Antibiotic - Knowledge

2654: 557:. Advantages of topical application include achieving high and sustained concentration of antibiotic at the site of infection; reducing the potential for systemic absorption and toxicity, and total volumes of antibiotic required are reduced, thereby also reducing the risk of antibiotic misuse. Topical antibiotics applied over certain types of surgical wounds have been reported to reduce the risk of surgical site infections. However, there are certain general causes for concern with topical administration of antibiotics. Some systemic absorption of the antibiotic may occur; the quantity of antibiotic applied is difficult to accurately dose, and there is also the possibility of local 1380:) have advocated restricting the amount of antibiotic use in food animal production. However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics, and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them. Two federal bills (S.742 and H.R. 2562) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed. These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations, including the American Holistic Nurses' Association, the 595: 932: 2388: 2103: 65: 1300: 1531: 1169: 920: 1757:. He observed that the presence of the mould killed or prevented the growth of the bacteria. Fleming postulated that the mould must secrete an antibacterial substance, which he named penicillin in 1928. Fleming believed that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy. He initially characterised some of its biological properties, and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections, but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists. 2446: 2123: 820:, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. The bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, 2094: 1508: 1238:. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by 1318:, "The first rule of antibiotics is to try not to use them, and the second rule is try not to use too many of them." Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, potential harm from antibiotics extends beyond selection of antimicrobial resistance and their overuse is associated with adverse effects for patients themselves, seen most clearly in 1646: 2709:, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases. Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components, including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates, to protein carriers, as well as inactivated toxins (toxoids) and proteins. 12068: 2114: 17504: 1702:" (Contribution to the study of vital competition in micro-organisms: antagonism between moulds and microbes), the first known scholarly work to consider the therapeutic capabilities of moulds resulting from their anti-microbial activity. In his thesis, Duchesne proposed that bacteria and moulds engage in a perpetual battle for survival. Duchesne observed that 2410:. Bacteriophages, also known as phages, infect and kill bacteria primarily during lytic cycles. Phages insert their DNA into the bacterium, where it is transcribed and used to make new phages, after which the cell will lyse, releasing new phage that are able to infect and destroy further bacteria of the same strain. The high specificity of phage protects 2177:, for example, are screened on the basis that they are used by traditional healers to prevent or cure infection and may therefore contain antibacterial compounds. Also, soil bacteria are screened on the basis that, historically, they have been a very rich source of antibiotics (with 70 to 80% of antibiotics in current use derived from the 1820:. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity. Tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage. Research results obtained during that period were not shared between the 1788:. (see below) The development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Chain and Florey shared the 1945 1331:

of antibiotics, like penicillin and erythromycin, has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s. Widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics.

2032:

will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and publish the data. The FDA antibiotics labeling process, 'Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms' or 'breakpoints', will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals. According to Allan Coukell, senior

1870:

A few antibiotics have received marketing authorization in the last seven years. The cephalosporin ceftaroline and the lipoglycopeptides oritavancin and telavancin have been approved for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. The

1250:

Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were, for a while, well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose

1213:

Resistance may take the form of biodegradation of pharmaceuticals, such as sulfamethazine-degrading soil bacteria introduced to sulfamethazine through medicated pig feces. The survival of bacteria often results from an inheritable resistance, but the growth of resistance to antibacterials also occurs

758:

Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption

441:

can be started. This will usually involve the use of a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. The choice of antibiotic given will also be based on its cost. Identification is critically important as it can reduce the cost and toxicity of the antibiotic therapy and also reduce the possibility of the emergence of

1866:

clinical trials. However, these drugs did not address the entire spectrum of resistance of Gram-negative bacilli. According to the WHO fifty one new therapeutic entities - antibiotics (including combinations), are in phase 1-3 clinical trials as of May 2017. Antibiotics targeting multidrug-resistant

1246:

that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial

1519:

in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would colour human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After

1330:

of antibiotics is an example of misuse. Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment. Also, incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections. The overuse

1205:

for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection

2417:

Some disadvantages to the use of bacteriophages also exist, however. Bacteriophages may harbour virulence factors or toxic genes in their genomes and, prior to use, it may be prudent to identify genes with similarity to known virulence factors or toxins by genomic sequencing. In addition, the oral

2033:

director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, "By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible."

5817: 1853:

report that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria's increasing ability to develop resistance. The Infectious Disease Society of America report noted that the number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year had been declining and identified seven antibiotics against the

1840:

During the mid-20th century, the number of new antibiotic substances introduced for medical use increased significantly. From 1935 to 1968, 12 new classes were launched. However, after this, the number of new classes dropped markedly, with only two new classes introduced between 1969 and 2003.

1351:

Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to

1371:

The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the European Union has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (including the World Health Organization, the

1347:

found "physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them". Multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics. The lack of rapid point of care diagnostic tests, particularly in

1338:

antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and

750:. More studies on the possible interactions between antibiotics and birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are required as well as careful assessment of patient-specific risk factors for potential oral contractive pill failure prior to dismissing the need for backup contraception. 304:

as a widespread "serious threat is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country". Global deaths attributable to antimicrobial resistance numbered 1.27 million in 2019.

1615:

conglomerate in Germany, for which Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Sulfanilamide, the active drug of Prontosil, was not patentable as it had already been in use in the dye industry for some years. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against

4090:

Flowers CR, Seidenfeld J, Bow EJ, Karten C, Gleason C, Hawley DK, et al. (February 2013). "Antimicrobial prophylaxis and outpatient management of fever and neutropenia in adults treated for malignancy: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline".

8565:"Classics in infectious diseases: on the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae by Alexander Fleming, Reprinted from the British Journal of Experimental Pathology 10:226-236, 1929" 577:

report on surveillance of antibiotic consumption published in 2018 analysed 2015 data from 65 countries. As measured in defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day. Mongolia had the highest consumption with a rate of 64.4. Burundi had the lowest at 4.4.

1225:

of resistant strains, which can limit the spread of antibacterial-resistant bacteria, for example, in the absence of antibacterial compounds. Additional mutations, however, may compensate for this fitness cost and can aid the survival of these bacteria.

2669:. Strategies to accomplish this include well-established infection control measures such as infrastructure improvement (e.g. less crowded housing), better sanitation (e.g. safe drinking water and food) and vaccine development, other approaches such as 745:

in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibiotics that are suspected to interact with oral

607:

ranging from mild to very severe depending on the type of antibiotic used, the microbes targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity or

1660:

Observations about the growth of some microorganisms inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms have been reported since the late 19th century. These observations of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials.

2430:

hurdles that must be cleared for such therapies. Despite numerous challenges, the use of bacteriophages as a replacement for antimicrobial agents against MDR pathogens that no longer respond to conventional antibiotics, remains an attractive option.

1783:

in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic

6970:

Ong S, Nakase J, Moran GJ, Karras DJ, Kuehnert MJ, Talan DA (September 2007). "Antibiotic use for emergency department patients with upper respiratory infections: prescribing practices, patient expectations, and patient satisfaction".

1799:

with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin. In 1939, coinciding with the start of

1303:

This poster from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention "Get Smart" campaign, intended for use in doctors' offices and other healthcare facilities, warns that antibiotics do not work for viral illnesses such as the common

7006:

Metlay JP, Camargo CA, MacKenzie T, McCulloch C, Maselli J, Levin SK, et al. (September 2007). "Cluster-randomized trial to improve antibiotic use for adults with acute respiratory infections treated in emergency departments".

2422:

administration of phages for the eradication of bacterial infections poses a much higher safety risk than topical application. Also, there is the additional concern of uncertain immune responses to these large antigenic cocktails.

500:

The use of antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease is not supported by current scientific evidence, and may actually increase cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality and the occurrence of stroke.

844:(i.e., the concurrent application of two or more antibiotics) has been used to delay or prevent the emergence of resistance. In acute bacterial infections, antibiotics as part of combination therapy are prescribed for their 1229:

Paleontological data show that both antibiotics and antibiotic resistance are ancient compounds and mechanisms. Useful antibiotic targets are those for which mutations negatively impact bacterial reproduction or viability.

8935:

Antibacterial agents in clinical development: an analysis of the antibacterial clinical development pipeline, including tuberculosis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 (WHO/EMP/IAU/2017.12). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

2681:

to prevent infection. Antibiotic cycling, where antibiotics are alternated by clinicians to treat microbial diseases, is proposed, but recent studies revealed such strategies are ineffective against antibiotic resistance.

1233:

Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial

602:

Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects before their approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a wide extent of adverse

2041:

Because antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains continue to emerge and spread, there is a constant need to develop new antibacterial treatments. Current strategies include traditional chemistry-based approaches such as

5377:

Dalhoff A, Ambrose PG, Mouton JW (August 2009). "A long journey from minimum inhibitory concentration testing to clinically predictive breakpoints: deterministic and probabilistic approaches in deriving breakpoints".

1210:. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains. 2200:

pumps, thereby increasing the concentration of antibiotic able to reach its cellular target and decreasing bacterial resistance to the antibiotic. Natural products known to inhibit bacterial efflux pumps include the

1018:

affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year break in discovering classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibiotics were introduced to clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic

7091:

Mendelson M, Røttingen JA, Gopinathan U, Hamer DH, Wertheim H, Basnyat B, et al. (January 2016). "Maximising access to achieve appropriate human antimicrobial use in low-income and middle-income countries".

1391:

Despite pledges by food companies and restaurants to reduce or eliminate meat that comes from animals treated with antibiotics, the purchase of antibiotics for use on farm animals has been increasing every year.

3020:

Calderon CB, Sabundayo BP (2007). Antimicrobial Classifications: Drugs for Bugs. In Schwalbe R, Steele-Moore L, Goodwin AC. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocols. CRC Press. Taylor & Frances group.

2019:

Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. In the US, the

2562:

In addition to silencing essential bacterial genes, antisense RNA can be used to silence bacterial genes responsible for antibiotic resistance. For example, antisense RNA has been developed that silences the

1871:

lipoglycopeptide dalbavancin and the oxazolidinone tedizolid has also been approved for use for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection. The first in a new class of narrow-spectrum

4046:

Rollins KE, Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN (October 2016). "Antibiotics Versus Appendicectomy for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials".

1449:. Whilst antibiotics can clearly be lifesaving in patients with bacterial infections, their overuse, especially in patients where infections are hard to diagnose, can lead to harm via multiple mechanisms. 711:, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). Situations that may increase the risk of oral contraceptive failure include 1879:

colitis. New cephalosporin-lactamase inhibitor combinations also approved include ceftazidime-avibactam and ceftolozane-avibactam for complicated urinary tract infection and intra-abdominal infection.

1564:, achieved success with the 606th compound in their series of experiments. In 1910, Ehrlich and Hata announced their discovery, which they called drug "606", at the Congress for Internal Medicine at 6746:

Di Bella S, Antonello RM, Sanson G, Maraolo AE, Giacobbe DR, Sepulcri C, et al. (June 2022). "Anaerobic bloodstream infections in Italy (ITANAEROBY): A 5-year retrospective nationwide survey".

7421: 5899: 2608:

In the early 2000s, a system was discovered that enables bacteria to defend themselves against invading viruses. The system, known as CRISPR-Cas9, consists of (a) an enzyme that destroys DNA (the

2028:

of antibiotics to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'. Under this Act, FDA can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life-threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials. The

7483: 366:. In current usage, the term "antibiotic" is applied to any medication that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth, regardless of whether that medication is produced by a microorganism or not. 730:

during antibiotic treatment and for one week after its completion. If patient-specific risk factors for reduced oral contraceptive efficacy are suspected, backup contraception is recommended.

9875: 1779:

developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was first proposed by Abraham in 1942 and then later confirmed by

9618:

Xia J, Feng B, Wen G, Xue W, Ma G, Zhang H, et al. (July 2020). "Bacterial Lipoprotein Biosynthetic Pathway as a Potential Target for Structure-based Design of Antibacterial Agents".

2630:

genes instead of viral genes. The modified CRISPR-Cas9 system can then be administered to bacterial pathogens using plasmids or bacteriophages. This approach has successfully been used to

2622:

Although the function of CRISPR-Cas9 in nature is to protect bacteria, the DNA sequences in the CRISPR component of the system can be modified so that the Cas9 nuclease targets bacterial

802:

succinate may be reduced by alcohol consumption. Other effects of alcohol on antibiotic activity include altered activity of the liver enzymes that break down the antibiotic compound.

236:

Antibiotics have been used since ancient times. Many civilizations used topical application of moldy bread, with many references to its beneficial effects arising from ancient Egypt,

3968: 565:

occurring. It is recommended to administer antibiotics as soon as possible, especially in life-threatening infections. Many emergency departments stock antibiotics for this purpose.

12352: 1368:. In France, an "Antibiotics are not automatic" government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, especially in children. 863:

and rifampicin. Antibiotics used in combination may also be antagonistic and the combined effects of the two antibiotics may be less than if one of the antibiotics was given as a

7260: 6601: 8349:

the first scientific observations of the antagonistic actions of various micro-organisms were made ... by William Roberts of Manchester (1874) and John Tyndall of London (1876).

1285:. In recent years, even anaerobic bacteria, historically considered less concerning in terms of resistance, have demonstrated high rates of antibiotic resistance, particularly 6724: 252:(1567–1650). Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with 3768: 3832: 14857: 1339:

administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery. Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the

5334:

Wiegand I, Hilpert K, Hancock RE (January 2008). "Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances".

1499:

have been shown to have anti-microbial properties. Along with this, the plants from which these oils have been derived from can be used as niche anti-microbial agents.

13204: 11611:"Probiotics (Direct-Fed Microbials) in Poultry Nutrition and Their Effects on Nutrient Utilization, Growth and Laying Performance, and Gut Health: A Systematic Review" 3733: 879:. However, this can vary depending on the species of bacteria. In general, combinations of a bacteriostatic antibiotic and bactericidal antibiotic are antagonistic. 828:

and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its

6623: 3902: 350:

to the growth of other microorganisms in high dilution. This definition excluded substances that kill bacteria but that are not produced by microorganisms (such as

15797: 3867: 11421:

Gentry EM, Kester S, Fischer K, Davidson LE, Passaretti CL (March 2020). "Bugs and Drugs: Collaboration Between Infection Prevention and Antibiotic Stewardship".

5801: 1395:

There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to

14852: 10233:

Smullen J, Koutsou GA, Foster HA, Zumbé A, Storey DM (2007). "The antibacterial activity of plant extracts containing polyphenols against Streptococcus mutans".

4210:

Pangilinan R, Tice A, Tillotson G (October 2009). "Topical antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections: review of the literature".

737:, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the 11155:

D'Odorico I, Di Bella S, Monticelli J, Giacobbe DR, Boldock E, Luzzati R (June 2018). "Role of fecal microbiota transplantation in inflammatory bowel disease".

14653: 1430: 1267:

has stated that "most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections." On 26 May 2016, an

10114:

Bills GF, Gloer JB, An Z (October 2013). "Coprophilous fungi: antibiotic discovery and functions in an underexplored arena of microbial defensive mutualism".

9415: 8096: 8066: 1468:. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2,000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the 16681: 14218: 12345: 8996: 7413: 5891: 4506: 3368: 2789: 2909: 2697:

modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of

2021: 1724:, the animals did not contract typhoid. Duchesne's army service after getting his degree prevented him from doing any further research. Duchesne died of 7475: 6088:"Accelerated Biodegradation of Veterinary Antibiotics in Agricultural Soil following Long-Term Exposure, and Isolation of a Sulfamethazine-degrading sp" 1912:(ceftazidime/NXL104): antipseudomonal cephalosporin/β-lactamase inhibitor combination (cell wall synthesis inhibitor). FDA approved on 25 February 2015. 10652:

Molnár J, Engi H, Hohmann J, Molnár P, Deli J, Wesolowska O, et al. (2010). "Reversal of multidrug resistance by natural substances from plants".

9512:"Bioprospecting for Antibacterial Drugs: a Multidisciplinary Perspective on Natural Product Source Material, Bioassay Selection and Avoidable Pitfalls" 8152: 5011: 4457:

Slama TG, Amin A, Brunton SA, File TM, Milkovich G, Rodvold KA, et al. (Council for Appropriate Rational Antibiotic Therapy (CARAT)) (July 2005).

3797: 11464:

Fierens J, Depuydt PO, De Waele JJ (August 2019). "A Practical Approach to Clinical Antibiotic Stewardship in the ICU Patient with Severe Infection".

4459:"A clinician's guide to the appropriate and accurate use of antibiotics: the Council for Appropriate and Rational Antibiotic Therapy (CARAT) criteria" 4418:"A clinician's guide to the appropriate and accurate use of antibiotics: the Council for Appropriate and Rational Antibiotic Therapy (CARAT) criteria" 14499: 6637: 4877:

Weaver K, Glasier A (February 1999). "Interaction between broad-spectrum antibiotics and the combined oral contraceptive pill. A literature review".

2635: 11350: 9836: 9479: 5765:

von Nussbaum F, Brands M, Hinzen B, Weigand S, Häbich D (August 2006). "Antibacterial natural products in medicinal chemistry--exodus or revival?".

715:(missing taking the pill), vomiting, or diarrhea. Gastrointestinal disorders or interpatient variability in oral contraceptive absorption affecting 12338: 10084: 8126: 5576: 5523:"Fosfomycin as Partner Drug for Systemic Infection Management. A Systematic Review of Its Synergistic Properties from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies" 2398:

is under investigation as a method of treating antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Phage therapy involves infecting bacterial pathogens with

5327: 12143: 6064: 6034: 2269:

too. Virulence factors are molecules, cellular structures and regulatory systems that enable bacteria to evade the body's immune defenses (e.g.

1665:

observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics".

1544:

This heralded the era of antibacterial treatment that was begun with the discovery of a series of arsenic-derived synthetic antibiotics by both

17119: 15451: 14802: 13197: 11713:"Identification of antibiotic pairs that evade concurrent resistance via a retrospective analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility test results" 4528: 2811: 882:

In addition to combining one antibiotic with another, antibiotics are sometimes co-administered with resistance-modifying agents. For example,

11964: 7452: 5072: 317:

as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when

9031:"10 x '20 Progress--development of new drugs active against gram-negative bacilli: an update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America" 8948:"10 x '20 Progress--development of new drugs active against gram-negative bacilli: an update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America" 931: 7542: 759:

may cause serious side effects. Therefore, potential risks of side effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered.

16673: 15790: 9389: 1520:

screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the first synthetic antibacterial

733:

In cases where antibiotics have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibiotic

11662:"Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, gut health, and on the environment: a review" 2581: 1739:, a molecule produced by certain moulds that kills or stops the growth of certain kinds of bacteria. Fleming was working on a culture of 1403:(FDA) in 1977. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling in an action brought by the 1180: 1142:

has led to intense research into producing antibacterials at large scales. Following screening of antibacterials against a wide range of

1006:). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as 853: 10921: 4912:

Weisberg E (May 1999). "Interactions between oral contraceptives and antifungals/antibacterials. Is contraceptive failure the result?".

7256: 7146: 2536:

encoding these essential proteins, and (c) delivering the single stranded RNA to the infection site using cell-penetrating peptides or

2029: 1353: 13365: 8779: 7831: 7387: 5222: 5190:"Clinical relevance of bacteriostatic versus bactericidal mechanisms of action in the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections" 2931: 13190: 12293: 9740:

Ghosh C, Sarkar P, Issa R, Haldar J (April 2019). "Alternatives to Conventional Antibiotics in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance".

4387: 3053: 2406:

and their host ranges are extremely specific for certain bacteria, thus, unlike antibiotics, they do not disturb the host organism's

2184:

In addition to screening natural products for direct antibacterial activity, they are sometimes screened for the ability to suppress

3894: 3725: 8704: 8431: 6717: 3859: 919: 6115: 5033:

Lwanga J, Mears, Bingham JS, Bradbeer CS (2008). "Do antibiotics and alcohol mix? The beliefs of genitourinary clinic attendees".

3760: 15783: 12330: 7161: 3824: 3228: 13305: 13294: 17454: 17441: 16055: 15811: 12298: 7326: 7044:"Interventions to facilitate shared decision making to address antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in primary care" 2846: 426:). When an infection is suspected of being responsible for an illness but the responsible pathogen has not been identified, an 641:

during the course of antibiotic treatment can help prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Antibacterials can also affect the

16726: 15395: 14492: 14443: 13148: 11845: 10915: 8405: 7293: 6808: 6202: 5811: 5697: 4597:"Genital Candida species detected in samples from women in Melbourne, Australia, before and after treatment with antibiotics" 3962: 3659: 3464: 3362: 3333: 3026: 2885: 1850: 1577: 209:. However, both classes have the same effect of killing or preventing the growth of microorganisms, and both are included in 16068: 7137: 1699:

Contribution à l'étude de la concurrence vitale chez les micro-organismes: antagonisme entre les moisissures et les microbes

17243: 16701: 14606: 11273: 10425:

Abreu AC, McBain AJ, Simões M (September 2012). "Plants as sources of new antimicrobials and resistance-modifying agents".

6615: 950:, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall ( 11250: 6253:

D'Costa VM, King CE, Kalan L, Morar M, Sung WW, Schwarz C, et al. (August 2011). "Antibiotic resistance is ancient".

5295:"Clinical relevance of bacteriostatic versus bactericidal activity in the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections" 1425:

most notably kidney and liver damage, and super-infections with resistant organisms. Antibiotics are also known to affect

16380: 12136: 10281:"Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Phytochemicals against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and Their Biofilms" 4646:"Fluoroquinolones and tendinopathy: a guide for athletes and sports clinicians and a systematic review of the literature" 1407:

and others, ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock, which violated FDA regulations.

598:

Health advocacy messages such as this one encourage patients to talk with their doctor about safety in using antibiotics.

7704: 7238: 6567:

Baker-Austin C, Wright MS, Stepanauskas R, McArthur JV (April 2006). "Co-selection of antibiotic and metal resistance".

3447:

Saxena S (2015). "Chapter 8: Microbes in Production of Fine Chemicals (Antibiotics, Drugs, Vitamins, and Amino Acids)".

3259: 848:

effects to improve treatment outcome as the combined effect of both antibiotics is better than their individual effect.

17446: 15444: 2653: 1495:

The use of antibiotics in modern medicine began with the discovery of synthetic antibiotics derived from dyes. Various

1446: 1385: 816:

The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include

17: 16450: 11948: 11944: 8853:

Capocci M (1 January 2014). "Cold drugs. Circulation, production and intelligence of antibiotics in post-WWII years".

8362: 4783:"Antibiotic use and abuse: a threat to mitochondria and chloroplasts with impact on research, health, and environment" 16876: 16871: 14551: 10149:

Kenny CR, Furey A, Lucey B (2015). "A post-antibiotic era looms: can plant natural product research fill the void?".

6186: 3930: 1404: 1377: 16481: 10795:

Mok N, Chan SY, Liu SY, Chua SL (July 2020). "Vanillin inhibits PqsR-mediated virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa".

9407: 9174: 7711:

Lindblad WJ (June 2008). "Considerations for determining if a natural product is an effective wound-healing agent".

6218:

Andersson DI (October 2006). "The biological cost of mutational antibiotic resistance: any practical conclusions?".

17415: 16955: 16362: 15978: 15412: 14695: 14485: 14460: 13165: 8088: 8054: 6669:"Escherichia coli Harboring mcr-1 and blaCTX-M on a Novel IncF Plasmid: First Report of mcr-1 in the United States" 6211: 4161:

Sethi NJ, Safi S, Korang SK, Hróbjartsson A, Skoog M, Gluud C, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (February 2021).

1863: 1252: 1242:. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via 825: 708: 633: 13182: 11982:"Short-course versus prolonged-course antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in critically ill adults" 5097: 3134:"The contributions of Paul Ehrlich to pharmacology: a tribute on the occasion of the centenary of his Nobel Prize" 1859: 1207: 852:

has the highest number of synergistic combinations among antibiotics and is almost always used as a partner drug.

434:

based on the signs and symptoms presented and is initiated pending laboratory results that can take several days.

16549: 12094: 2466: 2427: 2370: 2360: 1414:

about the effectiveness and necessity of antibiotics to treat common mild illnesses contribute to their overuse.

6142:

Witte W (September 2004). "International dissemination of antibiotic resistant strains of bacterial pathogens".

2785: 17529: 17290: 16888: 16607: 16585: 16016: 14362: 14248: 12262: 12129: 11817:

Donald RG, Anderson AS (2011). "Current strategies for antibacterial vaccine development". In Miller PF (ed.).

10719: 10627: 9547: 9004: 7187:

Sabuncu E, David J, Bernède-Bauduin C, Pépin S, Leroy M, Boëlle PY, et al. (June 2009). Klugman KP (ed.).

4498: 3349: 811: 76: 31: 15284: 11047:"Reprogramming Bacteriophage Host Range through Structure-Guided Design of Chimeric Receptor Binding Proteins" 7348: 3927: 2901: 2157:

extracts are being screened in the search for new antibiotics. Organisms may be selected for testing based on

798:, which may result in vomiting, nausea, and shortness of breath. In addition, the efficacy of doxycycline and 17258: 15956: 15437: 15101: 14987: 14842: 8148: 5640: 3801: 2619:). These viral DNA sequences enable the nuclease to target foreign (viral) rather than self (bacterial) DNA. 1825: 1548:

and Ehrlich in 1907. Ehrlich and Bertheim had experimented with various chemicals derived from dyes to treat

1361: 1191: 482: 15053: 14930: 14616: 6457: 4983: 17285: 16438: 16201: 15916: 15331: 14723: 13414: 7189:"Significant reduction of antibiotic use in the community after a nationwide campaign in France, 2002-2007" 2473: 2373:). Antibody treatments act by binding to and neutralizing bacterial exotoxins and other virulence factors. 2352: 1576:. The drug was used to treat syphilis in the first half of the 20th century. In 1908, Ehrlich received the 1400: 1381: 1373: 1357: 1172: 526: 16110: 15173: 11297:"The Relationship between Infectious Diseases and Housing Maintenance in Indigenous Australian Households" 2131:

Bacteria, fungi, plants, animals and other organisms are being screened in the search for new antibiotics.

288:

conglomerate in Germany. However, the effectiveness and easy access to antibiotics have also led to their

17327: 17198: 17134: 17102: 17050: 16347: 16329: 14273: 14193: 13320: 13254: 12365: 12288: 11346: 9443: 4695:"Mitochondrial ribosomal RNA mutation associated with both antibiotic–induced and non–syndromic deafness" 2440: 2337: 2331: 2063: 1973: 1669: 1396: 1344: 983: 583: 230: 14477: 12853: 12757: 12408: 12083: 10092: 8118: 5572: 5231:"Bactericidal action of daptomycin against stationary-phase and nondividing Staphylococcus aureus cells" 2502:

Antisense RNA-based treatment (also known as gene silencing therapy) involves (a) identifying bacterial

346:

and his collaborators in journal articles to describe any substance produced by a microorganism that is

17494: 16883: 16296: 16036: 11965:"WHO's first global report on antibiotic resistance reveals serious, worldwide threat to public health" 11200:"History of CRISPR-Cas from Encounter with a Mysterious Repeated Sequence to Genome Editing Technology" 3393:

Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Robles Aguilar G, Gray A, et al. (February 2022).

2573: 2541: 2344:

since the 1910s, and this approach continues to be a useful way of controlling bacterial diseases. The

1996:

derivative (protein synthesis inhibitor targeting bacterial ribosomes). FDA approved on 2 October 2018.

