669:
597:
as
English lost ground as a language of prestige. Anglo-Norman was used in schools and dominated literature, nobility and higher life, leading a wealth of French loanwords to enter English over the course of several centuries—English only returned to courts of law in 1362, and to government in the
762:, a contemporary of Orwell, invented a "blue-eyed English" that he perceived to be linguistically pure and preferred the use of English words in the place of traditional Italian music terms. One year after Grainger's death, philologist
825:
by David Cowley updates Old
English words to today's English spelling, seeking mainstream appeal by covering words in five grades ranging from "easy" to "weird and wonderful" and giving many examples of use with drawings and tests.
792:. Jennings's articles, entitled "1066 and All Saxon" and published in June 1966, envisioned an England in which the conquest had failed and included linguistically pure English passages; Jennings gave "a bow to
1241:
1777:
733:, lamenting the "utter hopelessness" of Barnes's purism but nonetheless writing in support of it, claiming that "no beauty in a language can make up for want of purity".
776:
poems—that "Germanic material must be drawn upon to the utmost extent ... because of the tang and flavor still residing in the homelier indigenous speech material".
97:
4870:
2468:
1089:
882:
491:
612:, composed in the late 12th or early 13th century, espoused several features of Old English poetic style and used a predominantly Anglo-Saxon vocabulary.
4810:
419:
393:
848:
is similarly written in a "constructed" form of
English consisting almost exclusively of words of Germanic origin. An online newsletter called
737:
emphasised the importance of
Germanic elements of English during this period, stressing that a writer should not "seek abroad" for new words.
1784:
2843:
1921:
1524:
2641:
679:
With the influx of new industrial and scientific terms from Greek and Latin, linguistic purism saw renewed interest in the 19th century.
4905:
3878:
1659:
618:, of the same era, allowed for French and Old Norse loans but maintained conservative spelling and syntax to keep with Old English.
5026:
1083:
1390:
1687:
61:
412:
4955:
4740:
1106:
4975:
4048:
3933:
2458:
324:
4456:
3370:
4561:
1812:
1725:
1430:
1334:
1157:
1500:
747:
652:, borrowed extensively from abroad in support of "the necessary augmentation" of English. Linguistic purists such as
405:
1367:
4360:
1914:
1078:
584:
4608:
4404:
122:
4925:
4365:
3871:
1824:
1643:
1595:
779:
472:
1294:
687:
observed in an 1825 letter that "a taste is reviving in
England for the recovery of the Anglo-Saxon dialect".
4965:
4658:
4620:
3737:
907:
746:, published in 1917, suggests that writers should "prefer the Saxon word to the Romance". In his 1946 essay "
1062:
5016:
4613:
4433:
4250:
4071:
3767:
2937:
2899:
2884:
1770:
660:, a contemporary of Cheke, criticised borrowing from foreign languages as seeking an "outlandish English".
154:
2211:
1177:
5021:
4336:
4326:
3924:
3891:
3887:
3747:
3607:
2957:
2916:
2906:
1907:
1807:
657:
531:
376:
219:
5011:
4920:
4635:
4493:
3904:
2123:
1326:
1253:
1189:
789:
456:
82:
3856:
966:
5006:
4900:
4426:
4384:
4355:
4287:
4255:
3864:
3464:
1868:
1587:
644:—foreign loanwords perceived to be needless—persisted in the 16th and 17th centuries. Among others,
4625:
4579:
4478:
4451:
4416:
4311:
4182:
3742:
3696:
3691:
3615:
3225:
3209:
3088:
2947:
2838:
2833:
224:
1516:
467:
origin. Efforts to remove or consider the removal of foreign terms in
English are often known as
4837:
4670:
4488:
4463:
3681:
3625:
3620:
3540:
3213:
3163:
2463:
2281:
2037:
1965:
1953:
939:
852:
has regularly reported on current events without non-Germanic borrowed words since
January 2021.
