sprouts during the summer. Elk consume an average of 9.1 kilograms (20 lb) of vegetation daily. Particularly fond of

764:, and the meaning of the word "elk" to English-speakers became rather vague, acquiring a meaning similar to "large deer". The name 6649: 5545: 2166:. In the state of Kentucky, the elk population in 2022 had increased to over 15,000 animals. In 2016, a male elk, likely from the 1500: 12712: 7337: 4349: 3546: 2778: 2011:. In domesticated cattle, brucellosis causes infertility, abortions, and reduced milk production. It is transmitted to humans as 4159: 7694: 7528: 7483: 4905: 4699:"Effects of supplemental feeding on the fecal bacterial communities of Rocky Mountain elk in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem" 1565:(392–1,096 lb) while females weigh 171–292 kg (377–644 lb). The largest of the subspecies is the Roosevelt elk ( 6736:

Amor, Jacqueline M.; Newman, Robert; Jensen, William F.; Rundquist, Bradley C.; Walter, W. David; Boulanger, Jason R. (2019).

2112:. These elk, originally from Rocky Mountain herds, exhibit modified behavior due to having been held in captivity, under less 12868: 7640: 7208: 6913: 5377: 5164:

McIntosh, Terese; Rosatte, Rick; Campbell, Doug; Welch, Kate; Fournier, Dominique; Spinato, Maria; Ogunremi, Oladele (2007).

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in Alaska. Reintroduction of the elk into Ontario began in the early 20th century and is ongoing with limited success.

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Ludt, Christian J.; Schroeder, Wolf; Rottmann, Oswald; Kuehn, Ralph (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of red deer (

4372: 4282: 4125: 724:, have had mixed success. Some cultures revere the elk as having spiritual significance. Antlers and velvet are used in 12858: 5572: 4611: 3695: 340: 5761: 3656: 12130: 7620: 7567: 7222: 7191: 7105: 6035: 4648: 3915: 3734: 1937:

have been identified in elk. Most of these parasites seldom lead to significant mortality among wild or captive elk.

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Elk and red deer were introduced to Argentina in the early 20th century. There they are now considered an

1159:. The cross-bred animals have resulted in the disappearance of virtually all pure elk blood from the area. Key 1132:

DNA studies conducted in 2004 on hundreds of samples from red deer and elk subspecies and other species of the

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annually and on ranches in the United States, Canada and New Zealand, it is collected and sold to markets in

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subspecies is darker, and more reddish, in coloration than other populations. The Alashan wapiti of northern

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packs mostly prey on elk calves, though they can sometimes take a winter- or disease-weakened adult. In the

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for the first time in nearly 300 years. Once locally extinct, dispersing elk are now regularly spotted in

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There are many past and ongoing examples of reintroduction into areas of the US. Elk were reintroduced in

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This article is about the species called "elk" in North America. For the species called "elk" in Eurasia (

12838: 12699: 12615: 7214: 6797:"Elk of Theodore Roosevelt National Park - Theodore Roosevelt National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 5979: 5206: 3582: 3519: 2918:

Brook, S.M.; Pluháček, J.; Lorenzini, R.; Lovari, S.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Mattioli, S. (2019) .

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Lovari, S.; Lorenzini, R.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Carden, R.F.; Brook, S.M.; Mattioli, S. (2018).

12863: 12551: 8115: 7687: 5954: 4766:"Characterisation of the bacterial community in the gastrointestinal tracts of elk (Cervus canadensis)" 3296: 2942: 2762: 1939: 1769:

wild. In some subspecies that suffer less predation, they may live an average of 15 years in the wild.

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Elk and red deer produce fertile offspring in captivity, and the two species have freely inter-bred in

701:; the animal's adaptability in these areas may, in fact, be so successful as to threaten the sensitive 7451: 3482: 12843: 12823: 11092: 8037: 8028: 7559: 7251: 7183: 7077: 6918: 4314: 4054:"Evidence of biphonation and source-filter interactions in the bugles of male North American wapiti ( 3188: 3133: 3095: 3004: 1799: 1307:

is the smallest of all the subspecies, has the lightest coloration, and is one of the least-studied.

1037: 815: 7363: 5688: 5345: 4821:"Neonatal mortality of elk driven by climate, predator phenology and predator community composition" 4670: 12853: 10879: 6315:"Introduced red deer reduce tree regeneration in Pureora Forest, central North Island, New Zealand" 1803: 1605: 944: 218: 653:, elk once had a much wider distribution in the past; prehistoric populations were present across 12173: 11528: 10921: 8817: 7958: 6567: 5493: 3599:

Mattioli, Stefano (2011). "Family Cervidae (Deer)". In Wilson, D. E.; Mittermeier, R. A. (eds.).

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are relatively common in North America and New Zealand. Native Americans have used elk hides for

2210: 2071: 1978: 1586: 1156: 872: 42: 11041: 8477: 6738:"Seasonal home ranges and habitat selection of three elk (Cervus elaphus) herds in North Dakota" 4609:

McConnell, B. R.; Smith, J. G. (1970). "Frequency Distributions of Deer and Elk Pellet Groups".

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but rather the largest member of the wider deer family (Cervidae) known from the fossil record.

12795: 12577: 8579: 8285: 8204: 6914:"Elk, Pa.'s largest wild animal, have become a tourism boom in the northwest part of the state" 5086:

Metz, M. C.; et al. (2018). "Predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons".

5033: 4665: 4244: 3947: 1997: 1959: 1343: 828: 12730: 6514: 6331: 6219: 5797: 5641: 5523: 4985:"How climate impacts the composition of wolf-killed elk in northern Yellowstone National Park" 4764:

Kim, Jong-Hui; Hong, Sung Wook; Park, Beom-Young; Yoo, Jae Gyu; Oh, Mi-Hwa (1 February 2019).

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Nichol AM, Judson HG, Taylor AW (2003). "The effect of hybridisation on venison production".

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that they were "for their unusual largeness improperly termed Elks by ignorant people". Both

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of the southwestern U.S. hundreds of years ago. The elk was of particular importance to the

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in parts of Asia; the production of ground antler and velvet supplements is also a thriving

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region of the U.S. where the now extinct eastern elk once lived. They were reintroduced to

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banned the importation of elk antler velvet due to concerns about chronic wasting disease.

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each year as weather warms-up. Males also engage in ritualized mating behaviors during the

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Hayward, M. W.; Jędrzejewski, W.; Jędrzejewska, B. (2012). "Prey preferences of the tiger

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through the nasal cavities. Elk can produce deeper pitched (150 Hz) sounds using the

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Studies on the Taxonomic Review and Survey Techniques for Mammals in the Korean Peninsula

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deer family, strongly indicate that elk, or wapiti, should be a distinct species, namely

1065: 1053: 1013: 820: 183: 7307: 6991: 6753: 6247:, ed. (1951). "Preliminary reports of The New Zealand - American Fiordland Expedition". 6128: 5239:

Bildfell, Robert J.; Whipps, Christopher M.; Gillin, Colin M.; Kent, Michael L. (2007).

5101: 5056: 5000: 4836: 4714: 4661: 3342: 2729: 2197:, encroaching on Argentinian ecosystems where they compete for food with the indigenous 970:

refers to North America as a "lande ... full of many beastes, as redd dere" in his 1584

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Elk hoof disease was first noticed in the state of Washington in the late 1990s in the

1953: 1392: 1362: 1229: 1184: 884: 783: 713: 474: 412: 213: 7637: 7281: 7127: 6109:"Diet of Huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina" 4679: 4449: 4341: 12634: 12518: 12366: 12240: 12203: 12158: 11702: 11693: 11381: 11309: 11237: 11068: 11050: 10903: 9853: 9248: 9239: 9091: 8993: 8772: 8739: 8682: 8552: 8079: 7940: 7563: 7510: 7218: 7210:

Wildlife on the Wind: A Field Biologist's Journey and an Indian Reservation's Renewal

7187: 6815: 6777: 6357: 6295: 6260: 5734: 5674: 5515: 5474: 5319: 5262: 5187: 5144: 5113: 5068: 5022: 4887: 4850: 4845: 4820: 4805: 4793: 4785: 4746: 4728: 4515: 4250: 4190: 4167: 4104: 4081: 3991: 3911: 3730: 3604: 3550: 3396: 3386: 3354: 3214: 3061: 3051: 2198: 2008: 1982: 1765: 1626: 1523: 1447: 1284: 1141: 860: 856: 626: 588: 447: 6965: 6596: 6144: 5274: 5125: 4901: 4312:

Smith BL, Anderson SH (2001). "Does Dispersal Help Regulate the Jackson Elk Herd?".

4052:

Reby D, Wyman MT, Frey R, Passilongo D, Gilbert J, Locatelli Y, Charlton BD (2016).

3461: 1777: 1616: 12639: 12498: 12457: 12313: 12283: 12163: 12096: 11850: 11841: 11720: 11561: 11552: 11345: 11017: 11008: 10956: 10947: 10795: 10768: 10681: 10461: 10069: 9495: 9486: 9476: 9449: 9170: 9039: 8240: 8231: 8222: 8004: 7995: 7931: 7858: 7849: 7500: 7492: 6767: 6757: 6403: 6268: 6132: 6049: 5980:"Elk return to Missouri after 150-year absence Missouri Department of Conservation" 5662: 5505: 5464: 5454: 5309: 5301: 5252: 5177: 5105: 5060: 5012: 5004: 4883: 4840: 4777: 4736: 4718: 4675: 4620: 4202: 4071: 3797: 3633: 3449: 3346: 3291: 3009: 2937: 2864: 2774: 2770: 2194: 2093: 1898: 1790: 1590: 1467: 1437: 1412: 1339: 1245: 1003: 769: 678: 662: 603: 440: 433: 398: 2741:

Elk have played an important role in the cultural history of a number of peoples.

1789:

As is true for many species of deer, especially those in mountainous regions, elk

693:

to countries outside of its natural range where it has been introduced, including

12777: 12293: 12183: 11826: 11817: 11765: 11756: 11537: 10394: 10385: 9862: 9458: 8510: 8420: 8258: 8070: 7949: 7922: 7913: 7667: 7644: 7624: 6762: 5666: 4723: 3726: 3380: 1906: 1637: 1264: 1093:(and hence early relatives or possible ancestors of the elk) first appear in the 967: 524: 12756: 12743: 7016: 6864:"Rocky Mountain elk population size and herd composition in Oregon, 2015 - 2019" 6378: 5288:

Belay ED, Maddox RA, Williams ES, Miller MW, Gambetti P, Schonberger LB (2004).

5138: 3350: 3271: 2986:

The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World

1183:

of elk described, with six from North America and four from Asia, although some

165: 147: 12565: 12538: 12341: 12288: 12188: 12168: 12026: 11964: 11594: 11585: 11110: 11059: 10980: 10971: 10912: 10750: 10452: 10274: 10265: 9820: 9787: 9769: 9257: 9067: 8942: 8781: 7769: 7741: 6902:. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023. 5510: 5257: 5240: 4376: 4290: 3782: 2860: 2479: 2171: 2147: 2012: 1970:

A bull elk in spring, shedding its winter coat and with its antlers covered in

1457: 1335: 1292: 1192: 892: 848: 658: 485: 374: 367: 7672: 7390:"2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation" 6136: 5109: 5043:; Creel, Scott (2010). "Nutritionally mediated risk effect of wolves on elk". 4781: 3637: 3453: 2917: 2840:, where it is used in medicine. Some cultures consider antler velvet to be an 720:. Efforts to eliminate infectious diseases from elk populations, primarily by 12812: 12725: 12600: 12503: 12477: 12376: 12321: 12268: 12208: 12193: 12178: 11651: 11633: 11519: 11456: 11447: 10506: 10241: 10214: 9985: 9895: 9886: 9871: 9736: 9700: 9655: 9592: 9583: 9100: 9058: 8951: 8917: 8907: 8808: 8790: 8453: 8402: 8312: 7876: 6841: 6795:

Medora, Mailing Address: PO Box 7; Us, ND 58645 Phone: 701 623-4466 Contact.

6299: 6264: 6244: 6054: 5577: 5459: 4789: 4732: 4511: 4137: 3282: 3041: 2928: 2833: 2754: 2677: 2183: 2163: 2050: 1971: 1716: 1570: 1557: 1382: 1304: 1221: 1205: 773: 761: 580: 419: 388: 203: 198: 91: 12704: 7589:(Press release). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 22 May 2006. Archived from 6272: 6249:

Bulletin of the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research

5008: 4929:"Elk Calf Mortality Post–Wolf Restoration Bears Remain Top Summer Predators" 4765: 3400: 3065: 12533: 12508: 12493: 12442: 12273: 12253: 12045: 12014: 11904: 11576: 11390: 11318: 11191: 11134: 11125: 10843: 10777: 10539: 10497: 10412: 10223: 9943: 9934: 9796: 9727: 9616: 9607: 9349: 9118: 8799: 8754: 8721: 8492: 8384: 8351: 8267: 7514: 7496: 6781: 5519: 5478: 5323: 5305: 5266: 5191: 5117: 5072: 5026: 4854: 4797: 4750: 4085: 3358: 2569: 2551: 2497: 2206: 2131: 1874: 1610: 1539: 1507: 1427: 1351: 1331: 1256: 1129: 991: 803: 670: 646: 606:, including posturing to attract females, antler-wrestling (sparring), and 540: 426: 381: 12782: 7617: 1032: 12686: 12626: 12609: 12513: 12213: 11666: 11414: 10576: 10530: 10521: 10470: 10422: 10283: 10125: 9718: 9709: 9537: 9331: 9322: 9312: 9206: 9049: 8859: 8850: 8763: 8606: 8528: 8411: 8336: 8327: 7704: 7044: 6515:"2020-2021 Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources Elk Report" 5653: 2876: 2856: 2841: 2814: 2745: 2135: 2038: 2004: 1990: 1949: 1747: 1731: 1491: 1402: 1237: 1152: 1048: 999: 729: 721: 698: 576: 360: 270: 136: 66: 6898:"Roosevelt elk population size and herd composition 2015 - 2019" (PDF). 5787:"Plan for Elk Watching and Nature Tourism in North Central Pennsylvania" 5646:

Erxleben, 1777 (Cervidae, Mammalia) from the Late Pleistocene of France"

1105:, but do not appear in the North American fossil record until the early 12678: 12401: 12396: 12336: 12298: 12258: 11273: 11173: 10998: 10590: 10012: 9994: 9745: 9440: 9425: 9416: 9383: 9160: 8966: 8883: 8874: 8649: 8640: 8519: 8444: 7985: 7806: 4632: 4413: 4327: 4214: 4076: 4053: 3809: 3178: 3163:

History of the State of Maine. Volume II: Discourse on Western Planting

2822: 2461: 2281: 2127: 1891: 1859: 1687: 1578: 1574: 1180: 859:

or another language of northern Europe. By the 8th century, during the

757: 690: 614: 111: 76: 12691: 7425: 5139:

Thorne, E. T.; Williams, E. S.; Samuel, W. M.; Kistner, T. P. (2002).