1986:

derivative (protein synthesis inhibitor targeting bacterial ribosomes). FDA approved on 27 August 2018.

1515:

Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with

1194:

is a common phenomenon mainly caused by the overuse/misuse. It represents a threat to health globally.

1015: 795: 678:, a bacteria-derived organelle found in eukaryotic, including human, cells. Mitochondrial damage cause 210: 12113: 7564:

Kalghatgi S, Spina CS, Costello JC, Liesa M, Morones-Ramirez JR, Slomovic S, et al. (July 2013).

5428:

Ocampo PS, Lázár V, Papp B, Arnoldini M, Abel zur Wiesch P, Busa-Fekete R, et al. (August 2014).

1206:

for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the

229:, whereas antibiotics are an important class of antibacterials used more specifically in medicine and 17387: 17377: 17072: 17008: 16731: 16696: 16499: 16476: 16262: 16075: 14198: 13325: 13097: 12272: 12241: 9510:

Cushnie TP, Cushnie B, Echeverría J, Fowsantear W, Thammawat S, Dodgson JL, et al. (June 2020).

5996: 5647:

Finberg RW, Moellering RC, Tally FP, Craig WA, Pankey GA, Dellinger EP, et al. (November 2004).

5482:"Antimicrobial interactions: mechanisms and implications for drug discovery and resistance evolution" 2488:. Fecal microbiota transplantation has also been used more recently for inflammatory bowel diseases. 2356: 1469: 1060: 431: 297: 249: 11972: 11558:

Giordano M, Baldassarre ME, Palmieri V, Torres DD, Carbone V, Santangelo L, et al. (May 2019).

9323:

Pahil KS, Gilman M, Baidin V, Clairfeuille T, Mattei P, Bieniossek C, et al. (3 January 2024).

6939: 4532: 2815: 1952:/ β-lactamase inhibitor combination (cell wall synthesis inhibitor). FDA approved on 29 August 2017. 17205: 17067: 16942: 16796: 15911: 15901: 14847: 13221: 12616: 12208: 12203: 7566:"Bactericidal antibiotics induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in Mammalian cells" 6060: 5068: 4299:"Topical antibiotics for preventing surgical site infection in wounds healing by primary intention" 3952: 3181:

Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, Zaidi AK, Wertheim HF, Sumpradit N, et al. (December 2013).

2666: 2623: 2391:

Phage injecting its genome into a bacterium. Viral replication and bacterial cell lysis will ensue.

2298: 2234:

rather than secondary metabolites, have been shown to eradicate antibiotic tolerance. For example,

2185: 1780: 1585: 1572:

company began to market the compound toward the end of 1910 under the name Salvarsan, now known as

1274: 1264: 1239: 1215: 887: 594: 510: 301: 248:, Greece, and Rome. The first person to directly document the use of molds to treat infections was 14127: 12360: 10592:"Alkaloids: an overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities" 7444: 2366:, and other monoclonal antibodies are in development (e.g. AR-301 for the adjunctive treatment of 1942:/ β-lactamase inhibitor combination (cell wall synthesis inhibitor). FDA approved on 16 July 2019. 1775:, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, 1627:. Research was stimulated apace by its success. The discovery and development of this sulfonamide 17392: 17310: 17176: 16706: 16504: 16211: 16149: 15983: 15951: 15477: 15400: 14908: 14448: 14263: 14223: 13330: 13238: 13153: 11106:"Non-antibiotic treatments for bacterial diseases in an era of progressive antibiotic resistance" 10194:"Bactericidal effect of grape seed extract on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)" 9382: 7832:"Take Two Beers and Call Me in 1,600 Years: Use of Tetracycline by Nubians and Ancient Egyptians" 7506: 2744: 2729: 2315: 1789: 1521: 1458: 1147: 1074: 704: 38: 16063: 9835:

Czaplewski L, Bax R, Clokie M, Dawson M, Fairhead H, Fischetti VA, et al. (February 2016).

6899: 6882: 6086:

Topp E, Chapman R, Devers-Lamrani M, Hartmann A, Marti R, Martin-Laurent F, et al. (2013).

5988: 5278:

Pelczar MJ, Chan EC, Krieg NR (2010). "Host-Parasite Interaction; Nonspecific Host Resistance".

883: 16979: 16764: 16514: 16387: 15993: 15850: 15840: 15733: 14756: 14601: 14512: 14287: 14238: 14228: 13983: 13755: 12499: 12215: 12198: 11837: 9264:

Zampaloni C, Mattei P, Bleicher K, Winther L, Thäte C, Bucher C, et al. (3 January 2024).

6934: 4955:

Hassan T (March 1987). "Pharmacologic considerations for patients taking oral contraceptives".

2670: 2512: 2055: 1592: 1473: 1100: 975: 723: 490: 466: 442:

antimicrobial resistance. To avoid surgery, antibiotics may be given for non-complicated acute

363: 265: 264:

in 1928, the widespread use of which proved significantly beneficial during wartime. The first

127: 14016: 13848: 13667: 11509:"The Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics in Combating Multidrug-Resistant Organisms" 10905: 9900:

Moayyedi P, Yuan Y, Baharith H, Ford AC (August 2017). "Faecal microbiota transplantation for

5521:

Antonello RM, Principe L, Maraolo AE, Viaggi V, Pol R, Fabbiani M, et al. (August 2020).

3651: 2877: 2871: 612:

reactions. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including

17534: 17300: 16932: 16801: 16309: 16216: 16135: 14679: 14675: 14559: 14268: 14253: 14233: 9949:"Antibiotic Resistance Profiles, Molecular Mechanisms and Innovative Treatment Strategies of 9571:"Structures of Bacterial MraY and Human GPT Provide Insights into Rational Antibiotic Design" 9029:

Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Benjamin DK, Bradley J, Guidos RJ, Jones RN, et al. (June 2013).

8946:

Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Benjamin DK, Bradley J, Guidos RJ, Jones RN, et al. (June 2013).

6530: 2749: 2674: 2545: 2458: 2407: 2254: 2193: 1945: 1855: 1640: 1422: 1411: 1163: 712: 450: 293: 71: 16080: 6645: 5923:"Decoding antimicrobial resistance: unraveling molecular mechanisms and targeted strategies" 2588:

mRNA has been shown to restore the susceptibility of methicillin-resistant staphylococci to

2548:

into the essential protein. Antisense RNA-based treatment has been shown to be effective in

1689:, Italian physician, published a paper on the antibacterial power of some extracts of mold. 17524: 17382: 17275: 17221: 17149: 17139: 16831: 16686: 16559: 16166: 15775: 14978: 14902: 14352: 14258: 14203: 12806: 12303: 10511: 9336: 9277: 8775: 8470: 7380: 6420: 6262: 6151: 5839:

Fedorenko V, Genilloud O, Horbal L, Marcone GL, Marinelli F, Paitan Y, et al. (2015).

4745: 2939: 2387: 2189: 1442: 1104: 971: 664: 313:

The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist

135: 7476:"Rutgers study finds antibiotic overuse is caused by misconceptions, financial incentives" 5713:

Srivastava A, Talaue M, Liu S, Degen D, Ebright RY, Sineva E, et al. (October 2011).

4391: 2036: 525:

or by injection. Where the site of infection is easily accessed, antibiotics may be given

8: 17469: 17459: 17425: 17030: 16468: 16304: 16115: 15028: 14243: 14213: 14062: 14024: 12435: 12267: 4416:

Slama TG, Amin A, Brunton SA, File TM, Milkovich G, Rodvold KA, et al. (July 2005).

2759: 2485: 2411: 2345: 1674: 1323: 1282: 1066: 943: 911: 841: 522: 514: 415: 314: 115: 12073: 10515: 9359: 9340: 9300: 9281: 8674: 8474: 8425: 6424: 6266: 6155: 4749: 2102: 1902:

inhibitor combination (cell wall synthesis inhibitor). FDA approved on 19 December 2014.

1218:. Horizontal transfer is more likely to happen in locations of frequent antibiotic use. 37:

This article is about treatment of bacterial infection. For anti-tumor antibiotics, see

17193: 17188: 17097: 17077: 16711: 16554: 16519: 16373: 16339: 15889: 15429: 15279: 14751: 12006: 11981: 11927: 11902: 11799: 11737: 11712: 11688: 11637: 11586: 11535: 11489: 11446: 11398: 11373: 11323: 11224: 11199: 11180: 11132: 11086: 11022: 10997: 10830: 10772: 10619: 10532: 10499: 10307: 10258: 10174: 9979: 9929: 9867: 9809: 9784: 9765: 9643: 9595: 9570: 9539: 9471: 9241: 9216: 9104: 9079: 9055: 9030: 8972: 8947: 8908: 8830: 8805: 8752: 8727: 8650: 8633: 8589: 8564: 8540: 8515: 8491: 8454: 8335: 8318: 8299: 8251: 8200: 8175: 7978: 7927: 7902: 7780: 7755: 7736: 7693: 7639: 7614: 7590: 7565: 7534: 7215: 7117: 7068: 7043: 6853: 6828: 6781: 6693: 6668: 6539: 6514: 6441: 6408: 6389: 6332: 6286: 6191: 6087: 6021: 5867: 5739: 5714: 5624: 5599: 5549: 5454: 5429: 5403: 5359: 5255: 5230: 5145: 5120: 5050: 4937: 4807: 4782: 4670: 4645: 4621: 4596: 4572: 4555: 4323: 4298: 4235: 4187: 4162: 4072: 4023: 3998: 3701: 3676: 3644: 3616: 3546: 3506: 3489: 3470: 3419: 3394: 3220: 3158: 3133: 3102: 3049: 2662: 2231: 1749: 1624: 1222: 1112: 947: 562: 437:

When the responsible pathogenic microorganism is already known or has been identified,

359: 327: 222: 16125: 11778: 11761: 11728: 11389: 10707: 10607: 9855: 9631: 8225:"A brief history of the antibiotic era: lessons learned and challenges for the future" 7952:"Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils-Present Status and Future Perspectives" 7816: 7381:"The Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act of 2005 (S. 742/H.R. 2562)" 7165: 7105: 7020: 6984: 6667:

McGann P, Snesrud E, Maybank R, Corey B, Ong AC, Clifford R, et al. (July 2016).

6490: 6465: 4890: 4837:

Anderson KC, Schwartz MD, Lieu SO (January 2013). "Antibiotics and OC effectiveness".

3410: 3198: 3182: 3076:"A brief history of the antibiotic era: lessons learned and challenges for the future" 2661:

In addition to developing new antibacterial treatments, it is important to reduce the

832:

profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.

824:

characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the

703:

There are few well-controlled studies on whether antibiotic use increases the risk of

549:. Topical use is also one of the treatment options for some skin conditions including 17479: 17420: 17280: 17233: 17035: 16537: 16206: 16196: 16186: 16171: 15988: 15971: 15835: 14535: 13778: 13484: 13259: 13077: 13073: 12642: 12246: 12046: 12011: 11932: 11889: 11841: 11803: 11791: 11783: 11742: 11693: 11642: 11591: 11540: 11493: 11481: 11450: 11438: 11403: 11328: 11229: 11172: 11137: 11090: 11078: 11027: 10971: 10966: 10941: 10911: 10875: 10834: 10822: 10777: 10711: 10669: 10623: 10611: 10572: 10537: 10477: 10442: 10402: 10397: 10372: 10353: 10312: 10250: 10215: 10166: 10131: 10066: 10025: 9984: 9921: 9859: 9814: 9757: 9705: 9635: 9600: 9543: 9531: 9463: 9364: 9305: 9246: 9155: 9109: 9060: 8977: 8913: 8862: 8835: 8757: 8696: 8655: 8614: 8594: 8545: 8496: 8401: 8340: 8291: 8256: 8205: 8032: 8027: 8002: 7983: 7932: 7880: 7785: 7728: 7685: 7644: 7595: 7538: 7526: 7220: 7109: 7073: 7024: 6988: 6952: 6904: 6858: 6827:

Arulkumaran N, Routledge M, Schlebusch S, Lipman J, Conway Morris A (February 2020).

6804: 6785: 6773: 6698: 6584: 6544: 6495: 6446: 6381: 6337: 6278: 6235: 6198: 6167: 6107: 6026: 5977: 5973: 5942: 5872: 5807: 5782: 5744: 5693: 5670: 5629: 5554: 5503: 5459: 5395: 5351: 5316: 5260: 5211: 5150: 5003: 4999: 4964: 4929: 4925: 4894: 4854: 4850: 4812: 4763: 4714: 4675: 4626: 4577: 4480: 4439: 4369: 4328: 4279: 4239: 4227: 4192: 4143: 4108: 4064: 4028: 3958: 3706: 3655: 3624: 3581: 3550: 3511: 3460: 3424: 3358: 3329: 3304: 3212: 3163: 3107: 3022: 2992: 2984: 2881: 2842: 2282: 1732: 1653: 1309: 1299: 1202: 1135: 478: 423: 355: 289: 257: 11525: 11508: 11184: 10262: 10178: 9933: 9871: 9769: 9647: 8303: 7697: 7318: 7121: 6393: 5407: 5136: 5054: 4941: 4693:

Prezant TR, Agapian JV, Bohlman MC, Bu X, Öztas S, Qiu WQ, et al. (July 1993).

3474: 3395:"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis" 3224: 2008:(PMX-30063): peptide defense protein mimetic (cell membrane disruption). In phase 2. 438: 17474: 17410: 17397: 17226: 17215: 17107: 17087: 16922: 16836: 16811: 16542: 16489: 16428: 16319: 15966: 15894: 15481: 15024: 14731: 14703: 14366: 13517: 13315: 13212: 13125: 13069: 12697: 12225: 12036: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11922: 11914: 11879: 11773: 11732: 11724: 11683: 11673: 11632: 11622: 11581: 11571: 11530: 11520: 11473: 11430: 11393: 11385: 11318: 11308: 11219: 11211: 11164: 11127: 11117: 11068: 11058: 11017: 11009: 10998:"Antibiotic adjuvants: diverse strategies for controlling drug-resistant pathogens" 10961: 10953: 10897: 10865: 10812: 10804: 10767: 10757: 10703: 10661: 10603: 10564: 10555:

Marquez B (December 2005). "Bacterial efflux systems and efflux pumps inhibitors".

10527: 10519: 10469: 10434: 10392: 10384: 10343: 10302: 10292: 10242: 10205: 10162: 10158: 10123: 10056: 10015: 9974: 9964: 9913: 9851: 9804: 9796: 9749: 9695: 9627: 9590: 9582: 9523: 9475: 9455: 9354: 9344: 9295: 9285: 9236: 9228: 9145: 9099: 9091: 9050: 9042: 8967: 8959: 8903: 8893: 8825: 8817: 8747: 8739: 8686: 8645: 8584: 8576: 8535: 8527: 8486: 8478: 8398:

Duchesne's Antagonism between molds and bacteria, an English Colloquial Translation

8330: 8283: 8246: 8236: 8195: 8187: 8022: 8014: 7973: 7963: 7922: 7914: 7872: 7812: 7775: 7767: 7740: 7720: 7675: 7634: 7626: 7585: 7577: 7518: 7210: 7200: 7101: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7016: 6980: 6944: 6894: 6848: 6840: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6688: 6680: 6576: 6534: 6526: 6485: 6477: 6436: 6428: 6407:

Pawlowski AC, Wang W, Koteva K, Barton HA, McArthur AG, Wright GD (December 2016).

6371: 6327: 6317: 6290: 6270: 6227: 6159: 6099: 6016: 6008: 5969: 5934: 5862: 5852: 5774: 5734: 5726: 5660: 5619: 5611: 5544: 5534: 5493: 5449: 5441: 5387: 5363: 5343: 5306: 5250: 5242: 5201: 5140: 5132: 5042: 4995: 4921: 4886: 4846: 4802: 4794: 4753: 4706: 4665: 4657: 4616: 4608: 4567: 4470: 4429: 4359: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4269: 4219: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4135: 4100: 4076: 4056: 4018: 4010: 3696: 3688: 3608: 3577: 3573: 3538: 3501: 3452: 3414: 3406: 3294: 3202: 3194: 3153: 3145: 3097: 3087: 3045: 2974: 2476:, its use is permitted under some conditions in patients with antibiotic-resistant 2266: 2248: 2174: 2025: 1704: 1686: 1434: 1327: 1268: 1120: 829: 716: 679: 656: 628: 558: 518: 454: 12385: 10957: 10061: 10045:"Complete genome sequence of Streptomyces formicae KY5, the formicamycin producer" 10044: 9969: 9948: 8427:

International Encyclopedia of Public Health: Antibiotic Development and Resistance

7319:"Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act of 2005 (2005 - H.R. 2562)" 7285: 2297:). Examples of natural products with antivirulence activity include the flavonoid 1560:, a Japanese bacteriologist working with Ehrlich in the quest for a drug to treat 1530: 1364:, as well as other US agencies. A non-governmental organization campaign group is 1201:

processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may

1168: 64: 17508: 17342: 17337: 17181: 17129: 16937: 16914: 16759: 16736: 16120: 16085: 15961: 15906: 15468: 14920: 14746: 14154: 13598: 13425: 13116: 13111: 12823: 12692: 12687: 12220: 12108: 11254: 11063: 11046: 11045:

Dunne M, Rupf B, Tala M, Qabrati X, Ernst P, Shen Y, et al. (October 2019).

10893: 10568: 10043:

Holmes NA, Devine R, Qin Z, Seipke RF, Wilkinson B, Hutchings MI (January 2018).

7581: 7205: 7188: 7141: 7135: 6163: 4475: 4458: 4434: 4417: 4346:

Hung KK, Lam RP, Lo RS, Tenney JW, Yang ML, Tai MC, et al. (December 2018).

3934: 3914: 3879: 3844: 3780: 3745: 3323: 2302: 2274: 2138: 2043: 1922:

cephalosporin/ β-lactamase inhibitor combination (cell wall synthesis inhibitor).

1892: 1693: 1549: 1545: 1464:

Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on

1445:

of the gut, lungs and skin, which may be associated with adverse effects such as

1348:

resource-limited settings is considered one of the drivers of antibiotic misuse.

891: 868: 683: 651: 613: 427: 206: 163: 16090: 15464: 14520: 14516: 13229: 13225: 12381: 12377: 12373: 12369: 11269: 8719: 7903:"The introduction of 'chemotherapy' using arsphenamine - the first magic bullet" 6012: 4984:"Factors affecting the enterohepatic circulation of oral contraceptive steroids" 1259:

is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of

347: 17372: 17305: 17248: 17020: 16909: 16901: 16826: 16779: 16774: 16721: 16445: 16226: 16221: 16181: 16130: 16095: 15933: 15869: 15672: 15406: 15293: 15163: 14963: 14958: 14948: 14812: 14807: 14771: 14629: 14454: 13384: 13159: 12976: 12906: 12891: 12652: 12537: 12525: 12403: 12321: 12177: 11678: 11661: 11247: 11073: 10665: 10460:

Mahajan GB, Balachandran L (June 2017). "Sources of antibiotics: Hot springs".

9700: 9683: 9527: 9459: 9349: 9324: 9290: 9265: 8482: 7771: 7680: 7663: 7286:"Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act of 2005 (2005 - S. 742)" 6844: 6376: 6359: 5938: 5649:"The importance of bactericidal drugs: future directions in infectious disease" 5539: 5522: 4758: 4733: 2739: 2631: 2556: 2290: 2259: 2083: 2047: 1969: 1776: 1768: 1604: 1557: 1538: 1319: 1116: 1096: 1028: 1003: 999: 899: 668: 546: 538: 401:), "staff, cane", because the first bacteria to be discovered were rod-shaped. 386: 351: 343: 332: 277: 218: 174: 155: 11434: 11122: 11105: 10473: 10127: 10020: 10003: 9753: 9586: 9232: 9150: 9133: 9095: 8580: 8459:

isolate (IMI 15378) reveals sequence divergence of penicillin synthesis genes"

8287: 6925:

Hawkey PM (September 2008). "The growing burden of antimicrobial resistance".

6607: 6580: 6466:"Glycopeptide antibiotic resistance genes in glycopeptide-producing organisms" 6231: 5730: 5498: 5481: 5391: 4661: 4139: 4060: 3456: 1899: 1804:, Dubos had reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, 1556:

infection in rabbits. While their early compounds were too toxic, Ehrlich and

17518: 17253: 17210: 17169: 17062: 17045: 17003: 16716: 16267: 16236: 15857: 15748: 15728: 15677: 15605: 15585: 15261: 15211: 15201: 15159: 15149: 15139: 15071: 14995: 14953: 14873: 14797: 14766: 14685: 14671: 14659: 14649: 14643: 14639: 14634: 14624: 14579: 14348: 14207: 13822: 13650: 13562: 13556: 13502: 13498: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13443: 13379: 13350: 13340: 13121: 13065: 13057: 13019: 13009: 12981: 12961: 12951: 12946: 12911: 12896: 12833: 12828: 12752: 12717: 12505: 12182: 12167: 12153: 12041: 12024: 11787: 10692:"Recent advances in understanding the antibacterial properties of flavonoids" 10297: 10280: 9904:-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials". 8700: 8274:

Kingston W (June 2008). "Irish contributions to the origins of antibiotics".

8241: 8224: 7968: 7951: 7918: 7724: 7615:"The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis-induced multi-organ failure" 7242: 5946: 5922: 5430:"Antagonism between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics is prevalent" 4718: 4694: 4297:

Heal CF, Banks JL, Lepper PD, Kontopantelis E, van Driel ML (November 2016).

4104: 3251: 3092: 3075: 2988: 2837: 2734: 2533: 2497: 2445: 2403: 2395: 2382: 2310: 2178: 2067: 2059: 1929: 1895: 1764: 1712:

when they were both grown in the same culture. He also observed that when he

1662: 1617: 1496: 1485: 1477: 1465: 1426: 1291:, for which resistance rates to penicillin have been reported to exceed 90%. 1131: 1124: 1108: 1088: 1070: 1036: 1011: 1007: 955: 872: 817: 763: 747: 727: 719: 675: 642: 550: 419: 414:

Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent bacterial infections, and sometimes

318: 194: 139: 107: 79:– antibiotics diffuse from antibiotic-containing disks and inhibit growth of 16103: 11168: 9325:"A new antibiotic traps lipopolysaccharide in its intermembrane transporter" 7863:

Limbird LE (December 2004). "The receptor concept: a continuing evolution".

7662:

Alagna L, Bandera A, Patruno A, Muscatello A, Citerio G, Gori A (May 2019).

7239:"Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council" 6322: 6305: 2648: 2480:

infection. Cure rates are around 90%, and work is underway to develop stool

2319: 1796: 1596: 1588:

in 1911 and for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 and 1913.

1251:

many therapeutic challenges. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of

1073:

modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the

707:

failure. The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do not interfere with

269: 17464: 17402: 17164: 17144: 17092: 17040: 16991: 16791: 16741: 16352: 15923: 15657: 15652: 15566: 15216: 15206: 15191: 15181: 15154: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15066: 15061: 15020: 15015: 14817: 14708: 14589: 14117: 14034: 13877: 13735: 13720: 13526: 13355: 13105: 13101: 13029: 12966: 12936: 12901: 12871: 12707: 12682: 12667: 12657: 12647: 12621: 12562: 12510: 12457: 12430: 12420: 12050: 12023:

Giedraitienė A, Vitkauskienė A, Naginienė R, Pavilonis A (1 January 2011).

12015: 11936: 11893: 11795: 11746: 11697: 11646: 11595: 11576: 11559: 11544: 11485: 11477: 11442: 11407: 11332: 11313: 11296: 11233: 11176: 11141: 11082: 11031: 10975: 10879: 10826: 10781: 10715: 10673: 10615: 10576: 10541: 10500:"Metabolite-enabled eradication of bacterial persisters by aminoglycosides" 10481: 10446: 10406: 10357: 10316: 10254: 10219: 10170: 10135: 10070: 10029: 9988: 9925: 9863: 9818: 9800: 9761: 9709: 9639: 9604: 9535: 9467: 9368: 9309: 9250: 9159: 9113: 9064: 8981: 8917: 8866: 8839: 8761: 8743: 8691: 8659: 8549: 8531: 8500: 8363:"Public Health History Corner Vincenzo Tiberio: a misunderstood researcher" 8295: 8260: 8209: 8191: 8036: 7987: 7936: 7884: 7796: 7732: 7689: 7648: 7599: 7530: 7522: 7224: 7113: 7077: 7042:

Coxeter P, Del Mar CB, McGregor L, Beller EM, Hoffmann TC (November 2015).

7028: 6992: 6956: 6908: 6862: 6777: 6702: 6588: 6548: 6450: 6385: 6341: 6282: 6239: 6171: 6111: 6030: 5876: 5786: 5778: 5748: 5674: 5633: 5558: 5507: 5463: 5399: 5355: 5347: 5320: 5264: 5215: 5154: 4933: 4898: 4858: 4816: 4798: 4767: 4679: 4630: 4581: 4484: 4443: 4388:"UK antibiotic consumption twice that of the Netherlands, WHO report finds" 4373: 4332: 4283: 4231: 4196: 4147: 4112: 4068: 4032: 3710: 3628: 3585: 3428: 3308: 3216: 3167: 3111: 2996: 2719: 2706: 2348: 2278: 2162: 2011: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1979: 1955: 1801: 1785: 1772: 1725: 1573: 1534: 1516: 1489: 995: 991: 860: 845: 799: 787: 779: 771: 443: 253: 226: 158:

or antivirals rather than antibiotics. They are also not effective against

12314: 12022: 11918: 10348: 10331: 9080:"Design and Synthesis of Molecular Scaffolds with Anti-infective Activity" 8898: 8881: 8618: 8598: 8453:

Pathak A, Nowell RW, Wilson CG, Ryan MJ, Barraclough TG (September 2020).

8374: 8344: 7789: 6499: 6481: 5981: 5892:"Calls to rein in antibiotic use after study shows 65% increase worldwide" 5857: 5840: 5007: 4968: 4014: 3692: 3515: 2122: 1511:

Arsphenamine, also known as salvarsan, discovered in 1907 by Paul Ehrlich.

1151: 17357: 17159: 17082: 17057: 16806: 16786: 16691: 16651: 16575: 15946: 15941: 15862: 15845: 15738: 15713: 15662: 15623: 15547: 15514: 15504: 15499: 15460: 15377: 15369: 15349: 15302: 15236: 15196: 15144: 15033: 14883: 14822: 14776: 14736: 14713: 14584: 14564: 14508: 14507: 14429: 14407: 14376: 14370: 14296: 14176: 14166: 14052: 14044: 14029: 13943: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13872: 13861: 13833: 13827: 13783: 13745: 13725: 13710: 13658: 13536: 13493: 13434: 13400: 13375: 13345: 13335: 13213: 13091: 13037: 13014: 12941: 12926: 12921: 12838: 12725: 12702: 12677: 12672: 12662: 12637: 12481: 12452: 11884: 11867: 10870: 10849: 10388: 9046: 8963: 8176:"The evolving role of chemical synthesis in antibacterial drug discovery" 8018: 6948: 6768: 6684: 6103: 5615: 5445: 5246: 5078: 4612: 3299: 3282: 2979: 2962: 2698: 2419: 2197: 2051: 1925: 1915: 1905: 1884: 1821: 1805: 1760: 1713: 1679: 1553: 1488:

mummies studied in the 1990s were found to contain significant levels of

1418: 1340: 1335: 1287: 1260: 1083: 1048: 1044: 1032: 1020: 979: 967: 864: 783: 687: 617: 604: 579: 534: 494: 322: 214: 198: 147: 131: 14304:

Insert into bacterial cell wall causing perforation and depolarization:

12121: 11627: 11610: 11215: 10762: 10745: 10523: 9917: 8821: 6432: 6274: 5841:"Antibacterial Discovery and Development: From Gene to Product and Back" 5715:"New target for inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase: 'switch region'" 4364: 4347: 3599:

Waksman SA (1947). "What is an antibiotic or an antibiotic substance?".