793:
17:
3803:
3523:
2921:
4752:
4730:
4534:
4231:
4200:
4078:
3686:
3168:
3134:
2752:
2568:
2428:
2268:
2163:
1851:
349:
334:
56:
4648:
4950:
4735:
4630:
4343:
4277:
4031:
4021:
4016:
3844:
3808:
3076:
3069:
3021:
2791:
2762:
2731:
2694:
2619:
2376:
2289:
2150:
2112:
1888:
1465:
944:
742:
726:
590:
555:
344:
229:
4943:
3309:
2184:
4372:
4265:
4205:
4083:
4056:
3973:
3813:
3793:
3762:
3635:
3495:
3241:
3059:
2651:
2478:
2440:
2435:
2309:
2256:
2014:
1819:
1630:
994:
810:
523:
3469:
8:
4970:
4800:
4792:
4690:
4653:
4539:
4524:
4399:
4389:
4316:
4155:
3752:
2988:
2942:
2876:
2629:
2276:
2189:
1987:
1840:
1793:
871:
625:
487:
304:
199:
174:
169:
164:
87:
3299:
3144:
2391:
4860:
4827:
4762:
4745:
4600:
4421:
3968:
3958:
3798:
3722:
3650:
3640:
3595:
3357:
3284:
3181:
3026:
3001:
2996:
2889:
2717:
2602:
2423:
2201:
2196:
2175:
2136:
1940:
1930:
1550:
1434:
1395:
1265:
1036:
815:
509:
495:
369:
354:
319:
159:
66:
2952:
605:
engaged in linguistic purism, deliberately avoiding excessive Anglo-Norman influence.
4865:
4850:
4822:
4782:
4574:
4511:
4260:
4036:
4000:
3772:
3571:
3487:
3480:
3435:
3379:
3139:
3129:
3112:
3107:
3011:
2773:
2573:
2534:
2514:
2352:
2244:
2226:
2078:
1846:
1721:
1664:
1639:
1591:
1496:
1330:
1269:
1153:
1102:
861:
620:
606:
543:
479:
460:
432:
339:
314:
279:
209:
184:
149:
144:
118:
4556:
459:, and some of its native vocabulary and grammar have been supplanted by features of
4985:
4938:
4890:
4817:
4725:
4715:
4710:
4700:
4546:
4519:
4377:
4297:
4242:
4140:
4122:
4109:
3946:
3941:
3727:
3518:
3452:
3408:
3403:
3363:
3352:
3344:
3149:
3117:
3064:
3053:
2966:
2675:
2614:
2404:
2386:
2221:
1982:
1974:
1878:
1613:
1460:
1257:
1193:
1094:
832:
684:
628:
translation of a French treatise on morality written about a century earlier, used
539:
448:
439:, in opposition to foreign influences which are considered 'impure'. Historically,
435:
is the historical trend of languages to conserve intact their lexical structure of
329:
309:
299:
274:
269:
259:
244:
239:
204:
179:
139:
42:
3564:
1123:
998:
970:
697:
4855:
4757:
4695:
4665:
4473:
4348:
4169:
4145:
4117:
4088:
4061:
4026:
3913:
3757:
3717:
3550:
3457:
3440:
3425:
3420:
3413:
3122:
3031:
3016:
2971:
2823:
2786:
2778:
2757:
2744:
2724:
2710:
2473:
2450:
2381:
2371:
2363:
2143:
1715:
1321:
Kay, Christian; Allan, Kathryn (2015). "A brief history of the
English lexicon".
1143:
844:
to account for its 1066 milieu, and Edmund
Fairfax's 2017 satiric literary novel
827:
797:
734:
594:
551:
359:
289:
254:
234:
214:
189:
4930:
4845:
4805:
4705:
4529:
4282:
4187:
4177:
4093:
3895:
3838:
3732:
3712:
3664:
3556:
3430:
3100:
2867:
2806:
2585:
2542:
2499:
2416:
2411:
2300:
2250:
2101:
2052:
2007:
2000:
1363:
841:
784:
759:
730:
692:
672:
602:
563:
547:
464:
264:
249:
194:
92:
1261:
1098:
500:
5000:
4980:
4895:
4551:
4468:
4409:
4321:
4272:
4150:
4132:
3788:
3630:
3386:
3337:
3154:
3093:
3006:
2911:
2849:
2796:
2680:
2607:
1149:
913:
876:
805:
801:
763:
751:
614:
567:
364:
717:
707:
656:
opposed this borrowing in favour of keeping
English "unmixt and unmangled".
