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393:, a separate kingdom with laws that protected him. In spite of his age and his poor physical state after being tortured, they rode all night changing horses along the Royal Posts. A second group followed a short while later, disguised as servants of a nobleman, with the purpose of tiring the Posts' horses and thus making them unavailable should any officers of the king try to follow.
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freedom. The intention of the king was to recover the incriminating papers which Pérez still kept hidden somewhere. Pérez knew that his safety depended on having these papers and would not produce them and the king's tactics alternated between punishing him or giving him more freedom. But the king was becoming aware that he was not getting the papers he wanted.
320:, for the rest of her days. Antonio Pérez was more prudent and had compromising information so his situation with the king deteriorated slowly over time. At first, he was under house arrest and had relative freedom but his liberty was gradually diminished. Also, he thought it might be possible for him to regain the favour of the king.
288:
1578, in a narrow alley, the assassins stabbed
Escobedo to death. Insausti was the name of the killer and was helped by a group of loyals of Antonio Pérez, people from Aragon, where Antonio Pérez was from and where he was most powerful and influential. Immediately rumours were flying that Antonio Pérez was behind the killing.
494:, Iñigo de Mendoza y de la Cerda, Marquis of Almenara. Also, on 1 September, a new accusation was presented by Philip as king of Aragon. In this new accusation, Pérez was accused of serving the king badly in matters relating to Aragon but he claimed in defence that never served the king in any matters related to Aragon.
334:
On 31 January 1585, he jumped out a window and sought asylum in a nearby church but the king's officers forced the door and arrested him without regard for the special judicial status of the church. This incident provoked a lawsuit from the church claiming infringements of their rights and demanding
287:
In early 1577, Don Juan was in the low
Countries and Escobedo, his secretary, was visiting Madrid having been sent there by Don Juan. After three clumsy attempts to poison Escobedo failed, Pérez recruited swordsmen to assassinate him. Pérez removed himself from Madrid and, on the night of March 31,
279:
Antonio Pérez then began to make king Philip suspicious of
Escobedo. Pérez, as secretary for the affairs of the Low Countries, was in a position to intercept and turn to his own advantage many innocent documents. He doctored reports and wrote derisive comments on the margins of letters destined for
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of Spain (Holy Roman
Emperor Charles V)., who legitimised him and had him registered as aragonese born. Even though he was born in Madrid his attachment was to Aragon where his father was from and where his family was most influential. His followers and supporters were all from Aragon and later in
368:
Finally, in 1587, Antonio Pérez was formally accused of the 1578 murder of
Escobedo. This judicial process progressed very slowly and during this time Antonio Pérez was kept prisoner but moved around different towns and castles. During all this time his conditions varied from harsh to relative
364:
and did manage to enter the castle in the middle of the night but the governor and his guard, outnumbered and against all odds, tricked them and convinced them to give up their attempt. As a result, Antonio Perez's property was confiscated and his wife and children were imprisoned in Madrid.
505:
In 1591, Pérez made an unsuccessful attempt to escape and the judicial processes were moving very slowly. The king then resorted to the farce of accusing
Antonio Pérez of heresy through the Inquisition which was an ecclesiastical organization and had jurisdiction in both Castile and Aragon.
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King Philip soon became suspicious of the motives of his secretary and realized he had given his assent to a terrible crime. Nevertheless, he could not arrest him immediately as Pérez was a powerful man with information which could damage the king, including the murder of
Escobedo.
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In early 1590, Antonio Pérez was questioned under torture but he only confessed very vaguely implying the king was behind the killing. At this point he believed he may be sentenced to die and so, again, he planned his escape. On 19 April, with the help of his wife,
166:
Antonio Pérez was raised in Val de Concha, Guadalajara, in the lands of Ruy Gomez de Silva, Prince of Eboli and leader of one of the political factions of the time, of which
Gonzalo Pérez was part. The other faction was that of the
404:, then in Aragon (although this is not the case today as the border was later moved). A group of followers came to join them there with fresh horses and, further on, a military escort. He demanded the judicial process known as
234:, Antonio Pérez had great influence over king Philip who valued his advice. With the death of the Prince of Eboli in 1573, Antonio Pérez became the leader of that faction in accord with the widow, Ana de Mendoza, the one-eyed
284:- "green-black") was encouraging him in his plotting. He convinced the king that Escobedo must be killed without judicial process for "reasons of State". The king gave his assent but had no other participation in the murder.