3564:

Waksman SA (1947). "What is an antibiotic or an antibiotic substance?".

1492:. The beer brewed at that time was conjectured to have been the source. 1352:

actively address antimicrobial resistance, and is coordinated by the US

1221:

Antibacterial resistance may impose a biological cost, thereby reducing

631:, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as 453:

and this is usually limited to at-risk populations such as those with a

17295: 17270: 17238: 17015: 16996: 16986: 16821: 16433: 16405: 16231: 16191: 15743: 15708: 15703: 15693: 15643: 15633: 15595: 15590: 15524: 15519: 15509: 15494: 15339: 15265: 15252: 15241: 15186: 15043: 15038: 15010: 14943: 14913: 14761: 14574: 14529: 14417: 14412: 14380: 14356: 14327: 14305: 14171: 14144: 14094: 14075: 14006: 13996: 13958: 13948: 13938: 13923: 13918: 13866: 13837: 13803: 13793: 13773: 13730: 13700: 13695: 13685: 13654: 13580: 13552: 13531: 13507: 13448: 13439: 13280: 13087: 13047: 13042: 12991: 12971: 12956: 12931: 12886: 12881: 12815: 12786: 12766: 12586: 12581: 12572: 12567: 12552: 12547: 12495: 12447: 12172: 11248:"Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6) 11154: 11013: 10901: 10817: 10808: 10438: 10210: 10193: 9266:"A novel antibiotic class targeting the lipopolysaccharide transporter" 9172: 7630: 5093: 4710: 3620: 2724: 2678: 2657:

Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities in 2015.

2286: 2265:

Natural products may be screened for the ability to suppress bacterial

2216: 2212: 2209: 2170: 2158: 2037:

Replenishing the antibiotic pipeline and developing other new therapies

2005: 1965: 1949: 1939: 1888: 1872: 1813: 1809: 1754: 1736: 1649: 1581: 1569: 1176: 1092: 1078: 1024: 951: 876: 849: 791: 767: 734: 638: 554: 486: 261: 202: 190: 119: 55: 11834:

Emerging trends in antibacterial discovery: answering the call to arms

11819:

Emerging trends in antibacterial discovery: answering the call to arms

11762:"No collateral antibiotic sensitivity by alternating antibiotic pairs" 11372:

Curtis V, Schmidt W, Luby S, Florez R, Touré O, Biran A (April 2011).

10246: 9408:"U.S. Congress urged to pass bill to speed development of antibiotics" 8886:

The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology

6566: 6304:

Gladki A, Kaczanowski S, Szczesny P, Zielenkiewicz P (February 2013).

6303: 5953: 5046: 4223: 3207: 3149: 2615:) and (b) the DNA sequences of previously encountered viral invaders ( 17367: 16846: 15879: 15874: 15807: 15753: 15723: 15718: 15698: 15667: 15618: 15576: 15534: 15489: 15359: 15354: 15344: 15326: 15000: 14968: 14938: 14888: 14741: 14664: 14424: 14310: 14161: 14139: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14080: 14070: 14001: 13972: 13963: 13933: 13888: 13812: 13807: 13798: 13788: 13768: 13740: 13715: 13705: 13690: 13680: 13675: 13635: 13630: 13623: 13612: 13602: 13593: 13474: 13395: 13390: 13217: 12916: 12876: 12863: 12796: 12791: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12602: 12557: 12520: 12515: 12486: 12476: 12466: 11560:"Management of STEC Gastroenteritis: Is There a Role for Probiotics?" 7876: 7507:"Accounting for variation in and overuse of antibiotics among humans" 4126:

Bow EJ (July 2013). "Infection in neutropenic patients with cancer".

2754: 2627: 2589: 2220: 2093: 1999: 1959: 1909: 1612: 1600: 1565: 1524: 1481: 1198: 1138:

in 1939, the importance of antibiotics, including antibacterials, to

1040: 987: 963: 959: 895: 775: 738: 682:

in cells and has been suggested as a mechanism for side effects from

462: 285: 273: 151: 10691: 10591: 9511: 7257:"The Overuse of Antibiotics in Food Animals Threatens Public Health" 6829:"Antimicrobial-associated harm in critical care: a narrative review" 6826: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 4348:"Cross-sectional study on emergency department management of sepsis" 3612: 2814:. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Archived from 1507: 794:-like chemical reaction with alcohol by inhibiting its breakdown by 114:. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting 94: 17350: 17265: 16841: 16816: 16769: 16314: 15884: 15827: 15758: 15628: 15613: 15542: 15005: 14792: 14569: 14400: 13991: 13967: 13953: 13928: 13883: 13856: 13817: 13763: 13618: 13607: 13001: 12471: 12442: 12025:"Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of clinically important bacteria" 7803:

Wainwright M (1989). "Moulds in ancient and more recent medicine".

7355: 6602:"Health ministers to accelerate efforts against drug-resistant TB". 5665: 5648: 5311: 5294: 5206: 5189: 4274: 4257: 3542: 2702: 2609: 2537: 2294: 2243: 2239: 2223: 2205: 2202: 2142: 1935: 1829: 1740: 1561: 1278: 1243: 1143: 1139: 742: 655:

in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side effects can result from

624: 542: 530: 477:. Their use in surgical procedures is to help prevent infection of 111: 9684:"Non-traditional Antibacterial Therapeutic Options and Challenges" 9509: 6803:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 817. 5997:"Mutations of Bacteria from Virus Sensitivity to Virus Resistance" 5960:

Levy SB (October 1994). "Balancing the drug-resistance equation".

2472:. Although this procedure has not been officially approved by the 1645: 1095:. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the 197:

fighting another), whereas non-antibiotic antibacterials (such as

17154: 17025: 16278: 15557: 14878: 12986: 11564:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

11557: 11301:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

9383:"Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment Act of 2013" 7747: 7090: 6085: 5414: 2690: 2507: 2481: 2341: 2306: 2235: 2227: 2166: 1875:

antibiotics, fidaxomicin, has been approved for the treatment of

1717: 609: 474: 186: 123: 10332:"Bromopyrrole Alkaloids from Okinawan Marine Sponges Agelas spp" 9946: 7414:"Despite Pledges To Cut Back, Farms Are Still Using Antibiotics" 7186: 6638:"Multi-resistant hospital bacteria linked to India and Pakistan" 6506: 6409:"A diverse intrinsic antibiotic resistome from a cave bacterium" 4163:"Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease" 1002:, inhibiting further growth (with the exception of bactericidal 185:, "life"—is broadly used to refer to any substance used against 17362: 16927: 16580: 16176: 14150: 13646: 13083: 10746:"Staphyloxanthin: a potential target for antivirulence therapy" 9947:

Vrancianu CO, Gheorghe I, Czobor IB, Chifiriuc MC (June 2020).

8882:"Where are all the new antibiotics? The new antibiotic paradox" 8055:"Arsenic – the "Poison of Kings" and the "Saviour of Syphilis"" 7005: 6883:"Community factors in the development of antibiotic resistance" 5838: 5764: 2694: 2616: 2449:

Fecal microbiota transplants are an experimental treatment for

2270: 2154: 2146: 2071: 1620: 1438: 1235: 660: 470: 325:

observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of

245: 10850:"Anti-biofilm and anti-virulence effects of zerumbone against 10329: 10279:

Monte J, Abreu AC, Borges A, Simões LC, Simões M (June 2014).

9263: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8423: 7661: 6745: 5520: 3529:

Landsberg H (1949). "Prelude to the discovery of penicillin".

3392: 3322:

Gualerzi CO, Brandi L, Fabbretti A, Pon CL (4 December 2013).

2014:(RG-6006): lipopolysaccharide transport inhibitor. In phase 1. 726:

may be at higher risk of failure and should be advised to use

627:, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the 16591: 14135: 13584: 13284: 9322: 8997:"Drug pipeline for worst superbugs 'on life support': report" 6464:

Marshall CG, Lessard IA, Park I, Wright GD (September 1998).

2462: 2399: 2150: 2077: 2024:(ADAPT) Act was introduced with the aim of fast tracking the 1744: 1608: 1256: 646: 493:. Antibiotics are also used to prevent infection in cases of 281: 241: 237: 159: 143: 15805: 9173:

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (19 December 2014).

9028: 8945: 7041: 6360:"Molecular mechanisms of antibacterial multidrug resistance" 5475: 5473: 4296: 2277:), move towards, attach to, and/or invade human cells (e.g. 2113: 573:

Antibiotic consumption varies widely between countries. The

16044: 11420: 10330:

Tanaka N, Kusama T, Kashiwada Y, Kobayashi J (April 2016).

9175:"Approval Package for: application number: 206829Orig1s000" 8924: 7563: 5646: 4556:"PURLs: prescribing an antibiotic? Pair it with probiotics" 4258:"Topical antimicrobial therapy for treating chronic wounds" 4160: 3180: 2866: 2864: 2612: 2568: 2503: 2457:

Fecal microbiota transplants involve transferring the full

2002:: pleuromutilin antibiotic. FDA approved on 19 August 2019. 1962:(inhibitor of DNA synthesis). FDA approved on 19 June 2017. 1919: 1634: 1628: 1334:

Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of

10939: 10191: 8675:"Sir Edward Penley Abraham CBE. 10 June 1913 – 9 May 1999" 5121:"Risks of combined alcohol/medication use in older adults" 5032: 4390:. Pharmaceutical Journal. 14 November 2018. Archived from 4251: 4249: 4089: 3321: 1502: 1146:, production of the active compounds is carried out using 840:

In important infectious diseases, including tuberculosis,

138:

of bacteria. A limited number of antibiotics also possess

15316: 15292: 12743: 12394: 10991: 10989: 10987: 10985: 10232: 9837:"Alternatives to antibiotics-a pipeline portfolio review" 9834: 8516:"Alexander Fleming (1881-1955): Discoverer of penicillin" 8323:

The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners

7154: 6666: 6463: 6406: 6252: 5470: 3957:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2011. pp. 15–17. 3494:

The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners

2902:"Why antibiotics can't be used to treat your cold or flu" 2649:

Reducing the selection pressure for antibiotic resistance

2529: 574: 458: 15459: 10497: 10001: 9899: 9783:

Abedon ST, Kuhl SJ, Blasdel BG, Kutter EM (March 2011).

7505:

Blaser MJ, Melby MK, Lock M, Nichter M (February 2021).

6718:"Dangerous New Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Reach U.S." 6630: 5712: 5427: 5282:(6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 478–479. 2861: 2309:

tetrangomycin (which inhibits staphyloxanthin), and the

1255:(MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. For example, 859:

infections may be treated with a combination therapy of

11371: 10744:

Xue L, Chen YY, Yan Z, Lu W, Wan D, Zhu H (July 2019).

10651: 10548: 10192:

Al-Habib A, Al-Saleh E, Safer AM, Afzal M (June 2010).

9782: 9041:(12). Infectious Diseases Society of America: 1685–94. 6644:. Health Protection Agency. 3 July 2009. Archived from 5061: 4781:

Wang X, Ryu D, Houtkooper RH, Auwerx J (October 2015).

4780: 4692: 4246: 4209: 4045: 3351:

Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance

3252:"Public Confused About Antibiotic Resistance, WHO Says" 189:, but in the usual medical usage, antibiotics (such as 11463: 11197: 10982: 10278: 9217:"Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline in October 2019" 9127: 9125: 9123: 8455:"Comparative genomics of Alexander Fleming's original 8452: 8424:

Straand J, Gradmann C, Simonsen GS, Lindbæk M (2008).

7504: 6061:"Antibiotic Resistance Fast-Growing Problem Worldwide" 4529:"Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea – All you should know" 2289:), coordinate the activation of virulence genes (e.g. 17492: 14219:

Benzathine benzylpenicillin/procaine benzylpenicillin

11979: 10892: 10420: 10418: 10416: 10042: 10002:

Hutchings MI, Truman AW, Wilkinson B (October 2019).

9739: 9681: 9077: 6306:"The evolutionary rate of antibacterial drug targets" 5333: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3183:"Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions" 2845:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1918:/avibactam (CPT-avibactam; ceftaroline/NXL104): Anti- 925:

Molecular targets of antibiotics on the bacteria cell

11980:

Pugh R, Grant C, Cooke RP, Dempsey G (August 2015).

11044: 10940:

Sulakvelidze A, Alavidze Z, Morris JG (March 2001).

10142: 9444:"Natural Products as a Source for Novel Antibiotics" 9437: 9435: 9433: 9078:

Liu J, Bedell TA, West JG, Sorensen EJ (June 2016).

8679:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

7949: 6969: 5376: 5228: 4836: 4553: 4456: 4415: 2340:) have been used in the treatment and prevention of 2058:, and experimental biology-based approaches such as 377:), "fit for life, lively", which comes from βίωσις ( 30:"Antibacterial" redirects here. For other uses, see 10459: 9120: 8149:"Physiology or Medicine 1939 – Presentation Speech" 7713:

The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds

5229:Mascio CT, Alder JD, Silverman JA (December 2007). 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4588: 4352:

Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi

2022:

Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment

1277:" was identified in the United States resistant to 942:Antibiotics are commonly classified based on their 154:; drugs which inhibit growth of viruses are termed 11466:Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 10589: 10498:Allison KR, Brynildsen MP, Collins JJ (May 2011). 10413: 8419: 8417: 8400:. Translated by Witty M. Independently Published. 7386:. The Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. 6190: 3996: 3983: 3792: 3790: 3643: 2634:antibiotic resistance and reduce the virulence of 1828:during World War II and limited access during the 1417:Other forms of antibiotic associated harm include 962:), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes ( 513:for antibiotic treatment. Antibiotics are usually 430:is adopted. This involves the administration of a 11868:"Antibiotics: from prehistory to the present day" 10995: 10424: 9677: 9430: 8728:"Use of Micro-organisms for Therapeutic Purposes" 8173: 7445:"FDA Told to Move on Antibiotic Use in Livestock" 5125:The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy 5118: 4505:. National Health Service (NHS), UK. 6 May 2014. 3283:"Antibiotics: from prehistory to the present day" 2963:"Antibiotics: from prehistory to the present day" 2673:, and experimental approaches such as the use of 2491: 1867:Gram-positive pathogens remains a high priority. 517:. In more severe cases, particularly deep-seated 385:), "life". The term "antibacterial" derives from 162:; drugs which inhibit growth of fungi are called 17516: 11903:"Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance" 10935: 10933: 10931: 10848:Kim HR, Shin DS, Jang HI, Eom YB (August 2020). 10739: 10737: 10685: 10683: 10647: 10645: 10590:Cushnie TP, Cushnie B, Lamb AJ (November 2014). 10493: 10491: 9830: 9828: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9721: 9719: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9131: 8776:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945" 8089:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908" 6616:"Are you ready for a world without antibiotics?" 5277: 4823: 3997:Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS (February 2011). 3677:"Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance" 2873:Chemical Analysis of Antibiotic Residues in Food 2258:, rendering them more susceptible to killing by 1099:, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the 623:Common side effects of oral antibiotics include 331:. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by 142:activity. Antibiotics are not effective against 11608: 11347:"Water, sanitation and hygiene links to health" 11198:Ishino Y, Krupovic M, Forterre P (April 2018). 10996:Gill EE, Franco OL, Hancock RE (January 2015). 10910:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 103, 757. 10148: 8414: 7858: 7856: 7829: 6353: 6351: 6246: 5920: 5760: 5758: 5094:"Can I drink alcohol while taking antibiotics?" 4411: 4409: 4345: 3787: 3325:Antibiotics: Targets, Mechanisms and Resistance 2603: 2434: 2054:, traditional biology-based approaches such as 27:Antimicrobial substance active against bacteria 11816: 11609:Jha R, Das R, Oak S, Mishra P (October 2020). 10847: 10794: 9214: 8174:Wright PM, Seiple IB, Myers AG (August 2014). 7950:Chouhan S, Sharma K, Guleria S (August 2017). 7896: 7894: 6920: 6918: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6054: 6052: 5799: 5692:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 180. 4594: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 1932:siderophore. FDA approved on 14 November 2019. 1115:. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively 741:, which might result in reduced absorption of 16157: 15791: 15445: 14493: 13198: 12346: 12137: 11710: 11551: 11500: 11457: 11414: 11365: 11294: 11288: 11191: 10928: 10841: 10734: 10696:International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 10680: 10642: 10596:International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 10488: 10453: 10323: 10107: 9995: 9940: 9825: 9716: 9654: 9617: 9611: 9568: 9562: 9494: 9191: 8879: 8446: 8267: 6999: 6963: 5994: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5172:(6th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. 5119:Moore AA, Whiteman EJ, Ward KT (March 2007). 5096:. NHS Direct (UK electronic health service). 4988:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4876: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4554:Rodgers B, Kirley K, Mounsey A (March 2013). 3999:"General principles of antimicrobial therapy" 3947: 3945: 3943: 3357:. The World Health Organization. April 2014. 3069: 3067: 3065: 3044: 2876:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2012. pp. 1771:succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, 659:with other drugs, such as the possibility of 11900: 11506: 10743: 10113: 9024: 9022: 8799: 8797: 8556: 8513: 8316: 8048: 8046: 7853: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6357: 6348: 6137: 6135: 6133: 5755: 5600:"Three decades of beta-lactamase inhibitors" 5292: 5187: 4905: 4406: 3674: 3641: 3487: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 1697: 1678:that is used in the making of some types of 12319: 11986:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 11666:Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 11423:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 11295:Ali SH, Foster T, Hall NL (December 2018). 11246:Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) 10689: 8994: 7891: 7664:"Microbiota in ICU, not only a gut problem" 7313: 7311: 7280: 7278: 7128: 7048:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6915: 6900:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144020 6869: 6799:Marino PL (2007). "Antimicrobial therapy". 6049: 5597: 4975: 4948: 4303:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4167:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3800:. McGill University, Canada. Archived from 3592: 3131: 3003: 2936:Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics 2461:from a healthy human donor (in the form of 2137:Most of the antibiotics in current use are 2050:, newer chemistry-based approaches such as 504: 15798: 15784: 15452: 15438: 14500: 14486: 13205: 13191: 12814: 12353: 12339: 12144: 12130: 11907:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 9682:Theuretzbacher U, Piddock LJ (July 2019). 9134:"Antibiotics in late clinical development" 8672: 8625: 8360: 7802: 7164:. Keep Antibiotics Working. Archived from 7147:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 6297: 5479: 5176: 4865: 4255: 3940: 3681:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 3062: 2078:Natural product-based antibiotic discovery 1603:, was developed by a research team led by 1447:Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea 1354:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 937:Protein synthesis inhibitors (antibiotics) 276:, was developed by a research team led by 63: 14326:Inhibits PG elongation and crosslinking: 12294:Antibiotics in poultry farming in America 12151: 12040: 12005: 11926: 11883: 11872:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 11777: 11736: 11687: 11677: 11659: 11636: 11626: 11585: 11575: 11534: 11524: 11397: 11322: 11312: 11223: 11131: 11121: 11072: 11062: 11021: 10965: 10869: 10816: 10771: 10761: 10531: 10396: 10347: 10306: 10296: 10274: 10272: 10209: 10060: 10019: 9978: 9968: 9808: 9699: 9594: 9358: 9348: 9299: 9289: 9240: 9149: 9103: 9054: 9019: 8971: 8907: 8897: 8829: 8794: 8751: 8690: 8649: 8638:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 8588: 8539: 8490: 8334: 8250: 8240: 8199: 8043: 8026: 7977: 7967: 7926: 7779: 7679: 7638: 7589: 7214: 7204: 7067: 6938: 6927:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 6898: 6852: 6767: 6692: 6555: 6538: 6489: 6440: 6375: 6331: 6321: 6217: 6130: 6020: 5866: 5856: 5738: 5664: 5623: 5548: 5538: 5497: 5453: 5310: 5254: 5205: 5144: 4806: 4757: 4669: 4643: 4620: 4595:Pirotta MV, Garland SM (September 2006). 4571: 4474: 4433: 4363: 4322: 4273: 4186: 4022: 3700: 3528: 3505: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3418: 3298: 3287:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 3206: 3157: 3118: 3101: 3091: 3055:The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 2978: 2325: 1682:did not display bacterial contamination. 1429:function, and this may contribute to the 39:Chemotherapy § Cytotoxic antibiotics 11821:. Horizon Scientific Press. p. 283. 10373:"Plant products as antimicrobial agents" 10085:"hutchingslab Resources and Information" 8803: 8395: 8273: 8059:Journal of Military and Veterans' Health 8003:"Plant products as antimicrobial agents" 7907:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 7900: 7760:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 7710: 7308: 7275: 6531:10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.082907.145923 5286: 5167: 4981: 4911: 4731: 3892: 3857: 3822: 3758: 3723: 3650:. Oxford University Press, US. pp. 2652: 2484:, standardized products, and methods of 2444: 2386: 2351:, for example, has been approved by the 1728:, a disease now treated by antibiotics. 1716:laboratory animals with lethal doses of 1644: 1635:Penicillin and other natural antibiotics 1529: 1506: 1298: 1167: 593: 16872:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract 16045:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene 10554: 10004:"Antibiotics: past, present and future" 9441: 8852: 8634:"Penicillin: from discovery to product" 8562: 7862: 7753: 7411: 6792: 6613: 6512: 6058: 5921:Singh G, Rana A, Smriti (28 May 2024). 5293:Rhee KY, Gardiner DF (September 2004). 4212:Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 3598: 3563: 3342: 2932:"General Background: Antibiotic Agents" 2544:with the bacterial mRNA and blocks its 1503:Synthetic antibiotics derived from dyes 1197:Emergence of resistance often reflects 335:, an American microbiologist, in 1947. 193:) are those produced naturally (by one 14: 17517: 17455:Infectious disease (medical specialty) 17347:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance 12299:Subtherapeutic antibiotic use in swine 11831: 11759: 11711:Beckley AM, Wright ES (October 2021). 11507:Newman AM, Arshad M (September 2020). 10364: 10336:Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 10269: 9405: 8725: 8673:Jones DS, Jones JH (1 December 2014). 8222: 8081: 7612: 6924: 6880: 6822: 6820: 6798: 6626:from the original on 30 November 2010. 6037:from the original on 11 September 2009 5995:Luria SE, Delbrück M (November 1943). 5889: 5280:Microbiology Concepts and Applications 5088: 5086: 4954: 3446: 3435: 3249: 3073: 3031: 2780: 2778: 2776: 1844: 1130:Since the first pioneering efforts of 835: 698: 545:for ear infections and acute cases of 381:), "way of life", and that from βίος ( 15779: 15433: 14481: 13186: 12334: 12318: 12125: 11901:Davies J, Davies D (September 2010). 11865: 11353:from the original on 7 September 2020 10946:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 10654:Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 10370: 10198:The Journal of Toxicological Sciences 10151:British Journal of Biomedical Science 9785:"Phage treatment of human infections" 9569:Mashalidis EH, Lee SY (August 2020). 8707:from the original on 26 November 2023 8631: 8604: 8069:from the original on 26 February 2017 8000: 7545:from the original on 16 February 2021 7442: 6715: 6673:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 6470:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 6141: 6118:from the original on 12 December 2013 5687: 5434:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 5235:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 3905:from the original on 24 February 2021 3835:from the original on 27 February 2021 3771:from the original on 25 February 2021 3675:Davies J, Davies D (September 2010). 3280: 3262:from the original on 20 November 2015 2967:Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2960: 2849:from the original on 6 September 2015 2572:gene (the gene that encodes modified 1851:Infectious Disease Society of America 1578:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1283:"the last line of defence" antibiotic 1263:antibacterials. The United Kingdom's 674:Some antibiotics may also damage the 568: 173:—literally "opposing life", from the 16702:Compartmental models in epidemiology 11103: 10924:from the original on 9 January 2017. 9550:from the original on 2 December 2020 9418:from the original on 9 December 2015 9395:from the original on 9 October 2022. 9215:Butler MS, Paterson DL (June 2020). 9132:Fernandes P, Martens E (June 2017). 8810:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 8806:"René Dubos: unearthing antibiotics" 8317:Foster W, Raoult A (December 1974). 8155:from the original on 14 January 2015 7486:from the original on 6 December 2021 7393:from the original on 30 October 2020 6184: 6067:from the original on 2 December 2008 5959: 5803:Antibiotic Discovery and Development 5598:Drawz SM, Bonomo RA (January 2010). 5100:from the original on 24 October 2010 4509:from the original on 7 February 2016 3870:from the original on 10 October 2012 3488:Foster W, Raoult A (December 1974). 3328:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1. 2792:from the original on 18 January 2015 2528:), (b) synthesizing single stranded 2230:. Other natural products, this time 2141:or natural product derivatives, and 1835: 898:, when a patient is infected with a 663:damage from the administration of a 362:antibacterial compounds such as the 130:of such infections. They may either 83:, resulting in a zone of inhibition. 11832:Miller AA (2011). Miller PF (ed.). 11276:from the original on 6 January 2021 10690:Cushnie TP, Lamb AJ (August 2011). 10630:from the original on 18 August 2020 9881:from the original on 17 August 2019 8434:from the original on 4 October 2016 8099:from the original on 14 August 2018 6817: 6358:Alekshun MN, Levy SB (March 2007). 5820:from the original on 2 January 2024 5579:from the original on 26 August 2014 5188:Pankey GA, Sabath LD (March 2004). 5083: 5026: 4256:Lipsky BA, Hoey C (November 2009). 4125: 3971:from the original on 2 January 2024 3451:. Springer India. pp. 83–120. 2773: 805: 586:were the most frequently consumed. 369:The term "antibiotic" derives from 24: 11858: 11760:Ma Y, Chua SL (15 November 2021). 11374:"Hygiene: new hopes, new horizons" 11002:Chemical Biology & Drug Design 9448:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 8319:"Early descriptions of antibiosis" 7756:"Early history of wound treatment" 7473: 7455:from the original on 27 April 2021 7329:from the original on 15 April 2019 7296:from the original on 15 April 2019 6515:"Multidrug resistance in bacteria" 5914: 5075:from the original on 12 June 2011. 4982:Orme ML, Back DJ (December 1990). 4957:Connecticut Dental Student Journal 4644:Lewis T, Cook J (1 January 2014). 4154: 3736:from the original on 25 April 2023 3490:"Early descriptions of antibiosis" 2912:from the original on 9 August 2020 1631:opened the era of antibacterials. 1386:American Public Health Association 982:activities, killing the bacteria. 260:(1881–1955) discovered modern day 25: 17546: 14351:subunit synthesis and transport: 12059: 11951:from the original on 27 July 2016 10722:from the original on 26 July 2020 10708:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.02.014 10608:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001 9632:10.2174/0929867325666181008143411 9482:from the original on 27 July 2021 9388:. US Congress. 12 December 2013. 8514:Tan SY, Tatsumura Y (July 2015). 8129:from the original on 26 July 2020 8052: 7424:from the original on 26 July 2020 7263:from the original on 28 June 2016 7021:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.03.022 6985:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.03.026 6727:from the original on 28 July 2020 6144:Infection, Genetics and Evolution 5902:from the original on 8 April 2018 5014:from the original on 13 July 2015 3231:from the original on 10 June 2020 1672:noted that cultures of the mould 1405:Natural Resources Defense Council 1378:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 1069:, most modern antibacterials are 481:. They have an important role in 422:is effective against a number of 146:such as the ones which cause the 77:Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method 17502: 17451:Economics of Infectious Diseases 12066: 11825: 11810: 11753: 11704: 11653: 11602: 11339: 11262: 11240: 11148: 11097: 11038: 10886: 10788: 10583: 10226: 10185: 10077: 10036: 9906:The Medical Journal of Australia 9893: 9776: 9399: 9375: 9316: 9257: 9166: 9071: 8988: 8939: 8880:Conly J, Johnston B (May 2005). 8873: 8846: 8782:from the original on 23 May 2020 8778:. The Nobel Prize Organization. 8768: 8666: 8507: 8396:Duchesne E (23 September 2017). 8389: 8367:Italian Journal of Public Health 8361:Bucci R, Gallì P (11 May 2012). 8354: 8310: 8276:Irish Journal of Medical Science 8216: 8167: 8141: 8111: 7994: 7943: 7823: 7655: 7606: 7557: 7498: 7467: 7436: 7405: 7373: 7341: 7249: 7231: 7180: 7084: 7035: 6739: 6709: 6604:World Health Organization (WHO). 6092:Journal of Environmental Quality 4926:10.2165/00003088-199936050-00001 4851:10.1097/01720610-201301000-00002 4601:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 4463:The American Journal of Medicine 4422:The American Journal of Medicine 3374:from the original on 6 June 2016 2665:for the emergence and spread of 2376: 2121: 2112: 2101: 2092: 1253:multidrug-resistant tuberculosis 1081:(produced by fungi in the genus 930: 918: 886:may be used in combination with 826:minimum inhibitory concentration 686:. They are also known to affect 645:, and may lead to overgrowth of 11526:10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.06.011 11378:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 10116:Current Opinion in Microbiology 10008:Current Opinion in Microbiology 9844:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 8995:Steenhuysen J (18 April 2013). 8430:. Academic Press. p. 200. 6660: 6595: 6400: 6220:Current Opinion in Microbiology 6178: 6079: 5883: 5832: 5800:Dougherty TJ, Pucci MJ (2011). 5793: 5719:Current Opinion in Microbiology 5706: 5681: 5591: 5565: 5514: 5486:Current Opinion in Microbiology 5370: 5271: 5161: 5137:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2007.03.006 5112: 4774: 4725: 4686: 4637: 4547: 4521: 4491: 4450: 4380: 4339: 4290: 4203: 4119: 4083: 4039: 3921: 3886: 3851: 3816: 3752: 3717: 3668: 3635: 3557: 3522: 3481: 3386: 3315: 3274: 3243: 3187:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 3174: 2371:ventilator-associated pneumonia 2246:reduce antibiotic tolerance in 1891:(CXA-201; CXA-101/tazobactam): 1457:For a chronological guide, see 1397:use of antibiotics in livestock 902:-producing strain of bacteria. 693: 589: 409: 292:and some bacteria have evolved 17460:Infectious disease informatics 17291:Transmission-based precautions 14249:Imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam 12854:transpeptidation/translocation 12263:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics 11998:10.1002/14651858.CD007577.pub3 11660:Jha R, Mishra P (April 2021). 10163:10.1080/09674845.2015.11665752 9406:Clarke T (19 September 2014). 8569:Reviews of Infectious Diseases 7570:Science Translational Medicine 7412:Charles D (22 December 2016). 7060:10.1002/14651858.CD010907.pub2 6887:Annual Review of Public Health 6760:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102583 6059:Pearson C (28 February 2007). 4560:The Journal of Family Practice 4315:10.1002/14651858.CD011426.pub2 4179:10.1002/14651858.CD003610.pub4 3578:10.1080/00275514.1947.12017635 2954: 2924: 2894: 2830: 2804: 2492:Antisense RNA-based treatments 812:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics 449:Antibiotics may be given as a 69:Testing the susceptibility of 32:Antibacterial (disambiguation) 13: 1: 16877:Chest/Lower respiratory tract 16652:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane 16013:Behavioral/lifestyle factors 14843:Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 11779:10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00270-6 11729:10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00118-X 11390:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70224-3 11349:. World Health Organization. 11272:. World Health Organization. 11157:Journal of Digestive Diseases 10958:10.1128/aac.45.3.649-659.2001 10750:Infection and Drug Resistance 10377:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 10062:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.11.011 9970:10.3390/microorganisms8060935 9856:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00466-1 8804:Van Epps HL (February 2006). 8007:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7817:10.1016/S0269-915X(89)80010-2 7106:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00547-4 6519:Annual Review of Biochemistry 5845:BioMed Research International 5604:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 5480:Bollenbach T (October 2015). 4891:10.1016/S0010-7824(99)00009-8 4734:"When antibiotics turn toxic" 3642:Scholar EM, Pratt WB (2000). 3411:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0 3250:Brooks M (16 November 2015). 3199:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70318-9 2766: 2532:that is complementary to the 1976:). FDA approved 25 June 2018. 1743:bacteria when he noticed the 1584:. Hata was nominated for the 1480:and plant materials to treat 1362:National Institutes of Health 1192:antibiotic-resistant bacteria 1157: 1054: 497:particularly cancer-related. 483:dental antibiotic prophylaxis 16439:Aerosol-generating procedure 16217:Silent/Subclinical infection 15917:Multidrug-resistant bacteria 12114:Resources in other libraries 11064:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.062 10569:10.1016/j.biochi.2005.04.012 9575:Journal of Molecular Biology 9035:Clinical Infectious Diseases 8952:Clinical Infectious Diseases 8223:Aminov RI (1 January 2010). 7582:10.1126/scitranslmed.3006055 7206:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000084 7009:Annals of Emergency Medicine 6973:Annals of Emergency Medicine 6614:Boseley S (12 August 2010). 6197:. Cornell University Press. 6164:10.1016/j.meegid.2003.12.005 5974:10.1016/0966-842X(94)90607-6 5653:Clinical Infectious Diseases 5299:Clinical Infectious Diseases 5194:Clinical Infectious Diseases 5170:Stockley's Drug Interactions 5000:10.1016/0002-9378(90)90555-L 4650:Journal of Athletic Training 4499:"Antibiotics – Side effects" 4476:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.05.007 4435:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.05.007 4262:Clinical Infectious Diseases 4093:Journal of Clinical Oncology 3893:Liddell HG, Scott R (eds.). 3858:Liddell HG, Scott R (eds.). 3823:Liddell HG, Scott R (eds.). 3759:Liddell HG, Scott R (eds.). 3724:Liddell HG, Scott R (eds.). 2604:CRISPR-Cas9-based treatments 2435:Fecal microbiota transplants 2064:fecal microbiota transplants 1735:postulated the existence of 1401:Food and Drug Administration 1382:American Medical Association 1374:National Academy of Sciences 1358:Food and Drug Administration 1345:respiratory tract infections 1173:Scanning electron micrograph 984:Protein synthesis inhibitors 485:where their use may prevent 308: 7: 17103:Vaccine-preventable disease 17051:Monoclonal antibody therapy 14848:Ormetoprim/sulfadimethoxine 14274:Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid 14194:Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 13331:Phenoxymethylpenicillin (V) 13321:Benzathine benzylpenicillin 12289:Antibiotic use in livestock 9620:Current Medicinal Chemistry 8726:Florey HW (November 1945). 7901:Williams KJ (August 2009). 6513:Nikaido H (February 2009). 2712: 2685: 2584:). Antisense RNA targeting 2441:Fecal microbiota transplant 2414:bacteria from destruction. 2338:anti-tetanus immunoglobulin 2332:Monoclonal antibody therapy 2293:), and cause disease (e.g. 1974:protein synthesis inhibitor 1968:(ACHN-490): semi-synthetic 1696:submitted a dissertation, " 1599:active antibacterial drug, 1527:, now called arsphenamine. 1240:horizontal genetic exchange 584:amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 521:, antibiotics can be given 473:patients, and those having 397:), diminutive of βακτηρία ( 272:active antibacterial drug, 231:sometimes in livestock feed 213:. "Antibacterials" include 10: 17551: 17244:Respiratory source control 11945:"Antibiotics: MedlinePlus" 11679:10.1186/s40104-021-00576-0 10666:10.2174/156802610792928103 9701:10.1016/j.chom.2019.06.004 9528:10.1007/s11095-020-02849-1 9460:10.1016/j.tips.2016.05.001 9442:Moloney MG (August 2016). 9350:10.1038/s41586-023-06799-7 9291:10.1038/s41586-023-06873-0 9221:The Journal of Antibiotics 8483:10.1038/s41598-020-72584-5 7830:Armelagos, George (2000). 7772:10.1177/014107688207500310 7681:10.1007/s00134-018-05516-7 7162:"Keep Antibiotics Working" 6845:10.1007/s00134-020-05929-3 6377:10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.004 5939:10.1007/s00203-024-03998-2 5890:Sample I (26 March 2018). 5540:10.3390/antibiotics9080500 4759:10.1038/d41586-018-03267-5 3132:Bosch F, Rosich L (2008). 2574:penicillin-binding protein 2495: 2438: 2380: 2329: 2313:zerumbone (which inhibits 2081: 1692:In 1897, doctoral student 1638: 1476:, used specially selected 1456: 1452: 1307: 1161: 1058: 1016:broad-spectrum antibiotics 909: 905: 809: 796:acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 753: 393:), "against" + βακτήριον ( 342:was first used in 1942 by 211:antimicrobial chemotherapy 36: 29: 17434: 17388:Global Health Initiatives 17378:Evolutionary epidemiology 17326: 17118: 17073:Post-exposure prophylaxis 17009:Antimicrobial stewardship 16967: 16954: 16859: 16750: 16732:Multiplicity of infection 16697:Basic reproduction number 16672: 16644: 16630: 16616: 16600: 16568: 16530: 16473:Percutaneous inoculation 16459: 16421: 16414: 16396: 16328: 16295: 16288: 16252: 16245: 16148: 16035: 15957:Host–pathogen interaction 15932: 15826: 15819: 15686: 15642: 15604: 15575: 15556: 15533: 15476: 15390: 15368: 15325: 15315: 15278: 15250: 15229: 15172: 15100: 15052: 14986: 14977: 14929: 14901: 14866: 14858:Pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine 14835: 14785: 14722: 14694: 14615: 14600: 14550: 14528: 14438: 14390: 14340: 14319: 14295: 14286: 14199:Ampicillin/flucloxacillin 14186: 14126: 14093: 14061: 14043: 14015: 13982: 13847: 13754: 13666: 13645: 13579: 13545: 13516: 13483: 13424: 13413: 13364: 13326:Procaine benzylpenicillin 13304: 13293: 13279: 13237: 13143: 13098:Quinupristin/dalfopristin 13056: 13028: 13000: 12862: 12851: 12805: 12751: 12742: 12716: 12630: 12615: 12595: 12534: 12417: 12402: 12393: 12366:inhibit protein synthesis 12328: 12281: 12273:Production of antibiotics 12255: 12242:Antimicrobial stewardship 12234: 12191: 12160: 12109:Resources in your library 11435:10.1016/j.idc.2019.10.001 11123:10.1186/s13054-016-1549-1 11104:Opal SM (December 2016). 10474:10.1016/j.bcp.2016.11.021 10371:Cowan MM (October 1999). 10128:10.1016/j.mib.2013.08.001 10021:10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.008 9754:10.1016/j.tim.2018.12.010 9587:10.1016/j.jmb.2020.03.017 9233:10.1038/s41429-020-0291-8 9151:10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.025 9096:10.1016/j.tet.2016.01.044 8520:Singapore Medical Journal 8288:10.1007/s11845-008-0139-x 8229:Frontiers in Microbiology 8001:Cowan MM (October 1999). 7754:Forrest RD (March 1982). 7613:Singer M (January 2014). 7443:Gever J (23 March 2012). 7349:"Kee Antibiotics Working" 6581:10.1016/j.tim.2006.02.006 6232:10.1016/j.mib.2006.07.002 6193:A Field Guide To Bacteria 6013:10.1093/genetics/28.6.491 5806:. Springer. p. 800. 5731:10.1016/j.mib.2011.07.030 5499:10.1016/j.mib.2015.05.008 5392:10.1007/s15010-009-7108-9 5069:"antibiotics-and-alcohol" 4914:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 4732:Marchant J (March 2018). 4662:10.4085/1062-6050-49.2.09 4140:10.1016/j.ccc.2013.03.002 4061:10.1007/s00268-016-3561-7 3457:10.1007/978-81-322-2259-0 3080:Frontiers in Microbiology 2540:. The antisense RNA then 1580:for his contributions to 1294: 1208:Luria–Delbrück experiment 1061:Production of antibiotics 722:in the blood. Women with 509:There are many different 432:broad-spectrum antibiotic 298:World Health Organization 110:substance active against 93: 88: 62: 53: 48: 17206:Protective sequestration 17068:Pre-exposure prophylaxis 16359:Generational difference 15912:Horizontal gene transfer 15902:Antimicrobial resistance 12617:Tetracycline antibiotics 12204:Antimicrobial resistance 12042:10.3390/medicina47030019 11258:SDG-Tracker.org, website 10462:Biochemical Pharmacology 10298:10.3390/pathogens3020473 10049:Journal of Biotechnology 9138:Biochemical Pharmacology 8242:10.3389/fmicb.2010.00134 7969:10.3390/medicines4030058 7919:10.1258/jrsm.2009.09k036 7725:10.1177/1534734608316028 7151:Retrieved 12 March 2009. 7140:27 December 2017 at the 6716:Moyer MW (27 May 2016). 