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1703:, the deposit contains 480 square miles (1,200 km) of coal-bearing rock which originally held 22.8 billion short tons (20.68 billion tonnes) of anthracite. The geographic region is roughly 100 miles (161 km) in length and 30 miles (48 km) in width. Because of historical mining and development of the lands overlying the coal, it is estimated that 7 billion short tons (6.3 billion tonnes) of minable reserves remain. Other areas of the United States also contain several smaller deposits of anthracite, such as those historically mined in
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sensed and are sealed while vents in uninhabited areas remain undiscovered. Occasionally, vents are discovered via fumes sensed by passers-by, often in forested areas. Attempts to extinguish those remaining have at times been futile, and several such combustion areas exist today. The existence of an underground combustion site can sometimes be identified in the winter where fallen snow is seen to be melted by the warmth conducted from below. Proposals for harnessing this heat as geothermal energy have not been successful.
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1247:. The large coal is raised from the mine and passed through breakers with toothed rolls to reduce the lumps to smaller pieces. The smaller pieces are separated into different sizes by a system of graduated sieves, placed in descending order. Sizing is necessary for different types of stoves and furnaces.
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Historically, from time to time, underground seams of coal have caught fire, often from careless or unfortunate mining activities. The pocket of ignited coal is fed oxygen by vent paths that have not yet been discovered. These can smolder for years. Commonly, exhaust vents in populated areas are soon
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Anthracite is classified into three grades, depending on its carbon content. Standard grade is used as a domestic fuel and in industrial power-generation. The rarer higher grades of anthracite are purer – i.e., they have a higher carbon content – and are used in steel-making and other segments of the
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continues to this day in eastern
Pennsylvania, and contributes up to 1% to the gross state product. More than 2,000 people were employed in the mining of anthracite coal in 1995. Most of the mining as of that date involved reclaiming coal from slag heaps (waste piles from past coal mining) at nearby
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China today mines by far the largest share of global anthracite production, accounting for more than three-quarters of global output. Most
Chinese production is of standard-grade anthracite, which is used in power generation. Increased demand in China has made that country into a net importer of the
924:
Anthracite shows some alteration by the development of secondary divisional planes and fissures so that the original stratification lines are not always easily seen. The thermal conductivity is also higher; a lump of anthracite feels perceptibly colder when held in the warm hand than a similar lump
1614:
The primary sizes used in the United States for domestic heating are
Chestnut, Pea, Buckwheat and Rice, with Chestnut and Rice being the most popular. Chestnut and Pea are used in hand fired furnaces while the smaller Rice and Buckwheat are used in automatic stoker furnaces. Rice is currently the
1073:
started using only the more expensive anthracite coal in its passenger locomotives, dubbed themselves "The Road of
Anthracite", and advertised widely that travelers on their line could make railway journeys without getting their clothing stained with soot. The advertisements featured a white-clad
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The principal use of anthracite today is for a domestic fuel in either hand-fired stoves or automatic stoker furnaces. It delivers high energy per its weight and burns cleanly with little soot, making it ideal for this purpose. Its high value makes it prohibitively expensive for power plant use.
857:, produced by the more or less complete elimination of the volatile constituents of the former, and it is found most abundantly in areas that have been subjected to considerable stresses and pressures, such as the flanks of great mountain ranges. Anthracite is associated with strongly deformed
1046:
From the late 19th century until the 1950s, anthracite was the most popular fuel for heating homes and other buildings in the northern US, until it was supplanted by oil-burning systems, and more recently natural gas systems. Many large public buildings, such as schools, were heated with
1020:, on an open grate in a fireplace. Anthracite differs from wood in that it needs a draft from the bottom, and Judge Fell proved with his grate design that it was a viable heating fuel. In spring 1808, John and Abijah Smith shipped the first commercially mined load of anthracite down the
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High grade (HG) and ultra high grade (UHG) anthracite are the highest grades of anthracite coal. They are the purest forms of coal, having the highest degree of coalification, the highest carbon count and energy content and the fewest impurities (moisture, ash and volatiles).
861:
that were subjected to higher pressures and temperatures (but short of metamorphic conditions) just as bituminous coal is generally associated with less deformed or flat-lying sedimentary rocks. The compressed layers of anthracite that are deep mined in the folded
1641:
On the opposite end from high-grade anthracite coal, semianthracite coal is defined as a coal which is intermediate between anthracite coal and bituminous coal, and particularly a coal which approaches anthracite in nonvolatile character.
315:. In Britain, it may also refer to coal exported from Britain during the 19th century. In American English, "culm" refers to the waste or slack from anthracite mining, mostly dust and small pieces not suitable for use in home furnaces.
1622:, a less elaborate classification is adopted, but great care is exercised in hand-picking and cleaning the coal from particles of pyrites in the higher qualities known as best malting coals, which are used for kiln-drying malt.
835:) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of anthracite coal consumed in the United States averages 29 MJ/kg (25 million Btu/ton), on the as-received basis, containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter.