315:
On 28 July 1579, Antonio Pérez and the
Princess of Éboli were arrested by order of the king. The Princess of Éboli, as a proud woman who confronted the king, was kept imprisoned in different places, mostly in her palace in
291:
A few months later, on
October 1, Don Juan died of Typhus in the Low Countries. (His body was cut into three parts and secretly passed through France to Spain where it was reassembled and given a proper burial.)
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who considered this an affront and a violation of their laws. In the riots, the marquis of Almenara, representative of the king, was killed and soon Antonio Pérez was triumphantly returned to the prison of
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hindered the judicial process and it seemed Antonio Pérez would be found innocent so the king's accusation was withdrawn and a new, similar, accusation was presented by the king's representative in
389:, who was eight months pregnant, in the evening, he escaped his prison in Madrid. The escape was very carefully planned. With two loyal men, he rode all night trying to gain the border of
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in the persona of the preposterous Spaniard Don Armado. Gustav Ungerer argued that there were many similarities between Perez and Armado, including their prose style and their love life.
145:. Attempts to prosecute Perez led to riots and disorder. He eventually fled Spain after being liberated from prison by his supporters, and spent most of his remaining years in France.
30:
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The king ordered that the Chief Justice, Juan de Lanuza y Urrea, be executed without trial and on December 20, 1591, his head was exhibited for all the terrified people to see.
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Antonio Pérez had great liberty. He received his friends and prepared his defence. He had access to all his documents which had been sent to Aragón even before his escape.
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The situation was growing chaotic, the local authorities escaped in fear of the rioters and Pérez was planning his escape to France when the king ordered the invasion of
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While at Turégano Antonio Pérez enjoyed relative freedom, his wife and children went to live with him and he soon assembled, as was his custom, a retinue of followers.
714:(The Judicial Processes of Castile Against Antonio Pérez). Both are in Spanish and were republished in a single volume in 1970 as volume VI of the complete works of
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At first, the family of Escobedo demanded an investigation but later they gave up this claim. They were probably paid off by Antonio Pérez or someone close to him.
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On 10 November 1591, Antonio Pérez fled Zaragoza and two days later the Aragonese armies crumbled and the royalist armies entered in the city without opposition.
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accusing him of being responsible for the murder of Escobedo, of having given the king false information with the purpose of getting him to approve the
418:) and this was immediately granted. With this, he could not be extradited to Castile without a formal judicial process. He then moved slowly towards
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and John Annias, executed in 1594 for conspiracy to kill the Queen, initially confessed only to an attempt to kill Perez, and the royal physician
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process: two years in prison, ten years banishment from the court with disqualification for all official posts as well as some monetary penalties.
457:, of using secrets of State for his own ends and of falsifying messages to the king as he deciphered them as well as having escaped from prison.
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by order of the king and Antonio Pérez used this to his advantage by playing the issue as one of Castile infringing on the sovereignty of
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276:. The design was that Escobedo would spy for Antonio Pérez but it turned out that, unexpectedly, Escobedo became faithful to Don Juan.
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played an important role as inquisitor during the trial of Pérez. The purpose of this was to bypass the judicial system of Aragón.
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He spent the rest of his life trying to make a living off the sale of the secrets he knew, but he failed to make an impression on
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In 1611, Antonio Pérez died in Paris and was interred in a convent, but his remains were lost during the desecrations of the
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In the meanwhile, the king had immediately set the judicial process in motion. On 23 April, even before he had arrived in
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and Antonio Pérez exploited this suspicion to his own benefit. By the advice of Antonio Pérez, in 1575, the king imposed
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His birthplace is disputed. In 1542 he was the natural son of Gonzalo Pérez, Secretary of the Council of State of king
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One chapter of this book presents a fictional version of the murder of Escobedo, based primarily on Perez's writings.
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On the night of 23 November, disguised as a shepherd and in heavy snow, Antonio Pérez crossed the Pyrenees into the
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of the king. In this process, he was formally accused of corruption and of altering ciphered messages to the king.