5064: 3085: 466:

Reconstructed (light green) and current (dark green) native ranges of

12660: 12386: 12381: 12331: 12303: 11973: 11894: 11747: 11618: 11609: 11083: 10657: 10648: 10633: 10624: 10488: 10060: 9844: 9778: 9664: 9179: 8975: 8664: 8588: 8468: 8019: 7904: 7894: 7788: 7779: 7180:

The Deer Goddess of Ancient Siberia: A Study in the Ecology of Belief

5828: 5143:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 351–387. 4030: 3884: 3123: 2837: 2742: 2695: 2587: 2389: 2151: 2139: 2055: 2043: 2016: 1863: 1760: 1752: 1646: 1552: 1300: 1200: 1145: 1110: 1098: 1060: 717: 694: 650: 584: 544: 230: 116: 60: 12571: 11940: 7333: 6187:

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

5548:. Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife. 2017. Archived from 4624: 4206: 3801: 3572: 2086:

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

1695:

Bulls have a loud, high-pitched, whistle-like vocalization known as

1124:

Until recently, red deer and elk were considered to be one species,

629:

genetic studies, beginning in 1998, shows that the two are distinct

547:. The word "elk" originally referred to the European variety of the 12665: 12594: 12447: 12346: 12218: 11882: 11510: 11182: 10894: 10732: 10672: 10337: 10036: 9568: 9513: 9401: 9230: 8706: 8697: 8673: 8561: 8435: 8185: 8061: 7757: 7735: 7723: 5494:"Mortality in Pennsylvania captive elk (Cervus elaphus): 1998–2006" 5376:. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, USDA. Archived from 2641: 2515: 2407: 2371: 2353: 2299: 2263: 2179: 2159: 2143: 2123: 2109: 2000: 1944: 1934: 1372: 1272: 1213: 1018:

Statistical, Political, and Historical Account of the United States

799: 708:

As a member of the Artiodactyla order (and distant relative of the

666: 618: 599: 532: 405: 290: 250: 106: 101: 86: 81: 71: 4373:"Ecology Of Elk Inhabiting Crater Lake National Park And Vicinity" 3050:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 662–663. 2104: 12528: 12523: 12472: 12467: 12278: 12263: 12087: 11922: 11783: 11642: 11032: 10819: 10810: 10723: 10609: 10600: 10572: 10328: 10232: 10196: 10111: 10107: 10078: 10003: 9691: 9564: 9525: 9109: 9026: 8932: 8195: 8145: 7840: 3047:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

2872: 2868: 2806: 2802: 2713: 2425: 2245: 2187: 2032: 2027: 1930: 1902: 1887: 1855: 1831: 1700: 1280: 1188: 1106: 1102: 1069: 1041: 741: 733: 709: 702: 654: 630: 563: 174: 156: 121: 96: 12652: 5241:"DNA-based identification of a hepatic trematode in an elk calf" 4926: 2832:

A male elk can produce 10 to 11 kilograms (22 to 24 lb) of

1076: 12462: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12391: 12351: 11931: 11500: 11405: 11228: 11218: 10834: 10346: 10186: 10168: 10159: 10045: 9967: 9919: 9910: 9368: 9359: 9294: 9285: 9275: 9197: 8730: 8543: 8393: 7729: 7717: 6036:"The History of Elk (Cervus canadensis) Restoration in Ontario" 4867: 2845: 2533: 2443: 2335: 1910: 1878:

Single bull elk in winter are vulnerable to predation by wolves

1827: 1785:

in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, after migrating there during the fall

1704: 1594: 1582: 1255:

Four subspecies described from the Asian continent include the

1094: 1089: 923:"is not the normal phonetic representative" of the Old English 686: 595: 536: 300: 260: 240: 12145: 5290:"Chronic Wasting Disease and Potential Transmission to Humans" 4243:

Youngquist, Robert S; Threlfall, Walter R (23 November 2006).

3601:

Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals

1966: 1818: 1140:. DNA evidence validates that elk are more closely related to 819:, the etymology of the word "elk" is "of obscure history". In 12406: 12361: 11955: 11913: 11488: 11158: 11149: 10443: 10370: 10361: 10292: 10021: 9976: 9835: 9760: 9640: 9631: 9142: 9133: 8625: 8616: 7825: 7816: 4927:

Barber, Shannon; Mech, L. David; White, P. J. (Summer 2005).

2880: 2737:

couple. The woman on the right is wearing an elk tooth dress.

2734: 2605: 2317: 2020: 1986: 1843: 1839: 1598: 1276: 1085: 548: 24: 5163: 3774: 2789: 1963:

are also commonly found parasites that can be fatal to elk.

798:), meaning "white rump". There is a subspecies of wapiti in 645:. Although it is currently only native to North America and 633:. The elk's wider rump-patch and paler-hued antlers are key 12371: 11101: 10431: 10319: 10301: 9958: 9811: 9215: 9082: 8898: 8172: 8133: 6288:

Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production

6107:

Galende, Gladys; Ramilo, Eduardo; Beati, Alejandro (2005).

5427: 4553:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. July 2006. Archived from 2826: 2818: 2817:

than beef, pork, and chicken. Elk meat is a good source of

2766: 2623: 2175: 1883: 842: 737: 674: 567: 528: 280: 10569: 6940: 6330:(1). New Zealand Ecological Society: 79–87. Archived from 4289:. The Wisconsin Elk Reintroduction Project. Archived from 3624:

Groves, C. (2006). "The genus Cervus in eastern Eurasia".

3322: 3249:. University of California Press, Berkeley. Archived from 1171:

are the former's wider rump patch and paler-hued antlers.

37:"Wapiti" redirects here. For other uses of the names, see 12560: 11711: 10310: 10256: 9188: 6966:"Tennessee Elk Season Dates, Regulations and Information" 6735: 5927: 5870:"Returning Elk to the Southeast: A 20-year Retrospective" 5717:. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 14 July 2021. 5287: 4695: 3382:

Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behavior, and Ecology

2810: 2221: 1609:(40 lb). The formation and retention of antlers are 1196: 458: 5344:. Agricultural Marketing Resource Center. Archived from 5238: 5039: 3385:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 211–219. 3202: 1199:

investigations of the Eurasian subspecies revealed that

9561: 7632: 7476: 4645: 4051: 3783:"Measurements and Weight Relationships in Manitoba Elk" 1252:) subspecies have been extinct for at least a century. 10104: 5491: 1858:

pellets leads to significant alterations in the elks'

1798:, having migrated south from the southern portions of 12549: 7479:"Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Elk Antler Velvet" 7151: 6034:

Hamr, Josef; Mallory, Frank F.; Filion, Ivan (2016).

5546:"Treponeme associated hoof disease in Washington elk" 4580:"The wolf has a story to tell in Banff National Park" 3166:. Cambridge Press of John Wilson and Son. p. 23. 2769:. An image of an elk and a moose appear on the state 998:

likewise called the species "red deer", but noted in

716:

which can be transmitted to and/or from domesticated

7638:

Yellowstone Elk – Greater Yellowstone Resource Guide

6522:

Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources

4397: 2099: 1854:

has found that supplemental feeding of concentrated

394: 356: 7252:"Courting on the Plains: 19th Century Lakota Style" 6243: 5730:"Virginia officials take no joy in elk celebration" 4242: 3574:한반도 포유류(척삭동물문: 포유강)의 분류학적 정립과 한국 지형에 맞는 포유류 조사기법 연구 7650:Smithsonian Institution - North American Mammals: 6285: 6106: 5923:"First elk seen in South Carolina since the 1700s" 4818: 4450:"Ungulate Migrations of the Western United States" 3297:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997072A142404453.en 3177: 3122: 3084: 2943:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997823A142396828.en 1869: 7395:. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006. 7154:"Wyoming Game and Fish issues 2,000 new elk tags" 6033: 4942:(3). National Park Service: 37–44. Archived from 4455:. United States Geological Survey. pp. 94–95 3594: 3592: 3203:Verts, B. J.; Carraway, Leslie N. (August 1998). 1080:Sparring bull elk in Banff National Park, Canada. 12879:Taxa named by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben 12810: 7584:"43rd annual elk antler auction held in Jackson" 6257:Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 5447:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 4479:Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives 4191:"Significance of Scent-marking in Roosevelt Elk" 4189:Bowyer, R. Terry; Kitchen, David W. (May 1987). 4164:South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks 575:for dominance. A similar trait is seen in other 7702: 7206: 6218:. Deer Farmer. 29 November 2003. Archived from 5403:"Brucellosis Detected in Wyoming Elk Hunt Area" 4819:Griffin KA, Hebblewhite M, et al. (2011). 4098: 2042:sp.) or bacterial infections (12 cases, mostly 6992:"Elk Population By State (Estimates and Info)" 5498:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 4982: 4763: 4608: 4503: 4246:Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology 4236: 3589: 2793:A cut of elk meat, showing the low fat content 1710: 958:was recognized as a relative of the red deer ( 756:(moose, called "elk" in Europe) had long been 12131: 7688: 7448:"Nutritional Summary for Game meat, elk, raw" 7045:"Elk in Virginia: Return of a Native Species" 6837:"Oklahoma's elk population continues to grow" 4311: 4188: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3929: 3927: 3667:. University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. 1943:(brainworm or meningeal worm) is a parasitic 1097:record 25 million years ago, during the 777: 7249: 6711:North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission 6543:"Michigan Estimates Elk Population at 1,196" 6239: 6237: 6113:Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 5824:"Pennsylvania banks on elk to draw visitors" 5573:"WSU: Elk hoof disease will not be easy fix" 4103:. University of Toronto Press. p. 550. 2988:. Oxford University Press. pp. 133–134. 2983: 7553: 7101:"Looking At W.Va.'s Elk Herd Four Years In" 7098: 6820:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6650:"2023-2024 Elk Status & Harvest Trends" 5920: 5897:"Elk could be saving grace in coal country" 5850:. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 5085: 3910:. Quarto Publishing Group USA. p. 15. 3780: 1271:). Two distinct subspecies found in China, 30:"Elks" redirects here. For other uses, see 12146:Game animals and shooting in North America 12138: 12124: 7777: 7695: 7681: 7414: 6911: 6408:California Department of Fish and Wildlife 6210: 6208: 5614:. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. 5141:North American Elk: Ecology and Management 4978: 4976: 4027:Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 4004: 3924: 3756:California Department of Fish and Wildlife 3623: 3492:. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2066: 1593:. Roosevelt elk have been introduced into 793: 787: 457: 192: 164: 146: 12012: 9484: 7576: 7504: 7364:"Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks" 7300: 7171: 7049:Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources 6983: 6771: 6761: 6575:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 6234: 6168: 6166: 6074: 6053: 5509: 5468: 5458: 5335: 5333: 5313: 5256: 5181: 5016: 4844: 4740: 4722: 4669: 4602: 4586:. Envirozine. 31 May 2007. Archived from 4442: 4275: 4075: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3905: 3841: 3839: 3781:Blood, D.A; Lovaas, A.L. (January 1966). 3424: 3422: 3295: 2941: 2215:New Zealand American Fiordland Expedition 539:in its native range of North America and 11893: 9283: 7177: 6989: 6900:Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife 6871:Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife 6677: 6454:"Idaho Big Game 2021 Season & Rules" 5232: 5157: 4467: 3877:"Friends of the Prairie Learning Center" 3829:Silva, M., & Downing, J. A. (1995). 3720: 3598: 3549:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3028: 3026: 2788: 2728: 2103: 2070: 1965: 1924: 1873: 1817: 1776: 1746: 1730: 1636: 1615: 1551: 1075: 1059: 1047: 1031: 8184: 7755: 7556:Encyclopedia of American Indian Costume 7338:Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks 7152:Angus M. Thuermer Jr. (28 April 2021). 6594: 6312: 6306: 6205: 6100: 5794:Pennsylvania Department of Conservation 5727: 5721: 5639: 5365: 5363: 4973: 4375:. National Park Service. Archived from 4370: 4364: 4334: 4101:The Natural History of Canadian Mammals 3511: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3159: 2779:Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks 1632: 747: 12811: 7902: 7382: 7356: 6990:Informer, Wildlife (10 January 2021). 6163: 6151:from the original on 30 September 2007 5485: 5339: 5330: 5198: 5132: 4920: 4894: 4639: 4572: 3962: 3933: 3836: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3428: 3419: 2913: 2911: 2724: 2222:Estimated number of elk per U.S. state 705:ecosystems and species it encounters. 613:Elk were long believed to belong to a 12576: 12575: 12119: 12011: 11880: 11879: 11485: 10568: 10103: 9560: 9022: 8168: 7754: 7676: 7440: 7344:from the original on 24 December 2016 7326: 7274: 6834: 6490:"Elk making a comeback across Kansas" 5821: 5695:from the original on 28 November 2020 5570: 4691: 4689: 3985: 3831:CRC handbook of mammalian body masses 3671:from the original on 10 November 2014 3626:European Journal of Wildlife Research 3538: 3442:European Journal of Wildlife Research 3378: 3365: 3330:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3239: 3196: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3032: 3023: 2992: 2984:Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006). 2979: 2977: 2848:that could result in a human getting 973:Discourse Concerning Western Planting 891:. Later, the species became known in 535:, and one of the largest terrestrial 12829:Extant Pleistocene first appearances 9320: 7535:from the original on 16 January 2021 7402:from the original on 6 December 2010 7370:from the original on 16 January 2021 7334:"California-Hawaii Elks Association" 7288:from the original on 16 January 2021 7262:from the original on 16 January 2021 7231:from the original on 16 January 2021 7128:"Elk in Wisconsin | | Wisconsin DNR" 7017:"Utah Statewide Elk Management Plan" 6794: 6084:. Petersen's Hunting. Archived from 6062:from the original on 18 January 2017 5990:from the original on 16 January 2021 5935:from the original on 16 January 2021 5822:Armas, Genaro C. (6 December 2010). 5691:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 5589:from the original on 16 January 2021 5526:from the original on 16 January 2021 5409:. Cheyenne, Wyoming. 9 November 2022 5360: 4983:Wilmers, C. C.; et al. (2020). 4540: 4528:from the original on 16 January 2021 4497: 4352:from the original on 13 January 2011 4263:from the original on 16 January 2021 4224:from the original on 16 January 2021 4117: 3762:from the original on 16 January 2021 3714: 3683: 3499:from the original on 16 January 2021 3311: 3265: 3227:from the original on 16 January 2021 1128:, with over a dozen subspecies. But 562:The name "wapiti" is derived from a 12819:IUCN Red List least concern species 8169: 7024:Utah Division of Wildlife Resources 6970:Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency 6945:South Dakota Game, Fish & Parks 6595:Bingham, Lloyd (6 September 2022). 6383:Arkansas Game & Fish Commission 5955:"Elk sightings on the rise in Iowa" 5894: 5876:from the original on 4 January 2021 5371:"Brucellosis and Yellowstone Bison" 4283:"Elk Biology and interesting facts" 3869: 3644: 3603:. Lynx Edicions. pp. 350–443. 3517: 3283:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3170: 3115: 2929:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2908: 2182:, and introduced to the islands of 2058:bacteria, which are known to cause 689:. The wapiti has also successfully 502: 13: 12227: 11486: 9023: 7422:"Elk Meat Nutritional Information" 6629:Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks 6313:Husheer, Sean W. (30 April 2007). 6193:from the original on 13 March 2016 6172: 6014:Alaska Department of Fish and Game 5633: 5204: 4686: 4612:The Journal of Wildlife Management 4152: 3857:from the original on 11 April 2020 3790:The Journal of Wildlife Management 3696:Alaska Department of Fish and Game 3072: 2974: 2784: 1726:they urinate and roll their bodies 1655: 1589:, and in the Canadian province of 1547: 907:, appearing in the Latinized form 810:), also known as the Altai maral. 712:), elk are susceptible to several 14: 12890: 7611: 7106:West Virginia Public Broadcasting 6355: 5872:. Wildlife Management Institute. 5220:from the original on 3 March 2016 4504:Pond, Wilson; Bell, Alan (2005). 3723:The Ultimate Guide to Elk Hunting 3544: 3526:from the original on 16 July 2017 3407:from the original on 20 July 2020 3141:from the original on 9 March 2021 3103:from the original on 9 March 2021 2883:covering, clothing and footwear. 2850:variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 2100:Introductions and reintroductions 2054:known, but it is associated with 1834:. But like other deer, they also 855:, words probably borrowed from a 677:. The now-extinct North American 12559: 7628:Arizona Game and Fish Department 7547: 7531:. University of North Colorado. 7521: 7470: 7458:from the original on 18 May 2008 7314:from the original on 10 May 2013 7243: 7200: 7145: 7120: 7092: 7074:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 7062: 7037: 7009: 6958: 6933: 6905: 6892: 6856: 6828: 6788: 6729: 6699: 6671: 6642: 6614: 6588: 6560: 6535: 6507: 6482: 6446: 6421: 6396: 6183:Global Invasive Species Database 5715:"Michigan Elk: Past and Present" 5640:Croitor, Roman (December 2019). 5621:from the original on 9 June 2017 4908:from the original on 12 May 2008 4888:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00871.x 4846:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01856.x 4123: 3990:. Minneapolis: NorthWord Press. 3702:from the original on 5 June 2007 3689: 3522:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2706: 2688: 2670: 2652: 2634: 2616: 2598: 2580: 2562: 2544: 2526: 2508: 2490: 2472: 2454: 2436: 2418: 2400: 2382: 2364: 2346: 2328: 2310: 2292: 2274: 2256: 2238: 1686:Problems playing this file? See 1671: 1531: 1515: 1499: 1483: 1117:) was not a member of the genus 966:were referred to as "red deer". 883:and possibly connected with the 217: 64: 8047:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( 6371: 6349: 6279: 6027: 6002: 5972: 5947: 5921:Keith Allen (27 October 2016). 5914: 5888: 5862: 5840: 5815: 5779: 5754: 5707: 5681: 5601: 5564: 5538: 5421: 5395: 5281: 5170:The Canadian Veterinary Journal 5079: 4961: 4861: 4812: 4757: 4420: 4391: 4305: 4182: 4092: 4063:Journal of Experimental Biology 4045: 3899: 3823: 3744: 3617: 3565: 3475: 2890:have assisted employees at the 2108:Bull elk on a captive range in 1870:Predators and defensive tactics 1148:than they are to the red deer. 990:'s 1672 English translation of 8836:Central American red brocket ( 6323:New Zealand Journal of Ecology 5728:Cochran, Bill (27 June 2004). 5571:Hogan, Jackson (1 June 2017). 5089:Nature Ecology & Evolution 4507:Encyclopedia of Animal Science 4130:Alternative Agriculture Series 3881:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3211:University of California Press 3153: 2957: 2761:The Rocky Mountain elk is the 1808:Bridger–Teton National Forests 1009:Notes on the State of Virginia 915:borrowed directly from Latin: 1: 7633:Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation 7099:Caitlin Tan (13 March 2020). 6657:Nevada Department of Wildlife 6547:Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation 6433:Colorado Parks & Wildlife 6216:"Deer farming in New Zealand" 6041:The Canadian Field-Naturalist 5609:"Elk Hoof Disease Fact Sheet" 5340:Hansen, Ray (November 2006). 4680:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00107-0 4371:Jenkins, Kurt (31 May 2001). 4134:North Dakota State University 3986:Geist, Valerius (June 1993). 2902: 1915:Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem 1852:Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem 1174: 1163:differences that distinguish 1052:Elk crossing Opal Terrace at 637:differences that distinguish 559:by North American colonists. 12869:Mammals of the United States 9543:Large subfamily listed below 9531:Large subfamily listed below 9519:Large subfamily listed below 7529:"Colorado Indians: Shelters" 7484:Emerging Infectious Diseases 7424:. Wapiti.net. Archived from 6763:10.1371/journal.pone.0211650 6597:"Are There Elk in Missouri?" 6379:"History of Elk in Arkansas" 5766:Pennsylvania Game Commission 5667:10.1016/j.palwor.2019.12.001 5294:Emerging Infectious Diseases 5245:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 5214:Pennsylvania Game Commission 4724:10.1371/journal.pone.0249521 2965:Anfangsgründe der Naturlehre 1772: 1735:Elk bull inspecting a female 1020:used "red deer" to refer to 983:A Description of New England 843: 173:A cow (female) with calf in 7: 8038:Yellow-striped chevrotain ( 8029:Indian spotted chevrotain ( 7215:Utah State University Press 6912:Jason Nark (5 March 2021). 6678:Joel Gay (14 August 2019). 6568:"Minnesota 2020 Elk Counts" 4287:History of Elk in Wisconsin 3583:Incheon National University 3351:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.003 3247:"The Case of the Irish Elk" 2170:population, was sighted in 2088:(IUCN) list the species as 1830:in that they are primarily 1711:Reproduction and life cycle 1350:), which also includes the 1027: 808:Cervus canadensis sibiricus 665:, surviving into the early 10: 12895: 5511:10.1177/104063870701900322 5258:10.7589/0090-3558-43.4.762 1940:Parelaphostrongylus tenuis 832: 683:Cervus canadensis merriami 625:), but evidence from many 36: 29: 18: 12859:Mammals described in 1777 12584: 12486: 12415: 12312: 12239: 12225: 12151: 12086: 12058: 12034: 12025: 12021: 12007: 11974:Dromedary/Arabian camel ( 11965:Domestic Bactrian camel ( 11953: 11902: 11889: 11875: 11839: 11815: 11791: 11782: 11664: 11631: 11607: 11574: 11550: 11529:North Sulawesi babirusa ( 11508: 11499: 11495: 11481: 11445: 11403: 11226: 11217: 11171: 11147: 11123: 11081: 11030: 11006: 10997: 10969: 10945: 10938: 10892: 10832: 10808: 10721: 10670: 10646: 10622: 10598: 10589: 10585: 10564: 10519: 10420: 10411: 10383: 10359: 10254: 10194: 10185: 10157: 10133: 10124: 10120: 10099: 10058: 10034: 9956: 9932: 9908: 9884: 9833: 9809: 9758: 9653: 9629: 9605: 9581: 9577: 9556: 9536: 9524: 9512: 9475: 9438: 9414: 9381: 9357: 9348: 9311: 9274: 9228: 9168: 9159: 9131: 9080: 9047: 9038: 9034: 9018: 8964: 8930: 8896: 8872: 8848: 8818:Amazonian brown brocket ( 8752: 8719: 8695: 8662: 8638: 8614: 8605: 8541: 8490: 8466: 8433: 8382: 8349: 8325: 8193: 8180: 8164: 8151:Large family listed below 8144: 8139:Large family listed below 8132: 8116:Williamson's mouse-deer ( 8059: 8017: 7993: 7984: 7893: 7838: 7814: 7805: 7768: 7764: 7750: 7712: 7562:. pp. 88, 137, 224. 