1109:), or less. Large quantities of anthracite for power purposes were formerly exported from South Wales to France, Switzerland and parts of Germany. As of April 2013, widespread commercial anthracite mining in
1710:
Among current producers, Russia, China, Poland, and
Ukraine have the largest estimated recoverable reserves of anthracite. Other countries with substantial reserves include Vietnam and North Korea.
1024:
from
Plymouth, Pennsylvania, marking the birth of commercial anthracite mining in the United States. From that first mine, production rose to an all-time high of over 100 million tons in 1917.
1397:
High grade and ultra high grade anthracite are harder than standard grade anthracite, and have a higher relative density. An example of a chemical formula for high-grade anthracite would be C
2396:
2000:
190:
Anthracite is categorized into several grades. Standard grade is used predominantly in power generation, and high grade (HG) and ultra high grade (UHG), are used predominantly in the
175:
type of coal, but still represents low-grade metamorphism, in which the carbon content is between 86% and 97%. The term is applied to those varieties of coal which do not give off
824:
matter. It is also free from included soft or fibrous notches and does not soil the fingers when rubbed. Anthracitization is the transformation of bituminous coal into anthracite.
1169:
fuel, mostly from
Vietnam, another major producer of anthracite for power generation, although increasing domestic consumption in Vietnam means that exports may be scaled back.
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in the UK was able to use its access to anthracite (it dominated the anthracite region) to earn a reputation for efficiency and cleanliness unmatched by other UK companies.
1868:
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HG and UHG anthracite account for a small percentage of the total anthracite market. The major producing countries are Russia, Ukraine, Vietnam, South Africa and the US.
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Anthracite is divided by size mainly into applications that need lumps (typically larger than 10 mm) – various industrial processes where it replaces metallurgical
1412:
They also differ in usage from standard grade anthracite (used mainly for power generation), being employed mainly in metallurgy as a cost-efficient substitute for
827:
The moisture content of fresh-mined anthracite generally is less than 15 percent. The heat content of anthracite ranges from 26 to 33 MJ/kg (22 to 28 million
1035:
in 1828, which used waste heat to preheat combustion air, anthracite became a preferred fuel, accounting for 45% of US pig iron production within 15 years.
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of 1.3–1.4, and luster, which is often semi-metallic with a mildly green reflection. It contains a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of
617:
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Current U.S. anthracite production averages around five million tons per year. Of that, about 1.8 million tons were mined in the state of
Pennsylvania.
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are extensions of the same layers of bituminous coal that are mined on the generally flat lying and undeformed sedimentary rocks further west on the
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2007:
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of anthracite with air (and a small proportion of steam) were at one time the most economical method of obtaining power, requiring only 1
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and woke to the sight of a large fire because his campfire had ignited an outcrop of anthracite coal. By 1795, an anthracite-fired
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Anthracite generally costs two to six times as much as regular coal. In June 2008, the wholesale cost of anthracite was US$ 150/
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is being applied to culm piles antedating laws requiring mine owners to restore lands to their approximate original condition.
785:
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and poems containing lines like "My gown stays white / From morn till night / Upon the road of
Anthracite". Similarly, the
1886:
Quinn, A.W.; Glass, H.D. (1958). "Rank of Coal and
Metamorphic Grade of Rocks of the Narragansett Basin of Rhode Island".
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sector. Anthracite accounts for about 1% of global coal reserves, and is mined in only a few countries around the world.
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597:
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1957:
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Chandler, Alfred D. (1972). "Anthracite coal and the beginnings of the industrial revolution in the United States".
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Anthracite was first experimentally burned as a residential heating fuel in the US on 11 February 1808, by Judge
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17:
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Countries producing HG and UHG anthracite include Russia and South Africa. HG and UHG anthracite are used as a
813:
1204:). It plays an important role in cost reduction in the steel making process and is also used in production of
863:
204:
1160:, meaning that it could be used within a designated Smoke Control Area such as the central London boroughs.
272:
is the term for a once-popular and trademarked brand of anthracite, mined by the Glen Alden Coal Company in
98:
1365:, and domestic fuel – and those that need fines (less than 10 mm), such as sintering and pelletising.
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used anthracite as a smokeless fuel for their boilers to avoid revealing their position to the blockaders.
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and appearance, like bituminous coal and often anthracite as well, as opposed to lignite, which is softer.
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has the largest known deposits of anthracite coal in the world with an estimated reserve of seven billion
110:
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metallurgical industries. Technical characteristics of the various grades of anthracite are as follows:
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978:, anthracite has been burned as a domestic fuel since at least medieval times, when it was mined near
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to directly burn anthracite efficiently, particularly waste culm. In the early 20th century US, the
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Chemically, anthracite may be considered as a transition stage between ordinary bituminous coal and
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Note: Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.
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https://medium.com/@thomascarpenito3/state-of-coal-and-renewable-energy-in-schuylkill-f8850fec3fa6
1216:. South Africa exports lower-quality, higher-ash anthracite to Brazil to be used in steel-making.