6642:Health Protection Report 5927:Archives of Microbiology 4105:10.1200/JCO.2012.45.8661 4049:World Journal of Surgery 3937:, on Oxford Dictionaries 3256:Medscape Multispeciality 3093:10.3389/fmicb.2010.00134 2299:epigallocatechin gallate 1781:Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 1586:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1410:Studies have shown that 1366:Keep Antibiotics Working 1265:Health Protection Agency 1216:horizontal gene transfer 1111:—are produced solely by 958:) or the cell membrane ( 724:menstrual irregularities 511:routes of administration 505:Routes of administration 404: 302:antimicrobial resistance 17393:Microbial phylogenetics 17311:Wastewater surveillance 16832:Geographic distribution 16707:Critical community size 16505:Surgical site infection 16353:Iatrogenic/Medical care 16272:Microbial translocation 16268:Endogenous reactivation 16263:Normal flora overgrowth 16212:Opportunistic infection 15984:Opportunistic infection 14264:Piperacillin/tazobactam 14224:Cefepime/enmetazobactam 11253:1 November 2020 at the 11204:Journal of Bacteriology 11169:10.1111/1751-2980.12603 10942:"Bacteriophage therapy" 10852:Acinetobacter baumannii 10427:Natural Product Reports 9951:Acinetobacter baumannii 9688:Cell Host & Microbe 9516:Pharmaceutical Research 8732:British Medical Journal 8607:Terapevticheskii Arkhiv 8581:10.1093/clinids/2.1.129 7865:Molecular Interventions 7668:Intensive Care Medicine 6833:Intensive Care Medicine 6323:10.1186/1471-2105-14-36 4003:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 3899:A Greek-English Lexicon 3864:A Greek-English Lexicon 3829:A Greek-English Lexicon 3765:A Greek-English Lexicon 3730:A Greek-English Lexicon 3646:The Antimicrobial Drugs 2812:"Factsheet for experts" 2745:Magic bullet (medicine) 2730:Antimalarial medication 2426:There are considerable 2316:Acinetobacter baumannii 2070:-based treatments, and 1790:Nobel Prize in Medicine 1668:In 1874, physician Sir 1607:in 1932 or 1933 at the 1459:Timeline of antibiotics 1075:beta-lactam antibiotics 818:host defense mechanisms 467:immunosuppressive drugs 280:in 1932 or 1933 at the 122:are widely used in the 17465:Microbial bioterrorism 17088:efficacy/effectiveness 16496:Surgical intervention 16388:Breakthrough infection 16010:Genetic predisposition 15994:Susceptible individual 15841:Germ theory of disease 14757:Sulfamethoxypyridazine 14355:synthesis inhibition ( 14239:Ceftolozane/tazobactam 14229:Cefoperazone/sulbactam 14128:β-lactamase inhibitors 12216:Antibiotic prophylaxis 12199:Antibiotic sensitivity 11866:Gould K (March 2016). 11838:Caister Academic Press 11577:10.3390/ijerph16091649 11478:10.1055/s-0039-1693995 11314:10.3390/ijerph15122827 9801:10.4161/bact.1.2.15845 9742:Trends in Microbiology 8744:10.1136/bmj.2.4427.635 8692:10.1098/rsbm.2014.0002 8532:10.11622/smedj.2015105 8192:10.1002/anie.201310843 7523:10.1002/bies.202000163 6933:(Supplement 1): i1-9. 6569:Trends in Microbiology 6187:"Chapter 9, Pathogens" 5962:Trends in Microbiology 5779:10.1002/anie.200600350 5348:10.1038/nprot.2007.521 4799:10.1002/bies.201500071 3954:Antibiotics Simplified 3933:27 August 2021 at the 3281:Gould K (March 2016). 3058:. New York: Macmillan. 2961:Gould K (March 2016). 2671:antibiotic stewardship 2658: 2513:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2506:that encode essential 2454: 2392: 2326:Immunoglobulin therapy 2056:immunoglobulin therapy 1720:bacilli together with 1698: 1657: 1541: 1522:organoarsenic compound 1512: 1441:. They also alter the 1305: 1187: 1181:methicillin-resistant 1150:, usually in strongly 888:β-lactamase inhibitors 854:Methicillin-resistant 599: 491:infective endocarditis 455:weakened immune system 75:to antibiotics by the 17530:Anti-infective agents 17301:Universal precautions 16259:Endogenous overgrowth 16111:Poultry and livestock 15230:Newer non-fluorinated 14867:Other DHPS inhibitors 14853:Pyrimethamine/dapsone 14680:Succinylsulfathiazole 14676:Phthalylsulfathiazole 14560:2,4-Diaminopyrimidine 14269:Sulbactam/durlobactam 14254:Meropenem/vaborbactam 14234:Ceftazidime/avibactam 13366:β-lactamase resistant 13306:β-lactamase sensitive 11919:10.1128/MMBR.00016-10 11513:Clinical Therapeutics 10349:10.1248/cpb.c16-00245 9902:Clostridium difficile 8605:Krylov AK (929). "". 6482:10.1128/AAC.42.9.2215 6413:Nature Communications 5690:Antibiotic Essentials 4128:Critical Care Clinics 4015:10.4065/mcp.2010.0639 3693:10.1128/MMBR.00016-10 2906:www.health.qld.gov.au 2750:Prebiotic (nutrition) 2667:antibiotic resistance 2656: 2582:methicillin-resistant 2496:Further information: 2459:intestinal microbiota 2448: 2408:intestinal microbiota 2390: 2362:Clostridium difficile 2255:Staphylococcus aureus 2194:secondary metabolites 2186:antibiotic resistance 1946:Meropenem/vaborbactam 1856:Gram-negative bacilli 1849:Both the WHO and the 1648: 1641:History of penicillin 1533: 1510: 1412:common misconceptions 1399:was raised by the US 1302: 1183:Staphylococcus aureus 1171: 1164:Antibiotic resistance 856:Staphylococcus aureus 649:species of the genus 634:Clostridium difficile 597: 181:, "against" and βίος 72:Staphylococcus aureus 17403:Genomic reassortment 17383:Genetic epidemiology 17222:Health communication 17150:Flattening the curve 17140:Disease surveillance 16923:Systemic/Generalized 16687:Animal disease model 16167:Asymptomatic carrier 15687:Other antibacterials 14654:Acetyl sulfisoxazole 14513:inhibit nucleic acid 14259:Panipenem/betamipron 14204:Ampicillin/sulbactam 13316:Benzylpenicillin (G) 13250:cell wall by binding 12807:Peptidyl transferase 12304:Pesticide resistance 11307:(12): Article 2827. 11270:"Household crowding" 10871:10.1099/mic.0.000930 10389:10.1128/CMR.12.4.564 8469:(1): Article 15705. 8377:on 20 September 2018 8151:. Nobel Foundation. 8119:"Nomination Archive" 8019:10.1128/CMR.12.4.564 7259:. Consumer Reports. 6685:10.1128/AAC.01103-16 6104:10.2134/jeq2012.0162 6063:. Voice of America. 5616:10.1128/CMR.00037-09 5446:10.1128/AAC.02463-14 5247:10.1128/AAC.00824-07 5168:Stockley IH (2002). 4613:10.1128/JCM.00218-06 3449:Applied Microbiology 2788:. NHS. 5 June 2014. 2701:, the production of 2645:model of infection. 2192:. For example, some 2190:antibiotic tolerance 1982:(TP-434): synthetic 1808:, a compound of 20% 1611:Laboratories of the 1431:bioenergetic failure 1324:Intensive care units 1077:, which include the 884:β-lactam antibiotics 762:Antibiotics such as 728:backup contraception 665:quinolone antibiotic 416:protozoan infections 358:). It also excluded 284:Laboratories of the 169:Sometimes, the term 116:bacterial infections 17470:Pandemic prevention 17426:Viral phylodynamics 17407:Re-emerging disease 17296:Travel restrictions 16500:Postoperative wound 16469:Blood-borne disease 16451:Respiratory droplet 16363:Vertical/Congenital 16348:Nosocomial/Hospital 16305:Spillover infection 15029:Alalevonadifloxacin 14696:Intermediate-acting 14244:Imipenem/cilastatin 14214:Aztreonam/avibactam 14025:Ceftaroline fosamil 12436:Dihydrostreptomycin 12268:List of antibiotics 11717:The Lancet. Microbe 11628:10.3390/ani10101863 11570:(9): Article 1649. 11216:10.1128/JB.00580-17 11074:20.500.11850/374453 11057:(5): 1336–1350.e4. 10797:Food & Function 10763:10.2147/IDR.S193649 10524:10.1038/nature10069 10516:2011Natur.473..216A 10089:ww3.hutchingslab.uk 9918:10.5694/mja17.00295 9341:2024Natur.625..572P 9282:2024Natur.625..566Z 9007:on 25 December 2015 8899:10.1155/2005/892058 8855:Medicina Nei Secoli 8822:10.1084/jem.2032fta 8475:2020NatSR..1015705P 8373:(4). Archived from 6721:Scientific American 6433:10.1038/ncomms13803 6425:2016NatCo...713803P 6275:10.1038/nature10388 6267:2011Natur.477..457D 6156:2004InfGE...4..187W 5858:10.1155/2015/591349 4994:(6 Pt 2): 2146–52. 4750:2018Natur.555..431M 4394:on 22 December 2018 4365:10.12809/hkmj177149 3804:on 16 February 2008 2942:on 14 December 2014 2818:on 21 December 2014 2760:List of antibiotics 2626:genes or bacterial 2465:) to patients with 2346:monoclonal antibody 2232:primary metabolites 2074:-based treatments. 1845:Antibiotic pipeline 1722:Penicillium glaucum 1710:Penicillium glaucum 1675:Penicillium glaucum 1067:medicinal chemistry 944:mechanism of action 912:List of antibiotics 875:are antagonists to 842:combination therapy 836:Combination therapy 709:birth control pills 699:Birth control pills 519:systemic infections 315:Jean Paul Vuillemin 256:in the late 1880s. 223:antibacterial soaps 17416:Selection pressure 16712:Force of infection 16340:Contagious disease 16275:Endogenous seeding 16172:Chain of infection 16096:Injection drug use 16007:Vaccination status 15890:Case fatality rate 15808:infectious disease 15417:Never to phase III 14918:thereby inhibiting 14906:(inhibit bacterial 14752:Sulfametoxydiazine 14540:thereby inhibiting 14533:(inhibit bacterial 14465:Never to phase III 14397:Hydrolyze NAM-NAG 13485:Carboxypenicillins 13248:layer of bacterial 13244:(inhibit synthesis 13170:Never to phase III 11885:10.1093/jac/dkv484 11766:The Lancet Microbe 11014:10.1111/cbdd.12478 10809:10.1039/D0FO00046A 10439:10.1039/c2np20035j 10211:10.2131/jts.35.357 9963:(6): Article 935. 9047:10.1093/cid/cit152 8964:10.1093/cid/cit152 8563:Fleming A (1980). 8463:Scientific Reports 7631:10.4161/viru.26907 7245:on 9 January 2009. 7168:on 24 October 2010 6949:10.1093/jac/dkn241 6310:BMC Bioinformatics 4711:10.1038/ng0793-289 3405:(10325): 629–655. 3300:10.1093/jac/dkv484 3074:Aminov RI (2010). 2980:10.1093/jac/dkv484 2663:selection pressure 2659: 2636:enterohemorrhagic 2455: 2393: 1750:Penicillium rubens 1708:was eliminated by 1658: 1623:, but not against 1542: 1513: 1466:medicinal folklore 1306: 1188: 1123:of less than 1000 1113:chemical synthesis 948:chemical structure 705:oral contraceptive 600: 569:Global consumption 563:contact dermatitis 451:preventive measure 439:definitive therapy 424:parasitic diseases 328:Bacillus anthracis 136:inhibit the growth 18:Antibiotic therapy 17490: 17489: 17480:Tropical medicine 17421:Synthetic biology 17322: 17321: 17281:Social distancing 17234:Outbreak response 16855: 16854: 16682:Agent-based model 16668: 16667: 16664: 16663: 16660: 16659: 16207:Natural reservoir 16197:Infectious period 16187:Incubation period 16144: 16143: 16100:Natural disaster 16069:Tropical diseases 16052:Biodiversity loss 15989:Risk of infection 15979:Microbiome health 15972:Immunosuppression 15773: 15772: 15767: 15766: 15482:Lipoglycopeptides 15427: 15426: 15386: 15385: 15311: 15310: 15274: 15273: 15225: 15224: 14897: 14896: 14831: 14830: 14536:purine metabolism 14475: 14474: 14336: 14335: 14282: 14281: 14089: 14088: 13871:Antipseudomonal ( 13779:Cefuroxime axetil 13575: 13574: 13571: 13570: 13518:Ureidopenicillins 13409: 13408: 13273: 13266: 13262: 13252:to and inhibiting 13180: 13179: 13139: 13138: 13135: 13134: 12847: 12846: 12738: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12643:Chlortetracycline 12611: 12610: 12312: 12311: 12247:Antibiotic misuse 12095:Library resources 11975:on 30 April 2014. 11847:978-1-904455-89-9 11723:(10): e545–e554. 10917:978-1-4557-0090-5 10247:10.1159/000104791 9581:(18): 4946–4963. 9335:(7995): 572–577. 9276:(7995): 566–571. 9090:(25): 3579–3592. 8407:978-1-5498-1696-3 8180:Angewandte Chemie 7100:(10014): 188–98. 6881:Larson E (2007). 6810:978-0-7817-4802-5 6204:978-0-8014-8854-2 5813:978-1-4614-1400-1 5767:Angewandte Chemie 5699:978-0-7637-7219-2 5688:Cunha BA (2009). 5047:10.1136/bmj.a2885 4744:(7697): 431–433. 4224:10.1586/eri.09.74 3964:978-1-4496-1459-1 3798:"Antibiotics FAQ" 3661:978-0-19-512529-0 3466:978-81-322-2258-3 3364:978-92-4-156474-8 3335:978-3-527-33305-9 3150:10.1159/000149583 3027:978-0-8247-4100-6 2887:978-1-4496-1459-1 2267:virulence factors 1992:: semi-synthetic 1836:Late 20th century 1747:of a green mold, 1733:Alexander Fleming 1654:Alexander Fleming 1470:ancient Egyptians 1310:Antibiotic misuse 1190:The emergence of 1065:With advances in 461:cases to prevent 457:(particularly in 356:hydrogen peroxide 258:Alexander Fleming 118:, and antibiotic 100: 99: 16:(Redirected from 17542: 17507: 17506: 17505: 17498: 17475:Tropical disease 17411:Reverse zoonosis 17398:One Health Model 17227:Health education 17216:Community health 17135:Cordon sanitaire 17108:Ring vaccination 17078:Repurposed drugs 16965: 16964: 16884:Gastrointestinal 16727:Machine learning 16531:Gastrointestinal 16482:Intravenous line 16419: 16418: 16333:/Cross-infection 16320:Reverse zoonosis 16293: 16292: 16250: 16249: 16155: 16154: 16136:War and conflict 16004:Nutrition status 15967:Immunodeficiency 15824: 15823: 15800: 15793: 15786: 15777: 15776: 15454: 15447: 15440: 15431: 15430: 15323: 15322: 15290: 15289: 15025:Levonadifloxacin 14984: 14983: 14979:Fluoroquinolones 14927: 14926: 14732:Sulfadimethoxine 14704:Sulfamethoxazole 14625:Sulfaisodimidine 14613: 14612: 14548: 14547: 14502: 14495: 14488: 14479: 14478: 14293: 14292: 13664: 13663: 13520:(4th generation) 13487:(4th generation) 13428:(3rd generation) 13426:Aminopenicillins 13422: 13421: 13369:(2nd generation) 13309:(1st generation) 13302: 13301: 13291: 13290: 13277: 13276: 13272: 13264: 13260: 13246:of peptidoglycan 13242: 13207: 13200: 13193: 13184: 13183: 12860: 12859: 12812: 12811: 12749: 12748: 12698:Rolitetracycline 12628: 12627: 12415: 12414: 12400: 12399: 12355: 12348: 12341: 12332: 12331: 12316: 12315: 12226:Directed therapy 12146: 12139: 12132: 12123: 12122: 12070: 12069: 12054: 12044: 12019: 12009: 11976: 11971:. Archived from 11960: 11958: 11956: 11940: 11930: 11897: 11887: 11852: 11851: 11829: 11823: 11822: 11814: 11808: 11807: 11781: 11757: 11751: 11750: 11740: 11708: 11702: 11701: 11691: 11681: 11657: 11651: 11650: 11640: 11630: 11606: 11600: 11599: 11589: 11579: 11555: 11549: 11548: 11538: 11528: 11519:(9): 1637–1648. 11504: 11498: 11497: 11461: 11455: 11454: 11418: 11412: 11411: 11401: 11369: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11358: 11343: 11337: 11336: 11326: 11316: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11281: 11266: 11260: 11244: 11238: 11237: 11227: 11210:(7): e00580-17. 11195: 11189: 11188: 11152: 11146: 11145: 11135: 11125: 11101: 11095: 11094: 11076: 11066: 11042: 11036: 11035: 11025: 10993: 10980: 10979: 10969: 10937: 10926: 10925: 10890: 10884: 10883: 10873: 10845: 10839: 10838: 10820: 10803:(7): 6496–6508. 10792: 10786: 10785: 10775: 10765: 10741: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10687: 10678: 10677: 10649: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10587: 10581: 10580: 10552: 10546: 10545: 10535: 10510:(7346): 216–20. 10495: 10486: 10485: 10457: 10451: 10450: 10422: 10411: 10410: 10400: 10368: 10362: 10361: 10351: 10327: 10321: 10320: 10310: 10300: 10276: 10267: 10266: 10230: 10224: 10223: 10213: 10189: 10183: 10182: 10146: 10140: 10139: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10100: 10091:. Archived from 10081: 10075: 10074: 10064: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10023: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9982: 9972: 9944: 9938: 9937: 9897: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9880: 9841: 9832: 9823: 9822: 9812: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9737: 9714: 9713: 9703: 9679: 9652: 9651: 9626:(7): 1132–1150. 9615: 9609: 9608: 9598: 9566: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9555: 9507: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9487: 9439: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9403: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9387: 9379: 9373: 9372: 9362: 9352: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9303: 9293: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9244: 9212: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9179: 9170: 9164: 9163: 9153: 9129: 9118: 9117: 9107: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9058: 9026: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9003:. Archived from 8992: 8986: 8985: 8975: 8943: 8937: 8933: 8922: 8921: 8911: 8901: 8877: 8871: 8870: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8833: 8801: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8772: 8766: 8765: 8755: 8738:(4427): 635–42. 8723: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8694: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8653: 8632:Sykes R (2001). 8629: 8623: 8622: 8602: 8592: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8543: 8511: 8505: 8504: 8494: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8439: 8421: 8412: 8411: 8393: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8338: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8254: 8244: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8203: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8145: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8050: 8041: 8040: 8030: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7981: 7971: 7947: 7941: 7940: 7930: 7898: 7889: 7888: 7877:10.1124/mi.4.6.6 7860: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7836: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7783: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7683: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7642: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7593: 7576:(192): 192ra85. 7561: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7480:The Daily Targum 7471: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7392: 7385: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7361:on 25 March 2009 7360: 7354:. Archived from 7353: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7315: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7282: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7241:. Archived from 7235: 7229: 7228: 7218: 7208: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7158: 7152: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7071: 7054:(11): CD010907. 7039: 7033: 7032: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6942: 6922: 6913: 6912: 6902: 6878: 6867: 6866: 6856: 6824: 6815: 6814: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6771: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6696: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6564: 6553: 6552: 6542: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6493: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6444: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6379: 6355: 6346: 6345: 6335: 6325: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6261:(7365): 457–61. 6250: 6244: 6243: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6196: 6185:Dyer BD (2003). 6182: 6176: 6175: 6139: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6056: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6024: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5870: 5860: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5773:(31): 5072–129. 5762: 5753: 5752: 5742: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5668: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5627: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5552: 5542: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5501: 5477: 5468: 5467: 5457: 5425: 5412: 5411: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5336:Nature Protocols 5331: 5325: 5324: 5314: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5258: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5209: 5185: 5174: 5173: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5148: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5090: 5081: 5076: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4874: 4863: 4862: 4834: 4821: 4820: 4810: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4761: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4673: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4624: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4575: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4535:on 25 April 2015 4531:. Archived from 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4478: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4437: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4367: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4326: 4309:(11): CD011426. 4294: 4288: 4287: 4277: 4253: 4244: 4243: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4190: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4026: 3994: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3949: 3938: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3912: 3910: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3778: 3776: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3704: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3649: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3509: 3500:(149): 889–894. 3485: 3479: 3478: 3444: 3433: 3432: 3422: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3373: 3356: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3302: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3210: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3161: 3129: 3116: 3115: 3105: 3095: 3071: 3060: 3059: 3042: 3029: 3018: 3001: 3000: 2982: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2938:. Archived from 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2868: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2782: 2301:(which inhibits 2249:Escherichia coli 2175:Medicinal plants 2139:natural products 2125: 2116: 2105: 2096: 2026:drug development 1795:Florey credited 1753:, in one of his 1701: 1687:Vincenzo Tiberio 1652:, discovered by 1328:Self-prescribing 1121:molecular weight 934: 922: 806:Pharmacodynamics 739:intestinal flora 717:ethinylestradiol 684:fluoroquinolones 680:oxidative stress 667:with a systemic 629:intestinal flora 559:hypersensitivity 465:), those taking 164:antifungal drugs 67: 46: 45: 21: 17550: 17549: 17545: 17544: 17543: 17541: 17540: 17539: 17515: 17514: 17513: 17503: 17501: 17493: 17491: 17486: 17430: 17343:Antigenic shift 17338:Antigenic drift 17329: 17318: 17182:Barrier nursing 17130:Contact tracing 17121: 17114: 16959: 16957: 16950: 16861: 16851: 16752: 16746: 16737:Serial interval 16656: 16640: 16631:Cervico-vaginal 16626: 16617:Trans-placental 16612: 16596: 16564: 16526: 16462:Vascular system 16461: 16455: 16410: 16398: 16392: 16332: 16324: 16284: 16241: 16159: 16140: 16031: 15962:Immune response 15928: 15907:Drug resistance 15851:Infectious dose 15815: 15804: 15774: 15769: 15768: 15763: 15682: 15638: 15600: 15571: 15552: 15529: 15480: 15472: 15458: 15428: 15423: 15422: 15407:Clinical trials 15382: 15364: 15330: 15307: 15283: 15270: 15246: 15221: 15168: 15096: 15048: 14973: 14921:DNA replication 14919: 14917: 14911: 14907: 14905: 14893: 14862: 14827: 14786:Other/ungrouped 14781: 14747:Sulfametomidine 14718: 14690: 14604: 14596: 14543: 14541: 14539: 14534: 14532: 14524: 14506: 14476: 14471: 14470: 14455:Clinical trials 14434: 14386: 14332: 14315: 14278: 14182: 14155:Clavulanic acid 14122: 14085: 14057: 14039: 14011: 13978: 13843: 13750: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13641: 13599:Antipseudomonal 13567: 13541: 13512: 13479: 13416: 13405: 13368: 13360: 13308: 13296: 13269:transpeptidases 13268: 13258: 13253: 13251: 13249: 13247: 13245: 13243: 13241: 13233: 13211: 13181: 13176: 13175: 13160:Clinical trials 13131: 13117:Streptogramin B 13112:Streptogramin A 13052: 13024: 12996: 12843: 12824:Chloramphenicol 12801: 12755: 12730: 12712: 12693:Penimepicycline 12688:Oxytetracycline 12619: 12607: 12591: 12530: 12406: 12404:Aminoglycosides 12389: 12359: 12324: 12313: 12308: 12277: 12251: 12230: 12221:Empiric therapy 12187: 12156: 12150: 12120: 12119: 12118: 12103: 12102: 12098: 12091: 12090: 12089: 12071: 12067: 12062: 12057: 11992:(8): CD007577. 11963: 11954: 11952: 11943: 11861: 11859:Further reading 11856: 11855: 11848: 11830: 11826: 11815: 11811: 11758: 11754: 11709: 11705: 11658: 11654: 11607: 11603: 11556: 11552: 11505: 11501: 11462: 11458: 11419: 11415: 11370: 11366: 11356: 11354: 11345: 11344: 11340: 11293: 11289: 11279: 11277: 11268: 11267: 11263: 11255:Wayback Machine 11245: 11241: 11196: 11192: 11153: 11149: 11102: 11098: 11043: 11039: 10994: 10983: 10938: 10929: 10918: 10891: 10887: 10846: 10842: 10793: 10789: 10742: 10735: 10725: 10723: 10688: 10681: 10660:(17): 1757–68. 10650: 10643: 10633: 10631: 10588: 10584: 10563:(12): 1137–47. 10553: 10549: 10496: 10489: 10458: 10454: 10423: 10414: 10369: 10365: 10328: 10324: 10277: 10270: 10235:Caries Research 10231: 10227: 10190: 10186: 10147: 10143: 10112: 10108: 10098: 10096: 10095:on 7 April 2023 10083: 10082: 10078: 10041: 10037: 10000: 9996: 9945: 9941: 9898: 9894: 9884: 9882: 9878: 9839: 9833: 9826: 9781: 9777: 9738: 9717: 9680: 9655: 9616: 9612: 9567: 9563: 9553: 9551: 9508: 9495: 9485: 9483: 9440: 9431: 9421: 9419: 9404: 9400: 9392: 9385: 9381: 9380: 9376: 9321: 9317: 9262: 9258: 9213: 9192: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9171: 9167: 9130: 9121: 9076: 9072: 9027: 9020: 9010: 9008: 8993: 8989: 8958:(12): 1685–94. 8944: 8940: 8934: 8925: 8878: 8874: 8851: 8847: 8802: 8795: 8785: 8783: 8774: 8773: 8769: 8724: 8720: 8710: 8708: 8671: 8667: 8630: 8626: 8561: 8557: 8512: 8508: 8451: 8447: 8437: 8435: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8394: 8390: 8380: 8378: 8359: 8355: 8329:(149): 889–94. 8315: 8311: 8272: 8268: 8221: 8217: 8186:(34): 8840–69. 8172: 8168: 8158: 8156: 8147: 8146: 8142: 8132: 8130: 8117: 8116: 8112: 8102: 8100: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8072: 8070: 8051: 8044: 7999: 7995: 7948: 7944: 7899: 7892: 7861: 7854: 7844: 7842: 7841:(5, May): 50–53 7839:Natural History 7834: 7828: 7824: 7801: 7797: 7752: 7748: 7709: 7705: 7660: 7656: 7611: 7607: 7562: 7558: 7548: 7546: 7517:(2): e2000163. 7503: 7499: 7489: 7487: 7472: 7468: 7458: 7456: 7441: 7437: 7427: 7425: 7410: 7406: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7383: 7379: 7378: 7374: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7351: 7347: 7346: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7317: 7316: 7309: 7299: 7297: 7284: 7283: 7276: 7266: 7264: 7255: 7254: 7250: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7199:(6): e1000084. 7185: 7181: 7171: 7169: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7142:Wayback Machine 7133: 7129: 7089: 7085: 7040: 7036: 7004: 7000: 6968: 6964: 6940:10.1.1.629.3960 6923: 6916: 6879: 6870: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6797: 6793: 6744: 6740: 6730: 6728: 6714: 6710: 6665: 6661: 6651: 6649: 6648:on 14 July 2014 6636: 6635: 6631: 6612: 6608: 6600: 6596: 6565: 6556: 6511: 6507: 6462: 6458: 6405: 6401: 6356: 6349: 6302: 6298: 6251: 6247: 6216: 6212: 6205: 6183: 6179: 6140: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6084: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6057: 6050: 6040: 6038: 5993: 5989: 5958: 5954: 5919: 5915: 5905: 5903: 5888: 5884: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5814: 5798: 5794: 5763: 5756: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5686: 5682: 5645: 5641: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5519: 5515: 5478: 5471: 5426: 5415: 5375: 5371: 5332: 5328: 5291: 5287: 5276: 5272: 5241:(12): 4255–60. 5227: 5223: 5186: 5177: 5166: 5162: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5092: 5091: 5084: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 4980: 4976: 4953: 4949: 4910: 4906: 4875: 4866: 4835: 4824: 4793:(10): 1045–53. 4779: 4775: 4730: 4726: 4699:Nature Genetics 4691: 4687: 4642: 4638: 4593: 4589: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4455: 4451: 4414: 4407: 4397: 4395: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4344: 4340: 4295: 4291: 4254: 4247: 4208: 4204: 4173:(5): CD003610. 4159: 4155: 4124: 4120: 4088: 4084: 4055:(10): 2305–18. 4044: 4040: 3995: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3965: 3951: 3950: 3941: 3935:Wayback Machine 3926: 3922: 3915:Perseus Project 3908: 3906: 3891: 3887: 3880:Perseus Project 3873: 3871: 3856: 3852: 3845:Perseus Project 3838: 3836: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3781:Perseus Project 3774: 3772: 3757: 3753: 3746:Perseus Project 3739: 3737: 3722: 3718: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3640: 3636: 3613:10.2307/3755196 3597: 3593: 3562: 3558: 3527: 3523: 3486: 3482: 3467: 3445: 3436: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3320: 3316: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3193:(12): 1057–98. 