4483:
4331:
4210:
3657:
3081:
3045:
2978:
2801:
2624:
2597:
2580:
2524:
2483:
2065:
2044:
1692:
1299:
1223:
695:
coined several words to promote "strong old Anglo-Saxon speech", including
645:
641:
483:
284:
3304:
1197:
514:
3474:
3447:
3265:
3173:
2855:
2816:
2399:
2094:
2058:
1993:
1883:
1635:
866:
837:
768:
755:
559:
535:
436:
3319:
1040:
1020:
4394:
3886:
3314:
3294:
2659:
2329:
2030:
1568:
1492:
1438:
1418:
1077:
653:
527:
452:
1762:
668:
3951:
3500:
3248:
2894:
2811:
2592:
2547:
2519:
2345:
1899:
773:
680:
649:
3324:
3978:
3289:
2637:
444:
4915:
4910:
4720:
4066:
3993:
3988:
3330:
2926:
2828:
294:
1660:"How We'd Talk if the English Had Won in 1066: New Edition 2020"
3983:
3963:
2633:
1741:
688:
629:
2551:
1517:"From Thomas Jefferson to J. Evelyn Denison, 9 November 1825"
1419:"Humanistic Standards of Diction in the Inkhorn Controversy"
754:
criticised the extensive use of "foreign" words in English.
1688:"The Wake by Paul Kingsnorth review – 'A literary triumph'"
814:
composed almost fully of Germanic-rooted words. In 1997,
1372:
Essays and Studies by Members of the English Association
879:, a variety of English written specifically for clarity
883:
List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English
782:
coined the term "Anglish" in a three-part series in
490:. In its mildest form, purism stipulates the use of
965:
1611:Jennings, Paul (June 1966). "1066 and All Saxon".
1082:
906:
4998:
993:
494:. In stronger forms, new words are coined from
1220:Pure Saxon English, Or, Americans to the Front
804:released a similarly-written text about basic
3872:
1915:
1778:
999:"Texts from the Inkhorn Debate, c. 1560–1640"
413:
4230:
1562:
1525:National Archives and Records Administration
1486:
1093:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
823:How We'd Talk if the English had Won in 1066
1565:Linguistic Purism in the Germanic Languages
1489:Linguistic Purism in the Germanic Languages
1235:
1233:
933:
931:
818:jokingly entitled the style "Ander-Saxon".
788:commemorating the 900th anniversary of the
675:, a 19th-century poet and linguistic purist
4906:Comparison of American and British English
3879:
3865:
1922:
1908:
1785:
1771:
1627:
1351:Backgrounds to Medieval English Literature
766:emphasised in his 1962 translation of the
589:English words gave way to borrowings from
420:
406:
29:Efforts to reduce foreign terms in English
1581:
1171:
1169:
1137:
1135:
1133:
900:
898:
482:has persisted in diverse forms since the
4599:
1610:
1391:"Remorse From Dan Michel to James Joyce"
1343:
1320:
1288:
1286:
1230:
1067:. Halle a.S., Max Niemeyer. p. 123.
1060:
989:
987:
928:
667:
1792:
1713:
1563:Langer, Nils; Davies, Winifred (2005).
1487:Langer, Nils; Davies, Winifred (2005).
1362:
1239:
1090:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1079:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
940:"Anglish: A Brexiteer's lingua franca?"
937:
635:
471:, a term coined by author and humorist
14:
4999:
1929:
1685:
1544:
1458:
1388:
1242:"Percy Grainger: How American was He?"
1166:
1130:
1023:Art of Reason, Rightly Termed Witcraft
1018:
904:
895:
729:discussed Barnes in an 1882 letter to
601:In spite of this, some texts of early
3860:
3593:
3207:
1951:
1903:
1766:
1292:
1283:
1217:
1175:
1141:
984:
443:is a reaction to the great number of
394:Teaching English as a second language
4976:Non-native pronunciations of English
1389:Herman, Louis Jay (8 January 1989).
546:. Modern linguistic purists include
2484:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
1416:
1353:. 1st. New York: Random House, Inc.
24:
3843:Languages between parentheses are
3208:
1813:Campaign for an English Parliament
1547:An Outline of English Speech-Craft
1431:University of North Carolina Press
25:
5038:
1293:Poole, Steven (17 January 2013).
1064:Studien zur englischen Philologie
748:Politics and the English Language
663:
578:
492:native terms instead of loanwords
451:from other languages, especially
740:The fifth rule of vocabulary in
691:poet, minister, and philologist
632:to avoid borrowing from French.
585:Middle English creole hypothesis
5027:History of the English language
1734:
1707:
1679:
1652:
1628:Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1997).