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Black coal, hard coal, stone coal, blind coal, Kilkenny coal, crow coal, craw coal, black diamond
2586:– Useful overview of the industry in the 20th century; fair-minded with an operators perspective
1924:"MIN 454: Underground Mining Methods handout; from course at the University of Alaska Fairbanks"
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1717:, Canada, is the world's largest previously undeveloped anthracite deposit. It is owned by the
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Lump, steamboat, egg and stove coals, the latter in two or three sizes, all three being above
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1748: – City in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine, named after a large supply of anthracite found there
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Geologically, the largest most concentrated anthracite deposit in the world is found in the
982:. More recently, large-scale mining of anthracite took place across the western part of the
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NS, representing 94% carbon. UHG anthracite typically has a minimum carbon content of 95%.
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This article is about the compact variety of coal. For the Netflix television series, see
8:
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publicly-traded company Atrum Coal and has 1.57 billion tonnes of high grade anthracite.
497:
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1901:
993:, with the discovery of coal made by the hunter Necho Allen in what is now known as the
187:. Anthracite is difficult to ignite, and burns with a short, blue, and smokeless flame.
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2354:"Coal characteristics: Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research Basic Facts File #8"
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most sought-after size due to the ease of use and popularity of that type of furnace.
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The anthracite coal strike of 1922: A statement of its causes and underlying purposes
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1953:
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Internal combustion motors driven by the so-called "mixed", "poor", "semi-water" or "
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Other uses include the fine particles used as filter media, and as an ingredient in
291:. In British English, culm is the imperfect anthracite, located predominantly north
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Anthracite is processed into different sizes by what is commonly referred to as a
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1675:, in 1962 has been burning ever since, turning the once-thriving borough into a
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poster promoting anthracite, which was used extensively in military production
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The difficulty of igniting anthracite inhibited its early use, especially in
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2651:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 105–106.
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2270:"Coal prices and outlook - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
2098:
Mineral Resources of the Appalachian Region; USGS Professional Paper 580
1145:, falling to $ 107/ton in 2021; it makes up 1% of U.S. coal production.
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accounts for the majority of global production; other producers include
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for iron smelting; however, it lacked the pore space of metallurgical
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What the Coal Commission Found: An Authoritative Summary by the Staff
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which are broader terms meaning all varieties of coal of a stonelike
1793:
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1718:
1417:
1189:
1156:. Anthracite was an authorised fuel in terms of the United Kingdom's
1142:
1114:
1032:
843:
832:
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closed mines. Some underground anthracite coal is also being mined.
228:), literally "coal-like". Other terms which refer to anthracite are
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2200:
Waters of Discord: The Union Blockade of Texas During the Civil War
2083:
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Since the 1980s, anthracite refuse or mine waste has been used for
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Anthracites of newer Tertiary or Cretaceous age are found in the
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380:
308:
304:
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276:, and sprayed with a blue dye at the mine before shipping to its
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2787:
1851:"The State of Coal and Renewable Energy in Schuylkill County",
989:
In the United States, anthracite coal history began in 1790 in
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524:
102:
74:
1754: – Collective term for higher-quality coal, a softer coal
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and is sold in the United Kingdom under trade names such as
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2101:
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357:
94:
2462:"Marston – Anthracite production and exports: A world map"
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
1368:
The common American classification by size is as follows:
2914:
2599:(5 vol in 3; 1925) Official US government investigation.
2304:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
622:
2096:
US Geological Survey and US Department of Mines (1968).
948:
An anthracite coal breaker and power house buildings in
2673:
2505:
2217:
2053:
303:. The term is also used to refer to some carboniferous
2605:
Tryon, Frederick Gale, and Joseph Henry Willits, eds.
1966:
997:. Legend has it that Allen fell asleep at the base of
2001:"The Coal Resource: A Comprehensive Overview of Coal"
1781:
For example, anthracite of the Narragansett Basin in
3030:
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
2614:
General policies committee of anthracite operators.
2142:, Dillwyn Miles (Ed), Gomer Press, Llandysul, 1994,
3020:
Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia
2565:
2161:
1385: in (38 mm) size on round-hole screens.
2245:"King Coal Country Debates a Sacrilege, Gas Heat"
168:. Total production in 2020 was 615 million tons.
4103:
2517:. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). 1878. p. 106.
280:markets to distinguish it from its competitors.
105:content, the fewest impurities, and the highest
2597:Report of the United states coal commission....
1117:sites remain, along with some relatively small
1047:anthracite-burning furnaces through the 1980s.
1031:for smelting iron. With the development of the
2421:DamnInteresting.com (accessed August 29, 2006)
2164:Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics
3108:
2689:
2618:(1923); Official statement by the operators.
2359:. Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
2031:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989
913:, the central and eastern portions producing
905:is confined to the contorted portion west of
779:
2089:
939:
925:of bituminous coal at the same temperature.
2479:"Atrum Coal Groundhog Project – Atrum Coal"
1950:Coal Mining Technology: Theory and Practice
1660:A 1908 postcard of burning anthracite near
798:Anthracite is similar in appearance to the
3115:
3101:
2696:
2682:
2580:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1947:
1885:
1827:. U.S. Energy Information Administration.
805:and is sometimes used as a jet imitation.