7308:"The Michigan State Flag" 7184:Brill Academic Publishers 7178:Jacobson, Esther (2018). 6919:The Philadelphia Inquirer 6622:"Montana 2021 Elk Counts" 6137:10.1080/01650520400000822 5110:10.1038/s41559-018-0657-5 4989:Journal of Animal Ecology 4904:. National Park Service. 4825:Journal of Animal Ecology 4782:10.1007/s10482-018-1150-5 4348:. National Park Service. 4315:Wildlife Society Bulletin 3638:10.1007/s10344-005-0011-5 3585:. June 2019. p. 108. 3581:] (PhD) (in Korean). 3454:10.1007/s10344-005-0011-5 3290:: e.T55997072A142404453. 3189:Oxford English Dictionary 3160:Hakluyt, Richard (1584). 3134:Oxford English Dictionary 3096:Oxford English Dictionary 3005:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2963:Erxleben, J.C.P. (1777). 2936:: e.T55997823A142396828. 1882:Predators of elk include 1800:Yellowstone National Park 1330:. The Chinese forms (the 1314:; even the Siberian elk ( 1064:Bull elk in late autumn, 1038:Yellowstone National Park 929:Oxford English Dictionary 863:, the moose was known as 816:Oxford English Dictionary 794: 788: 685:) once ranged south into 555:, but was transferred to 480: 473: 465: 456: 353: 348: 329: 322: 214:Scientific classification 212: 190: 181: 172: 163: 154: 145: 52: 10215:Domestic water buffalo ( 8580:Central Asian red deer ( 8205:Bornean yellow muntjac ( 7643:17 December 2010 at the 7623:30 December 2010 at the 7256:Carnegie Magazine Online 7207:Smith, Bruce L. (2010). 6055:10.22621/cfn.v130i2.1842 5460:10.3389/fcimb.2016.00010 4099:Naughton, Donna (2014). 3379:Geist, Valerius (1998). 2232:Estimated Number of Elk 1715:Female elk have a short 1210:C. canadensis roosevelti 1187:consider them different 11093:Bates' pygmy antelope ( 10880:Soemmerring's gazelle ( 8985:Yucatan brown brocket ( 8214:Hairy-fronted muntjac ( 8098:Philippine mouse-deer ( 7666:26 January 2016 at the 7452:Condé Nast Publications 7366:. Phoenixmasonry, Inc. 6680:"The Elk Hunting Mecca" 6010:"Elk Hunting In Alaska" 5009:10.1111/1365-2656.13200 4968:International Bear News 4770:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 4649:Biological Conservation 4430:. National Park Service 3099:(2nd ed.). 1989 . 2211:Fiordland National Park 2067:Distribution and status 1979:Chronic wasting disease 1929:At least 53 species of 1813: 1667:An American elk bugling 1645:Elk are among the most 1157:Fiordland National Park 948: 940: 888: 868: 778: 598:, which they routinely 43:Wapiti (disambiguation) 12352:Cougar (mountain lion) 12233: 11803:White-lipped peccary ( 11739:Philippine warty pig ( 11364:Yellow-backed duiker ( 11328:Black-fronted duiker ( 11301:White-bellied duiker ( 10922:Przewalski's gazelle ( 10145:Four-horned antelope ( 8943:Peruvian Yungas pudu ( 8502:Visayan spotted deer ( 8361:European fallow deer ( 8304:Northern red muntjac ( 8250:Southern red muntjac ( 7497:10.3201/eid1505.081458 5762:"History of Elk in PA" 5642:"A new form of wapiti 5306:10.3201/eid1006.031082 4160:"Elk (Cervus elaphus)" 3847:"Antlers Make a Point" 3429:Groves, Colin (2005). 3206:Land Mammals of Oregon 3137:(3rd ed.). 2012. 3044:; Reeder, D.M (eds.). 2969:Systema regni animalis 2794: 2738: 2116: 2080: 1975: 1960:Dictyocaulus viviparus 1879: 1823: 1786: 1756: 1736: 1660: 1642: 1621: 1561: 1490:Artist's depiction of 1344:Central Asian red deer 1081: 1073: 1057: 1045: 986:referred to red deer. 916: 852: 591:, to varying degrees. 12834:Fauna of Central Asia 12791:Paleobiology Database 12231: 11983:Wild Bactrian camel ( 11685:Bornean bearded pig ( 11676:Palawan bearded pig ( 11265:White-legged duiker ( 10691:Red-fronted gazelle ( 8370:Persian fallow deer ( 8286:Roosevelt's muntjac ( 7959:Himalayan musk deer ( 7868:Reticulated giraffe ( 6461:Idaho Fish & Game 6082:"Elk and Elk Hunting" 5431:"Vaccination of Elk ( 5176:(11): 1146–51, 1154. 4346:Great Smoky Mountains 3944:National Park Service 3796:(1). Wiley: 135–140. 3547:"Elk Reintroductions" 3192:(3rd ed.). 2009. 2888:Boy Scouts of America 2792: 2763:official state animal 2732: 2107: 2090:least-concern species 2074: 1969: 1925:Parasites and disease 1877: 1821: 1781:Elk wintering at the 1780: 1750: 1734: 1659: 1640: 1619: 1569:), found west of the 1555: 1359:North American group 1079: 1063: 1051: 1035: 752:By the 17th century, 726:traditional medicines 32:Elks (disambiguation) 12874:Mammals of East Asia 12204:Snipe (common snipe) 12184:Ring-necked pheasant 12070:Pygmy hippopotamus ( 11730:Oliver's warty pig ( 11355:Red-flanked duiker ( 10760:Erlanger's gazelle ( 10480:Harnessed bushbuck ( 10206:Wild water buffalo ( 9683:East Caucasian tur ( 9674:West Caucasian tur ( 8827:Little red brocket ( 8295:Truong Son muntjac ( 8107:Vietnam mouse-deer ( 8089:Greater mouse-deer ( 7968:Siberian musk deer ( 7554:Paterek, J. (1996). 7282:"Utah State Symbols" 7080:on 16 September 2021 6470:on 29 September 2021 6429:"Rocky Mountain Elk" 5689:"Rocky Mountain Elk" 5583:Longview, Washington 5348:on 28 September 2007 4195:Journal of Mammalogy 4023:Living with Wildlife 3665:Animal Diversity Web 3553:on 27 September 2006 3518:Gerhart, Dorothy C. 3038:"Order Artiodactyla" 1633:Behavior and ecology 1424:Asian/Eastern group 1312:Cervus c. canadensis 1036:Male elk in snow at 962:) of Europe, and so 911:, with the spelling 748:Naming and etymology 39:Elk (disambiguation) 12849:Herbivorous mammals 12199:Sharp-tailed grouse 12169:Hungarian partridge 11703:Celebes warty pig ( 11694:Visayan warty pig ( 11310:Red forest duiker ( 11042:Günther's dik-dik ( 10904:Mongolian gazelle ( 10709:Heuglin's gazelle ( 10700:Thomson's gazelle ( 9854:Long-tailed goral ( 9249:Mountain reedbuck ( 9240:Southern reedbuck ( 9092:East African oryx ( 8994:White-tailed deer ( 8773:Small red brocket ( 8740:South Andean deer ( 8683:Siberian roe deer ( 8674:European roe deer ( 8511:Philippine sambar ( 8478:Père David's deer ( 8080:Lesser mouse-deer ( 7941:Kashmir musk deer ( 7596:on 11 November 2012 7428:on 15 December 2010 6754:2019PLoSO..1411650A 6717:on 23 November 2021 6685:New Mexico Magazine 6245:Alick Lindsay Poole 6129:2005SNFE...40....1G 5102:2018NatEE...2.1619M 5057:2010Ecol...91.1184C 5041:Christianson, David 5001:2020JAnEc..89.1511W 4936:Yellowstone Science 4837:2011JAnEc..80.1246G 4715:2021PLoSO..1649521C 4662:2001BCons.102..227R 4401:Wildlife Monographs 4170:on 5 September 2006 3853:. 6 December 2013. 3851:National Geographic 3435:in eastern Eurasia" 3343:2004MolPE..31.1064L 3253:on 11 November 2005 2892:National Elk Refuge 2751:Ancestral Puebloans 2725:Cultural references 1981:, transmitted by a 1796:National Elk Refuge 1783:National Elk Refuge 1179:There are numerous 1066:Banff National Park 1054:Mammoth Hot Springs 1014:David Bailie Warden 821:Classical Antiquity 714:infectious diseases 184:Conservation status 12839:Fauna of East Asia 12423:American alligator 12234: 11851:Collared peccary ( 11721:Flores warty pig ( 11562:Giant forest hog ( 11424:Maxwell's duiker ( 11346:Ruwenzori duiker ( 11292:Jentink's duiker ( 11201:Sharpe's grysbok ( 10957:Tibetan antelope ( 10862:Bright's gazelle ( 10796:Goitered gazelle ( 10769:Mountain gazelle ( 10742:Cuvier's gazelle ( 10682:Mongalla gazelle ( 10070:Pyrenean chamois ( 9496:Tibetan antelope ( 9450:Black wildebeest ( 8277:Reeves's muntjac ( 8241:Sumatran muntjac ( 8232:Gongshan muntjac ( 8005:Water chevrotain ( 7932:Alpine musk deer ( 7859:Southern giraffe ( 7850:Northern giraffe ( 7186:. pp. 96–97. 6880:on 1 November 2021 6121:Taylor and Francis 5959:Brownfield Ag News 5895:Roberts, Brandon. 5848:"Elk in Wisconsin" 5742:on 1 February 2013 5383:on 5 December 2010 4875:Journal of Zoology 4475:"Feeding Elk Cows" 4077:10.1242/jeb.131219 4033:on 10 January 2011 3950:on 15 January 2013 3906:Zumbo, J. (2000). 3887:on 18 October 2010 2795: 2739: 2117: 2114:selective pressure 2081: 2060:digital dermatitis 1976: 1954:Fascioloides magna 1880: 1824: 1802:and west from the 1787: 1757: 1737: 1661: 1643: 1641:Elk bulls sparring 1622: 1620:Rocky Mountain elk 1562: 1393:Rocky Mountain elk 1387:C. c. manitobensis 1230:Rocky Mountain elk 1226:C. c. manitobensis 1082: 1074: 1058: 1046: 988:Sir William Talbot 937:Middle High German 579:species, like the 389:C. c. manitobensis 315:C. canadensis 12864:Mammals of Canada 12806: 12805: 12616:Cervus canadensis 12586:Cervus canadensis 12578:Taxon identifiers 12547: 12546: 12519:Waterfowl hunting 12367:White-tailed deer 12232:Waterfowl hunters 12113: 12112: 12109: 12108: 12105: 12104: 12082: 12081: 12003: 12002: 11999: 11998: 11995: 11994: 11871: 11870: 11867: 11866: 11863: 11862: 11827:Chacoan peccary ( 11778: 11777: 11766:Javan warty pig ( 11757:Timor warty pig ( 11564:H. meinertzhageni 11538:Togian babirusa ( 11477: 11476: 11473: 11472: 11469: 11468: 11433:Walter's duiker ( 11373:Abbott's duiker ( 11337:Ogilby's duiker ( 11283:Harvey's duiker ( 11247:Brooke's duiker ( 11213: 11212: 10993: 10992: 10934: 10933: 10871:Peter's gazelle ( 10853:Grant's gazelle ( 10787:Speke's gazelle ( 10560: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10552: 10551: 10437: 10407: 10406: 10395:African buffalo ( 10226:B. depressicornis 10181: 10180: 10095: 10094: 10091: 10090: 9863:Himalayan goral ( 9685:C. cylindricornis 9552: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9508: 9507: 9471: 9470: 9459:Blue wildebeest ( 9393:Common tsessebe ( 9344: 9343: 9307: 9306: 9270: 9269: 9182:K. ellipsiprymnus 9155: 9154: 9014: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9006: 9005: 8954:P. mephistophiles 8910:P. mephistophiles 8601: 8600: 8297:M. truongsonensis 8259:Pu Hoat muntjac ( 8160: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8128: 8127: 8071:Java mouse-deer ( 7980: 7979: 7950:Black musk deer ( 7923:Dwarf musk deer ( 7914:Anhui musk deer ( 7889: 7888: 7852:G. camelopardalis 7801: 7800: 7250:Duda, Kathryn M. 7132:dnr.wisconsin.gov 6996:Wildlife Informer 5901:Spectrumnews1.com 5803:on 10 August 2012 5735:The Roanoke Times 5644:Cervus canadensis 5552:on 20 August 2017 5433:Cervus canadensis 5407:The Cheyenne Post 5150:978-1-58834-018-4 5096:(10): 1619–1625. 5065:10.1890/09-0221.1 4521:978-0-8247-5496-9 4379:on 27 August 2009 4256:978-1-4377-1340-4 4110:978-1-4426-4483-0 4056:Cervus canadensis 3997:978-1-55971-208-8 3934:Pisarowicz, Jim. 3721:Robb, B. (2001). 3610:978-84-96553-77-4 3392:978-0-8117-0496-0 3220:978-0-520-21199-5 3057:978-0-8018-8221-0 2922:Cervus canadensis 2805:and is higher in 2777:of Michigan. The 2722: 2721: 2466:70,000 - 90,000 2009:Bighorn Mountains 1983:misfolded protein 1957:and the nematode 1766:white-tailed deer 1676: 1627:European red deer 1524:Manchurian wapiti 1462:C. c. alashanicus 1452:C. c. xanthopygus 1448:Manchurian wapiti 1320:C. c. xanthopygus 1297:C. c. alashanicus 1289:C. c. xanthopygus 1285:Manchurian wapiti 1138:Cervus canadensis 1022:Cervus canadensis 964:Cervus canadensis 956:Cervus canadensis 871:derived from the 861:Early Middle Ages 857:Germanic language 841: 813:According to the 627:mitochondrial DNA 589:white-tailed deer 557:Cervus canadensis 516:Cervus canadensis 495: 494: 468:Cervus canadensis 448:C. c. xanthopygus 368:C. c. alashanicus 333:Cervus canadensis 207: 155:A bull (male) in 140: 12886: 12844:Fauna of Siberia 12824:Elk and red deer 12799: 12798: 12786: 12785: 12773: 12772: 12760: 12759: 12757:NHMSYS0021109635 12747: 12746: 12734: 12733: 12721: 12720: 12708: 12707: 12695: 12694: 12682: 12681: 12669: 12668: 12656: 12655: 12643: 12642: 12630: 12629: 12620: 12619: 12618: 12605: 12604: 12603: 12573: 12572: 12564: 12563: 12555: 12499:Big-game hunting 12284:Northern pintail 12140: 12133: 12126: 12117: 12116: 12032: 12031: 12023: 12022: 12009: 12008: 11900: 11899: 11891: 11890: 11877: 11876: 11789: 11788: 11595:Common warthog ( 11586:Desert warthog ( 11506: 11505: 11497: 11496: 11483: 11482: 11382:Weyns's duiker ( 11256:Peters' duiker ( 11238:Aders's duiker ( 11224: 11223: 11111:Royal antelope ( 11069:Salt's dik-dik ( 11060:Silver dik-dik ( 11051:Kirk's dik-dik ( 11004: 11003: 10981:Saiga antelope ( 10943: 10942: 10882:N. soemmerringii 10751:Dorcas gazelle ( 10596: 10595: 10587: 10586: 10580: 10566: 10565: 10453:Mountain nyala ( 10436: 10435: 10427: 10418: 10417: 10373:P. nghetinhensis 10275:European bison ( 10266:American bison ( 10192: 10191: 10131: 10130: 10122: 10121: 10115: 10101: 10100: 9977:Domestic sheep ( 9821:Himalayan tahr ( 9788:Mainland serow ( 9770:Japanese serow ( 9579: 9578: 9572: 9558: 9557: 9482: 9481: 9355: 9354: 9318: 9317: 9281: 9280: 9258:Bohor reedbuck ( 9166: 9165: 9145:A. nasomaculatus 9068:Sable antelope ( 9045: 9044: 9036: 9035: 9029: 9020: 9019: 8782:Merida brocket ( 8612: 8611: 8553:Thorold's deer ( 8405:A. calamianensis 8288:M. rooseveltorum 8234:M. gongshanensis 8191: 8190: 8182: 8181: 8175: 8166: 8165: 7991: 7990: 7900: 7899: 7879:G. tippelskirchi 7812: 7811: 7775: 7774: 7766: 7765: 7752: 7751: 7697: 7690: 7683: 7674: 7673: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7595: 7588: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7508: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7401: 7394: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7076:. Archived from 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7021: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6909: 6903: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6879: 6873:. Archived from 6868: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6819: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6775: 6765: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6713:. Archived from 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6654: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6626: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6572: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6519: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6469: 6463:. Archived from 6458: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6336: 6319: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6241: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6212: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6173:Flueck, Werner. 6170: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6088:on 6 August 2006 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6057: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5836:on 9 March 2012. 5832:. Archived from 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5802: 5796:. Archived from 5791: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5738:. Archived from 5725: 5719: 5718: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5650: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5620: 5613: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5513: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5472: 5462: 5441:Brucella abortus 5437:Brucella abortus 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5382: 5375: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5337: 5328: 5327: 5317: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5260: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5211: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5185: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5051:(4): 1184–1191. 