1621:
1604:
1575:
1556:
1538:
1509:
1480:
1459:Simkin, John (September 1997).
1452:
1410:
1382:
1356:
1314:
1295:"My problem with George Orwell"
1246:Nineteenth-Century Music Review
1211:
938:Bidwell, Lili (25 March 2017).
908:"Johnson: What might have been"
821:The September 2009 publication
433:Purism in the linguistic field
4926:English-based creole languages
3847:of the language on their left.
1825:English votes for English laws
1368:Ancrene Wisse and Hali MeiĂ°had
1176:Roper, Jonathan (April 2012).
1071:
1054:
1012:
959:
796:" as an inspiration. In 1989,
13:
1:
4966:List of English-based pidgins
3738:Germanic substrate hypothesis
3594:
1686:Thorpe, Adam (2 April 2014).
888:
4961:Linguistic purism in English
3768:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
2459:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
1874:Linguistic purism in English
1323:English Historical Semantics
1124:UK public library membership
1029:Bruniana & Campanelliana
7:
4062:London & Thames Estuary
3748:High German consonant shift
1808:Devolved English parliament
1417:Vos, Alvin (October 1976).
1349:Ackerman, Robert W. (1966)
855:
377:List of dialects of English
10:
5043:
4921:English as a lingua franca
2286:Westlauwers–Terschellings
1939:According to contemporary
1582:Hollander, Lee M. (1986).
1327:Edinburgh University Press
1254:Cambridge University Press
1190:Edinburgh University Press
905:R.L.G. (28 January 2014).
836:is written in a hybrid of
790:Norman conquest of England
582:
573:
457:Norman conquest of England
83:English as a lingua franca
4901:Broad and general accents
4883:
4836:
4811:regional and occupational
4791:
4778:
4771:
4683:
4644:
4592:
4570:
4510:
4442:
4307:
4296:
4241:
4223:
4196:
4168:
4131:
4108:
4047:
4009:
3932:
3923:
3912:
3903:
3830:
3781:
3705:
3674:
3606:
3602:
3589:
3538:
3511:
3465:Southern Schleswig Danish
3396:
3277:
3233:
3224:
3220:
3203:
3044:
2987:
2875:
2866:
2771:
2743:
2702:
2693:
2668:
2650:
2561:
2533:
2507:
2498:
2449:
2362:
2337:
2328:
2267:
2162:
2111:
2086:
2077:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1947:
1937:
1869:English national identity
1861:
1833:
1800:
1742:"News Written In Anglish"
1588:University of Texas Press
1545:Barnes, Williams (1878).
1262:10.1017/S1479409817000568
1061:Morsbach, Lorenz (1910).
441:English linguistic purism
3743:West Germanic gemination
3697:Ancient Belgian language
3692:Germanic parent language
3636:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
2758:Austrian Standard German
1952:
1714:Fairfax, Edmund (2017).
1551:C. Kegan Paul & Co.
967:Encyclopædia Britannica
510:older stages of English
37:Part of a series on the
4079:Received Pronunciation
3804:Preterite-present verb
3687:Proto-Germanic grammar
3641:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
2753:German Standard German
2429:East Frisian Low Saxon
1852:English National Party
1142:Lynne, Murphy (2018).
1019:Sgarbi, Marco (2013).
676:
325:San Andrés–Providencia
57:English-speaking world
4273:Multicultural Toronto
3809:Grammatischer Wechsel
2792:Namibian Black German
2763:Swiss Standard German
2732:Early New High German
2290:Mainland West Frisian
2151:Harlingerland Frisian
1889:West Lothian question
1521:founders.archives.gov
1466:Spartacus Educational
1218:Molee, Elias (1890).
1198:10.3366/vic.2012.0059
1099:10.1093/ref:odnb/9088
945:The Cambridge Student
727:Gerard Manley Hopkins
671:
556:Gerard Manley Hopkins
155:Antiguan and Barbudan
4434:Western Pennsylvania
3814:Indo-European ablaut
3794:Germanic strong verb
3763:Germanic spirant law
2900:Southeast Limburgish
2396:Gelders-Overijssels
2025:Irish Middle English
2015:Early Modern English
1820:English independence
1631:Le Ton beau de Marot
1423:Studies in Philology
1240:Gillies, M. (2019).