786:
772:
578:Coal mining disasters in the United States
2196:
2159:
2126:
1879:
1863:
1861:
1671:A vein of anthracite that caught fire in
1071:Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad
901:In the same way the anthracite region of
183:vapours when heated below their point of
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1987:
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1223:
1128:
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936:, which eventually replaced anthracite.
333:
322:
203:
109:of all types of coal and is the highest
1732:in Canada and at various places in the
812:by its greater hardness (2.75–3 on the
14:
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2430:
2242:
2006:. World Coal Institute. Archived from
1858:
3096:
2988:mining disasters in the United States
2677:
1814:
1219:
1113:has now ceased, although a few large
966:"Anthracite is a 'fighting fuel'", a
1768:
1713:The Groundhog Anthracite Deposit in
1645:
2437:PAGS Progress Reports and Bulletins
2431:Ashley, George H. (December 1945).
2419:"The Smoldering Ruins of Centralia"
2017:
1699:, Pennsylvania. Locally called the
1124:
928:Anthracite has a history of use in
24:
3122:
3015:Environmental issues in Appalachia
2590:
2522:
1137:trophy custom-made from anthracite
311:hill countries, also known as the
25:
4138:
2625:
1952:. Society for Mining Metallurgy.
1873:Energy Information Administration
1869:"International Energy Statistics"
1682:
1636:
1625:Anthracite dust can be made into
1447:Standard classifications by size
808:Anthracite differs from ordinary
307:found in both Britain and in the
2761:
2150:, pp. 60, 69–70, 90–95, 139, 255
2140:The Description of Pembrokeshire
1428:(PCI) and direct injection into
1039:smelting was later displaced by
593:Environmental problems involving
364:
93:, is a hard, compact variety of
56:
2471:
2454:
2424:
2411:
2389:
2371:
2346:
2325:
2286:
2262:
2236:
2190:
2153:
2132:
2120:
2062:
1831:from the original on 2019-08-29
283:Culm has different meanings in
2665:Pennsylvania Anthracite Museum
2397:"Definition of semianthracite"
1993:
1941:
1916:
1843:
1775:
1695:, United States in and around
1228:A photograph taken in 1908 by
1184:or coal substitute in various
13:
1:
2656:"What are the types of coal?"
2243:Urbina, Ian (June 10, 2008).
2197:Underwood, Rodman L. (2008).
2029:The Oxford English Dictionary
1807:
1388:
986:until the late 20th century.
953:
318:
27:Hard, compact variety of coal
2566:Hudson Coal Company (1932).
2068:Not to be confused with the
215:Anthracite derives from the
7:
2379:"Molar mass of C240H90O4NS"
2333:"retrieved January 3, 2011"
2294:"uksmokecontrolareas.co.uk"
1739:
1432:. They can also be used in
1265:Ultra High grade anthracite
10:
4143:
3035:Health effects of coal ash
2843:power in the United States
2170:Cambridge University Press
2160:Rosenberg, Nathan (1982).
1910:10.2113/gsecongeo.53.5.563
1649:
1018:Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
921:and domestic house coals.
224:
29:
3913:
3751:
3538:
3128:
3083:
2938:
2770:
2759:
2711:
2314:Petmin Annual Report 2011
2203:. McFarland. p. 55.
1849:Carpenito, Thomas (2019)
1426:pulverised coal injection
1259:Standard grade anthracite
1174:Mining of anthracite coal
1163:
940:History of mining and use
864:Ridge and Valley Province
713:Coal pollution mitigation
608:coal mining in Appalachia
122:Northeastern Pennsylvania
72:
67:
55:
46:
2905:Greenhouse gas emissions
2703:
2570:. New York. p. 425.
991:Pottsville, Pennsylvania
846:. The practice known as
613:Greenhouse gas emissions
406:Coal-fired power station
401:Coal combustion products
199:
3168:Basaltic trachyandesite
3148:Alkali feldspar granite
3065:Problems in coal mining
2648:Encyclopædia Britannica
2568:The Story of Anthracite
2531:Business History Review
2514:Encyclopædia Britannica
2168:. Cambridge, New York:
2055:Encyclopædia Britannica
1948:Stefanenko, R. (1983).
1705:Crested Butte, Colorado
1673:Centralia, Pennsylvania
670:Problems in coal mining
210:Trevorton, Pennsylvania
171:Anthracite is the most
3040:History of coal mining
2669:Scranton, Pennsylvania
2660:U.S. Geological Survey
1763:History of coal mining
1758:History of coal miners
1664:
1662:Scranton, Pennsylvania
1633:, Ancit and Taybrite.