3179: 3175: 3130: 3119: 3072: 3063: 3043: 3032: 3019: 3004: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2870: 2869: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2843:"Metronidazole" 2841: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2795: 2793: 2784: 2783: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2715: 2688: 2651: 2606: 2576:2a and renders 2500: 2494: 2443: 2437: 2385: 2379: 2334: 2328: 2303:listeriolysin O 2275:staphyloxanthin 2135: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2118: 2117: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2098: 2097: 2086: 2080: 2044:natural product 2039: 2017: 1893:Antipseudomonal 1847: 1838: 1818:Bacillus brevis 1741:disease-causing 1694:Ernest Duchesne 1670:William Roberts 1643: 1637: 1550:trypanosomiasis 1546:Alfred Bertheim 1505: 1462: 1455: 1360:(FDA), and the 1343:. One study on 1312: 1297: 1166: 1160: 1117:small molecules 1097:aminoglycosides 1063: 1057: 1004:aminoglycosides 938: 935: 926: 923: 914: 908: 892:clavulanic acid 869:chloramphenicol 867:. For example, 838: 830:pharmacokinetic 814: 808: 756: 701: 696: 614:photodermatitis 592: 571: 529:in the form of 507: 489:and consequent 428:empiric therapy 412: 407: 311: 300:has classified 225:, and chemical 219:bacteriostatics 207:fully synthetic 156:antiviral drugs 84: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17548: 17538: 17537: 17532: 17527: 17512: 17511: 17488: 17487: 17485: 17484: 17483: 17482: 17472: 17467: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17449: 17444: 17438: 17436: 17432: 17431: 17429: 17428: 17423: 17418: 17413: 17408: 17405: 17400: 17395: 17390: 17385: 17380: 17375: 17373:Emergent virus 17370: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17354: 17353: 17345: 17340: 17334: 17332: 17324: 17323: 17320: 17319: 17317: 17316: 17313: 17308: 17306:Vector control 17303: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17283: 17278: 17273: 17268: 17263: 17262: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17249:N95 respirator 17241: 17236: 17231: 17230: 17229: 17224: 17219: 17208: 17203: 17202: 17201: 17191: 17186: 17185: 17184: 17174: 17173: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17126: 17124: 17122:pharmaceutical 17116: 17115: 17113: 17112: 17111: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17080: 17075: 17070: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17054: 17053: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17012: 17011: 17001: 17000: 16999: 16989: 16984: 16983: 16982: 16971: 16969: 16968:Pharmaceutical 16962: 16952: 16951: 16949: 16948: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16920: 16919:Cardiovascular 16917: 16912: 16907: 16904: 16899: 16898:Nervous system 16896: 16893: 16892: 16891: 16881: 16880: 16879: 16874: 16865: 16863: 16857: 16856: 16853: 16852: 16850: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16783: 16782: 16777: 16767: 16762: 16756: 16754: 16748: 16747: 16745: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16724: 16722:Infection rate 16719: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16678: 16676: 16670: 16669: 16666: 16665: 16662: 16661: 16658: 16657: 16655: 16654: 16648: 16646: 16642: 16641: 16639: 16638: 16634: 16632: 16628: 16627: 16625: 16624: 16620: 16618: 16614: 16613: 16611: 16610: 16604: 16602: 16598: 16597: 16595: 16594: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16572: 16570: 16566: 16565: 16563: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16546: 16545: 16534: 16532: 16528: 16527: 16525: 16524: 16523: 16522: 16517: 16509: 16508: 16507: 16502: 16494: 16493: 16492: 16487: 16484: 16479: 16477:Injection site 16471: 16465: 16463: 16457: 16456: 16454: 16453: 16448: 16446:Dental aerosol 16443: 16442: 16441: 16431: 16425: 16423: 16416: 16412: 16411: 16409: 16408: 16402: 16400: 16394: 16393: 16391: 16390: 16385: 16384: 16383: 16378: 16377: 16376: 16371: 16368: 16357: 16356: 16355: 16350: 16342: 16336: 16334: 16330:Human-to-human 16326: 16325: 16323: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16301: 16299: 16290: 16286: 16285: 16283: 16282: 16276: 16273: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16256: 16254: 16247: 16243: 16242: 16240: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16227:Super-spreader 16224: 16222:Superinfection 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16163: 16161: 16152: 16146: 16145: 16142: 16141: 16139: 16138: 16133: 16131:Vector control 16128: 16123: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16107: 16106: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16072: 16071: 16066: 16060:Climate zones 16058: 16056:Climate change 16053: 16050: 16047: 16041: 16039: 16033: 16032: 16030: 16029: 16028: 16027: 16024: 16021: 16020: 16019: 16011: 16008: 16005: 16002: 15999: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15975: 15974: 15969: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15938: 15936: 15930: 15929: 15927: 15926: 15921: 15920: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15899: 15898: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15872: 15870:Quorum sensing 15867: 15866: 15865: 15855: 15854: 15853: 15843: 15838: 15832: 15830: 15821: 15817: 15816: 15803: 15802: 15795: 15788: 15780: 15771: 15770: 15765: 15764: 15762: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15690: 15688: 15684: 15683: 15681: 15680: 15675: 15673:Nitrofurantoin 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15649: 15647: 15640: 15639: 15637: 15636: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15610: 15608: 15606:Pleuromutilins 15602: 15601: 15599: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15582: 15580: 15573: 15572: 15570: 15569: 15563: 15561: 15560:antibacterials 15554: 15553: 15551: 15550: 15545: 15539: 15537: 15531: 15530: 15528: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15486: 15484: 15474: 15473: 15461:Antibacterials 15457: 15456: 15449: 15442: 15434: 15425: 15424: 15421: 15420: 15419: 15418: 15415: 15404: 15398: 15392: 15391: 15388: 15387: 15384: 15383: 15381: 15380: 15374: 15372: 15366: 15365: 15363: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15336: 15334: 15332:RNA polymerase 15320: 15313: 15312: 15309: 15308: 15306: 15305: 15299: 15297: 15294:Nitroimidazole 15287: 15276: 15275: 15272: 15271: 15269: 15268: 15262:Aminocoumarins 15258: 15256: 15248: 15247: 15245: 15244: 15239: 15233: 15231: 15227: 15226: 15223: 15222: 15220: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15178: 15176: 15170: 15169: 15167: 15166: 15164:Alatrofloxacin 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15106: 15104: 15102:4th generation 15098: 15097: 15095: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15058: 15056: 15054:3rd generation 15050: 15049: 15047: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14992: 14990: 14988:2nd generation 14981: 14975: 14974: 14972: 14971: 14966: 14964:Piromidic acid 14961: 14959:Pipemidic acid 14956: 14951: 14949:Nalidixic acid 14946: 14941: 14935: 14933: 14931:1st generation 14924: 14899: 14898: 14895: 14894: 14892: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14870: 14868: 14864: 14863: 14861: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14839: 14837: 14833: 14832: 14829: 14828: 14826: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14813:Sulfaguanidine 14810: 14808:Sulfadicramide 14805: 14800: 14795: 14789: 14787: 14783: 14782: 14780: 14779: 14774: 14772:Sulfaphenazole 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14728: 14726: 14720: 14719: 14717: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14700: 14698: 14692: 14691: 14689: 14688: 14683: 14669: 14668: 14667: 14657: 14647: 14637: 14632: 14630:Sulfamethizole 14627: 14621: 14619: 14610: 14607:DHPS inhibitor 14598: 14597: 14595: 14594: 14593: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14556: 14554: 14552:DHFR inhibitor 14545: 14526: 14525: 14509:Antibacterials 14505: 14504: 14497: 14490: 14482: 14473: 14472: 14469: 14468: 14467: 14466: 14463: 14452: 14446: 14440: 14439: 14436: 14435: 14433: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14421: 14420: 14415: 14405: 14404: 14403: 14394: 14392: 14388: 14387: 14385: 14384: 14374: 14360: 14344: 14342: 14338: 14337: 14334: 14333: 14331: 14330: 14323: 14321: 14317: 14316: 14314: 14313: 14308: 14301: 14299: 14290: 14284: 14283: 14280: 14279: 14277: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14201: 14196: 14190: 14188: 14184: 14183: 14181: 14180: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14160:non-β-lactam ( 14158: 14148: 14142: 14132: 14130: 14124: 14123: 14121: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14099: 14097: 14091: 14090: 14087: 14086: 14084: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14067: 14065: 14059: 14058: 14056: 14055: 14049: 14047: 14041: 14040: 14038: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14021: 14019: 14017:5th generation 14013: 14012: 14010: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13988: 13986: 13984:4th generation 13980: 13979: 13977: 13976: 13970: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13875: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13853: 13851: 13849:3rd generation 13845: 13844: 13842: 13841: 13831: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13760: 13758: 13756:2nd generation 13752: 13751: 13749: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13672: 13670: 13668:1st generation 13661: 13651:Cephalosporins 13643: 13642: 13640: 13639: 13633: 13627: 13621: 13616: 13610: 13605: 13596: 13589: 13587: 13577: 13576: 13573: 13572: 13569: 13568: 13566: 13565: 13560: 13549: 13547: 13543: 13542: 13540: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13523: 13521: 13514: 13513: 13511: 13510: 13505: 13496: 13490: 13488: 13481: 13480: 13478: 13477: 13472: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13437: 13431: 13429: 13419: 13411: 13410: 13407: 13406: 13404: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13385:Flucloxacillin 13382: 13372: 13370: 13362: 13361: 13359: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13312: 13310: 13299: 13288: 13274: 13235: 13234: 13216:active on the 13214:Antibacterials 13210: 13209: 13202: 13195: 13187: 13178: 13177: 13174: 13173: 13172: 13171: 13168: 13157: 13151: 13145: 13144: 13141: 13140: 13137: 13136: 13133: 13132: 13130: 13129: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13095: 13081: 13062: 13060: 13058:Streptogramins 13054: 13053: 13051: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13034: 13032: 13026: 13025: 13023: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13006: 13004: 12998: 12997: 12995: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12977:Troleandomycin 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12907:Flurithromycin 12904: 12899: 12894: 12892:Clarithromycin 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12868: 12866: 12857: 12849: 12848: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12820: 12818: 12809: 12803: 12802: 12800: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12763: 12761: 12746: 12740: 12739: 12736: 12735: 12732: 12731: 12729: 12728: 12722: 12720: 12718:Glycylcyclines 12714: 12713: 12711: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12653:Demeclocycline 12650: 12645: 12640: 12634: 12632: 12625: 12613: 12612: 12609: 12608: 12606: 12605: 12599: 12597: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12589: 12584: 12578: 12577: 12576: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12544: 12542: 12538:Micromonospora 12532: 12531: 12529: 12528: 12526:Nourseothricin 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12492: 12491: 12490: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12463: 12462: 12461: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12439: 12438: 12433: 12427: 12425: 12412: 12397: 12391: 12390: 12362:Antibacterials 12358: 12357: 12350: 12343: 12335: 12329: 12326: 12325: 12322:antibacterials 12310: 12309: 12307: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12285: 12283: 12279: 12278: 12276: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12259: 12257: 12253: 12252: 12250: 12249: 12244: 12238: 12236: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12212: 12211: 12201: 12195: 12193: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12164: 12162: 12158: 12157: 12154:antimicrobials 12149: 12148: 12141: 12134: 12126: 12117: 12116: 12111: 12105: 12104: 12093: 12092: 12072: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12061: 12060:External links 12058: 12056: 12055: 12020: 11977: 11961: 11941: 11898: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11854: 11853: 11846: 11824: 11809: 11752: 11703: 11652: 11601: 11550: 11499: 11472:(4): 435–446. 11456: 11413: 11364: 11338: 11287: 11261: 11239: 11190: 11163:(6): 322–334. 11147: 11096: 11037: 10981: 10927: 10916: 10885: 10864:(8): 717–726. 10840: 10787: 10733: 10679: 10641: 10582: 10547: 10487: 10452: 10433:(9): 1007–21. 10412: 10363: 10322: 10268: 10225: 10184: 10157:(4): 191–200. 10141: 10106: 10076: 10035: 9994: 9957:Microorganisms 9939: 9912:(4): 166–172. 9892: 9824: 9775: 9748:(4): 323–338. 9715: 9653: 9610: 9561: 9493: 9454:(8): 689–701. 9429: 9398: 9374: 9315: 9256: 9227:(6): 329–364. 9190: 9165: 9119: 9070: 9018: 8987: 8938: 8923: 8872: 8845: 8793: 8767: 8718: 8665: 8624: 8555: 8506: 8445: 8413: 8406: 8388: 8353: 8309: 8266: 8215: 8166: 8140: 8125:. April 2020. 8123:NobelPrize.org 8110: 8093:NobelPrize.org 8080: 8042: 8013:(4): 564–582. 7993: 7942: 7913:(8): 343–348. 7890: 7852: 7822: 7795: 7766:(3): 198–205. 7746: 7703: 7674:(5): 733–737. 7654: 7605: 7556: 7497: 7466: 7435: 7404: 7372: 7340: 7307: 7274: 7248: 7230: 7179: 7153: 7127: 7083: 7034: 6998: 6962: 6914: 6868: 6839:(2): 225–235. 6816: 6809: 6791: 6738: 6708: 6659: 6629: 6606: 6594: 6554: 6505: 6476:(9): 2215–20. 6456: 6399: 6370:(6): 1037–50. 6347: 6296: 6245: 6210: 6203: 6177: 6129: 6078: 6048: 6007:(6): 491–511. 5987: 5952: 5913: 5882: 5831: 5812: 5792: 5754: 5705: 5698: 5680: 5666:10.1086/425009 5659:(9): 1314–20. 5639: 5610:(1): 160–201. 5590: 5564: 5513: 5469: 5440:(8): 4573–82. 5413: 5386:(4): 296–305. 5369: 5326: 5312:10.1086/422881 5285: 5270: 5221: 5207:10.1086/381972 5175: 5160: 5111: 5082: 5060: 5025: 4974: 4947: 4904: 4864: 4822: 4773: 4724: 4705:(3): 289–294. 4685: 4636: 4587: 4546: 4520: 4490: 4449: 4405: 4379: 4358:(6): 571–578. 4338: 4289: 4275:10.1086/644732 4268:(10): 1541–9. 4245: 4202: 4153: 4118: 4099:(6): 794–810. 4082: 4038: 3982: 3963: 3939: 3920: 3885: 3850: 3815: 3786: 3751: 3716: 3667: 3660: 3634: 3591: 3572:(5): 565–569. 3556: 3543:10.1086/349043 3521: 3480: 3465: 3434: 3385: 3363: 3341: 3334: 3314: 3273: 3242: 3173: 3117: 3061: 3030: 3002: 2973:(3): 572–575. 2953: 2923: 2908:. 6 May 2017. 2893: 2886: 2860: 2829: 2803: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2740:Antiviral drug 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2687: 2684: 2650: 2647: 2605: 2602: 2493: 2490: 2439:Main article: 2436: 2433: 2404:Bacteriophages 2381:Main article: 2378: 2375: 2359:for recurrent 2330:Main article: 2327: 2324: 2291:quorum sensing 2260:aminoglycoside 2130: 2129: 2120: 2119: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2100: 2099: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2084:Bioprospecting 2079: 2076: 2048:drug discovery 2038: 2035: 2016: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1987: 1977: 1970:aminoglycoside 1963: 1953: 1943: 1933: 1923: 1913: 1903: 1881: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1792:with Fleming. 1777:Norman Heatley 1769:Edward Abraham 1755:culture plates 1636: 1633: 1625:enterobacteria 1605:Gerhard Domagk 1595:and the first 1558:Sahachiro Hata 1539:Sahachiro Hata 1504: 1501: 1497:Essential oils 1474:ancient Greeks 1454: 1451: 1320:critically ill 1308:Main article: 1296: 1293: 1162:Main article: 1159: 1156: 1109:oxazolidinones 1089:cephalosporins 1059:Main article: 1056: 1053: 1037:oxazolidinones 1029:glycylcyclines 1000:bacteriostatic 998:) are usually 956:cephalosporins 940: 939: 936: 929: 927: 924: 917: 910:Main article: 907: 904: 837: 834: 810:Main article: 807: 804: 755: 752: 748:contraceptives 713:non-compliance 700: 697: 695: 692: 669:corticosteroid 591: 588: 570: 567: 539:conjunctivitis 515:taken by mouth 506: 503: 411: 408: 406: 403: 352:gastric juices 344:Selman Waksman 333:Selman Waksman 310: 307: 278:Gerhard Domagk 268:and the first 250:John Parkinson 98: 97: 91: 90: 86: 85: 68: 60: 59: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17547: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17522: 17520: 17510: 17500: 17499: 17496: 17481: 17478: 17477: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17450: 17448: 17445: 17443: 17440: 17439: 17437: 17433: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17352: 17349: 17348: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17335: 17333: 17331: 17325: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17286:Sterilization 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17254:Surgical mask 17252: 17250: 17247: 17246: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17228: 17225: 17223: 17220: 17217: 17214: 17213: 17212: 17211:Public health 17209: 17207: 17204: 17200: 17197: 17196: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17183: 17180: 17179: 17178: 17175: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17157: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17127: 17125: 17123: 17117: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17085: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17063:Phage therapy 17061: 17059: 17056: 17052: 17049: 17048: 17047: 17046:Immunotherapy 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17010: 17007: 17006: 17005: 17004:Antimicrobial 17002: 16998: 16995: 16994: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16981: 16978: 16977: 16976: 16973: 16972: 16970: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16953: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16897: 16895:Genitourinary 16894: 16890: 16887: 16886: 16885: 16882: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16869: 16867: 16866: 16864: 16858: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16772: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16757: 16755: 16753:in population 16749: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16720: 16718: 16717:Herd immunity 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16679: 16677: 16675: 16671: 16653: 16650: 16649: 16647: 16643: 16636: 16635: 16633: 16629: 16622: 16621: 16619: 16615: 16609: 16606: 16605: 16603: 16601:Genitourinary 16599: 16593: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16573: 16571: 16567: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16544: 16543:Contamination 16541: 16540: 16539: 16536: 16535: 16533: 16529: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16512: 16511:Vector-borne 16510: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16497: 16495: 16491: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16474: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16466: 16464: 16458: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16440: 16437: 16436: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16426: 16424: 16420: 16417: 16413: 16407: 16404: 16403: 16401: 16395: 16389: 16386: 16382: 16379: 16375: 16372: 16369: 16366: 16365: 16364: 16361: 16360: 16358: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16345: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16337: 16335: 16331: 16327: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16302: 16300: 16298: 16297:Cross-species 16294: 16291: 16287: 16280: 16277: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16258: 16257: 16255: 16251: 16248: 16244: 16238: 16237:Window period 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16202:Latent period 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16164: 16162: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16147: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16105: 16102: 16101: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16081:Deforestation 16079: 16077: 16074: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16061: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16042: 16040: 16038: 16034: 16026:Stress levels 16025: 16022: 16018: 16015: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16006: 16003: 16000: 15997: 15996: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15964: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15939: 15937: 15935: 15931: 15925: 15922: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15904: 15903: 15900: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15877: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15864: 15861: 15860: 15859: 15858:Pathogenicity 15856: 15852: 15849: 15848: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15833: 15831: 15829: 15825: 15822: 15818: 15813: 15809: 15801: 15796: 15794: 15789: 15787: 15782: 15781: 15778: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15749:Spectinomycin 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15729:Mandelic acid 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15691: 15689: 15685: 15679: 15678:Nitrofurazone 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15641: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15611: 15609: 15607: 15603: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15586:Metronidazole 15584: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15574: 15568: 15565: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15555: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15540: 15538: 15536: 15532: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15487: 15485: 15483: 15479: 15478:Glycopeptides 15475: 15470: 15466: 15462: 15455: 15450: 15448: 15443: 15441: 15436: 15435: 15432: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15393: 15389: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15373: 15371: 15367: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15337: 15335: 15333: 15328: 15324: 15321: 15318: 15314: 15304: 15301: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15281: 15277: 15267: 15263: 15260: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15249: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15234: 15232: 15228: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15212:Pradofloxacin 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15202:Marbofloxacin 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15179: 15177: 15175: 15171: 15165: 15161: 15160:Trovafloxacin 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15150:Prulifloxacin 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15140:Clinafloxacin 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15107: 15105: 15103: 15099: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15072:Grepafloxacin 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15059: 15057: 15055: 15051: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15026: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14996:Ciprofloxacin 14994: 14993: 14991: 14989: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14976: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14954:Oxolinic acid 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14936: 14934: 14932: 14928: 14925: 14922: 14915: 14910: 14909:topoisomerase 14904: 14900: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14874:Acediasulfone 14872: 14871: 14869: 14865: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14840: 14838: 14834: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14798:Sulfacetamide 14796: 14794: 14791: 14790: 14788: 14784: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14767:Sulfamerazine 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14729: 14727: 14725: 14721: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14701: 14699: 14697: 14693: 14687: 14686:Sulfathiourea 14684: 14681: 14677: 14673: 14672:Sulfathiazole 14670: 14666: 14663: 14662: 14661: 14660:Sulfanilamide 14658: 14655: 14651: 14650:Sulfafurazole 14648: 14645: 14644:Sulfasalazine 14641: 14640:Sulfapyridine 14638: 14636: 14635:Sulfadimidine 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14622: 14620: 14618: 14614: 14611: 14608: 14603: 14599: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14580:Pyrimethamine 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14562: 14561: 14558: 14557: 14555: 14553: 14549: 14546: 14537: 14531: 14527: 14522: 14518: 14514: 14510: 14503: 14498: 14496: 14491: 14489: 14484: 14483: 14480: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14441: 14437: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14410: 14409: 14406: 14402: 14399: 14398: 14396: 14395: 14393: 14389: 14382: 14378: 14375: 14372: 14368: 14364: 14361: 14358: 14354: 14350: 14346: 14345: 14343: 14341:Intracellular 14339: 14329: 14325: 14324: 14322: 14318: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14303: 14302: 14300: 14298: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14285: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14209: 14208:Sultamicillin 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14191: 14189: 14185: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14159: 14156: 14152: 14149: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14137: 14134: 14133: 14131: 14129: 14125: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14100: 14098: 14096: 14092: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14068: 14066: 14064: 14060: 14054: 14051: 14050: 14048: 14046: 14042: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14022: 14020: 14018: 14014: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13989: 13987: 13985: 13981: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13854: 13852: 13850: 13846: 13839: 13835: 13832: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13823:Cefbuperazone 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13761: 13759: 13757: 13753: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13673: 13671: 13669: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13656: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13628: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592:Carbapenems ( 13591: 13590: 13588: 13586: 13582: 13578: 13564: 13563:Sulbenicillin 13561: 13558: 13557:Pivmecillinam 13554: 13551: 13550: 13548: 13544: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13515: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13503:Carindacillin 13500: 13499:Carbenicillin 13497: 13495: 13492: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13482: 13476: 13473: 13470: 13469:Talampicillin 13467: 13465: 13464:Metampicillin 13462: 13460: 13459:Lenampicillin 13457: 13455: 13454:Bacampicillin 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13444:Pivampicillin 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13412: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13380:Dicloxacillin 13377: 13374: 13373: 13371: 13367: 13363: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13351:Clometocillin 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13341:Pheneticillin 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13313: 13311: 13307: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13292: 13289: 13286: 13282: 13278: 13275: 13270: 13256: 13240: 13236: 13231: 13227: 13223: 13219: 13215: 13208: 13203: 13201: 13196: 13194: 13189: 13188: 13185: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13146: 13142: 13127: 13123: 13122:Virginiamycin 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13107: 13103: 13099: 13096: 13093: 13089: 13085: 13082: 13079: 13075: 13071: 13067: 13066:Pristinamycin 13064: 13063: 13061: 13059: 13055: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13035: 13033: 13031: 13027: 13021: 13020:Solithromycin 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13010:Telithromycin 13008: 13007: 13005: 13003: 12999: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12982:Tulathromycin 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12962:Telithromycin 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12952:Solithromycin 12950: 12948: 12947:Roxithromycin 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12912:Gamithromycin 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12897:Dirithromycin 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12865: 12861: 12858: 12855: 12850: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12834:Thiamphenicol 12832: 12830: 12829:Azidamfenicol 12827: 12825: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12817: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12804: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12754: 12753:Oxazolidinone 12750: 12747: 12745: 12741: 12727: 12724: 12723: 12721: 12719: 12715: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12635: 12633: 12631:Tetracyclines 12629: 12626: 12623: 12618: 12614: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12594: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12579: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12539: 12533: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12506:Spectinomycin 12504: 12501: 12497: 12494: 12493: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12444: 12441: 12440: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12422: 12416: 12413: 12410: 12405: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12392: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12367: 12363: 12356: 12351: 12349: 12344: 12342: 12337: 12336: 12333: 12327: 12323: 12317: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12280: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12260: 12258: 12254: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12239: 12237: 12235:Social issues 12233: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12210: 12207: 12206: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12196: 12194: 12190: 12184: 12183:Antiparasitic 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12168:Antibacterial 12166: 12165: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12147: 12142: 12140: 12135: 12133: 12128: 12127: 12124: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12087: 12086: 12085: 12079: 12075: 12052: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12035:(3): 137–46. 