1084:"Fairfax, Nathaniel"
995:Rhode Island College
811:Uncleftish Beholding
636:Early Modern English
524:Early Modern English
522:). Noted purists of
62:As a second language
5017:English nationalism
4971:Mid-Atlantic accent
4562:Trinidad and Tobago
3782:Synchronic features
3753:Germanic a-mutation
3706:Diachronic features
3056:in the broad sense
2989:East Central German
2943:Lorraine Franconian
2917:Transylvanian Saxon
2877:West Central German
2652:East Low Franconian
2562:West Low Franconian
1841:England First Party
1794:English nationalism
1746:theanglishtimes.com
1145:The Prodigal Tongue
872:Constrained writing
598:following century.
488:early modern period
486:controversy of the
5022:Germanic languages
4494:Pennsylvania Dutch
3799:Germanic weak verb
3608:Language subgroups
2958:Pennsylvania Dutch
2907:Moselle Franconian
2885:Central Franconian
2718:Middle High German
2469:Central Pomeranian
2424:Northern Low Saxon
2137:Wangerooge Frisian
1931:Germanic languages
1801:Activity and goals
1665:Barnes & Noble
1590:. p. xxviii.
1396:The New York Times
816:Douglas Hofstadter
743:The King's English
677:
508:) or revived from
5012:Linguistic purism
4994:
4993:
4879:
4878:
4679:
4678:
4588:
4587:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4427:Pacific Northwest
4288:Standard Canadian
4219:
4218:
4164:
4163:
4104:
4103:
3854:
3853:
3839:extinct languages
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3773:Great Vowel Shift
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3534:
3533:
3380:Greenlandic Norse
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3130:Southern Bavarian
3113:Northern Bavarian
3089:Highest Alemannic
3040:
3039:
2774:standard variants
2689:
2688:
2535:Standard variants
2494:
2493:
2353:Middle Low German
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2124:Saterland Frisian
1897:
1896:
1847:English Democrats
1569:Walter de Gruyter
1329:. pp. 6–24.
1178:"English Purisms"
1122:(Subscription or
1108:978-0-19-861412-8
862:Linguistic purism
850:The Anglish Times
772:—a collection of
640:Controversy over
621:Ayenbite of Inwyt
544:Nathaniel Fairfax
480:linguistic purism
430:
429:
103:Linguistic purism
88:European language
16:(Redirected from
5034:
5007:Forms of English
4891:English language
4776:
4775:
4597:
4596:
4580:Falkland Islands
4479:General American
4452:African-American
4305:
4304:
4239:
4238:
4228:
4227:
3930:
3929:
3921:
3920:
3910:
3909:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3631:Elbe (Irminonic)
3604:
3603:
3591:
3590:
3519:Mainland Gutnish
3409:Swedish dialects
3371:Middle Icelandic
3345:Middle Norwegian
3234:Historical forms
3231:
3230:
3222:
3221:
3205:
3204:
3164:South Franconian
3150:Hutterite German
3118:Central Bavarian
2938:Rhine Franconian
2873:
2872:
2703:Historical forms
2700:
2699:
2615:Surinamese Dutch
2508:Historical forms
2505:
2504:
2338:Historical forms
2335:
2334:
2087:Historical forms
2084:
2083:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1949:
1948:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1879:Little Englander
1787:
1780:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1182:Victoriographies
1173:
1164:
1163:
1139:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1086:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
991:
982:
981:
979:
977:
971:"Sir John Cheke"
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
935:
926:
925:
923:
921:
910:
902:
685:Thomas Jefferson
540:Richard Rowlands
449:English language
422:
415:
408:
225:Falkland Islands
43:English language
34:
33:
21:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5031:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4875:
4832:
4787:
4767:
4675:
4671:Solomon Islands
4640:
4584:
4566:
4498:
4489:New York Latino
4464:American Indian
4444:
4438:
4299:
4292:
4233:
4215:
4201:Channel Islands
4192:
4160:
4127:
4100:
4043:
4005:
3915:
3899:
3885:
3855:
3850:
3818:
3777:
3758:Germanic umlaut
3723:Holtzmann's law
3701:
3670:
3598:
3577:
3530:
3507:
3441:South Jutlandic
3426:Danish dialects
3392:
3273:
3216:
3187:
3169:East Franconian
3123:Viennese German
3036:
3017:Silesian German
2983:
2972:Central Hessian
2862:
2787:Namibian German
2776:
2767:
2745:Standard German
2739:
2725:New High German
2711:Old High German
2685:
2664:
2646:
2557:
2529:
2490:
2474:East Pomeranian
2464:Brandenburgisch
2451:East Low German
2445:
2372:Dutch Low Saxon
2364:West Low German
2358:
2316:
2282:Schiermonnikoog
2263:
2158:
2144:Wursten Frisian
2107:
2073:
1956:
1943:
1933:
1928:
1898:
1893:
1857:
1829:
1796:
1791:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1626:
1622:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1584:The Poetic Edda
1580:
1576:
1561:
1557:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1495:. p. 103.