1436:and domestically as a
1326:Fixed carbon (minimum)
1240:
1238:Pittston, Pennsylvania
1138:
1005:had been built on the
971:
959:
748:History of coal mining
643:the petroleum industry
510:Coal preparation plant
342:
331:
299:, which was used as a
212:
208:An anthracite pile in
32:Anthracite (TV series)
3558:Banded iron formation
2895:Fossil fuel phase-out
2793:Black coal equivalent
2439:(130). Archived from
2433:"Anthracite Reserves"
2417:Bellows, Alan (2006)
1659:
1416:in processes such as
1262:High grade anthracite
1227:
1132:
1080:Great Western Railway
1061:The invention of the
984:South Wales Coalfield
965:
947:
868:Appalachian Mountains
840:coal power generation
733:Fossil fuel phase-out
337:
327:Anthracite coal from
326:
207:
101:. It has the highest
2900:Great Smog of London
2833:pollution mitigation
2319:May 5, 2012, at the
1689:Lackawanna Coal Mine
896:Western Pennsylvania
743:Great Smog of London
2818:fired power station
2813:combustion products
2738:Sub-bituminous coal
2715:(lowest to highest)
2712:Coal types by grade
2117:, pp. 105–106.
2013:on 15 October 2009.
1902:1958EcGeo..53..563Q
1448:
1309:Volatiles (maximum)
1208:, silicomanganese,
329:Ibbenbüren, Germany
43:
3914:Specific varieties
2953:Black lung disease
2930:Toxic heavy metals
2910:Metallurgical coal
2638:"Anthracite"
2508:"Anthracite"
2249:The New York Times
1790:metamorphic facies
1665:
1446:
1434:water purification
1275:Moisture (maximum)
1241:
1220:Sizing and grading
1186:metallurgical coal
1158:Clean Air Act 1993
1139:
1089:" produced by the
1052:American Civil War
972:
960:
738:Fossil fuels lobby
660:Hydrosulfuric acid
648:toxic heavy metals
568:Black lung disease
530:Metallurgical coal
488:Coal-mining region
343:
340:Bay City, Michigan
332:
213:
99:submetallic lustre
37:
4122:Metamorphic rocks
4099:
4098:
3344:Nepheline syenite
3090:
3089:
2848:preparation plant
2783:Asian brown cloud
2716:
2399:. Merriam-Webster
1769:Explanatory notes
1646:Underground fires
1612:
1611:
1455:Imperial (inches)
1359:
1358:
1135:American football
1022:Susquehanna River
880:Allegheny Plateau
859:sedimentary rocks
796:
795:
553:Asian brown cloud
278:Northeastern U.S.
80:
79:
42:
16:(Redirected from
4134:
4127:Organic minerals
4041:Rapakivi granite
3753:Metamorphic rock
3540:Sedimentary rock
3409:Quartz monzonite
3117:
3110:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3045:Hydrogen sulfide
2765:
2714:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2652:
2640:
2633:Bauerman, Hilary
2585:
2579:
2571:
2562:
2518:
2510:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2485:. Archived from
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2428:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2323:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2296:. Archived from
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2215:
2214:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2167:
2157:
2151:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2093:
2087:
2066:
2060:
2051:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1964:
1963:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:on 26 March 2009
1926:. Archived from
1920:
1914:
1913:
1889:Economic Geology
1883:
1877:
1876:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1825:"Coal explained"
1821:
1801:
1779:
1715:British Columbia
1691:in northeastern
1605:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1449:
1445:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1343:Sulfur (maximum)
1254:
1253:
1125:Anthracite today
1056:blockade runners
1007:Schuylkill River
958:
955:
874:of East-central
818:relative density
788:
781:
774:
687:Related articles
368:
345:
344:
338:Anthracite from
289:American English
227:
226:
85:, also known as
60:
49:Metamorphic rock
44:
40:
36:
21:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4095:
3909:
3853:Pseudotachylite
3747:
3534:
3466:Tephriphonolite
3124:
3121:
3091:
3086:
3079:
2934:
2771:Coal combustion
2766:
2757:
2743:Bituminous coal
2713:
2707:
2702:
2628:
2593:
2591:Primary sources
2573:
2572:
2543:10.2307/3113503
2525:
2523:Further reading
2502:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2335:. Coaldiver.org
2331:
2330:
2326:
2321:Wayback Machine
2312:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2218:
2211:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2158:
2154:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2094:
2090:
2067:
2063:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1967:
1960:
1946:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1884:
1880:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1752:Bituminous coal
1742:
1730:Rocky Mountains
1685:
1654:
1648:
1639:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1222:
1214:silicon carbide
1210:calcium carbide
1166:
1127:
1099:horsepower-hour
1063:Wootten firebox
1037:Anthracite iron
956:
942:
810:bituminous coal
792:
763:
762:
688:
680:
679:
543:
535:
534:
391:Bituminous coal
376:
321:
252:(in Scotland),
202:
63:
62:Anthracite coal
39:
38:Anthracite coal
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Anthracite coal
15:
12:
11:
5:
4140:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4046:Rhomb porphyry
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3888:Talc carbonate
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3481:Trachyandesite
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3404:Quartz diorite
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:Types of rocks
3120:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3050:Mining regions
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2978:homogenization
2975:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2925:Sulfur dioxide
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2838:power in China
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2643:Chisholm, Hugh
2627:
2626:External links
2624:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2601:online vol 1-2
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2563:
2537:(2): 141–181.
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2500:
2499:
2470:
2453:
2423:
2410:
2388:
2370:
2345:
2324:
2303:
2300:on 2009-02-07.
2285:
2261:
2235:
2233:, p. 106.