5037: 5031: 5030: 5020: 4995:(6): 1511–1519. 4980: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4948: 4933: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4848: 4831:(6): 1246–1257. 4816: 4810: 4809: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4744: 4726: 4693: 4684: 4683: 4673: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4481:. Archived from 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4454: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4223: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4166:. Archived from 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4136:. Archived from 4121: 4115: 4114: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4079: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4029:. Archived from 4015: 4002: 4001: 3983: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3946:. Archived from 3936:"American Elk – 3931: 3922: 3921: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3883:. Archived from 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3843: 3834: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3787: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3748: 3742: 3740: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3690:Eide, Sterling. 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3653: 3642: 3641: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3498: 3491: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3471:on 29 June 2014. 3470: 3464:. Archived from 3439: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3376: 3363: 3362: 3337:(3): 1064–1083. 3320: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3299: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3130: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3092: 3081: 3070: 3069: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3010:Historica Canada 2996: 2990: 2989: 2981: 2972: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2945: 2915: 2886:Since 1967, the 2865:Tungusic peoples 2712: 2710: 2709: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2622: 2620: 2619: 2604: 2602: 2601: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2568: 2566: 2565: 2550: 2548: 2547: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2478: 2476: 2475: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2442: 2440: 2439: 2424: 2422: 2421: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2388: 2386: 2385: 2370: 2368: 2367: 2352: 2350: 2349: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2298: 2296: 2295: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2262: 2260: 2259: 2244: 2242: 2241: 2226: 2225: 2195:invasive species 1850:Research in the 1822:Elk pellet group 1678: 1677: 1658: 1591:British Columbia 1567:C. c. roosevelti 1538:Illustration of 1535: 1522:Illustration of 1519: 1506:Illustration of 1503: 1487: 1468:Tibetan red deer 1442:C. c. songaricus 1438:Tian Shan wapiti 1407:C. c. canadensis 1367:C. c. roosevelti 1340:Tibetan red deer 1277:Korean Peninsula 1269:C. c. songaricus 1242:C. c. canadensis 1004:Thomas Jefferson 869:elch, elh, eolh, 846: 836: 834: 797: 796: 791: 790: 781: 663:Late Pleistocene 617:of the European 523:, is the second 504: 461: 434:C. c. songaricus 420:C. c. roosevelti 396: 375:C. c. kansuensis 361:C. c. canadensis 358: 335: 222: 221: 201: 196: 195: 177:, United States 168: 150: 134: 133: 63: 56:Temporal range: 50: 49: 12894: 12893: 12889: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12884: 12883: 12854:Holarctic fauna 12809: 12808: 12807: 12802: 12794: 12789: 12781: 12778:Observation.org 12776: 12768: 12763: 12755: 12750: 12742: 12737: 12729: 12724: 12716: 12711: 12703: 12698: 12690: 12685: 12677: 12672: 12664: 12659: 12651: 12646: 12638: 12633: 12625: 12623: 12614: 12613: 12608: 12599: 12598: 12593: 12580: 12570: 12558: 12550: 12548: 12543: 12482: 12411: 12342:Bison (buffalo) 12308: 12235: 12223: 12174:Prairie chicken 12147: 12144: 12114: 12101: 12078: 12054: 12017: 11991: 11949: 11885: 11859: 11835: 11811: 11774: 11741:S. philippensis 11678:S. ahoenobarbus 11660: 11652:Red river hog ( 11627: 11603: 11570: 11546: 11520:Buru babirusa ( 11491: 11465: 11457:Common duiker ( 11441: 11399: 11209: 11167: 11143: 11119: 11077: 11026: 10989: 10965: 10930: 10915:P. picticaudata 10888: 10828: 10804: 10798:G. subgutturosa 10717: 10666: 10642: 10618: 10581: 10570: 10548: 10515: 10507:Cape bushbuck ( 10500:T. strepsiceros 10429: 10428: 10426: 10403: 10379: 10355: 10250: 10242:Mountain anoa ( 10177: 10171:B. tragocamelus 10153: 10147:T. quadricornis 10116: 10105: 10087: 10054: 10030: 9986:Bighorn sheep ( 9952: 9928: 9904: 9896:Mountain goat ( 9880: 9872:Chinese goral ( 9829: 9805: 9790:C. sumatraensis 9754: 9737:Siberian ibex ( 9701:Domestic goat ( 9649: 9625: 9601: 9593:Barbary sheep ( 9573: 9562: 9544: 9532: 9520: 9504: 9467: 9434: 9410: 9377: 9340: 9303: 9266: 9224: 9151: 9127: 9101:Scimitar oryx ( 9076: 9059:Roan antelope ( 9030: 9024: 9002: 8960: 8952:Northern pudu ( 8926: 8918:Southern pudu ( 8908:Northern pudu ( 8892: 8868: 8844: 8809:Pygmy brocket ( 8791:Dwarf brocket ( 8748: 8715: 8691: 8658: 8634: 8597: 8537: 8486: 8462: 8429: 8403:Calamian deer ( 8378: 8372:D. mesopotamica 8345: 8321: 8315:M. vuquangensis 8313:Giant muntjac ( 8223:Fea's muntjac ( 8176: 8170: 8152: 8140: 8124: 8055: 8013: 7976: 7934:M. chrysogaster 7885: 7877:Masai giraffe ( 7834: 7797: 7760: 7746: 7708: 7701: 7668:Wayback Machine 7645:Wayback Machine 7625:Wayback Machine 7614: 7609: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7570: 7552: 7548: 7538: 7536: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7431: 7429: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7373: 7371: 7362: 7361: 7357: 7347: 7345: 7332: 7331: 7327: 7317: 7315: 7310:. NSTATE, LLC. 7306: 7305: 7301: 7291: 7289: 7284:. Utah.com LC. 7280: 7279: 7275: 7265: 7263: 7248: 7244: 7234: 7232: 7225: 7205: 7201: 7194: 7176: 7172: 7162: 7160: 7158:WyomingNews.com 7150: 7146: 7136: 7134: 7126: 7125: 7121: 7111: 7109: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7068: 7067: 7063: 7053: 7051: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7028: 7026: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7010: 7000: 6998: 6988: 6984: 6974: 6972: 6964: 6963: 6959: 6949: 6947: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6924: 6922: 6910: 6906: 6897: 6893: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6833: 6829: 6813: 6812: 6805: 6803: 6793: 6789: 6748:(2): e0211650. 6734: 6730: 6720: 6718: 6705: 6704: 6700: 6690: 6688: 6676: 6672: 6662: 6660: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6643: 6633: 6631: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6593: 6589: 6579: 6577: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6561: 6551: 6549: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6526: 6524: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6498: 6496: 6488: 6487: 6483: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6437: 6435: 6427: 6426: 6422: 6412: 6410: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6387: 6385: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6362: 6360: 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6337:on 27 July 2014 6334: 6317: 6311: 6307: 6284: 6280: 6242: 6235: 6225: 6223: 6214: 6213: 6206: 6196: 6194: 6171: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6105: 6101: 6091: 6089: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6032: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5919: 5915: 5905: 5903: 5893: 5889: 5879: 5877: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5853: 5851: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5780: 5770: 5768: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5726: 5722: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5698: 5696: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5648: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5529: 5527: 5490: 5486: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5338: 5331: 5286: 5282: 5237: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5209: 5205:Fergus, Chuck. 5203: 5199: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5137: 5133: 5084: 5080: 5038: 5034: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4870:Panthera tigris 4866: 4862: 4817: 4813: 4762: 4758: 4709:(4): e0249521. 4694: 4687: 4671:10.1.1.578.4763 4644: 4640: 4625:10.2307/3799488 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4590:on 30 June 2007 4578: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4522: 4514:. p. 280. 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4485:on 11 June 2011 4473: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4310: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4257: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4207:10.2307/1381489 4187: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4097: 4093: 4050: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4017: 4016: 4005: 3998: 3984: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3845: 3844: 3837: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3802:10.2307/3797893 3785: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3727:The Lyons Press 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3692:"Roosevelt Elk" 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3655: 3654: 3645: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3597: 3590: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3516: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3483:"American Elk ( 3481: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3437: 3427: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3393: 3377: 3366: 3321: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3221: 3213:. p. 464. 3201: 3197: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3083: 3082: 3073: 3058: 3031: 3024: 3014: 3012: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2982: 2975: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2916: 2909: 2905: 2787: 2785:Commercial uses 2727: 2707: 2705: 2689: 2687: 2671: 2669: 2653: 2651: 2635: 2633: 2617: 2615: 2599: 2597: 2581: 2579: 2563: 2561: 2545: 2543: 2527: 2525: 2509: 2507: 2491: 2489: 2473: 2471: 2455: 2453: 2437: 2435: 2419: 2417: 2401: 2399: 2383: 2381: 2365: 2363: 2347: 2345: 2329: 2327: 2311: 2309: 2293: 2291: 2275: 2273: 2257: 2255: 2239: 2237: 2224: 2168:Smoky Mountains 2102: 2069: 1927: 1907:Siberian tigers 1872: 1816: 1775: 1713: 1693: 1692: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1669: 1662: 1656: 1635: 1550: 1548:Characteristics 1543: 1536: 1527: 1520: 1511: 1504: 1495: 1488: 1479: 1472:C. c. wallichii 1432:C. c. sibiricus 1363:Roosevelt's elk 1316:C. c. sibiricus 1265:Tianshan wapiti 1261:C. c. sibiricus 1177: 1084:Members of the 1070:Alberta, Canada 1030: 968:Richard Hakluyt 945:Old High German 823:, the European 750: 671:Southern Sweden 525:largest species 441:C. c. wallichii 427:C. c. sibiricus 382:C. c. macneilli 344: 337: 331: 318: 216: 208: 197: 193: 186: 141: 132: 131: 130: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 58: 57: 54: 46: 35: 28: 17: 16:Species of deer 12: 11: 5: 12892: 12882: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12804: 12803: 12801: 12800: 12787: 12774: 12761: 12748: 12735: 12722: 12709: 12696: 12683: 12670: 12657: 12644: 12631: 12621: 12606: 12590: 12588: 12582: 12581: 12569: 12568: 12545: 12544: 12542: 12541: 12539:Upland hunting 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12490: 12488: 12484: 12483: 12481: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12419: 12417: 12413: 12412: 12410: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12318: 12316: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12245: 12243: 12237: 12236: 12226: 12224: 12222: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12159:Bobwhite quail 12155: 12153: 12149: 12148: 12143: 12142: 12135: 12128: 12120: 12111: 12110: 12107: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12099: 12092: 12090: 12084: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12076: 12072:C. liberiensis 12066: 12064: 12056: 12055: 12053: 12052: 12046:Hippopotamus ( 12042: 12040: 12029: 12027:Hippopotamidae 12019: 12018: 12005: 12004: 12001: 12000: 11997: 11996: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11989: 11980: 11976:C. dromedarius 11971: 11961: 11959: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11947: 11938: 11929: 11920: 11910: 11908: 11897: 11887: 11886: 11873: 11872: 11869: 11868: 11865: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11858: 11857: 11847: 11845: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11833: 11823: 11821: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11809: 11799: 11797: 11786: 11780: 11779: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11772: 11763: 11759:S. timoriensis 11754: 11745: 11736: 11727: 11718: 11712:Domestic pig ( 11709: 11700: 11691: 11682: 11672: 11670: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11658: 11649: 11639: 11637: 11629: 11628: 11626: 11625: 11615: 11613: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11601: 11592: 11588:P. aethiopicus 11582: 11580: 11572: 11571: 11569: 11568: 11558: 11556: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11544: 11540:B. togeanensis 11535: 11526: 11516: 11514: 11503: 11493: 11492: 11479: 11478: 11475: 11474: 11471: 11470: 11467: 11466: 11464: 11463: 11453: 11451: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11430: 11421: 11411: 11409: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11397: 11391:Zebra duiker ( 11388: 11379: 11370: 11366:C. silvicultor 11361: 11352: 11343: 11334: 11325: 11319:Black duiker ( 11316: 11307: 11303:C. leucogaster 11298: 11289: 11280: 11271: 11262: 11253: 11244: 11234: 11232: 11221: 11215: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11207: 11198: 11192:Cape grysbok ( 11189: 11179: 11177: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11165: 11155: 11153: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11141: 11135:Klipspringer ( 11131: 11129: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11117: 11108: 11099: 11089: 11087: 11079: 11078: 11076: 11075: 11066: 11062:M. piacentinii 11057: 11048: 11038: 11036: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11024: 11014: 11012: 11001: 10995: 10994: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10987: 10977: 10975: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10963: 10953: 10951: 10940: 10936: 10935: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10928: 10924:P. przewalskii 10919: 10910: 10900: 10898: 10890: 10889: 10887: 10886: 10877: 10868: 10859: 10850: 10844:Dama gazelle ( 10840: 10838: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10826: 10816: 10814: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10802: 10793: 10784: 10778:Rhim gazelle ( 10775: 10766: 10757: 10748: 10739: 10729: 10727: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10715: 10706: 10697: 10688: 10678: 10676: 10668: 10667: 10665: 10664: 10654: 10652: 10644: 10643: 10641: 10640: 10636:A. marsupialis 10630: 10628: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10616: 10606: 10604: 10593: 10583: 10582: 10562: 10561: 10558: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10546: 10540:Common eland ( 10537: 10527: 10525: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10513: 10504: 