12034: 12030: 12026: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11983: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11913:(3): 417–33. 11912: 11908: 11904: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11864: 11863: 11849: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11828: 11820: 11813: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11756: 11748: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11707: 11699: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11671: 11667: 11663: 11656: 11648: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11605: 11597: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11569: 11565: 11561: 11554: 11546: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11503: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11460: 11452: 11448: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11417: 11409: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11384:(4): 312–21. 11383: 11379: 11375: 11368: 11352: 11348: 11342: 11334: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11291: 11275: 11271: 11265: 11259: 11256: 11252: 11249: 11243: 11235: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11194: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11151: 11143: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11110:Critical Care 11107: 11100: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11041: 11033: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10992: 10990: 10988: 10986: 10977: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10952:(3): 649–59. 10951: 10947: 10943: 10936: 10934: 10932: 10923: 10919: 10913: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10889: 10881: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10853: 10844: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10791: 10783: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10756:: 2151–2160. 10755: 10751: 10747: 10740: 10738: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10702:(2): 99–107. 10701: 10697: 10693: 10686: 10684: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10655: 10648: 10646: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10602:(5): 377–86. 10601: 10597: 10593: 10586: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10551: 10543: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10494: 10492: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10456: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10408: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10383:(4): 564–82. 10382: 10378: 10374: 10367: 10359: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10326: 10318: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10291:(2): 473–98. 10290: 10286: 10282: 10275: 10273: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10229: 10221: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10204:(3): 357–64. 10203: 10199: 10195: 10188: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10145: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10122:(5): 549–65. 10121: 10117: 10110: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10080: 10072: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10039: 10031: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 9998: 9990: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9952: 9943: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9896: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9850:(2): 239–51. 9849: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9829: 9820: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9789:Bacteriophage 9786: 9779: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9722: 9720: 9711: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9678: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9614: 9606: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9565: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9402: 9391: 9384: 9378: 9370: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9260: 9252: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9176: 9169: 9161: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9115: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9074: 9066: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9025: 9023: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8942: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8919: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8892:(3): 159–60. 8891: 8887: 8883: 8876: 8868: 8864: 8861:(2): 401–21. 8860: 8856: 8849: 8841: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8800: 8798: 8781: 8777: 8771: 8763: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8722: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8669: 8661: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8628: 8620: 8616: 8613:(2): 139–41. 8612: 8608: 8603:; Reprint of 8600: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8575:(1): 129–39. 8574: 8570: 8566: 8559: 8551: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8510: 8502: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8458: 8449: 8433: 8429: 8428: 8420: 8418: 8409: 8403: 8399: 8392: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8357: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8313: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8270: 8262: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8219: 8211: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8154: 8150: 8144: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8114: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8049: 8047: 8038: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 7997: 7989: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7946: 7938: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7897: 7895: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7871:(6): 326–36. 7870: 7866: 7859: 7857: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7791: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7750: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7560: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7470: 7454: 7450: 7449:MedPage Today 7446: 7439: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7389: 7382: 7376: 7357: 7350: 7344: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7312: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7281: 7279: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7193:PLOS Medicine 7190: 7183: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7150: 7148: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7131: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7038: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7015:(3): 221–30. 7014: 7010: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6979:(3): 213–20. 6978: 6974: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6921: 6919: 6910: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6893:(1): 435–47. 6892: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6864: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6821: 6812: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6769:11368/3020691 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6742: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6679:(7): 4420–1. 6678: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6598: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6575:(4): 176–82. 6574: 6570: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6550: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6525:(1): 119–46. 6524: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6460: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6352: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6214: 6206: 6200: 6195: 6194: 6188: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6150:(3): 187–91. 6149: 6145: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6053: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5991: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5968:(10): 341–2. 5967: 5963: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5917: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5759: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5725:(5): 532–43. 5724: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5701: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5474: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5342:(2): 163–75. 5341: 5337: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5281: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5200:(6): 864–70. 5199: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5171: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5080: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4920:(5): 309–13. 4919: 4915: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4879:Contraception 4873: 4871: 4869: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4607:(9): 3213–7. 4606: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4566:(3): 148–50. 4565: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4469:(7A): 1S–6S. 4468: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4428:(7A): 1S–6S. 4427: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4410: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4250: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4218:(8): 957–65. 4217: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4134:(3): 411–41. 4133: 4129: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4009:(2): 156–67. 4008: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3924: 3916: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3881: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3846: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3782: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3747: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3687:(3): 417–33. 3686: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3647: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3353: 3352: 3345: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2889: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2867: 2865: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2838:metronidazole 2836:For example, 2833: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2791: 2787: 2786:"Antibiotics" 2781: 2779: 2777: 2772: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2735:Antiprotozoal 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2554:P. aeruginosa 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2498:Antisense RNA 2489: 2487: 2486:oral delivery 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396:Phage therapy 2389: 2384: 2383:Phage therapy 2377:Phage therapy 2374: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2311:sesquiterpene 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2262:antibiotics. 2261: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2179:actinomycetes 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2124: 2115: 2104: 2095: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2068:antisense RNA 2065: 2061: 2060:phage therapy 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938:/relebactam: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1930:cephalosporin 1927: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1896:cephalosporin 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1858:currently in 1857: 1852: 1842: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1826:Allied powers 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765:Howard Florey 1762: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731:In 1928, Sir 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1663:Louis Pasteur 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1618:Gram-positive 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1509: 1500: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1460: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:mitochondrial 1424: 1423:drug toxicity 1420: 1415: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1301: 1292: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1185: 1184: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132:Howard Florey 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:semisynthetic 1068: 1062: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1012:gram-positive 1009: 1008:gram-negative 1005: 1001: 997: 996:tetracyclines 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 933: 928: 921: 916: 915: 913: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 880: 878: 874: 873:tetracyclines 870: 866: 862: 858: 857: 851: 847: 843: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 813: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 764:metronidazole 760: 751: 749: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 718: 714: 710: 706: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 676:mitochondrion 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 653: 648: 644: 643:vaginal flora 640: 636: 635: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 611: 606: 596: 587: 585: 581: 576: 566: 564: 561:reactions or 560: 556: 552: 548: 547:swimmer's ear 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 523:intravenously 520: 516: 512: 502: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 445: 440: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 420:Metronidazole 417: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 336: 334: 330: 329: 324: 320: 319:Louis Pasteur 316: 306: 303: 299: 296:to them. The 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 234: 232: 228: 227:disinfectants 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 195:microorganism 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 140:antiprotozoal 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 108:antimicrobial 106:is a type of 105: 96: 92: 87: 82: 78: 74: 73: 66: 61: 58: 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 17535:Bactericides 17194:Notification 17165:Hand washing 17160:Food hygiene 17145:Disinfection 17041:Immunization 16992:Anthelmintic 16980:prophylactic 16974: 16868:Respiratory 16792:Hyperendemic 16742:WAIFW matrix 16397:Environment- 16150:Transmission 16126:Urbanization 15924:Host tropism 15820:Determinants 15806:Concepts in 15658:Nifuroxazide 15653:Furazolidone 15567:Fusidic acid 15370:Lipiarmycins 15217:Sarafloxacin 15207:Orbifloxacin 15192:Enrofloxacin 15182:Danofloxacin 15155:Sitafloxacin 15135:Moxifloxacin 15130:Gemifloxacin 15125:Finafloxacin 15120:Gatifloxacin 15115:Delafloxacin 15110:Besifloxacin 15092:Tosufloxacin 15087:Temafloxacin 15082:Sparfloxacin 15077:Pazufloxacin 15067:Balofloxacin 15062:Levofloxacin 15021:Nadifloxacin 15016:Lomefloxacin 14836:Combinations 14818:Sulfametrole 14803:Sulfaclozine 14709:Sulfadiazine 14617:Short-acting 14602:Sulfonamides 14590:Trimethoprim 14379:inhibitors ( 14369:inhibitors ( 14297:Lipopeptides 14288:Polypeptides 14187:Combinations 14118:Nocardicin A 14035:Ceftobiprole 13878:Cefoperazone 13736:Cefaloridine 13721:Cefaloglycin 13659:Carbacephems 13527:Piperacillin 13356:Penamecillin 13257:, a group of 13106:Quinupristin 13102:Dalfopristin 13030:Lincosamides 12967:Tildipirosin 12937:Oleandomycin 12902:Erythromycin 12872:Azithromycin 12708:Tetracycline 12683:Omadacycline 12668:Meclocycline 12658:Eravacycline 12648:Clomocycline 12563:Micronomicin 12536: 12511:Hygromycin B 12500:+loteprednol 12458:Ribostamycin 12431:Streptomycin 12421:Streptomyces 12419: 12361: 12256:Pharmacology 12099: 12082: 12081: 12080:profile for 12077: 12032: 12028: 11989: 11985: 11973:the original 11968: 11953:. Retrieved 11910: 11906: 11878:(3): 572–5. 11875: 11871: 11833: 11827: 11818: 11812: 11769: 11765: 11755: 11720: 11716: 11706: 11669: 11665: 11655: 11621:(10): 1863. 11618: 11614: 11604: 11567: 11563: 11553: 11516: 11512: 11502: 11469: 11465: 11459: 11429:(1): 17–30. 11426: 11422: 11416: 11381: 11377: 11367: 11357:17 September 11355:. Retrieved 11341: 11304: 11300: 11290: 11280:17 September 11278:. Retrieved 11264: 11257: 11242: 11207: 11203: 11193: 11160: 11156: 11150: 11113: 11109: 11099: 11054: 11051:Cell Reports 11050: 11040: 11008:(1): 56–78. 11005: 11001: 10949: 10945: 10906: 10898:Orenstein WA 10888: 10861: 10858:Microbiology 10857: 10851: 10843: 10800: 10796: 10790: 10753: 10749: 10724:. Retrieved 10699: 10695: 10657: 10653: 10632:. Retrieved 10599: 10595: 10585: 10560: 10556: 10550: 10507: 10503: 10465: 10461: 10455: 10430: 10426: 10380: 10376: 10366: 10342:(7): 691–4. 10339: 10335: 10325: 10288: 10284: 10241:(5): 342–9. 10238: 10234: 10228: 10201: 10197: 10187: 10154: 10150: 10144: 10119: 10115: 10109: 10097:. Retrieved 10093:the original 10088: 10079: 10052: 10048: 10038: 10011: 10007: 9997: 9960: 9956: 9950: 9942: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9895: 9883:. Retrieved 9847: 9843: 9795:(2): 66–85. 9792: 9788: 9778: 9745: 9741: 9694:(1): 61–72. 9691: 9687: 9623: 9619: 9613: 9578: 9574: 9564: 9554:17 September 9552:. Retrieved 9519: 9515: 9484:. Retrieved 9451: 9447: 9422:19 September 9420:. Retrieved 9411: 9401: 9377: 9332: 9328: 9318: 9273: 9269: 9259: 9224: 9220: 9181:. Retrieved 9168: 9141: 9137: 9087: 9083: 9073: 9038: 9034: 9009:. Retrieved 9005:the original 9000: 8990: 8955: 8951: 8941: 8889: 8885: 8875: 8858: 8854: 8848: 8813: 8809: 8784:. Retrieved 8770: 8735: 8731: 8721: 8709:. Retrieved 8682: 8678: 8668: 8644:(8): 778–9. 8641: 8637: 8627: 8610: 8606: 8572: 8568: 8558: 8526:(7): 366–7. 8523: 8519: 8509: 8466: 8462: 8456: 8448: 8436:. Retrieved 8426: 8397: 8391: 8381:30 September 8379:. Retrieved 8375:the original 8370: 8366: 8356: 8348: 8326: 8322: 8312: 8282:(2): 87–92. 8279: 8275: 8269: 8232: 8228: 8218: 8183: 8179: 8169: 8157:. Retrieved 8143: 8131:. Retrieved 8122: 8113: 8101:. Retrieved 8092: 8083: 8071:. Retrieved 8062: 8058: 8010: 8006: 7996: 7959: 7955: 7945: 7910: 7906: 7868: 7864: 7843:. Retrieved 7838: 7825: 7811:(1): 21–23. 7808: 7804: 7798: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7719:(2): 75–81. 7716: 7712: 7706: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7625:(1): 66–72. 7622: 7618: 7608: 7573: 7569: 7559: 7547:. Retrieved 7514: 7510: 7500: 7488:. Retrieved 7479: 7469: 7457:. Retrieved 7448: 7438: 7426:. Retrieved 7417: 7407: 7395:. Retrieved 7375: 7363:. Retrieved 7356:the original 7343: 7331:. Retrieved 7322: 7298:. Retrieved 7289: 7265:. Retrieved 7251: 7243:the original 7233: 7196: 7192: 7182: 7170:. Retrieved 7166:the original 7156: 7145: 7130: 7097: 7093: 7086: 7051: 7047: 7037: 7012: 7008: 7001: 6976: 6972: 6965: 6930: 6926: 6890: 6886: 6836: 6832: 6801:The ICU book 6800: 6794: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6729:. Retrieved 6720: 6711: 6676: 6672: 6662: 6650:. Retrieved 6646:the original 6641: 6632: 6620:The Guardian 6619: 6609: 6597: 6572: 6568: 6522: 6518: 6508: 6473: 6469: 6459: 6416: 6412: 6402: 6367: 6363: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6226:(5): 461–5. 6223: 6219: 6213: 6192: 6180: 6147: 6143: 6120:. Retrieved 6098:(1): 173–8. 6095: 6091: 6081: 6069:. Retrieved 6039:. Retrieved 6004: 6000: 5990: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5930: 5926: 5916: 5904:. Retrieved 5896:The Guardian 5895: 5885: 5848: 5844: 5834: 5822:. Retrieved 5802: 5795: 5770: 5766: 5722: 5718: 5708: 5689: 5683: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5581:. Retrieved 5573:"antagonism" 5567: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5489: 5485: 5437: 5433: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5305:(5): 755–6. 5302: 5298: 5288: 5279: 5273: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5197: 5193: 5169: 5163: 5131:(1): 64–74. 5128: 5124: 5114: 5102:. Retrieved 5063: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5016:. Retrieved 4991: 4987: 4977: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4882: 4878: 4842: 4838: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4741: 4737: 4727: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4656:(3): 422–7. 4653: 4649: 4639: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4537:. Retrieved 4533:the original 4523: 4511:. Retrieved 4502: 4493: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4425: 4421: 4396:. Retrieved 4392:the original 4382: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4265: 4261: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4006: 4002: 3973:. Retrieved 3953: 3923: 3913:– via 3907:. Retrieved 3898: 3888: 3878:– via 3872:. Retrieved 3863: 3853: 3843:– via 3837:. Retrieved 3828: 3818: 3806:. Retrieved 3802:the original 3779:– via 3773:. Retrieved 3764: 3754: 3744:– via 3738:. Retrieved 3729: 3719: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3645: 3637: 3607:(5): 565–9. 3604: 3600: 3594: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3537:(3): 225–7. 3534: 3530: 3524: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3448: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3376:. Retrieved 3350: 3344: 3324: 3317: 3293:(3): 572–5. 3290: 3286: 3276: 3264:. Retrieved 3255: 3245: 3233:. Retrieved 3190: 3186: 3176: 3144:(3): 171–9. 3141: 3138:Pharmacology 3137: 3083: 3079: 3054: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2944:. Retrieved 2940:the original 2935: 2926: 2914:. Retrieved 2905: 2896: 2872: 2851:. Retrieved 2832: 2820:. Retrieved 2816:the original 2806: 2794:. Retrieved 2720:Anthelmintic 2707:inflammation 2689: 2660: 2642: 2637: 2621: 2607: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2577: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2501: 2478:C. difficile 2477: 2468:C. difficile 2467: 2456: 2451:C. difficile 2450: 2425: 2416: 2394: 2367: 2361: 2349:bezlotoxumab 2336:Antibodies ( 2335: 2314: 2279:type IV pili 2264: 2253: 2247: 2183: 2173:rationales. 2163:ethnomedical 2136: 2040: 2018: 2012:Zosurabalpin 1994:tetracycline 1990:Omadacycline 1984:tetracycline 1980:Eravacycline 1972:derivative ( 1956:Delafloxacin 1877:C. difficile 1876: 1869: 1848: 1839: 1817: 1802:World War II 1794: 1786:sulfonamides 1773:penicillin G 1759: 1748: 1730: 1726:tuberculosis 1721: 1709: 1703: 1691: 1684: 1673: 1667: 1659: 1597:systemically 1590: 1574:arsphenamine 1552:in mice and 1543: 1535:Paul Ehrlich 1517:Paul Ehrlich 1514: 1494: 1490:tetracycline 1463: 1435:immune cells 1416: 1409: 1394: 1390: 1370: 1365: 1350: 1336:prophylactic 1333: 1322:patients in 1316:The ICU Book 1315: 1313: 1286: 1269: 1249: 1232: 1228: 1220: 1212: 1199:evolutionary 1196: 1189: 1182: 1154:conditions. 1148:fermentation 1129: 1101:sulfonamides 1082: 1064: 1045:lipiarmycins 1021:lipopeptides 992:lincosamides 980:bactericidal 976:sulfonamides 968:lipiarmycins 941: 881: 861:fusidic acid 855: 839: 821: 815: 800:erythromycin 788:furazolidone 780:cefoperazone 772:cephamandole 761: 757: 732: 720:serum levels 702: 694:Interactions 688:chloroplasts 673: 650: 632: 622: 605:side effects 601: 590:Side effects 572: 508: 499: 448: 444:appendicitis 436: 413: 410:Medical uses 398: 394: 390: 382: 378: 374: 373:+ βιωτικός ( 370: 368: 364:sulfonamides 348:antagonistic 339: 337: 326: 312: 270:systemically 254:Paul Ehrlich 235: 215:bactericides 199:sulfonamides 182: 178: 170: 168: 103: 101: 89:Legal status 80: 70: 54: 43: 17525:Antibiotics 17447:Eradication 17358:Biosecurity 17083:Vaccination 17058:Inoculation 17036:Drug safety 17031:Combination 16958:and Control 16906:Soft tissue 16860:Anatomical 16827:Seasonality 16807:Mesoendemic 16787:Holoendemic 16780:Farr's laws 16692:Attack rate 16490:Animal bite 16486:Insect bite 16422:Respiratory 16049:Air quality 16037:Environment 15947:Comorbidity 15863:Attack rate 15846:Infectivity 15739:Nitroxoline 15734:Methenamine 15714:Furaltadone 15663:Nifurtoinol 15646:derivatives 15624:Retapamulin 15579:derivatives 15548:Polymyxin B 15515:Teicoplanin 15505:Oritavancin 15500:Dalbavancin 15403:from market 15378:Fidaxomicin 15350:Rifapentine 15303:Secnidazole 15296:derivatives 15237:Nemonoxacin 15197:Ibafloxacin 15145:Garenoxacin 15034:Norfloxacin 14884:Solasulfone 14823:Sulfanitran 14777:Sulfamazone 14737:Sulfadoxine 14724:Long-acting 14714:Sulfamoxole 14585:Tetroxoprim 14565:Brodimoprim 14542:DNA and RNA 14530:Antifolates 14451:from market 14430:Teixobactin 14408:Tyrothricin 14377:bactoprenol 14371:Cycloserine 14177:Vaborbactam 14167:Durlobactam 14095:Monobactams 14053:Cefiderocol 14045:Siderophore 14030:Ceftolozane 13944:Cefpimizole 13914:Cefpodoxime 13909:Cefpiramide 13904:Cefmenoxime 13899:Ceftizoxime 13894:Cefdaloxime 13873:Ceftazidime 13862:Ceftriaxone 13834:Carbacephem 13828:Cefmetazole 13784:Cefamandole 13746:Cefatrizine 13726:Cefacetrile 13711:Cefroxadine 13655:Cephamycins 13581:Carbapenems 13537:Mezlocillin 13494:Ticarcillin 13435:Amoxicillin 13401:Methicillin 13376:Cloxacillin 13346:Azidocillin 13336:Propicillin 13281:Penicillins 13156:from market 13092:Linopristin 13038:Clindamycin 13015:Cethromycin 12942:Rokitamycin 12927:Midecamycin 12922:Kitasamycin 12839:Florfenicol 12816:Amphenicols 12760:inhibitors) 12726:Tigecycline 12703:Sarecycline 12678:Minocycline 12673:Metacycline 12663:Lymecycline 12638:Doxycycline 12482:Bekanamycin 12453:Paromomycin 12411:inhibitors) 12282:Agriculture 11947:. nih.gov. 10818:10397/88306 10055:: 116–118. 9885:22 November 9414:. Reuters. 9144:: 152–163. 9084:Tetrahedron 8457:Penicillium 7549:16 February 7490:16 February 7365:12 November 7323:GovTrack.us 7290:GovTrack.us 6122:22 November 6071:29 December 5527:Antibiotics 5104:17 February 5079:Mayo Clinic 4885:(2): 71–8. 4539:28 December 4503:NHS Choices 4398:22 December 3909:20 February 3874:20 February 3839:20 February 3808:17 February 3775:20 February 3740:20 February 3266:21 November 2946:21 December 2822:21 December 2699:macrophages 2546:translation 2287:internalins 2210:carotenoids 2198:drug efflux 2072:CRISPR-Cas9 2052:drug design 1926:Cefiderocol 1916:Ceftaroline 1906:Ceftazidime 1900:β-lactamase 1885:Ceftolozane 1873:macrocyclic 1806:tyrothricin 1761:Ernst Chain 1680:blue cheese 1593:sulfonamide 1554:spirochaeta 1419:anaphylaxis 1341:common cold 1288:Bacteroides 1261:beta-lactam 1175:of a human 1093:carbapenems 1084:Penicillium 1079:penicillins 1049:fidaxomicin 1033:tigecycline 952:penicillins 900:β-lactamase 877:penicillins 865:monotherapy 846:synergistic 784:cefmenoxime 657:interaction 618:anaphylaxis 580:Amoxicillin 535:conjunctiva 495:neutropenia 323:Robert Koch 266:sulfonamide 203:antiseptics 177:roots ἀντι 148:common cold 120:medications 95:In Wikidata 17519:Categories 17330:infections 17271:Sanitation 17239:Quarantine 17098:resistance 17016:Antiseptic 16997:Ascaricide 16987:Antifungal 16975:Antibiotic 16956:Prevention 16889:Intestinal 16822:Prevalence 16802:Inequality 16751:Occurrence 16550:Breastmilk 16434:Bioaerosol 16406:Sapronosis 16381:Horizontal 16253:Endogenous 16232:Viral load 16192:Index case 15744:Novobiocin 15709:Fosfomycin 15704:Daptomycin 15694:Bacitracin 15644:Nitrofuran 15634:Valnemulin 15596:Tinidazole 15591:Ornidazole 15535:Polymyxins 15525:Vancomycin 15520:Telavancin 15510:Ristocetin 15495:Corbomycin 15463:: others ( 15340:Rifampicin 15327:Rifamycins 15285:inhibitors 15266:Novobiocin 15242:Ozenoxacin 15187:Difloxacin 15174:Veterinary 15044:Rufloxacin 15039:Pefloxacin 15011:Fleroxacin 14944:Flumequine 14914:DNA gyrase 14903:Quinolones 14762:Sulfaperin 14575:Ormetoprim 14544:synthesis) 14418:Tyrocidine 14413:Gramicidin 14381:Bacitracin 14357:Fosfomycin 14328:Ramoplanin 14306:Daptomycin 14172:Relebactam 14145:Tazobactam 14076:Cefquinome 14063:Veterinary 14007:Cefquinome 13997:Cefozopran 13959:Ceftiolene 13949:Cefsulodin 13939:Cefodizime 13924:Cefditoren 13919:Ceftibuten 13867:Cefotaxime 13838:Loracarbef 13804:Cephamycin 13794:Ceforanide 13774:Cefuroxime 13731:Cefalonium 13701:Cefazaflur 13696:Cefazedone 13686:Cefadroxil 13553:Mecillinam 13532:Azlocillin 13508:Temocillin 13449:Hetacillin 13440:Ampicillin 13088:Flopristin 13048:Pirlimycin 13043:Lincomycin 12992:Tylvalosin 12972:Tilmicosin 12957:Spiramycin 12932:Miocamycin 12887:Carrimycin 12882:Carbomycin 12864:Macrolides 12787:Ranbezolid 12767:Eperezolid 12758:initiation 12587:Astromicin 12582:Verdamicin 12573:Isepamicin 12568:Plazomicin 12553:Netilmicin 12548:Gentamicin 12496:Tobramycin 12448:Framycetin 12409:initiation 12173:Antifungal 12100:Antibiotic 12084:Antibiotic 11116:(1): 397. 10894:Plotkin SA 9522:(7): 125. 8816:(2): 259. 8786:13 January 8438:31 January 8159:14 January 8073:31 January 7805:Mycologist 7474:Barnes S. 6754:: 102583. 6622:. London. 6041:3 February 5933:(6): 280. 5851:: 591349. 5533:(8): 500. 4513:6 February 3895:"βακτηρία" 3726:"βιωτικός" 3208:10161/8996 3046:Goodman LS 2796:17 January 2767:References 2725:Antifungal 2703:antibodies 2679:probiotics 2675:prebiotics 2624:resistance 2552:models of 2542:hybridizes 2510:(e.g. the 2453:infection. 