2216:
2210:978-0786437764
2209:
2189:
2182:
2152:
2138:Owen, George,
2131:
2127:Rosenberg 1982
2119:
2107:
2104:. p. 126.
2088:
2061:
2041:
2016:
1992:
1990:, p. 105.
1965:
1958:
1940:
1915:
1896:(5): 563–576.
1878:
1857:
1842:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1741:
1738:
1726:Crowsnest Pass
1684:
1683:Major reserves
1681:
1652:Coal-seam fire
1647:
1644:
1638:
1637:Semianthracite
1635:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1492:22–38 mm
1490:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1438:smokeless fuel
1430:blast furnaces
1406:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1387:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1232:of a group of
1221:
1218:
1188:applications (
1165:
1162:
1126:
1123:
1054:, Confederate
1029:blast furnaces
999:Broad Mountain
941:
938:
930:blast furnaces
816:), its higher
794:
793:
791:
790:
783:
776:
768:
765:
764:
761:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
718:Coal-seam fire
715:
710:
708:Coal phase-out
705:
700:
695:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
651:
650:
645:
640:
638:sulfur dioxide
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
506:
505:
500:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
361:
360:
354:
353:
320:
317:
256:(in Ireland),
201:
198:
107:energy density
78:
77:
70:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4139:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:Litchfieldite
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:Hyaloclastite
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:Litchfieldite
3816:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Phonotephrite
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Hyaloclastite
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:mining region
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2583:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2489:on 2012-06-17
2488:
2484:
2483:atrumcoal.com
2480:
2474:
2463:
2457:
2443:on 2020-08-09
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2398:
2392:
2384:
2383:www.webqc.org
2380:
2374:
2355:
2349:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2231:Bauerman 1911
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2183:0-521-27367-6
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2156:
2149:
2148:1-85902-120-4
2145:
2141:
2135:
2129:, pp. 89
2128:
2123:
2116:
2115:Bauerman 1911
2111:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1989:
1988:Bauerman 1911
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1959:0-89520-404-5
1955:
1951:
1944:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1607:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:, as well as
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1395:
1386:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1292:Ash (maximum)
1291:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
974:In southwest
969:
964:
951:
946:
937:
935:
931:
926:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
888:West Virginia
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
842:in a form of
841:
836:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
801:
789:
784:
782:
777:
775:
770:
769:
767:
766:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
698:Carboniferous
696:
694:
693:Carbon bubble
691:
690:
684:
683:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
542:Externalities
539:
538:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
372:
371:
367:
363:
362:
359:
356:
355:
351:
347:
346:
341:
336:
330:
325:
316:
314:
313:Culm Measures
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:black diamond
263:
259:
255:
254:Kilkenny coal
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
221:
218:
211:
206:
197:
195:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:metamorphosed
169:
167:
166:United States
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:United States
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
76:
71:
66:
59:
54:
51:
50:
45:
33:
19:
4016:Luxullianite
3996:Lapis lazuli
3941:Blue Granite
3868:Serpentinite
3843:Metapsammite
3760:
3593:Conglomerate
3515:Trondhjemite
3493:Trachybasalt
3434:Pantellerite
3334:Monzogranite
3279:Hornblendite
3264:Granodiorite
3130:Igneous rock
3070:Refined coal
2983:liquefaction
2875:Energy value
2747:
2646:
2615:
2606:
2596:
2567:
2534:
2530:
2512:
2491:. Retrieved
2487:the original
2482:
2473:
2456:
2445:. Retrieved
2441:the original
2436:
2426:
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2391:
2382:
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2348:
2337:. Retrieved
2327:
2298:the original
2288:
2277:. Retrieved
2273:
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2248:
2238:
2199:
2192:
2163:
2155:
2139:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2097:
2091:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2054:
2033:. Retrieved
2028:
2025:"anthracite"
2019:
2008:the original
1995:
1949:
1943:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:the original
1918:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1850:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1800:sub-facies).
1783:Rhode Island
1777:
1728:part of the
1723:
1712:
1709:
1693:Pennsylvania
1686:
1670:
1666:
1640:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1458:Metric (mm)
1442:
1411:
1396:
1392:
1370:
1367:
1360:
1249:
1242:
1234:breaker boys
1179:
1171:
1167:
1147:
1140:
1121:operations.