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1387:
1383:
1364:Tolkien, J.R.R.
1361:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1291:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1238:
1231:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1140:
1131:
1121:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1076:
1072:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1021:"Ralph Lever's
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
992:
985:
975:
973:
964:
960:
950:
948:
936:
929:
919:
917:
903:
896:
891:
858:
828:Paul Kingsnorth
798:science fiction
735:Charles Dickens
666:
638:
595:Norman Conquest
587:
581:
576:
552:Charles Dickens
498:roots (such as
426:
75:Advanced topics
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5040:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4933:
4931:Englishisation
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4838:Southeast Asia
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4803:
4797:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4753:South Atlantic
4750:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4605:
4603:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4535:Cayman Islands
4532:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4448:
4446:
4445:ethno-cultural
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4236:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4037:Stoke-on-Trent
4034:
4029:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3927:
3918:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3896:Modern English
3884:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3841:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:Proto-Germanic
3678:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3600:
3599:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3557:Crimean Gothic
3546:
3544:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3433:
3431:Insular Danish
3428:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3414:Rinkebysvenska
3411:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3367:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3260:Old East Norse
3257:
3255:Old West Norse
3245:
3237:
3235:
3228:
3218:
3217:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:South Tyrolean
3127:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3077:High Alemannic
3074:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3050:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2945:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2881:
2879:
2870:
2868:Central German
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2807:Barossa German
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2586:French Flemish
2578:
2577:
2576:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2502:
2500:Low Franconian
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2339:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2301:Westereendersk
2295:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2179:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2102:Middle Frisian
2098:
2090:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2008:Modern English
2004:
2001:Middle English
1997:
1990:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1958:
1957:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1733:
1727:978-0995296503
1726:
1706:
1678:
1651:
1644:
1620:
1603:
1596:
1574:
1571:. p. 328.
1555:
1537:
1508:
1501:
1479:
1451:
1409:
1381:
1355:
1342:
1336:978-0748644773
1335:
1313:
1282:
1229:
1210:
1165:
1159:978-1524704889
1158:
1129:
1107:
1070:
1053:
1035:(1): 149–163.
1011:
983:
958:
927:
893:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
880:
874:
869:
864:
857:
854:
842:Modern English
794:William Barnes
760:Percy Grainger
731:Robert Bridges
693:William Barnes
673:William Barnes
665:
664:Modern English
662:
637:
634:
603:Middle English
593:following the
580:
579:Middle English
577:
575:
572:
564:Percy Grainger
548:William Barnes
428:
427:
425:
424:
417:
410:
402:
399:
398:
397:
396:
388:
387:
383:
382:
381:
380:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
350:South Atlantic
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
134:
133:
129:
128:
127:
126:
113:
112:
108:
107:
106:
105:
100:
95:
93:Modern English
90:
85:
77:
76:
72:
71:
70:
69:
64:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
39:
38:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5039:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:International
4949:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4631:Torres Strait
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4366:North-Central
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4344:New York City
4342:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:Ottawa Valley
4276:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4072:Multicultural
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4032:Black Country
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4022:West Midlands
4020:
4018:
4017:East Midlands
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Germanic verb
3787:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:Sievers's law
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:Reconstructed
3673:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3488:Middle Danish
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3364:Old Icelandic
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3338:Old Norwegian
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3156:
3155:Gottscheerish
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3094:Walser German