851:" (2008 movie) is about the roles of Antonio Pérez and Princess of Éboli in the assassination of Juan de Escobedo.
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King Philip died in 1598. Antonio Pérez's wife and children, who were still imprisoned in Madrid, were set free.
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the king. He repeatedly insinuated to the king that Don Juan was plotting against him and Escobedo (code-named
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He was the target of several unsuccessful assassination attempts, originating with the Spanish Government:
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life, he would flee to Aragon to find support for himself and protection from the king's persecution.
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645:, now Henry IV. He remained there until the end of his days except for several travels to England.
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in 1947 published a biography of Antonio Pérez and separately the same year, the documentary work
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Antonio Pérez plotted his own escape with the help of more followers who would take the castle at
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On 1 July, in Madrid, the judge Rodrigo de Arce, issued a death sentence against Antonio Pérez.
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London 2004- is informative on Perez's later life and the various plots to assassinate him.
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Place of birth is disputed. In the 19th century it was stated that he had been born in
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718:. These are, probably, the most complete works documenting the life of Antonio Pérez.
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To prevent any escape attempt a special guard was placed outside the prison of
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and overcome the guard. This group set up their base in the nearby village of
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The children of Antonio Pérez before Rodrigo Vázquez (Prado Museum), Madrid.
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surrounded by his followers and escorts. There he was put in the prison of
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which for him meant protection from the king and the judicial process in
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of the new king. Gonzalo Pérez died in 1566 and his son Antonio was made
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when the throng of disorderly people nearly prevented a performance of
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Antonio Pérez. 1791 engraving. Biblioteca Nacional de España. Madrid.
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while he raised his supporters. On May 1 he entered triumphantly in
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Antonio Pérez is most remembered for his role in the murder of
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King Philip was suspicious of the designs of his half-brother
134:, 7 April 1611) was a Spanish statesman and secretary of king
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272:, whom Antonio Pérez considered trustworthy, as secretary of
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and he was admired by the Essex circle for his knowledge of
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abdicated his Spanish kingdoms to his son who became king
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the man be returned to them but this claim went nowhere.
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Antonio Perez released by the Aragonese people in 1591.
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In 1584, he was subject to the judicial process called
513:
On 13 May, Antonio Pérez was moved to a prison in the
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by troops of Castile in a watershed move against the
604:. He was a guest of Francis Bacon's on the famous
376:Antonio Pérez receiving his family after torture (
327:which was an auditing or review of his service as
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730:The Historical Nights Entertainment First Series
588:. In 1593, he arrived in England as a guest of
712:Los procesos de Castilla contra Antonio Pérez
632:It has been claimed that Pérez was mocked in
141:He was said to have organised the murder of
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338:Antonio Pérez was taken prisoner to the
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203:of Prince (later king) Philip. In 1556,
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840:La Conjura de El Escorial (2008 movie)
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549:Escape and exile in France and England
824:Love's Labour's Lost: Critical Essays
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199:In 1543, Gonzalo Pérez was appointed
519:which caused riots of the people of
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855:Gesta Grayorum at Internet Archive
402:Monastery of Santa María de Huerta
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641:Pérez was recalled to France by
602:Pedacos de Historia o Relaciones
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900:Escapees from Spanish detention
784:"Legitimation of Antonio Pérez"
723:The Double Life of Doctor Lopez
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245:with whom he had several sons.
241:In 1567, Antonio Pérez married
905:University of Salamanca alumni
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79:Place of birth is disputed.
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826:, Routledger, 2001, p.333.
772:Biografía de Antonio Pérez
577:(IV of France), governed.
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610:Gray's Inn
475:(known as
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111:Alma mater
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195:Secretary
177:Salamanca
160:Charles I
149:Biography
752:, or in
678:See also
654:Apologia
648:Pérez's
594:Tacitism
447:Zaragoza
424:Zaragoza
420:Zaragoza
396:Once in
358:Turégano
318:Pastrana
789:9 April
436:Castile
344:Segovia
342:, near
213:Castile
205:Charles
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348:visita
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209:Philip
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181:Leuven
130:(1540–
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189:Padua
132:Paris
94:Paris
845:IMDb
791:2024
187:and
84:Died
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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