10498:Greater kudu ( 10495: 10486: 10477: 10468: 10459: 10450: 10440: 10438: 10415: 10409: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10401: 10391: 10389: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10377: 10367: 10365: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10353: 10344: 10335: 10326: 10317: 10311:Domestic yak ( 10308: 10299: 10290: 10281: 10272: 10262: 10260: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10248: 10239: 10235:B. mindorensis 10230: 10224:Lowland anoa ( 10221: 10212: 10202: 10200: 10189: 10183: 10182: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10175: 10165: 10163: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10151: 10141: 10139: 10128: 10118: 10117: 10097: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10086: 10085: 10076: 10066: 10064: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10052: 10042: 10040: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10028: 10019: 10010: 10001: 9992: 9983: 9974: 9964: 9962: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9944:Nilgiri tahr ( 9940: 9938: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9926: 9916: 9914: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9902: 9892: 9890: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9878: 9869: 9860: 9851: 9841: 9839: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9827: 9817: 9815: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9803: 9797:Taiwan serow ( 9794: 9785: 9776: 9766: 9764: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9752: 9743: 9734: 9728:Iberian ibex ( 9725: 9716: 9707: 9698: 9689: 9680: 9671: 9661: 9659: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9637: 9635: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9623: 9617:Arabian tahr ( 9613: 9611: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9599: 9589: 9587: 9575: 9574: 9554: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9546: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9522: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9510: 9509: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9502: 9492: 9490: 9479: 9473: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9465: 9456: 9446: 9444: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9432: 9422: 9420: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9408: 9399: 9389: 9387: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9375: 9365: 9363: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9342: 9341: 9339: 9338: 9328: 9326: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9291: 9289: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9264: 9255: 9251:R. fulvorufula 9246: 9236: 9234: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9213: 9204: 9195: 9186: 9176: 9174: 9163: 9157: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9139: 9137: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9125: 9119:Arabian oryx ( 9116: 9107: 9098: 9088: 9086: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9074: 9065: 9055: 9053: 9042: 9032: 9031: 9016: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9001: 9000: 8996:O. virginianus 8991: 8982: 8972: 8970: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8949: 8939: 8937: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8924: 8915: 8904: 8902: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8890: 8880: 8878: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8862:O. bezoarticus 8856: 8854: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8842: 8833: 8824: 8815: 8806: 8802:M. gouazoubira 8800:Gray brocket ( 8797: 8788: 8779: 8770: 8760: 8758: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8737: 8727: 8725: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8713: 8703: 8701: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8689: 8680: 8670: 8668: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8646: 8644: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8632: 8622: 8620: 8609: 8603: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8595: 8586: 8577: 8568: 8559: 8555:C. albirostris 8549: 8547: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8526: 8517: 8508: 8498: 8496: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8474: 8472: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8451: 8441: 8439: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8427: 8418: 8409: 8400: 8390: 8388: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8367: 8357: 8355: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8343: 8339:E. cephalophus 8333: 8331: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8319: 8310: 8301: 8292: 8283: 8274: 8268:Leaf muntjac ( 8265: 8261:M. puhoatensis 8256: 8247: 8238: 8229: 8220: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8188: 8178: 8177: 8162: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8118:T. williamsoni 8113: 8104: 8095: 8086: 8077: 8067: 8065: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8053: 8044: 8035: 8025: 8023: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8001: 7999: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7974: 7970:M. moschiferus 7965: 7961:M. leucogaster 7956: 7947: 7938: 7929: 7925:M. berezovskii 7920: 7910: 7908: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7874: 7865: 7856: 7846: 7844: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7832: 7822: 7820: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7795: 7785: 7783: 7772: 7770:Antilocapridae 7762: 7761: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7742:Laurasiatheria 7738: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7700: 7699: 7692: 7685: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7647: 7635: 7630: 7613: 7612:External links 7610: 7608: 7607: 7575: 7568: 7546: 7520: 7491:(5): 696–703. 7469: 7439: 7413: 7381: 7355: 7325: 7299: 7273: 7242: 7223: 7199: 7192: 7170: 7144: 7119: 7091: 7061: 7036: 7008: 6982: 6957: 6932: 6904: 6891: 6855: 6827: 6787: 6728: 6698: 6670: 6641: 6613: 6587: 6559: 6534: 6506: 6481: 6445: 6420: 6395: 6370: 6348: 6305: 6278: 6255:. Wellington: 6233: 6222:on 24 May 2010 6204: 6177:Cervus elaphus 6162: 6099: 6073: 6048:(2): 167–173. 6026: 6001: 5971: 5946: 5913: 5887: 5861: 5839: 5814: 5778: 5753: 5720: 5706: 5680: 5661:(4): 789–806. 5632: 5600: 5563: 5537: 5484: 5420: 5394: 5359: 5329: 5300:(6): 977–984. 5280: 5231: 5197: 5156: 5149: 5131: 5078: 5032: 4972: 4960: 4949:on 4 July 2007 4919: 4893: 4882:(3): 221–231. 4860: 4811: 4776:(2): 225–235. 4756: 4685: 4656:(3): 227–234. 4638: 4601: 4571: 4560:on 4 June 2011 4539: 4520: 4496: 4466: 4441: 4419: 4390: 4363: 4333: 4322:(1): 331–341. 4304: 4293:on 8 June 2011 4274: 4255: 4235: 4201:(2): 418–423. 4181: 4151: 4140:on 10 May 2007 4116: 4109: 4091: 4070:(8): 1224–36. 4044: 4003: 3996: 3961: 3938:Cervus elephus 3923: 3916: 3898: 3868: 3835: 3822: 3773: 3743: 3735: 3713: 3682: 3659:Cervus elaphus 3643: 3616: 3609: 3588: 3564: 3545:Allen, Craig. 3537: 3510: 3485:Cervus elaphus 3474: 3418: 3391: 3364: 3325:Cervus elaphus 3310: 3276:Cervus elaphus 3264: 3238: 3219: 3195: 3169: 3152: 3114: 3071: 3056: 3022: 2991: 2973: 2956: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2861:Turkic peoples 2786: 2783: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2576: 2575: 2572: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2480:North Carolina 2468: 2467: 2464: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2324: 2323: 2320: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2223: 2220: 2213:. In 1949 the 2199:Chilean huemul 2172:South Carolina 2148:North Carolina 2101: 2098: 2079:during the rut 2068: 2065: 2013:undulant fever 1926: 1923: 1871: 1868: 1815: 1812: 1774: 1771: 1712: 1709: 1683: 1670: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1634: 1631: 1560:in California. 1549: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1530: 1528: 1521: 1514: 1512: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1489: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1465: 1458:Alashan wapiti 1455: 1445: 1435: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1417:C. c. merriami 1410: 1400: 1390: 1380: 1377:C. c. nannodes 1370: 1356: 1336:Kansu red deer 1328:C. xanthopygus 1293:Alashan wapiti 1250:C. c. merriami 1218:C. c. nannodes 1176: 1173: 1142:Thorold's deer 1126:Cervus elaphus 1109:. The extinct 1056:, Yellowstone. 1029: 1026: 960:Cervus elaphus 943:, itself from 919:. Noting that 893:Middle English 873:Proto-Germanic 784:Cree syllabics 749: 746: 659:Western Europe 623:Cervus elaphus 493: 492: 486:Cervus elaphus 478: 477: 471: 470: 463: 462: 454: 453: 452: 451: 444: 437: 430: 423: 416: 409: 406:C. c. nannodes 402: 399:C. c. merriami 392: 385: 378: 371: 364: 351: 350: 346: 345: 338: 327: 326: 320: 319: 312: 310: 306: 305: 298: 294: 293: 288: 284: 283: 278: 274: 273: 268: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253: 248: 244: 243: 238: 234: 233: 228: 224: 223: 210: 209: 191: 188: 187: 182: 179: 178: 170: 169: 161: 160: 152: 151: 143: 142: 127: 126: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 55: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12891: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12816: 12814: 12797: 12792: 12788: 12784: 12779: 12775: 12771: 12766: 12762: 12758: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12740: 12736: 12732: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12701: 12697: 12693: 12688: 12684: 12680: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12662: 12658: 12654: 12649: 12645: 12641: 12636: 12632: 12628: 12622: 12617: 12611: 12607: 12602: 12596: 12592: 12591: 12589: 12587: 12583: 12579: 12574: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12556: 12553: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12504:Bison hunting 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12491: 12489: 12485: 12479: 12478:Snowshoe hare 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12453:Gray squirrel 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12418: 12414: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12377:Mountain goat 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12322:Bighorn sheep 12320: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12311: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12269:Greater scaup 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12246: 12244: 12242: 12238: 12230: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12209:Spruce grouse 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12194:Ruffed grouse 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12179:Mourning dove 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12156: 12154: 12150: 12141: 12136: 12134: 12129: 12127: 12122: 12121: 12118: 12098: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12075: 12073: 12068: 12067: 12065: 12063: 12062: 12057: 12051: 12049: 12044: 12043: 12041: 12039: 12038: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12010: 12006: 11988: 11986: 11981: 11979: 11977: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11967:C. bactrianus 11963: 11962: 11960: 11958: 11957: 11952: 11946: 11944: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11930: 11928: 11926: 11921: 11919: 11917: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11907: 11906: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11878: 11874: 11856: 11854: 11849: 11848: 11846: 11844: 11843: 11838: 11832: 11830: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11820: 11819: 11814: 11808: 11806: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11796: 11795: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11781: 11771: 11769: 11768:S. verrucosus 11764: 11762: 11760: 11755: 11753: 11751: 11746: 11744: 11742: 11737: 11735: 11733: 11728: 11726: 11724: 11719: 11717: 11715: 11714:S. domesticus 11710: 11708: 11706: 11705:S. celebensis 11701: 11699: 11697: 11692: 11690: 11688: 11683: 11681: 11679: 11674: 11673: 11671: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11657: 11655: 11650: 11648: 11646: 11641: 11640: 11638: 11636: 11635: 11634:Potamochoerus 11630: 11624: 11622: 11617: 11616: 11614: 11612: 11611: 11606: 11600: 11598: 11593: 11591: 11589: 11584: 11583: 11581: 11579: 11578: 11573: 11567: 11565: 11560: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11554: 11549: 11543: 11541: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11531:B. celebensis 11527: 11525: 11523: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11513: 11512: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11484: 11480: 11462: 11460: 11455: 11454: 11452: 11450: 11449: 11444: 11438: 11436: 11431: 11429: 11427: 11422: 11420: 11418: 11415:Blue duiker ( 11413: 11412: 11410: 11408: 11407: 11402: 11396: 11394: 11389: 11387: 11385: 11380: 11378: 11376: 11371: 11369: 11367: 11362: 11360: 11358: 11353: 11351: 11349: 11344: 11342: 11340: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11330:C. nigrifrons 11326: 11324: 11322: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11312:C. natalensis 11308: 11306: 11304: 11299: 11297: 11295: 11290: 11288: 11286: 11281: 11279: 11277: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11263: 11261: 11259: 11258:C. callipygus 11254: 11252: 11250: 11245: 11243: 11241: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11230: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11216: 11206: 11204: 11199: 11197: 11195: 11190: 11188: 11186: 11185:R. campestris 11181: 11180: 11178: 11176: 11175: 11170: 11164: 11162: 11157: 11156: 11154: 11152: 11151: 11146: 11140: 11138: 11137:O. oreotragus 11133: 11132: 11130: 11128: 11127: 11122: 11116: 11114: 11109: 11107: 11105: 11100: 11098: 11096: 11091: 11090: 11088: 11086: 11085: 11080: 11074: 11072: 11067: 11065: 11063: 11058: 11056: 11054: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11034: 11029: 11023: 11021: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11011: 11010: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10996: 10986: 10984: 10979: 10978: 10976: 10974: 10973: 10968: 10962: 10960: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10949: 10944: 10941: 10937: 10927: 10925: 10920: 10918: 10916: 10911: 10909: 10907: 10902: 10901: 10899: 10897: 10896: 10891: 10885: 10883: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10860: 10858: 10856: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10837: 10836: 10831: 10825: 10823: 10818: 10817: 10815: 10813: 10812: 10807: 10801: 10799: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10780:G. leptoceros 10776: 10774: 10772: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10740: 10738: 10736: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10725: 10720: 10714: 10712: 10707: 10705: 10703: 10698: 10696: 10694: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10684:E. albonotata 10680: 10679: 10677: 10675: 10674: 10669: 10663: 10661: 10660:A. cervicapra 10656: 10655: 10653: 10651: 10650: 10645: 10639: 10637: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10626: 10621: 10615: 10613: 10608: 10607: 10605: 10603: 10602: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10578: 10574: 10567: 10563: 10545: 10543: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10531:Giant eland ( 10529: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10523: 10518: 10512: 10510: 10509:T. sylvaticus 10505: 10503: 10501: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10487: 10485: 10483: 10478: 10476: 10474: 10471:Lesser kudu ( 10469: 