1119:drift mining
1091:gasification
1084:
1074:woman named
1060:
1049:
1045:
1026:
1011:
1003:iron furnace
988:
980:Saundersfoot
973:
968:World War II
927:
923:
900:
876:Pennsylvania
852:
837:
826:
807:
797:
723:Energy lobby
618:human health
451:South Africa
385:
375:Economic use
282:
274:Pennsylvania
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
219:
214:
196:
189:
170:
150:South Africa
115:
90:
86:
82:
81:
47:
4117:Coal mining
3905:Whiteschist
3796:Greenschist
3776:Cataclasite
3766:Amphibolite
3693:Phosphorite
3643:Itacolumite
3568:Calcarenite
3414:Quartzolite
3349:Nephelinite
3319:Lamprophyre
3274:Harzburgite
3232:Napoleonite
3205:Charnockite
3200:Carbonatite
3190:Blairmorite
3153:Anorthosite
2940:Coal mining
2890:Fossil fuel
2403:January 11,
2274:www.eia.gov
1787:greenschist
1701:Coal Region
1620:South Wales
1422:pelletising
1206:ferroalloys
1202:pelletizing
1076:Phoebe Snow
1067:locomotives
1050:During the
995:Coal Region
957: 1935
919:coking coal
903:South Wales
872:Coal Region
848:reclamation
758:War on coal
728:Fossil fuel
588:Coal slurry
583:Coal refuse
520:Coke (fuel)
468:Coal mining
305:rock strata
270:"Blue Coal"
246:coffee coal
220:anthrakítēs
181:hydrocarbon
146:North Korea
118:Coal Region
97:that has a
68:Composition
4106:Categories
4071:Teschenite
4056:Shonkinite
4031:Pietersite
4026:Novaculite
3936:Borolanite
3921:Adamellite
3838:Metapelite
3806:Calcflinta
3771:Blueschist
3761:Anthracite
3743:Wackestone
3723:Travertine
3668:Lumachelle
3648:Jaspillite
3603:Diamictite
3525:Websterite
3510:Troctolite
3486:Benmoreite
3446:Shonkinite
3419:Rhyodacite
3399:Pyroxenite
3369:Peridotite
3329:Lherzolite
3304:Kimberlite
3294:Ignimbrite
3289:Icelandite
3269:Granophyre
3178:Shoshonite
2963:Coalfields
2748:Anthracite
2493:2013-11-24
2447:2019-05-16
2339:2018-01-24
2279:2023-05-13
2172:. p.
2073:Steinkohle
2035:2010-06-26
1934:2009-05-05
1835:16 January
1808:References
1719:Australian
1677:ghost town
1650:See also:
1631:Phurnacite
1627:briquettes
1389:High grade
1230:Lewis Hine
1154:briquettes
1101:(0.6
1087:Dowson gas
1014:Jesse Fell
950:New Mexico
915:steam coal
890:, Eastern
814:Mohs scale
800:mineraloid
598:Appalachia
503:in the USA
493:Coal power
483:in the USA
386:Anthracite
319:Properties
250:blind coal
238:stone coal
230:black coal
225:ἀνθρακίτης
192:metallurgy
164:, and the
130:short tons
113:of coals.
91:black coal
83:Anthracite
4086:Variolite
4076:Theralite
4066:Tachylite
4051:Rodingite
4021:Mangerite
4001:Larvikite
3986:Jasperoid
3981:Jadeitite
3946:Epidosite
3900:Tectonite
3893:Soapstone
3858:Quartzite
3828:Migmatite
3813:Itabirite
3791:Granulite
3733:Turbidite
3713:Sylvinite
3708:Siltstone
3698:Sandstone
3683:Oil shale
3663:Limestone
3638:Gritstone
3633:Greywacke
3628:Geyserite
3618:Evaporite
3608:Diatomite
3583:Claystone
3548:Argillite
3461:Tachylyte
3429:Comendite
3374:Phonolite
3364:Pegmatite
3339:Monzonite
3314:Lamproite
3309:Komatiite
3249:Foidolite
3210:Enderbite
3173:Mugearite
3075:Whitedamp
3060:Peak coal
3055:Outbursts
2958:Coal dust
2948:Blackdamp
2853:seam fire
2828:phase-out
2576:cite book
2559:154542035
2080:steenkool
1794:muscovite
1746:Antratsyt
1736:in Peru.
1550:9.5–14.3
1526:Buckwheat
1489: in
1418:sintering
1196:, direct
1190:sintering
1143:short ton
1115:open cast
1033:hot blast
844:recycling
833:short ton
753:Peak coal
675:Whitedamp
665:Outbursts
573:Coal dust
563:Blackdamp
478:in the UK
421:Australia
262:craw coal
258:crow coal
242:dark coal
234:hard coal
179:or other
158:Australia
87:hard coal
4061:Taconite
4036:Pyrolite
3961:Ganister
3931:Aphanite
3926:Appinite
3848:Phyllite
3833:Mylonite
3801:Hornfels
3781:Eclogite
3678:Mudstone
3653:Laterite
3613:Dolomite
3530:Wehrlite
3505:Trachyte
3498:Hawaiite
3476:Tonalite
3471:Tephrite
3424:Rhyolite
3389:Porphyry
3359:Obsidian
3244:Essexite
3195:Boninite
3185:Basanite
3143:Andesite
3025:Firedamp
2880:Flue gas
2803:Charcoal
2778:Ash pond
2753:Graphite
2635:(1911).