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3060:Low Alemannic
3058:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:High Prussian
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3007:Erzgebirgisch
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:Luxembourgish
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2850:Klezmer-loshn
2847:
2845:
2844:Scots Yiddish
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2681:Meuse-Rhenish
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:Kleverlandish
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2569:Central Dutch
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:Stellingwarfs
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:Wood Frisian
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2164:North Frisian
2161:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:Anglo-Frisian
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:Miscellaneous
1860:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:Organisations
1832:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1504:
1502:3-11-018337-4
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1150:Penguin Books
1147:
1146:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1015:
1000:
996:
990:
988:
972:
968:
962:
947:
946:
941:
934:
932:
916:
915:
914:The Economist
909:
901:
899:
894:
884:
881:
878:
877:Plain English
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:
829:
824:
819:
817:
813:
812:
807:
806:atomic theory
803:
802:Poul Anderson
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:
781:
780:Paul Jennings
777:
775:
771:
770:
765:
764:Lee Hollander
761:
757:
753:
752:George Orwell
749:
745:
744:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:
714:
710:
709:
704:
700:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
674:
670:
661:
659:
658:Thomas Wilson
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:inkhorn terms
633:
631:
627:
623:
622:
617:
616:
615:Ancrene Wisse
611:
610:
604:
599:
596:
592:
586:
571:
569:
568:George Orwell
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:Thomas Wilson
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:
511:
507:
503:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
473:Paul Jennings
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:word families
434:
423:
418:
416:
411:
409:
404:
403:
401:
400:
395:
392:
391:
390:
389:
385:
384:
379:
378:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
345:South African
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
136:
135:
131:
130:
124:
120:
117:
116:
115:
114:
110:
109:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
79:
78:
74:
73:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
27:
19:
4960:
4736:South Africa
4731:Sierra Leone
4484:Miami Latino
4373:Philadelphia
4361:Inland North
4266:Newfoundland
4084:West Country
3898:by continent
3834:
3718:Verner's law
3663:
3658:Gotho-Nordic
3656:
3649:
3570:
3563:
3555:
3549:
3539:
3524:Fårö Gutnish
3486:
3479:
3385:
3378:
3369:
3362:
3343:
3336:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3180:
3082:Swiss German
3046:Upper German
2979:Amana German
2953:Volga German
2922:HunsrĂĽckisch
2848:
2802:Unserdeutsch
2797:Berlinerisch
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2669:Cover groups
2625:Mohawk Dutch
2620:Jersey Dutch
2598:East Flemish
2581:West Flemish
2525:Middle Dutch
2479:Low Prussian
2351:
2344:
2310:Terschelling
2294:Clay Frisian
2269:West Frisian
2257:Wiedingharde
2249:
2237:
2197:Heligolandic
2174:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2113:East Frisian
2100:
2093:
2066:Middle Scots
2064:
2057:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1873:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:
1736:
1716:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1693:The Guardian
1691:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1663:
1654:
1629:
1623:
1612:
1606:
1583:
1577:
1564:
1558:
1546:
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1520:
1511:
1488:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1464:
1461:"John Cheke"
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1426:
1422:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1394:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1358:
1350:
1345:
1322:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1300:The Guardian
1298:
1273:. Retrieved
1249:
1245:
1224:Rand McNally
1219:
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1185:
1181:
1144:
1112:. Retrieved
1088:
1073:
1063:
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1032:
1028:
1022:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
974:. Retrieved
961:
949:. Retrieved
943:
918:. Retrieved
912:
849:
845:
831:
822:
820:
809:
783:
778:
767:
741:
739:
722:
716:
712:
706:
702:
696:
678:
646:Thomas Elyot
639:
619:
613:
608:
600:
591:Anglo-Norman
588:
519:
513:
505:
499:
484:inkhorn term
477:
468:
455:, since the
440:
431:
374:
335:Sierra Leone
102:
31:
26:
4861:Philippines
4654:New Zealand
4540:Bay Islands
4520:The Bahamas
4443:Social and
4400:New Orleans
4317:New England
4211:Isle of Man
4156:Port Talbot
4057:East Anglia
3974:Northumbria
3733:Kluge's law
3713:Grimm's law
3496:Dalecarlian
3475:Perkerdansk
3448:East Danish
3266:Old Gutnish
3242:Proto-Norse
3182:Langobardic
3174:Vogtlandian
3002:Upper Saxon
2856:Lachoudisch
2817:Lotegorisch
2695:High German
2441:Westphalian
2436:Eastphalian
2400:Achterhooks
2277:Hindeloopen
2212:Bökingharde
2181:Föhr–Amrum
2095:Old Frisian
2059:Early Scots
1994:Old English
1884:Norman yoke
1751:15 November
1636:Basic Books
1433:: 376–396.