10467: 10465: 10460: 10458: 10456: 10451: 10449: 10447: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10433: 10425: 10424: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10410: 10400: 10398: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10387: 10382: 10376: 10374: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10363: 10358: 10352: 10350: 10345: 10343: 10341: 10336: 10334: 10332: 10327: 10325: 10323: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10300: 10298: 10296: 10291: 10289: 10287: 10286:B. domesticus 10284:Bali cattle ( 10282: 10280: 10278: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10259: 10258: 10253: 10247: 10245: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10213: 10211: 10209: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10184: 10174: 10172: 10167: 10166: 10164: 10162: 10161: 10156: 10150: 10148: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10138: 10137: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10113: 10109: 10102: 10098: 10084: 10082: 10077: 10075: 10073: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10062: 10057: 10051: 10049: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10039: 10038: 10033: 10027: 10025: 10020: 10018: 10016: 10011: 10009: 10007: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9993: 9991: 9989: 9988:O. canadensis 9984: 9982: 9980: 9975: 9973: 9971: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9961: 9960: 9955: 9949: 9947: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9936: 9935:Nilgiritragus 9931: 9925: 9923: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9913: 9912: 9907: 9901: 9899: 9898:O. americanus 9894: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9883: 9877: 9875: 9870: 9868: 9866: 9861: 9859: 9857: 9852: 9850: 9848: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9837: 9832: 9826: 9824: 9823:H. jemlahicus 9819: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9813: 9808: 9802: 9800: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9777: 9775: 9773: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9762: 9757: 9751: 9749: 9744: 9742: 9740: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9726: 9724: 9722: 9719:Nubian ibex ( 9717: 9715: 9713: 9710:Alpine ibex ( 9708: 9706: 9704: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9681: 9679: 9677: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9657: 9652: 9646: 9644: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9633: 9628: 9622: 9620: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9609: 9604: 9598: 9596: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9585: 9580: 9576: 9570: 9566: 9559: 9555: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9517: 9515: 9511: 9501: 9499: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9488: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9477:Pantholopinae 9474: 9464: 9462: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9442: 9437: 9431: 9429: 9428:A. buselaphus 9424: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9418: 9413: 9407: 9405: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9385: 9380: 9374: 9372: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9361: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9347: 9337: 9335: 9332:Grey rhebok ( 9330: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9310: 9300: 9298: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9287: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9276:Aepycerotinae 9273: 9263: 9261: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9232: 9227: 9221: 9219: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9207:Nile lechwe ( 9205: 9203: 9201: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9187: 9185: 9183: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9158: 9148: 9146: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9124: 9122: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9073: 9071: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9051: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9040:Hippotraginae 9037: 9033: 9028: 9021: 9017: 8999: 8997: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8968: 8963: 8957: 8955: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8923: 8921: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8900: 8895: 8889: 8887: 8886:B. dichotomus 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8865: 8863: 8860:Pampas deer ( 8858: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8852: 8847: 8841: 8839: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8820:M. nemorivaga 8816: 8814: 8812: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8764:Red brocket ( 8762: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8745: 8743: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8733:H. antisensis 8729: 8728: 8726: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8712: 8710: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8688: 8686: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8661: 8655: 8653: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8642: 8637: 8631: 8629: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8604: 8594: 8592: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8573:C. canadensis 8569: 8567: 8565: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8534: 8532: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8522:R. timorensis 8518: 8516: 8514: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8489: 8483: 8481: 8480:E. davidianus 8476: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8465: 8459: 8457: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8447:R. duvaucelii 8443: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8426: 8424: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8412:Bawean deer ( 8410: 8408: 8406: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8381: 8375: 8373: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8342: 8340: 8337:Tufted deer ( 8335: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8318: 8316: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8270:M. putaoensis 8266: 8264: 8262: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8216:M. crinifrons 8212: 8210: 8208: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8197: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8174: 8167: 8163: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8135: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8109:T. versicolor 8105: 8103: 8101: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8052: 8050: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8016: 8010: 8008: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7973: 7971: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7916:M. anhuiensis 7912: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7882: 7880: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7870:G. reticulata 7866: 7864: 7862: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7831: 7829: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7794: 7792: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7781: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7725: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7714: 7711: 7706: 7698: 7693: 7691: 7686: 7684: 7679: 7678: 7675: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7592: 7585: 7579: 7571: 7569:9780393313826 7565: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7516: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7473: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7398: 7391: 7385: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7246: 7230: 7226: 7224:9780874217926 7220: 7216: 7212: 7211: 7203: 7195: 7193:9789004378780 7189: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7095: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7065: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7025: 7018: 7012: 6997: 6993: 6986: 6971: 6967: 6961: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6895: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6859: 6844: 6843: 6842:The Oklahoman 6838: 6831: 6823: 6817: 6802: 6798: 6791: 6783: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6732: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6702: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6674: 6658: 6651: 6645: 6630: 6623: 6617: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6576: 6569: 6563: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6523: 6516: 6510: 6495: 6494:Farm Progress 6491: 6485: 6466: 6462: 6455: 6449: 6434: 6430: 6424: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6359: 6352: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6316: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6238: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6178: 6169: 6167: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6103: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6015: 6011: 6005: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5917: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5849: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5782: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5724: 5716: 5710: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5647: 5645: 5636: 5617: 5610: 5604: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5578:The Columbian 5574: 5567: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5424: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5379: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5347: 5343: 5342:"Elk Profile" 5336: 5334: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5152: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4977: 4969: 4964: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4690: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4605: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4556: 4549: 4548:"Elk biology" 4543: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4512:Marcel Dekker 4509: 4508: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4451: 4445: 4429: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4408:(141): 3–61. 4407: 4403: 4402: 4394: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4342:"Elk biology" 4337: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4308: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4239: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4124:Sell, Randy. 4120: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4048: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3999: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3917:9781610603102 3913: 3909: 3902: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3832: 3826: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3738: 3736:1-58574-180-9 3732: 3729:. p. 7. 3728: 3724: 3717: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3660: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3612: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3568: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3495: 3488: 3486: 3478: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3434: 3425: 3423: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3199: 3191: 3190: 3184: 3182: 3173: 3165: 3164: 3156: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3129: 3127: 3118: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2995: 2987: 2980: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2834:antler velvet 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2809:and lower in 2808: 2804: 2798: 2791: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2736: 2731: 2717: 2715: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2678:West Virginia 2668: 2667: 2663: 2661: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2589: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2445: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2427: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2409: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2373: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2355: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2283: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2265: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2164:West Virginia 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2078: 2073: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2051:Cowlitz River 2047: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1998:Gram-negative 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1876: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1820: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1784: 1779: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1689: 1668: 1651: 1648: 1639: 1630: 1628: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571:Cascade Range 1568: 1559: 1558:Roosevelt elk 1554: 1541: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1413:Merriam's elk 1411: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1397:C. c. nelsoni 1394: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1383:Manitoban elk 1381: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1348:Cervus hanglu 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1324:C. canadensis 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1305:Central China 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1246:Merriam's elk 1243: 1239: 1235: 1234:C. c. nelsoni 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1165:C. canadensis 1162: 1161:morphological 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1130:mitochondrial 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1087: 1078: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1055: 1050: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 984: 979: 976:. Similarly, 975: 974: 969: 965: 961: 957: 954:The American 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 839: 830: 829:Ancient Greek 827:was known as 826: 822: 818: 817: 811: 809: 805: 801: 785: 780: 775: 771: 767: 763: 762:British Isles 759: 755: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 679:Merriam's elk 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 639:C. canadensis 636: 635:morphological 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 609: 605: 604:mating season 601: 597: 592: 590: 586: 582: 581:bighorn sheep 578: 574: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 517: 512: 508: 500: 491: 489: 488: 487: 479: 476: 472: 469: 464: 460: 455: 450: 449: 445: 443: 442: 438: 436: 435: 431: 429: 428: 424: 422: 421: 417: 415: 414: 413:C. c. nelsoni 410: 408: 407: 403: 401: 400: 393: 391: 390: 386: 384: 383: 379: 377: 376: 372: 370: 369: 365: 363: 362: 355: 354: 352: 347: 342: 336: 334: 328: 325: 324:Binomial name 321: 317: 316: 311: 308: 307: 304: 303: 299: 296: 295: 292: 289: 286: 285: 282: 279: 276: 275: 272: 269: 266: 265: 262: 259: 256: 255: 252: 249: 246: 245: 242: 239: 236: 235: 232: 229: 226: 225: 220: 215: 211: 205: 200: 199:Least Concern 189: 185: 180: 176: 171: 167: 162: 158: 153: 149: 144: 138: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 62: 51: 48: 44: 40: 33: 26: 22: 12585: 12534:Wolf hunting 12509:Deer hunting 12494:Bear hunting 12443:Fox squirrel 12416:Other quarry 12356: 12294:Ross's goose 12274:Lesser scaup 12254:Canada goose 12071: 12059: 12048:H. amphibius 12047: 12037:Hippopotamus 12035: 12015:Whippomorpha 11984: 11975: 11966: 11954: 11942: 11933: 11924: 11915: 11903: 11852: 11840: 11828: 11816: 11804: 11792: 11767: 