2428:regulatory 2221:flavonoids 2219:, and the 2217:capsorubin 2213:capsanthin 2171:historical 2159:ecological 2082:See also: 2006:Brilacidin 1966:Plazomicin 1950:carbapenem 1940:carbapenem 1889:tazobactam 1814:tyrocidine 1810:gramicidin 1797:René Dubos 1737:penicillin 1714:inoculated 1650:Penicillin 1639:See also: 1591:The first 1582:immunology 1482:infections 1443:microbiome 1384:, and the 1376:, and the 1247:compound. 1179:ingesting 1177:neutrophil 1158:Resistance 1107:, and the 1105:quinolones 1091:, and the 1055:Production 1025:daptomycin 1014:, whereas 988:macrolides 972:quinolones 964:rifamycins 960:polymyxins 890:, such as 850:Fosfomycin 792:disulfiram 790:, cause a 768:tinidazole 735:rifampicin 639:probiotics 555:cellulitis 487:bacteremia 340:antibiotic 294:resistance 262:penicillin 191:penicillin 171:antibiotic 128:prevention 104:antibiotic 56:Drug class 49:Antibiotic 17442:Discovery 17368:Disease X 17328:Emerging 17276:Screening 17177:Isolation 17021:Antiviral 16847:Twindemic 16797:Incidence 16674:Modelling 16637:Perinatal 16569:Cutaneous 16460:Linked to 16370:Perinatal 16289:Exogenous 16281:formation 16023:Pregnancy 15880:Endotoxin 15875:Virulence 15754:Tedizolid 15724:Linezolid 15719:Lefamulin 15699:Clofoctol 15668:Nifurzide 15619:Lefamulin 15577:Imidazole 15490:Avoparcin 15413:Phase III 15401:Withdrawn 15360:Rifalazil 15355:Rifaximin 15345:Rifabutin 15319:synthesis 15280:Anaerobic 15251:Related ( 15001:Ofloxacin 14969:Rosoxacin 14939:Cinoxacin 14889:Sulfoxone 14742:Sulfalene 14665:Prontosil 14461:Phase III 14449:Withdrawn 14425:Isoniazid 14311:Surfactin 14162:Avibactam 14140:Sulbactam 14113:Carumonam 14108:Tigemonam 14103:Aztreonam 14081:Cefovecin 14071:Ceftiofur 14002:Cefpirome 13973:Latamoxef 13964:Oxacephem 13934:Cefetamet 13889:Cefcapene 13813:Cefotetan 13808:Cefoxitin 13799:Cefuzonam 13789:Cefonicid 13769:Cefprozil 13741:Cefalotin 13716:Ceftezole 13706:Cefradine 13691:Cefapirin 13681:Cefalexin 13676:Cefazolin 13636:Ritipenem 13631:Faropenem 13624:Panipenem 13613:Meropenem 13603:Doripenem 13594:Ertapenem 13475:Epicillin 13396:Nafcillin 13391:Oxacillin 13239:β-lactams 13218:cell wall 13166:Phase III 13154:Withdrawn 13002:Ketolides 12917:Josamycin 12877:Boromycin 12797:Tedizolid 12792:Sutezolid 12782:Radezolid 12777:Posizolid 12772:Linezolid 12603:Butirosin 12558:Sisomicin 12521:Apramycin 12516:Totomycin 12487:Dibekacin 12477:Arbekacin 12467:Kanamycin 12320:Types of 12209:multidrug 12178:Antiviral 11804:244147577 11788:2666-5247 11772:(1): e7. 11672:(1): 51. 11494:203720304 11451:209358146 11091:204967212 10835:220699939 10624:205171789 10557:Biochimie 10468:: 35–41. 10285:Pathogens 10099:22 August 10014:: 72–80. 9544:219590658 9486:25 August 9183:19 August 8701:0080-4606 8053:Frith J. 7962:(3): 58. 7956:Medicines 7619:Virulence 7539:230811912 7511:BioEssays 7397:4 October 6935:CiteSeerX 6786:248736289 6652:16 August 6419:: 13803. 6316:(1): 36. 5947:1432-072X 5583:25 August 5380:Infection 5041:: a2885. 4845:(1): 11. 4787:BioEssays 4719:1546-1718 4240:207217730 3928:bacterial 3601:Mycologia 3566:Mycologia 3551:143223535 3235:25 August 2989:0305-7453 2755:Probiotic 2628:virulence 2600:studies. 2590:oxacillin 2578:S. aureus 2565:S. aureus 2557:pneumonia 2538:liposomes 2470:infection 2368:S. aureus 2364:infection 2295:exotoxins 2143:bacterial 2000:Lefamulin 1960:quinolone 1910:avibactam 1613:IG Farben 1601:Prontosil 1566:Wiesbaden 1525:salvarsan 1047:(such as 1041:linezolid 1039:(such as 1031:(such as 1023:(such as 896:sulbactam 776:latamoxef 743:estrogens 637:. Taking 543:ear drops 533:onto the 531:eye drops 527:topically 479:incisions 463:pneumonia 395:baktērion 360:synthetic 338:The term 309:Etymology 286:IG Farben 274:Prontosil 152:influenza 124:treatment 81:S. aureus 17509:Medicine 17351:EARS-Net 17266:Safe sex 17218:services 17189:Lockdown 16960:measures 16862:location 16842:Syndemic 16837:Sporadic 16817:Pandemic 16812:Outbreak 16770:Epidemic 16623:Prenatal 16515:Mosquito 16399:to-human 16374:Neonatal 16367:Prenatal 16315:Zoonosis 16160:concepts 16091:Humidity 16076:Commerce 15952:Diabetes 15885:Exotoxin 15759:Xibornol 15629:Tiamulin 15614:Azamulin 15543:Colistin 15006:Enoxacin 14793:Mafenide 14570:Iclaprim 14401:lysozyme 14347:Inhibit 13992:Cefepime 13968:Flomoxef 13954:Cefteram 13929:Cefotiam 13884:Cefdinir 13857:Cefixime 13818:Cefminox 13764:Cefaclor 13629:Penems ( 13619:Biapenem 13608:Imipenem 13417:spectrum 13415:Extended 13297:spectrum 13267:-alanine 13263:-alanyl- 13222:envelope 12624:binding) 12535:-micin ( 12472:Amikacin 12443:Neomycin 12418:-mycin ( 12192:Concepts 12051:21822035 12029:Medicina 12016:26301604 11949:Archived 11937:20805405 11894:26851273 11796:35544116 11747:34632433 11698:33866972 11647:33066185 11596:31083597 11545:32800382 11486:31585470 11443:31836329 11408:21453872 11351:Archived 11333:30545014 11274:Archived 11251:Archived 11234:29358495 11185:24461869 11177:29696802 11142:27978847 11083:31665644 11032:25393203 10976:11181338 10922:Archived 10907:Vaccines 10904:(2012). 10902:Offit PA 10880:32463353 10827:32697213 10782:31410034 10720:Archived 10716:21514796 10674:20645919 10628:Archived 10616:25130096 10577:15951096 10542:21562562 10482:27890726 10447:22786554 10407:10515903 10358:27373625 10317:25437810 10263:44317367 10255:17713333 10220:20519844 10179:41282022 10171:26738402 10136:23978412 10071:29191667 10030:31733401 9989:32575913 9934:24780848 9926:28814204 9876:Archived 9872:21677232 9864:26795692 9819:22334863 9770:59274650 9762:30683453 9710:31295426 9648:53097836 9640:30360704 9605:32199982 9548:Archived 9536:32529587 9480:Archived 9468:27267698 9416:Archived 9390:Archived 9369:38172635 9360:10794137 9310:38172634 9301:10794144 9251:32152527 9160:27687641 9114:27284210 9065:23599308 8982:23599308 8918:18159536 8867:26054208 8840:16528813 8780:Archived 8762:20786386 8705:Archived 8685:: 5–22. 8660:11545336 8550:26243971 8501:32973216 8432:Archived 8304:32847260 8296:18347757 8261:21687759 8210:24990531 8153:Archived 8127:Archived 8097:Archived 8067:Archived 8037:10515903 7988:28930272 7937:19679737 7885:15616162 7845:13 March 7733:18483011 7698:58949829 7690:30671622 7649:24185508 7600:23825301 7543:Archived 7531:33410142 7484:Archived 7459:24 March 7453:Archived 7422:Archived 7388:Archived 7333:15 April 7327:Archived 7300:15 April 7294:Archived 7261:Archived 7225:19492093 7138:Archived 7122:13904240 7114:26603919 7078:26560888 7029:17509729 6993:17467120 6957:18684701 6909:17094768 6863:31996961 6778:35568274 6748:Anaerobe 6725:Archived 6703:27230792 6624:Archived 6589:16537105 6549:19231985 6451:27929110 6394:18343252 6386:17382878 6342:23374913 6283:21881561 6240:16890008 6172:15450197 6116:Archived 6112:23673752 6065:Archived 6035:Archived 6031:17247100 6001:Genetics 5906:28 March 5900:Archived 5877:26339625 5824:28 April 5818:Archived 5787:16881035 5749:21862392 5675:15494908 5634:20065329 5577:Archived 5559:32785114 5508:26042389 5464:24867991 5408:20538901 5400:19629383 5356:18274517 5321:15356797 5265:17923487 5216:14999632 5155:17608249 5098:Archived 5073:Archived 5055:58765542 5018:11 March 5012:Archived 4942:25187892 4934:10384856 4899:10361620 4859:23355994 4817:26347282 4768:29565407 4680:24762232 4631:16954250 4582:23520586 4507:Archived 4485:15993671 4444:15993671 4374:30429360 4333:27819748 4284:19842981 4232:19803705 4197:33704780 4148:23830647 4113:23319691 4069:27199000 4033:21282489 3975:28 April 3969:Archived 3931:Archived 3903:Archived 3868:Archived 3833:Archived 3769:Archived 3761:"βίωσις" 3734:Archived 3711:20805405 3629:20264541 3586:20264541 3475:36527513 3429:35065702 3369:Archived 3309:26851273 3260:Archived 3229:Archived 3225:19489131 3217:24252483 3168:18679046 3112:21687759 3052:(1941). 3050:Gilman A 2997:26851273 2910:Archived 2847:Archived 2790:Archived 2713:See also 2693:rely on 2691:Vaccines 2686:Vaccines 2610:nuclease 2594:in vitro 2592:in both 2580:strains 2508:proteins 2320:motility 2283:adhesins 2244:fructose 2240:mannitol 2224:rotenone 2206:lysergol 2203:alkaloid 2196:inhibit 1936:Imipenem 1830:Cold War 1824:and the 1812:and 80% 1685:In 1895 1562:syphilis 1437:seen in 1279:colistin 1275:superbug 1244:plasmids 1214:through 1144:bacteria 1140:medicine 822:in vitro 625:diarrhea 610:allergic 399:baktēria 375:biōtikos 187:microbes 112:bacteria 17155:Hygiene 17093:booster 17026:Asepsis 16765:Endemic 16760:Cluster 16344:Source 16279:Biofilm 16116:Poverty 16086:Ecology 16064:El Niño 16017:Smoking 15895:factors 15836:Biofilm 15812:Outline 15558:Steroid 14912:and/or 14879:Dapsone 13647:Cephems 12987:Tylosin 12152:Use of 12074:Scholia 12007:7025798 11955:19 July 11928:2937522 11738:8496867 11689:8054369 11638:7602066 11615:Animals 11587:6539596 11536:7904027 11399:7106354 11324:6313733 11225:5847661 11133:5159963 11023:4279029 10773:6647007 10726:19 July 10634:19 July 10533:3145328 10512:Bibcode 10308:4243457 9980:7355832 9810:3278644 9596:8351759 9476:3537191 9412:Reuters 9337:Bibcode 9278:Bibcode 9242:7223789 9105:4894353 9056:3707426 9011:23 June 9001:Reuters 8973:3707426 8909:2095020 8831:2118194 8753:2060276 8651:2566502 8619:2048009 8599:6994200 8590:2041430 8541:4520913 8492:7515868 8471:Bibcode 8345:4618289 8336:2157443 8252:3109405 8235:: 134. 8201:4536949 8133:13 June 8103:13 June 7979:5622393 7928:2726818 7790:7040656 7781:1437561 7741:5059255 7640:3916385 7591:3760005 7428:5 April 7216:2683932 7069:6464273 6854:7046486 6694:4914657 6540:2839888 6500:9736537 6442:5155152 6421:Bibcode 6333:3598507 6291:4415610 6263:Bibcode 6152:Bibcode 6022:1209226 5982:7850197 5868:4538407 5740:3196380 5625:2806661 5550:7460049 5492:: 1–9. 5455:4135978 5364:3344950 5256:2167999 5146:4063202 5008:2256523 4969:3155374 4963:: 7–8. 4808:4698130 4746:Bibcode 4671:4080593 4622:1594690 4573:3601687 4324:6465080 4188:8094925 4077:4802473 4024:3031442 3702:2937522 3621:3755196 3516:4618289 3507:2157443 3420:8841637 3378:13 June 3159:2790789 3103:3109405 3086:: 134. 2853:31 July 2643:in vivo 2638:E. coli 2632:silence 2598:in vivo 2550:in vivo 2400:viruses 2342:tetanus 2307:quinone 2305:), the 2236:glucose 2228:chrysin 2167:genomic 2046:-based 1864:phase 3 1860:phase 2 1816:, from 1718:typhoid 1705:E. coli 1656:in 1928 1570:Hoechst 1453:History 1270:E. coli 1223:fitness 1152:aerobic 1125:daltons 1119:with a 1087:), the 1043:), and 978:) have 906:Classes 754:Alcohol 652:Candida 475:surgery 290:overuse 144:viruses 17495:Portal 17363:CRISPR 17315:Zoning 17170:Gloves 16581:Fomite 16415:Routes 16310:Vector 16177:Fomite 16158:Basic 16121:Travel 16001:Gender 15396:WHO-EM 14444:WHO-EM 14151:Clavam 13585:Penems 13295:Narrow 13285:Penams 13149:WHO-EM 13084:NXL103 12386:QJ01XQ 12097:about 12076:has a 12049: 12014: 12004: 11935: 11925: 11892: 11844: 11802: 11794: 11786: 11745: 11735: 11696: 11686: 11645: 11635: 11594: 11584: 11543: 11533: 11492: 11484: 11449: 11441: 11406: 11396: 11331: 11321: 11232: 11222: 11183: 11175: 11140: 11130: 11089: 11081: 11030: 11020: 10974: 10964: 10914: 10878: 10833: 10825: 10780: 10770: 10714: 10672: 10622: 10614: 10575: 10540: 10530: 10504:Nature 10480: 10445: 10405: 10395: 10356: 10315: 10305: 10261: 10253: 10218: 10177: 10169: 10134: 10069: 10028: 9987: 9977: 9932: 9924: 9870: 9862: 9817: 9807: 9768: 9760: 9708: 9646: 9638: 9603: 9593: 9542: 9534: 9474: 9466: 9367: 9357: 9329:Nature 9308: 9298: 9270:Nature 9249: 9239: 9158: 9112: 9102: 9063: 9053: 8980: 8970: 8916: 8906: 8865: 8838: 8828: 8760: 8750: 8711:10 May 8699: 8658: 8648: 8617: 8597: 8587: 8548: 8538: 8499: 8489: 8404: 8343: 8333: 8302: 8294: 8259: 8249: 8208: 8198: 8035: 8025: 7986: 7976: 7935: 7925: 7883: 7788: 7778: 7739: 7731: 7696: 7688: 7647: 7637: 7598: 7588: 7537: 7529: 7267:4 July 7223: 7213: 7172:21 May 7120: 7112: 7094:Lancet 7076: 7066: 7027: 6991: 6955: 6937: 6907: 6861: 6851: 6807: 6784: 6776: 6731:27 May 6701: 6691: 6587: 6547: 6537: 6498: 6491:105782 6488: 6449: 6439: 6392: 6384: 6340: 6330: 6289: 6281: 6255:Nature 6238: 6201: 6170: 6110: 6029: 6019: 5980: 5945: 5875: 5865: 5810: 5785: 5747: 5737: 5696: 5673: 5632: 5622: 5557: 5547: 5506: 5462: 5452: 5406: 5398: 5362: 5354: 5319: 5263: 5253: 5214: 5153: 5143: 5053: 5006: 4967: 4940: 4932: 4897: 4857: 4815: 4805: 4766: 4738:Nature 4717: 4678: 4668: 4629: 4619: 4580: 4570: 4483: 4442: 4372: 4331: 4321: 4282: 4238: 4230: 4195: 4185: 4146: 4111: 4075: 4067: 4031: 4021: 3961: 3860:"ἀντί" 3825:"βίος" 3709: 3699: 3658: 3627: 3619: 3584: 3549: 3514: 3504: 3473: 3463: 3427: 3417: 3399:Lancet 3361: 3332: 3307: 3223: 3215: 3166: 3156: 3110: 3100: 3025: 2995: 2987: 2916:13 May 2884: 2695:immune 2641:in an 2617:CRISPR 2524:, and 2516:genes 2474:US FDA 2412:"good" 2353:US FDA 2271:urease 2242:, and 2208:, the 2155:animal 2147:fungal 1745:spores 1568:. The 1486:Nubian 1439:sepsis 1356:, the 1295:Misuse 1236:genome 1203:select 1186:(MRSA) 1103:, the 994:, and 974:, and 786:, and 661:tendon 471:cancer 389:ἀντί ( 379:biōsis 246:Serbia 205:) are 17435:Other 16943:Fetus 16938:Mouth 16933:Tooth 16928:Blood 16915:Joint 16775:Curve 16645:Other 16592:wound 16590:Open 16560:Feces 16555:Water 16246:Modes 16104:Flood 15828:Agent 15469:D06AX 14511:that 14391:Other 14363:DADAL 14320:Other 14136:Penam 13546:Other 12852:MLS ( 12596:other 12364:that 12161:Types 12078:topic 11800:S2CID 11490:S2CID 11447:S2CID 11181:S2CID 11087:S2CID 10967:90351 10831:S2CID 10620:S2CID 10398:88925 10259:S2CID 10175:S2CID 9930:S2CID 9879:(PDF) 9868:S2CID 9840:(PDF) 9766:S2CID 9644:S2CID 9540:S2CID 9472:S2CID 9393:(PDF) 9386:(PDF) 9178:(PDF) 8300:S2CID 8065:(4). 8028:88925 7835:(PDF) 7737:S2CID 7694:S2CID 7535:S2CID 7391:(PDF) 7384:(PDF) 7359:(PDF) 7352:(PDF) 7118:S2CID 6782:S2CID 6390:S2CID 6287:S2CID 5404:S2CID 5360:S2CID 5051:S2CID 4938:S2CID 4839:JAAPA 4236:S2CID 4073:S2CID 3617:JSTOR 3547:S2CID 3471:S2CID 3372:(PDF) 3355:(PDF) 3221:S2CID 2504:genes 2482:banks 2463:stool 2169:, or 2151:plant 1621:cocci 1609:Bayer 1304:cold. 1257:NDM-1 1136:Chain 647:yeast 405:Usage 387:Greek 282:Bayer 242:China 238:Nubia 175:Greek 160:fungi 17199:list 17120:Non- 16910:Bone 16902:Skin 16586:Soil 16576:Burn 16538:Food 16520:Tick 16182:Host 15942:Burn 15934:Host 15465:J01X 14521:J01M 14517:J01E 13255:PBPs 13230:J01D 13226:J01C 13220:and 12622:tRNA 12382:J01G 12378:J01F 12374:J01B 12370:J01A 12047:PMID 12012:PMID 11990:2015 11957:2016 11933:PMID 11890:PMID 11842:ISBN 11792:PMID 11784:ISSN 11743:PMID 11694:PMID 11643:PMID 11592:PMID 11541:PMID 11482:PMID 11439:PMID 11404:PMID 11359:2020 11329:PMID 11282:2020 11230:PMID 11173:PMID 11138:PMID 11079:PMID 11028:PMID 10972:PMID 10912:ISBN 10876:PMID 10823:PMID 10778:PMID 10728:2019 10712:PMID 10670:PMID 10636:2019 10612:PMID 10573:PMID 10538:PMID 10478:PMID 10443:PMID 10403:PMID 10354:PMID 10313:PMID 10251:PMID 10216:PMID 10167:PMID 10132:PMID 10101:2022 10067:PMID 10026:PMID 9985:PMID 9922:PMID 9887:2018 9860:PMID 9815:PMID 9758:PMID 9706:PMID 9636:PMID 9601:PMID 9556:2020 9532:PMID 9488:2020 9464:PMID 9424:2014 9365:PMID 9306:PMID 9247:PMID 9185:2024 9156:PMID 9110:PMID 9061:PMID 9013:2013 8978:PMID 8936:IGO. 8914:PMID 8863:PMID 8836:PMID 8788:2018 8758:PMID 8713:2017 8697:ISSN 8656:PMID 8615:PMID 8595:PMID 8546:PMID 8497:PMID 8440:2017 8402:ISBN 8383:2017 8341:PMID 8292:PMID 8257:PMID 8206:PMID 8161:2015 8135:2017 8105:2017 8075:2017 8033:PMID 7984:PMID 7933:PMID 7881:PMID 7847:2017 7786:PMID 7729:PMID 7686:PMID 7645:PMID 7596:PMID 7551:2021 7527:PMID 7492:2021 7461:2012 7430:2018 7399:2020 7367:2008 7335:2019 7302:2019 7269:2016 7221:PMID 7174:2010 7110:PMID 7074:PMID 7025:PMID 6989:PMID 6953:PMID 6905:PMID 6859:PMID 6805:ISBN 6774:PMID 6733:2016 6699:PMID 6654:2010 6585:PMID 6545:PMID 6496:PMID 6447:PMID 6382:PMID 6364:Cell 6338:PMID 6279:PMID 6236:PMID 6199:ISBN 6168:PMID 6124:2013 6108:PMID 6073:2008 6043:2009 6027:PMID 5978:PMID 5943:ISSN 5908:2018 5873:PMID 5849:2015 5826:2024 5808:ISBN 5783:PMID 5745:PMID 5694:ISBN 5671:PMID 5630:PMID 5585:2014 5555:PMID 5504:PMID 5460:PMID 5396:PMID 5352:PMID 5317:PMID 5261:PMID 5212:PMID 5151:PMID 5106:2008 5020:2009 5004:PMID 4965:PMID 4930:PMID 4895:PMID 4855:PMID 4813:PMID 4764:PMID 4715:ISSN 4676:PMID 4627:PMID 4578:PMID 4541:2014 4515:2016 4481:PMID 4440:PMID 4400:2018 4370:PMID 4329:PMID 4307:2016 4280:PMID 4228:PMID 4193:PMID 4144:PMID 4109:PMID 4065:PMID 4029:PMID 3977:2024 3959:ISBN 3911:2021 3876:2021 3841:2021 3810:2008 3777:2021 3742:2021 3707:PMID 3656:ISBN 3625:PMID 3582:PMID 3531:Isis 3512:PMID 3461:ISBN 3425:PMID 3380:2016 3359:ISBN 3330:ISBN 3305:PMID 3268:2015 3237:2020 3213:PMID 3164:PMID 3108:PMID 3023:ISBN 2993:PMID 2985:ISSN 2948:2014 2918:2020 2882:ISBN 2878:1–60 2855:2015 2824:2014 2798:2015 2677:and 2613:Cas9 2596:and 2586:mecA 2569:mecA 2534:mRNA 2526:rpsJ 2522:lpxC 2518:acpP 2418:and 2355:and 2252:and 2226:and 2215:and 2188:and 2153:and 1920:MRSA 1822:Axis 1767:and 1629:drug 1537:and 1478:mold 1472:and 1314:Per 1134:and 954:and 871:and 616:and 582:and 553:and 551:acne 537:for 391:anti 383:bios 371:anti 354:and 321:and 201:and 183:bios 179:anti 132:kill 126:and 17259:PPE 16947:Eye 16608:Sex 16429:Air 15998:Age 15317:RNA 15282:DNA 14353:NAM 13078:IIB 13074:IIA 12744:50S 12395:30S 12037:doi 12002:PMC 11994:doi 11969:WHO 11923:PMC 11915:doi 11880:doi 11774:doi 11733:PMC 11725:doi 11684:PMC 11674:doi 11633:PMC 11623:doi 11582:PMC 11572:doi 11531:PMC 11521:doi 11474:doi 11431:doi 11394:PMC 11386:doi 11319:PMC 11309:doi 11220:PMC 11212:doi 11208:200 11165:doi 11128:PMC 11118:doi 11069:hdl 11059:doi 11018:PMC 11010:doi 10962:PMC 10954:doi 10866:doi 10862:166 10813:hdl 10805:doi 10768:PMC 10758:doi 10704:doi 10662:doi 10604:doi 10565:doi 10528:PMC 10520:doi 10508:473 10470:doi 10466:134 10435:doi 10393:PMC 10385:doi 10344:doi 10303:PMC 10293:doi 10243:doi 10206:doi 10159:doi 10124:doi 10057:doi 10053:265 10016:doi 9975:PMC 9965:doi 9914:doi 9910:207 9852:doi 9805:PMC 9797:doi 9750:doi 9696:doi 9628:doi 9591:PMC 9583:doi 9579:432 9524:doi 9456:doi 9355:PMC 9345:doi 9333:625 9296:PMC 9286:doi 9274:625 9237:PMC 9229:doi 9146:doi 9142:133 9100:PMC 9092:doi 9051:PMC 9043:doi 8968:PMC 8960:doi 8904:PMC 8894:doi 8826:PMC 8818:doi 8814:203 8748:PMC 8740:doi 8687:doi 8646:PMC 8585:PMC 8577:doi 8536:PMC 8528:doi 8487:PMC 8479:doi 8331:PMC 8284:doi 8280:177 8247:PMC 8237:doi 8196:PMC 8188:doi 8023:PMC 8015:doi 7974:PMC 7964:doi 7923:PMC 7915:doi 7911:102 7873:doi 7813:doi 7776:PMC 7768:doi 7721:doi 7676:doi 7635:PMC 7627:doi 7586:PMC 7578:doi 7519:doi 7418:NPR 7211:PMC 7201:doi 7144:." 7102:doi 7098:387 7064:PMC 7056:doi 7017:doi 6981:doi 6945:doi 6895:doi 6849:PMC 6841:doi 6764:hdl 6756:doi 6689:PMC 6681:doi 6577:doi 6535:PMC 6527:doi 6486:PMC 6478:doi 6437:PMC 6429:doi 6372:doi 6368:128 6328:PMC 6318:doi 6271:doi 6259:477 6228:doi 6160:doi 6100:doi 6017:PMC 6009:doi 5970:doi 5935:doi 5931:206 5863:PMC 5853:doi 5775:doi 5735:PMC 5727:doi 5661:doi 5620:PMC 5612:doi 5545:PMC 5535:doi 5494:doi 5450:PMC 5442:doi 5388:doi 5344:doi 5307:doi 5251:PMC 5243:doi 5202:doi 5141:PMC 5133:doi 5043:doi 5039:337 5035:BMJ 4996:doi 4992:163 4922:doi 4887:doi 4847:doi 4803:PMC 4795:doi 4754:doi 4742:555 4707:doi 4666:PMC 4658:doi 4617:PMC 4609:doi 4568:PMC 4471:doi 4467:118 4430:doi 4426:118 4360:doi 4319:PMC 4311:doi 4270:doi 4220:doi 4183:PMC 4175:doi 4136:doi 4101:doi 4057:doi 4019:PMC 4011:doi 3697:PMC 3689:doi 3609:doi 3574:doi 3539:doi 3502:PMC 3453:doi 3415:PMC 3407:doi 3403:399 3295:doi 3203:hdl 3195:doi 3154:PMC 3146:doi 3098:PMC 3088:doi 2975:doi 2530:RNA 2357:EMA 2322:). 2181:). 2030:CDC 1862:or 1433:of 1051:). 1035:), 1027:), 1010:or 894:or 575:WHO 541:or 459:HIV 418:. ( 150:or 134:or 102:An 17521:: 15467:, 15409:: 15264:: 15253:DG 14678:, 14519:, 14457:: 14367:AR 14349:PG 13583:/ 13501:/ 13162:: 13126:S1 13104:, 13090:, 13076:, 13072:, 13070:IA 12384:, 12380:, 12376:, 12372:, 12045:. 12033:47 12031:. 12027:. 12010:. 12000:. 11988:. 11984:. 11967:. 11931:. 11921:. 11911:74 11909:. 11905:. 11888:. 11876:71 11874:. 11870:. 11840:. 11836:. 11798:. 11790:. 11782:. 11768:. 11764:. 11741:. 11731:. 11719:. 11715:. 11692:. 11682:. 11670:12 11668:. 11664:. 11641:. 11631:. 11619:10 11617:. 11613:. 11590:. 11580:. 11568:16 11566:. 11562:. 11539:. 11529:. 11517:42 11515:. 11511:. 11488:. 11480:. 11470:40 11468:. 11445:. 11437:. 11427:34 11425:. 11402:. 11392:. 11382:11 11380:. 11376:. 11327:. 11317:. 11305:15 11303:. 11299:. 11228:. 11218:. 11206:. 11202:. 11179:. 11171:. 11161:19 11159:. 11136:. 11126:. 11114:20 11112:. 11108:. 11085:. 11077:. 11067:. 11055:29 11053:. 11049:. 11026:. 11016:. 11006:85 11004:. 11000:. 10984:^ 10970:. 10960:. 10950:45 10948:. 10944:. 10930:^ 10920:. 10900:, 10896:, 10874:. 10860:. 10856:. 10829:. 10821:. 10811:. 10801:11 10799:. 10776:. 10766:. 10754:12 10752:. 10748:. 10736:^ 10718:. 10710:. 10700:38 10698:. 10694:. 10682:^ 10668:. 10658:10 10656:. 10644:^ 10626:. 10618:. 10610:. 10600:44 10598:. 10594:. 10571:. 10561:87 10559:. 10536:. 10526:. 10518:. 10506:. 10502:. 10490:^ 10476:. 10464:. 10441:. 10431:29 10429:. 10415:^ 10401:. 10391:. 10381:12 10379:. 10375:. 10352:. 10340:64 10338:. 10334:. 10311:. 10301:. 10287:. 10283:. 10271:^ 10257:. 10249:. 10239:41 10237:. 10214:. 10202:35 10200:. 10196:. 10173:. 10165:. 10155:72 10153:. 10130:. 10120:16 10118:. 10087:. 10065:. 10051:. 10047:. 10024:. 10012:51 10010:. 10006:. 9983:. 9973:. 9959:. 9955:. 9928:. 9920:. 9908:. 9874:. 9866:. 9858:. 9848:16 9846:. 9842:. 9827:^ 9813:. 9803:. 9791:. 9787:. 9764:. 9756:. 9746:27 9744:. 9718:^ 9704:. 9692:26 9690:. 9686:. 9656:^ 9642:. 9634:. 9624:27 9622:. 9599:. 9589:. 9577:. 9573:. 9546:. 9538:. 9530:. 9520:37 9518:. 9514:. 9496:^ 9478:. 9470:. 9462:. 9452:37 9450:. 9446:. 9432:^ 9410:. 9363:. 9353:. 9343:. 9331:. 9327:. 9304:. 9294:. 9284:. 9272:. 9268:. 9245:. 9235:. 9225:73 9223:. 9219:. 9193:^ 9154:. 9140:. 9136:. 9122:^ 9108:. 9098:. 9088:72 9086:. 9082:. 9059:. 9049:. 9039:56 9037:. 9033:. 9021:^ 8999:. 8976:. 8966:. 8956:56 8954:. 8950:. 8926:^ 8912:. 8902:. 8890:16 8888:. 8884:. 8859:26 8857:. 8834:. 8824:. 8812:. 8808:. 8796:^ 8756:. 8746:. 8734:. 8730:. 8703:. 8695:. 8683:60 8681:. 8677:. 8654:. 8642:79 8640:. 8636:. 8611:63 8609:. 8593:. 8583:. 8571:. 8567:. 8544:. 8534:. 8524:56 8522:. 8518:. 8495:. 8485:. 8477:. 8467:10 8465:. 8461:. 8416:^ 8369:. 8365:. 8347:. 8339:. 8327:24 8325:. 8321:. 8298:. 8290:. 8278:. 8255:. 8245:. 8231:. 8227:. 8204:. 8194:. 8184:53 8182:. 8178:. 8121:. 8095:. 8091:. 8063:21 8061:. 8057:. 8045:^ 8031:. 8021:. 8011:12 8009:. 8005:. 7982:. 7972:. 7958:. 7954:. 7931:. 7921:. 7909:. 7905:. 7893:^ 7879:. 7867:. 7855:^ 7837:. 7807:. 7784:. 7774:. 7764:75 7762:. 7758:. 7735:. 7727:. 7715:. 7692:. 7684:. 7672:45 7670:. 7666:. 7643:. 7633:. 7621:. 7617:. 7594:. 7584:. 7572:. 7568:. 7541:. 7533:. 7525:. 7515:43 7513:. 7509:. 7482:. 7478:. 7451:. 7447:. 7420:. 7416:. 7325:. 7321:. 7310:^ 7292:. 7288:. 7277:^ 7219:. 7209:. 7195:. 7191:. 7116:. 7108:. 7096:. 7072:. 7062:. 7052:11 7050:. 7046:. 7023:. 7013:50 7011:. 6987:. 6977:50 6975:. 6951:. 6943:. 6931:62 6929:. 6917:^ 6903:. 6891:28 6889:. 6885:. 6871:^ 6857:. 6847:. 6837:46 6835:. 6831:. 6819:^ 6780:. 6772:. 6762:. 6752:75 6750:. 6723:. 6697:. 6687:. 6677:60 6675:. 6671:. 6640:. 6618:. 6583:. 6573:14 6571:. 6557:^ 6543:. 6533:. 6523:78 6521:. 6517:. 6494:. 6484:. 6474:42 6472:. 6468:. 6445:. 6435:. 6427:. 6415:. 6411:. 6388:. 6380:. 6366:. 6362:. 6350:^ 6336:. 6326:. 6314:14 6312:. 6308:. 6285:. 6277:. 6269:. 6257:. 6234:. 6222:. 6189:. 6166:. 6158:. 6146:. 6132:^ 6114:. 6106:. 6096:42 6094:. 6090:. 6051:^ 6033:. 6025:. 6015:. 6005:28 6003:. 5999:. 5976:. 5964:. 5941:. 5929:. 5925:. 5898:. 5894:. 5871:. 5861:. 5847:. 5843:. 5816:. 5781:. 5771:45 5769:. 5757:^ 5743:. 5733:. 5723:14 5721:. 5717:. 5669:. 5657:39 5655:. 5651:. 5628:. 5618:. 5608:23 5606:. 5602:. 5575:. 5553:. 5543:. 5529:. 5525:. 5502:. 5490:27 5488:. 5484:. 5472:^ 5458:. 5448:. 5438:58 5436:. 5432:. 5416:^ 5402:. 5394:. 5384:37 5382:. 5358:. 5350:. 5338:. 5315:. 5303:39 5301:. 5297:. 5259:. 5249:. 5239:51 5237:. 5233:. 5210:. 5198:38 5196:. 5192:. 5178:^ 5149:. 5139:. 5127:. 5123:. 5085:^ 5077:, 5071:. 5049:. 5037:. 5010:. 5002:. 4990:. 4986:. 4959:. 4936:. 4928:. 4918:36 4916:. 4893:. 4883:59 4881:. 4867:^ 4853:. 4843:26 4841:. 4825:^ 4811:. 4801:. 4791:37 4789:. 4785:. 4762:. 4752:. 4740:. 4736:. 4713:. 4701:. 4697:. 4674:. 4664:. 4654:49 4652:. 4648:. 4625:. 4615:. 4605:44 4603:. 4599:. 4576:. 4564:62 4562:. 4558:. 4501:. 4479:. 4465:. 4461:. 4438:. 4424:. 4420:. 4408:^ 4368:. 4356:24 4354:. 4350:. 4327:. 4317:. 4305:. 4301:. 4278:. 4266:49 4264:. 4260:. 4248:^ 4234:. 4226:. 4214:. 4191:. 4181:. 4169:. 4165:. 4142:. 4132:29 4130:. 4107:. 4097:31 4095:. 4071:. 4063:. 4053:40 4051:. 4027:. 4017:. 4007:86 4005:. 4001:. 3985:^ 3967:. 3942:^ 3901:. 3897:. 3866:. 3862:. 3831:. 3827:. 3789:^ 3767:. 3763:. 3732:. 3728:. 3705:. 3695:. 3685:74 3683:. 3679:. 3654:. 3623:. 3615:. 3605:39 3603:. 3580:. 3570:39 3568:. 3545:. 3535:40 3533:. 3510:. 3498:24 3496:. 3492:. 3469:. 3459:. 3437:^ 3423:. 3413:. 3401:. 3397:. 3367:. 3303:. 3291:71 3289:. 3285:. 3258:. 3254:. 3227:. 3219:. 3211:. 3201:. 3191:13 3189:. 3185:. 3162:. 3152:. 3142:82 3140:. 3136:. 3120:^ 3106:. 3096:. 3082:. 3078:. 3064:^ 3048:, 3033:^ 3005:^ 2991:. 2983:. 2971:71 2969:. 2965:. 2934:. 2904:. 2880:. 2863:^ 2840:: 2775:^ 2705:, 2559:. 2520:, 2420:IV 2402:. 2285:, 2281:, 2273:, 2238:, 2165:, 2161:, 2149:, 2145:, 2066:, 2062:, 1958:: 1948:: 1928:: 1832:. 1763:, 1484:. 1421:, 1388:. 1326:. 1281:, 1127:. 990:, 970:, 966:, 946:, 782:, 778:, 774:, 770:, 766:, 690:. 671:. 620:. 469:, 446:. 244:, 240:, 233:. 221:, 217:, 166:. 17497:: 15814:) 15810:( 15799:e 15792:t 15785:v 15471:) 15453:e 15446:t 15439:v 15329:/ 15255:) 15162:/ 15027:/ 15023:/ 14923:) 14916:, 14682:) 14674:( 14656:) 14652:( 14646:) 14642:( 14609:) 14605:( 14538:, 14523:) 14515:( 14501:e 14494:t 14487:v 14383:) 14373:) 14365:/ 14359:) 14210:) 14206:( 14179:) 14157:) 14153:( 14147:) 14138:( 13975:) 13966:( 13880:) 13840:) 13836:( 13830:) 13806:( 13638:) 13626:) 13615:) 13601:( 13559:) 13555:( 13471:) 13442:( 13387:) 13378:( 13287:) 13283:( 13271:) 13265:D 13261:D 13232:) 13228:- 13224:( 13206:e 13199:t 13192:v 13128:) 13124:( 13108:) 13100:( 13094:) 13086:( 13080:) 13068:( 12856:) 12756:( 12620:( 12541:) 12502:) 12498:( 12424:) 12407:( 12388:) 12368:( 12354:e 12347:t 12340:v 12145:e 12138:t 12131:v 12088:. 12053:. 12039:: 12018:. 11996:: 11959:. 11939:. 11917:: 11896:. 11882:: 11850:. 11806:. 11776:: 11770:3 11749:. 11727:: 11721:2 11700:. 11676:: 11649:. 11625:: 11598:. 11574:: 11547:. 11523:: 11496:. 11476:: 11453:. 11433:: 11410:. 11388:: 11361:. 11335:. 11311:: 11284:. 11236:. 11214:: 11187:. 11167:: 11144:. 11120:: 11093:. 11071:: 11061:: 11034:. 11012:: 10978:. 10956:: 10882:. 10868:: 10854:" 10837:. 10815:: 10807:: 10784:. 10760:: 10730:. 10706:: 10676:. 10664:: 10638:. 10606:: 10579:. 10567:: 10544:. 10522:: 10514:: 10484:. 10472:: 10449:. 10437:: 10409:. 10387:: 10360:. 10346:: 10319:. 10295:: 10289:3 10265:. 10245:: 10222:. 10208:: 10181:. 10161:: 10138:. 10126:: 10103:. 10073:. 10059:: 10032:. 10018:: 9991:. 9967:: 9961:8 9953:" 9936:. 9916:: 9889:. 9854:: 9821:. 9799:: 9793:1 9772:. 9752:: 9712:. 9698:: 9650:. 9630:: 9607:. 9585:: 9558:. 9526:: 9490:. 9458:: 9426:. 9371:. 9347:: 9339:: 9312:. 9288:: 9280:: 9253:. 9231:: 9187:. 9162:. 9148:: 9116:. 9094:: 9067:. 9045:: 9015:. 8984:. 8962:: 8920:. 8896:: 8869:. 8842:. 8820:: 8790:. 8764:. 8742:: 8736:2 8715:. 8689:: 8662:. 8621:. 8601:. 8579:: 8573:2 8552:. 8530:: 8503:. 8481:: 8473:: 8442:. 8410:. 8385:. 8371:8 8306:. 8286:: 8263:. 8239:: 8233:1 8212:. 8190:: 8163:. 8137:. 8107:. 8077:. 8039:. 8017:: 7990:. 7966:: 7960:4 7939:. 7917:: 7887:. 7875:: 7869:4 7849:. 7819:. 7815:: 7809:3 7792:. 7770:: 7743:. 7723:: 7717:7 7700:. 7678:: 7651:. 7629:: 7623:5 7602:. 7580:: 7574:5 7553:. 7521:: 7494:. 7463:. 7432:. 7401:. 7369:. 7337:. 7304:. 7271:. 7227:. 7203:: 7197:6 7176:. 7149:. 7134:" 7124:. 7104:: 7080:. 7058:: 7031:. 7019:: 6995:. 6983:: 6959:. 6947:: 6911:. 6897:: 6865:. 6843:: 6813:. 6788:. 6766:: 6758:: 6735:. 6705:. 6683:: 6656:. 6591:. 6579:: 6551:. 6529:: 6502:. 6480:: 6453:. 6431:: 6423:: 6417:7 6396:. 6374:: 6344:. 6320:: 6293:. 6273:: 6265:: 6242:. 6230:: 6224:9 6207:. 6174:. 6162:: 6154:: 6148:4 6126:. 6102:: 6075:. 6045:. 6011:: 5984:. 5972:: 5966:2 5949:. 5937:: 5910:. 5879:. 5855:: 5828:. 5789:. 5777:: 5751:. 5729:: 5702:. 5677:. 5663:: 5636:. 5614:: 5587:. 5561:. 5537:: 5531:9 5510:. 5496:: 5466:. 5444:: 5410:. 5390:: 5366:. 5346:: 5340:3 5323:. 5309:: 5267:. 5245:: 5218:. 5204:: 5157:. 5135:: 5129:5 5108:. 5057:. 5045:: 5022:. 4998:: 4971:. 4961:7 4944:. 4924:: 4901:. 4889:: 4861:. 4849:: 4819:. 4797:: 4770:. 4756:: 4748:: 4721:. 4709:: 4703:4 4682:. 4660:: 4633:. 4611:: 4584:. 4543:. 4517:. 4487:. 4473:: 4446:. 4432:: 4402:. 4376:. 4362:: 4335:. 4313:: 4286:. 4272:: 4242:. 4222:: 4216:7 4199:. 4177:: 4171:2 4150:. 4138:: 4115:. 4103:: 4079:. 4059:: 4035:. 4013:: 3979:. 3917:. 3882:. 3847:. 3812:. 3783:. 3748:. 3713:. 3691:: 3664:. 3652:3 3631:. 3611:: 3588:. 3576:: 3553:. 3541:: 3518:. 3477:. 3455:: 3431:. 3409:: 3382:. 3338:. 3311:. 3297:: 3270:. 3239:. 3205:: 3197:: 3170:. 3148:: 3114:. 3090:: 3084:1 2999:. 2977:: 2950:. 2920:. 2890:. 2857:. 2826:. 2800:. 1908:/ 1898:/ 1887:/ 1461:. 1273:" 986:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.