2317:Archived
2254:June 21,
2084:hardness
1829:Archived
1798:chlorite
1740:See also
1697:Scranton
1608:2.4–4.8
1579:4.8–9.5
1463:Chestnut
1200:charge,
1151:charcoal
1065:enabled
911:Llanelli
884:Kentucky
855:graphite
822:volatile
703:Coal oil
655:Firedamp
603:coal ash
548:Ash pond
515:Coal tar
498:in China
473:in Chile
411:Coal gas
396:Charcoal
350:a series
348:Part of
297:Cornwall
185:ignition
4081:Unakite
4011:Llanite
3976:Ijolite
3951:Felsite
3883:Suevite
3718:Tillite
3658:Lignite
3598:Coquina
3563:Breccia
3456:Syenite
3384:Picrite
3299:Ijolite
3259:Granite
3227:Diorite
3222:Diabase
3138:Adakite
2885:Fly ash
2733:Lignite
2645:(ed.).
2609:(1925).
2551:3113503
1898:Bibcode
1601:⁄
1591:⁄
1572:⁄
1562:⁄
1543:⁄
1533:⁄
1514:⁄
1504:⁄
1484:⁄
1470:⁄
1380:⁄
1245:breaker
907:Swansea
870:of the
866:of the
461:Ukraine
416:Coal in
381:Ammonia
309:Rhenish
301:pigment
285:British
154:Vietnam
142:Ukraine
124:in the
111:ranking
73:86–97%
3991:Kenyte
3966:Gossan
3863:Schist
3823:Marble
3786:Gneiss
3688:Oolite
3553:Arkose
3451:Sovite
3441:Scoria
3394:Pumice
3354:Norite
3324:Latite
3254:Gabbro
3239:Dunite
3217:Dacite
3163:Basalt
3158:Aplite
3003:slurry
2998:refuse
2870:Coking
2788:Asthma
2620:online
2557:
2549:
2363:15 May
2207:
2180:
2146:
2070:German
2057:(1878)
1956:
1785:is of
1584:Barley
1521:14–22
1164:Mining
894:, and
558:Asthma
525:Coking
456:Turkey
446:Russia
441:Poland
431:Europe
426:Canada
264:, and
162:Canada
138:Russia
103:carbon
75:carbon
3956:Flint
3878:Slate
3873:Skarn
3738:Varve
3703:Shale
3623:Flint
3578:Chert
3573:Chalk
2723:Xylit
2641:. In
2555:S2CID
2547:JSTOR
2465:(PDF)
2357:(PDF)
2077:Dutch
2011:(PDF)
2004:(PDF)
1734:Andes
1355:0.8%
1111:Wales
1095:pound
976:Wales
633:smoke
436:India
293:Devon
217:Greek
200:Names
177:tarry
134:China
4112:Coal
3728:Tufa
3673:Marl
3588:Coal
3520:Tuff
3008:town
2968:Coal
2920:Smog
2865:Coke
2808:Coal
2798:Char
2728:Peat
2705:Coal
2582:link
2405:2022
2365:2012
2256:2008
2205:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2102:USGS
1954:ISBN
1837:2022
1555:Rice
1452:Name
1420:and
1414:coke
1363:coke
1352:0.6%
1338:84%
1304:14%
1269:Coke
1212:and
1182:coke
1097:per
1041:coke
934:coke
909:and
892:Ohio
886:and
628:smog
358:Coal
295:and
287:and
116:The
95:coal
89:and
4091:Wad
2973:gas
2915:NOx
2858:tar
2823:gas
2667:in
2658:at
2539:doi
2075:or
1906:doi
1618:In
1497:Pea
1399:240
1335:85%
1332:80%
1329:73%
1321:2%
1315:10%
1312:10%
1301:12%
1298:15%
1295:20%
1287:5%
1284:13%
1281:15%
1278:15%
1236:in
1194:PCI
1133:An
1107:kWh
1016:in
882:of
829:Btu
803:jet
623:NOx
260:or
120:of
4108::
2578:}}
2574:{{
2553:.
2545:.
2535:46
2533:.
2511:.
2481:.
2435:.
2381:.
2306:^
2272:.
2247:.
2219:^
2176:.
2174:88
2100:.
2044:^
2027:.
1968:^
1904:.
1894:53
1892:.
1871:.
1860:^
1816:^
1707:.
1679:.
1603:16
1593:32
1564:16
1545:16
1506:16
1440:.
1403:90
1349:1%
1346:1%
1318:5%
1198:BF
1192:,
1103:kg
1043:.
1009:.
954:c.
952:,
917:,
898:.
352:on
268:.
248:,
244:,
240:,
236:,
232:,
160:,
156:,
152:,
148:,
144:,
140:,
132:.
3116:e
3109:t
3102:v
2697:e
2690:t
2683:v
2584:)
2561:.
2541::
2496:.
2467:.
2450:.
2407:.
2385:.
2367:.
2342:.
2282:.
2258:.
2213:.
2186:.
2059:.
2038:.
1962:.
1937:.
1912:.
1908::
1900::
1875:.
1839:.
1796:-
1792:(
1599:3
1596:–
1589:3
1574:8
1570:3
1567:–
1560:3
1541:9
1538:–
1535:8
1531:3
1516:8
1512:7
1509:–
1502:9
1486:2
1482:1
1479:+
1477:1
1475:–
1472:8
1468:7
1407:4
1405:O
1401:H
1382:2
1378:1
1375:+
1373:1
1105:/
831:/
787:e
780:t
773:v
222:(
34:.
20:)
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