11758: 11749: 11740: 11731: 11722: 11713: 11704: 11696:S. cebifrons 11695: 11686: 11677: 11665: 11653: 11644: 11632: 11620: 11608: 11597:P. africanus 11596: 11587: 11577:Phacochoerus 11575: 11563: 11551: 11539: 11530: 11522:B. babyrussa 11521: 11509: 11458: 11446: 11434: 11426:P. maxwellii 11425: 11417:P. monticola 11416: 11404: 11392: 11383: 11374: 11365: 11357:C. rufilatus 11356: 11347: 11338: 11329: 11320: 11311: 11302: 11293: 11284: 11275: 11274:Bay duiker ( 11267:C. crusalbum 11266: 11257: 11248: 11239: 11227: 11219:Cephalophini 11202: 11194:R. melanotis 11193: 11184: 11172: 11160: 11148: 11136: 11124: 11112: 11104:N. moschatus 11103: 11094: 11082: 11070: 11061: 11052: 11044:M. guentheri 11043: 11031: 11020:D. megalotis 11019: 11007: 10982: 10970: 10959:P. hodgsonii 10958: 10946: 10923: 10914: 10906:P. gutturosa 10905: 10893: 10881: 10872: 10863: 10854: 10845: 10833: 10821: 10809: 10797: 10788: 10779: 10770: 10762:G. erlangeri 10761: 10752: 10743: 10735:G. bennettii 10734: 10722: 10710: 10702:E. thomsonii 10701: 10693:E. rufifrons 10692: 10683: 10671: 10659: 10647: 10635: 10623: 10611: 10599: 10541: 10533:T. derbianus 10532: 10520: 10508: 10499: 10490: 10481: 10472: 10464:T. eurycerus 10463: 10454: 10445: 10421: 10413:Tragelaphini 10396: 10384: 10372: 10360: 10348: 10339: 10331:B. javanicus 10330: 10321: 10313:B. grunniens 10312: 10303: 10295:B. frontalis 10294: 10285: 10276: 10267: 10255: 10243: 10234: 10225: 10216: 10207: 10195: 10170: 10158: 10146: 10134: 10081:R. rupicapra 10080: 10072:R. pyrenaica 10071: 10059: 10047: 10035: 10023: 10014: 10013:Snow sheep ( 10005: 9996: 9995:Dall sheep ( 9987: 9978: 9969: 9957: 9946:N. hylocrius 9945: 9933: 9922:O. moschatus 9921: 9909: 9897: 9885: 9873: 9864: 9855: 9846: 9834: 9822: 9810: 9798: 9789: 9780: 9771: 9759: 9747: 9746:Walia ibex ( 9738: 9730:C. pyrenaica 9729: 9720: 9711: 9702: 9694:C. falconeri 9693: 9684: 9675: 9666: 9654: 9643:B. taxicolor 9642: 9630: 9618: 9606: 9594: 9582: 9498:P. hodgsonii 9497: 9485: 9460: 9451: 9441:Connochaetes 9439: 9427: 9426:Hartebeest ( 9415: 9403: 9394: 9382: 9370: 9358: 9350:Alcelaphinae 9334:P. capreolus 9333: 9321: 9296: 9284: 9259: 9250: 9242:R. arundinum 9241: 9229: 9217: 9209:K. megaceros 9208: 9199: 9190: 9181: 9169: 9144: 9132: 9120: 9111: 9102: 9093: 9081: 9069: 9060: 9048: 8995: 8986: 8977: 8965: 8953: 8944: 8931: 8919: 8909: 8897: 8885: 8884:Marsh deer ( 8873: 8861: 8849: 8837: 8828: 8819: 8810: 8801: 8792: 8783: 8774: 8766:M. americana 8765: 8753: 8741: 8732: 8722:Hippocamelus 8720: 8708: 8696: 8684: 8676:C. capreolus 8675: 8663: 8651: 8650:Water deer ( 8639: 8627: 8615: 8590: 8581: 8572: 8570: 8563: 8554: 8542: 8530: 8521: 8513:R. mariannus 8512: 8503: 8491: 8479: 8467: 8455: 8454:Eld's deer ( 8446: 8445:Barasingha ( 8434: 8422: 8413: 8404: 8395: 8383: 8371: 8362: 8350: 8338: 8326: 8314: 8306:M. vaginalis 8305: 8296: 8287: 8278: 8269: 8260: 8251: 8242: 8233: 8224: 8215: 8207:M. atherodes 8206: 8194: 8117: 8108: 8100:T. nigricans 8099: 8090: 8081: 8073:T. javanicus 8072: 8060: 8048: 8039: 8030: 8018: 8007:H. aquaticus 8006: 7994: 7969: 7960: 7951: 7942: 7933: 7924: 7915: 7903: 7878: 7869: 7860: 7851: 7839: 7828:O. johnstoni 7827: 7815: 7791:A. americana 7790: 7778: 7740:Superorder: 7734:Infraclass: 7705:Artiodactyla 7659: 7655: 7651: 7598:. 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Retrieved 2933: 2927: 2921: 2885: 2854: 2831: 2799: 2796: 2760: 2740: 2570:South Dakota 2552:Pennsylvania 2498:North Dakota 2207:George Sound 2203: 2192: 2132:Pennsylvania 2121: 2118: 2082: 2076: 2048: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2015:, producing 1995: 1977: 1958: 1952: 1938: 1928: 1919: 1881: 1849: 1825: 1788: 1758: 1742: 1738: 1714: 1696: 1694: 1685: 1644: 1623: 1611:testosterone 1603: 1566: 1563: 1540:Kashmir stag 1508:Altai wapiti 1471: 1461: 1451: 1441: 1431: 1428:Altai wapiti 1416: 1406: 1396: 1386: 1376: 1366: 1352:Kashmir stag 1347: 1332:Sichuan deer 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1296: 1288: 1268: 1260: 1257:Altai wapiti 1254: 1249: 1241: 1233: 1225: 1217: 1209: 1178: 1168: 1164: 1150: 1137: 1133: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1088: 1083: 1021: 1017: 1007: 995: 992:John Lederer 981: 971: 963: 959: 955: 953: 932: 928: 924: 920: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 880: 876: 824: 814: 812: 807: 804:Altai wapiti 768:is from the 765: 753: 751: 730:naturopathic 707: 682: 681:subspecies ( 642: 638: 622: 612: 607: 593: 561: 556: 552: 520: 515: 514: 510: 506: 498: 496: 484: 483: 481: 467: 446: 439: 432: 425: 418: 411: 404: 397: 387: 380: 373: 366: 359: 332: 330: 314: 313: 301: 271:Artiodactyla 47: 20: 12687:iNaturalist 12610:Wikispecies 12514:Fox hunting 11925:L. guanicoe 11784:Tayassuidae 11748:Wild boar ( 11687:S. barbatus 11645:P. larvatus 11621:P. salvania 11619:Pygmy hog ( 11553:Hylochoerus 11406:Philantomba 11294:C. jentinki 11276:C. dorsalis 11229:Cephalophus 11113:N. pygmaeus 11071:M. saltiana 11009:Dorcatragus 10983:S. tatarica 10873:N. petersii 10811:Litocranius 10711:E. tilonura 10658:Blackbuck ( 10634:Springbok ( 10577:Antilopinae 10575:(subfamily 10522:Taurotragus 10489:Sitatunga ( 10482:T. scriptus 10473:T. imberbis 10430:(including 10423:Tragelaphus 10244:B. quarlesi 10126:Boselaphini 10110:(subfamily 10015:O. nivicola 9856:N. caudatus 9845:Red goral ( 9836:Naemorhedus 9799:C. swinhoei 9779:Red serow ( 9761:Capricornis 9739:C. sibirica 9676:C. caucasia 9667:C. aegagrus 9665:Wild goat ( 9619:A. jayakari 9608:Arabitragus 9567:(subfamily 9538:Antilopinae 9461:C. taurinus 9404:D. pygargus 9297:A. melampus 9218:K. vardonii 9180:Waterbuck ( 9121:O. leucoryx 9050:Hippotragus 8978:O. hemionus 8976:Mule deer ( 8875:Blastocerus 8784:M. bricenii 8742:H. bisulcus 8709:R. tarandus 8685:C. pygargus 8607:Capreolinae 8589:Sika deer ( 8531:R. unicolor 8520:Rusa deer ( 8423:A. porcinus 8243:M. montanus 8040:M. kathygre 7789:Pronghorn ( 7780:Antilocapra 7618:Arizona Elk 7348:23 December 6835:Ed Gofrey. 6801:www.nps.gov 6721:23 November 6663:10 November 6601:Krebs Creek 6294:: 222–228. 5994:21 November 5654:Palaeoworld 5413:10 November 3988:Elk Country 3908:Elk Hunting 3431:"The genus 3303:12 November 3179:"red deer, 3015:23 December 2949:9 September 2857:Han Chinese 2842:aphrodisiac 2815:cholesterol 2746:petroglyphs 2484:150 - 200 2340:175 - 350 2128:Appalachian 2005:brucellosis 1991:South Korea 1985:known as a 1950:liver fluke 1933:and animal 1575:U.S. states 1492:eastern elk 1403:Eastern elk 1238:eastern elk 1185:taxonomists 1153:New Zealand 1115:Megaloceros 1000:parentheses 996:Discoveries 865:Old English 825:Alces alces 802:called the 754:Alces alces 722:vaccination 699:New Zealand 661:during the 577:artiodactyl 553:Alces alces 527:within the 490:subspecies 349:Subspecies 287:Subfamily: 137:Pleistocene 59:2.5–0 21:Alces alces 12813:Categories 12402:Polar bear 12397:Dall sheep 12337:Brown bear 12327:Black bear 12299:Snow goose 12259:Canvasback 12249:Black duck 12152:Game birds 12061:Choeropsis 11943:L. vicugna 11829:C. wagneri 11732:S. oliveri 11723:S. heureni 11459:S. grimmia 11448:Sylvicapra 11435:P. walteri 11348:C. rubidis 11339:C. ogilbyi 11285:C. harveyi 11249:C. brookei 11203:R. sharpei 11183:Steenbok ( 11174:Raphicerus 11126:Oreotragus 10999:Neotragini 10948:Pantholops 10864:N. notatus 10822:L. walleri 10771:G. gazella 10744:G. cuvieri 10733:Chinkara ( 10625:Antidorcas 10612:A. clarkei 10601:Ammodorcas 10591:Antilopini 10491:T. spekeii 10455:T. buxtoni 10446:T. angasii 10338:Wild yak ( 10322:B. indicus 10277:B. bonasus 10217:B. bubalis 10160:Boselaphus 10136:Tetracerus 10006:O. gmelini 9874:N. griseus 9847:N. baileyi 9812:Hemitragus 9781:C. rubidus 9772:C. crispus 9721:C. nubiana 9584:Ammotragus 9487:Pantholops 9417:Alcelaphus 9402:Bontebok ( 9395:D. lunatus 9384:Damaliscus 9371:B. hunteri 9260:R. redunca 9161:Reduncinae 9112:O. gazella 9061:H. equinus 8987:O. pandora 8967:Odocoileus 8851:Ozotoceros 8707:Reindeer ( 8652:H. inermis 8641:Hydropotes 8564:C. elaphus 8562:Red deer ( 8504:R. alfredi 8421:Hog deer ( 8279:M. reevesi 8252:M. muntjak 8082:T. kanchil 8049:M. meminna 7996:Hyemoschus 7986:Tragulidae 7943:M. cupreus 7861:G. giraffa 7807:Giraffidae 7758:Ruminantia 7660:canadensis 7600:4 December 7539:3 December 7462:4 December 7432:4 December 7406:4 December 7374:4 December 7318:4 December 7292:4 December 7163:31 October 7112:4 November 7084:31 October 7054:4 November 7029:31 October 7001:7 December 6975:31 October 6950:31 October 6925:31 October 6884:31 October 6848:31 October 6691:31 October 6634:31 October 6580:7 December 6552:31 October 6527:4 November 6474:31 October 6438:31 October 6413:31 October 6388:31 October 6341:15 January 6273:Q125475906 6226:4 December 6197:4 December 6155:4 December 6092:4 December 6066:18 January 6019:15 January 5984:mdc.mo.gov 5880:2 December 5807:15 January 5746:4 December 5699:3 December 5530:21 January 5443:Challenge" 5387:4 December 5352:4 December 5224:3 December 4953:4 December 4912:4 December 4594:4 December 4564:4 December 4532:4 December 4489:4 December 4383:4 December 4356:4 December 4297:4 December 4228:17 January 4174:4 December 4144:4 December 4037:4 December 3891:4 December 3861:2 December 3766:2 December 3752:"Tule Elk" 3706:4 December 3675:4 December 3557:4 December 3530:4 December 3503:2 December 3257:3 December 3145:15 January 3107:15 January 2903:References 2869:Mongolians 2823:phosphorus 2660:Washington 2462:New Mexico 2282:California 2039:Ostertagia 1860:microbiome 1688:media help 1647:gregarious 1587:Washington 1579:California 1556:A herd of 1419:; extinct) 1409:; extinct) 1301:Manchurian 1291:) and the 1263:) and the 1201:phenotypic 1181:subspecies 1175:Subspecies 1169:C. elaphus 978:John Smith 758:extirpated 643:C. elaphus 615:subspecies 12387:Pronghorn 12382:Mule deer 12332:Razorback 12304:Wood duck 12241:Waterfowl 12189:Ptarmigan 12013:Suborder 11923:Guanaco ( 11895:Camelidae 11881:Suborder 11853:D. tajacu 11842:Dicotyles 11818:Catagonus 11805:T. pecari 11750:S. scrofa 11654:P. porcus 11643:Bushpig ( 11511:Babyrousa 11487:Suborder 11384:C. weynsi 11375:C. spadix 11240:C. adersi 11161:O. ourebi 11095:N. batesi 11084:Neotragus 11053:M. kirkii 10855:N. granti 10820:Gerenuk ( 10789:G. spekei 10753:G. dorcas 10610:Dibatag ( 10397:S. caffer 10362:Pseudoryx 10349:B. taurus 10329:Banteng ( 10304:B. gaurus 10233:Tamaraw ( 10079:Chamois ( 10061:Rupicapra 10048:P. nayaur 10024:O. vignei 10004:Mouflon ( 9703:C. hircus 9692:Markhor ( 9595:A. lervia 9360:Beatragus 9286:Aepyceros 9110:Gemsbok ( 9103:O. dammah 8945:P. carlae 8838:M. temama 8829:M. rufina 8793:M. chunyi 8775:M. bororo 8665:Capreolus 8591:C. nippon 8582:C. hanglu 8469:Elaphurus 8414:A. kuhlii 8328:Elaphodus 8196:Muntiacus 8031:M. indica 8020:Moschiola 7952:M. fuscus 7895:Moschidae 7756:Suborder 7716:Kingdom: 6300:1176-5283 6265:0077-961X 6179:(mammal)" 5829:USA Today 5675:213500978 5625:10 August 5593:10 August 5556:10 August 4902:"Coyotes" 4806:254237193 4790:1572-9699 4733:1932-6203 4666:CiteSeerX 3954:5 January 3815:22 August 3632:: 14–22. 3448:: 14–22. 3411:7 January 3034:Grubb, P. 2877:Elk farms 2838:East Asia 2743:Neolithic 2718:110,200 2696:Wisconsin 2588:Tennessee 2538:133,000 2430:141,785 2390:Minnesota 2322:120,000 2304:280,000 2152:Tennessee 2140:Wisconsin 2094:Relictual 2075:Bull elk 2056:treponeme 2044:pneumonia 2026:A recent 2017:influenza 2001:bacterial 1935:parasites 1864:cellulose 1773:Migration 1761:gestation 1755:her calf. 1751:A female 1222:Manitoban 1206:Roosevelt 1146:sika deer 1144:and even 1111:Irish elk 1099:Oligocene 994:'s Latin 885:Old Norse 838:romanized 760:from the 718:livestock 695:Argentina 657:and into 651:East Asia 585:pronghorn 545:East Asia 309:Species: 237:Kingdom: 231:Eukaryota 159:, Canada 12731:55997823 12624:BioLib: 12595:Wikidata 12487:See also 12448:Gray fox 12314:Big game 12219:Woodcock 11985:C. ferus 11941:Vicuña ( 11934:L. pacos 11932:Alpaca ( 11916:L. glama 11883:Tylopoda 11393:C. zebra 11321:C. niger 10895:Procapra 10673:Eudorcas 10649:Antilope 10386:Syncerus 10347:Cattle ( 10340:B. mutus 10268:B. bison 10208:B. arnee 10169:Nilgai ( 10046:Bharal ( 10037:Pseudois 9997:O. dalli 9979:O. aries 9970:O. ammon 9968:Argali ( 9920:Muskox ( 9887:Oreamnos 9865:N. goral 9748:C. walie 9632:Budorcas 9569:Caprinae 9514:Caprinae 9369:Hirola ( 9313:Peleinae 9295:Impala ( 9200:K. leche 9198:Lechwe ( 9094:O. beisa 9070:H. niger 8731:Taruca ( 8698:Rangifer 8628:A. alces 8529:Sambar ( 8456:R. eldii 8436:Rucervus 8394:Chital ( 8186:Cervinae 8173:Cervidae 8134:Cervidae 8062:Tragulus 7736:Eutheria 7730:Mammalia 7724:Chordata 7722:Phylum: 7718:Animalia 7664:Archived 7641:Archived 7621:Archived 7533:Archived 7515:19402954 7456:Archived 7454:. 2007. 7397:Archived 7368:Archived 7342:Archived 7312:Archived 7286:Archived 7266:2 August 7260:Archived 7235:2 August 7229:Archived 7137:23 April 6816:cite web 6806:23 April 6782:30716128 6742:PLOS ONE 6606:22 April 6499:23 April 6269:Wikidata 6259:: 1–99. 6191:Archived 6149:Archived 6145:86575665 6060:Archived 5988:Archived 5964:23 April 5933:Archived 5874:Archived 5771:21 March 5693:Archived 5616:Archived 5587:Archived 5524:Archived 5520:17459871 5479:26904509 5324:15207045 5275:28845256 5267:17984277 5218:Archived 5192:18050795 5126:52147419 5118:30177803 5073:20462132 5027:32145069 4906:Archived 4855:21615401 4798:30155662 4751:33831062 4703:PLOS ONE 4526:Archived 4459:16 March 4434:16 March 4350:Archived 4261:Archived 4219:Archived 4086:27103677 3855:Archived 3760:Archived 3700:Archived 3669:Archived 3524:Archived 3494:Archived 3462:33193408 3405:Archived 3401:37713037 3359:15120401 3225:Archived 3139:Archived 3101:Archived 3066:62265494 3036:(2005). 3000:"Wapiti" 2899:46,000. 2664:60,000 2642:Virginia 2628:81,000 2516:Oklahoma 2448:12,500 2408:Missouri 2372:Michigan 2358:15,876 2354:Kentucky 2300:Colorado 2286:12,500 2264:Arkansas 2180:Missouri 2160:Virginia 2144:Kentucky 2124:Michigan 2110:Nebraska 2036:sp. and 2028:necropsy 2003:disease 1945:nematode 1804:Shoshone 1373:Tule elk 1283:are the 1273:Mongolia 1189:ecotypes 1028:Taxonomy 1016:'s 1816 1006:'s 1785 980:'s 1616 931:derives 800:Mongolia 673:and the 667:Holocene 619:red deer 587:and the 573:sparring 533:Cervidae 531:family, 482:Various 475:Synonyms 341:Erxleben 291:Cervinae 281:Cervidae 277:Family: 261:Mammalia 251:Chordata 247:Phylum: 241:Animalia 227:Domain: 204:IUCN 3.1 139:– Recent 12770:1574408 12744:1006312 12679:8600904 12653:4446297 12601:Q180404 12566:Mammals 12529:Fishing 12524:Whaling 12473:Red fox 12468:Raccoon 12458:Opossum 12347:Caribou 12289:Redhead 12279:Mallard 12264:Gadwall 12097:Cetacea 12088:Cetacea 11956:Camelus 11914:Llama ( 11794:Tayassu 11610:Porcula 11159:Oribi ( 11150:Ourebia 11033:Madoqua 11018:Beira ( 10939:Saigini 10846:N. dama 10724:Gazella 10573:Bovidae 10571:Family 10542:T. oryx 10462:Bongo ( 10444:Nyala ( 10371:Saola ( 10293:Gayal ( 10197:Bubalus 10112:Bovinae 10108:Bovidae 10106:Family 10022:Urial ( 9712:C. ibex 9641:Takin ( 9565:Bovidae 9563:Family 9526:Bovinae 9452:C. gnou 9231:Redunca 9143:Addax ( 9027:Bovidae 9025:Family 8933:Pudella 8920:P. pudu 8811:M. nana 8626:Moose ( 8396:A. axis 8363:D. dama 8225:M. feae 8171:Family 8146:Bovidae 8091:T. napu 7905:Moschus 7841:Giraffa 7826:Okapi ( 7728:Class: 7707:species 7703:Extant 7656:elaphus 7506:2687044 6773:6361512 6750:Bibcode 6358:"AZGFD" 6356:AZGFD. 6125:Bibcode 6123:: 1–5. 5939:15 June 5906:29 June 5854:14 July 5470:4748031 5435:) with 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