867:word family
838:Old English
769:Poetic Edda
713:ornithology
698:speechcraft
560:Elias Molee
536:Ralph Lever
305:New Zealand
200:Cameroonian
175:Bay Islands
170:Bangladeshi
5001:Categories
4801:Bangladesh
4793:South Asia
4746:Cape Flats
4696:The Gambia
4621:Aboriginal
4457:vernacular
4422:California
4395:High Tider
4390:Appalachia
4251:Aboriginal
4183:South-West
4027:Birmingham
3984:Sunderland
3969:Manchester
3959:Lancashire
3565:Burgundian
3481:Old Danish
3470:Gøtudanskt
3453:Bornholmsk
3315:Vestlandsk
3295:Kebabnorsk
3032:Halcnovian
2997:Thuringian
2660:Limburgish
2630:Stadsfries
2603:Brabantian
2330:Low German
2176:Eiderstedt
2031:Fingallian
1671:25 January
1645:0465086454
1597:0292764995
1530:28 January
1493:De Gruyter
1472:25 January
1444:25 January
1402:25 January
1378:: 104–126.
1275:25 January
1203:25 January
1126:required.)
1114:25 January
1046:25 January
1004:25 January
976:25 January
951:25 January
889:References
756:Australian
683:statesman
654:John Cheke
650:neologiser
607:Layamon's
583:See also:
528:John Cheke
506:vocabulary
453:Old French
445:borrowings
375:see also:
370:Zimbabwean
355:Sri Lankan
320:Philippine
160:Australian
145:Anguillian
4866:Singapore
4828:Sri Lanka
4783:Hong Kong
4609:variation
4601:Australia
4512:Caribbean
4378:Baltimore
4261:Lunenburg
4206:Gibraltar
4123:Highlands
4001:Yorkshire
3964:Liverpool
3845:varieties
3837:indicate
3651:Northwest
3596:Philology
3501:Elfdalian
3436:Jutlandic
3358:Icelandic
3333:(written)
3327:(written)
3305:Trøndersk
3285:Norwegian
3249:Old Norse
3070:Coloniero
3054:Alemannic
3027:Wymysorys
2895:Colognian
2890:Ripuarian
2812:Rotwelsch
2642:Midslands
2593:Zeelandic
2574:Hollandic
2548:Afrikaans
2520:Old Dutch
2346:Old Saxon
2245:Karrharde
2227:Goesharde
2208:Mainland
1941:philology
1854:(defunct)
1843:(defunct)
1720:. Bokos.
1699:8 January
1617:. London.
1366:(1929). "
1306:8 January
1270:187266648
1192:: 44–59.
774:Old Norse
758:composer
512:(such as
501:wordstock
475:in 1966.
340:Singapore
315:Pakistani
280:Malaysian
210:Caribbean
185:Bermudian
150:Antarctic
119:Phonology
111:Phonology
98:Loanwords
4986:Standard
4956:Learning
4944:Nerrière
4935:Globish
4851:Malaysia
4823:Pakistan
4763:Zimbabwe
4691:Cameroon
4525:Barbados
4256:Atlantic
4224:Americas
4141:Abercraf
4110:Scotland
4089:Cornwall
4010:Midlands
3994:Teesside
3989:Tyneside
3979:Pitmatic
3942:Cheshire
3888:Dialects
3572:Vandalic
3515:Gutnish
3320:Vikværsk
3300:SognamĂĄl
3290:Bergensk
3140:Cimbrian
3108:Bavarian
3065:Alsatian
3012:Lusatian
2948:Palatine
2638:Amelands
2515:Frankish
2405:Sallaans
2387:Gronings
2238:Southern
2231:Northern
2222:Halligen
2171:Insular
1988:dialects
1256:: 9–26.
1081:(2004).
1041:24338444
856:See also
833:The Wake
830:'s 2014
723:flexible
718:bendsome
708:birdlore
681:American
526:include
496:Germanic
478:English
461:Latinate
386:Teaching
330:Scottish
310:Nigerian
295:Namibian
275:Malawian
270:Liberian
260:Jamaican
245:Gustavia
240:Ghanaian
205:Canadian
180:Belizean
140:American
132:Dialects
4916:Engrish
4911:E-Prime
4884:Related
4871:Vietnam
4856:Myanmar
4726:Nigeria
4721:Namibia
4711:Liberia
4593:Oceania
4575:Bermuda
4547:Jamaica
4474:Chicano
4312:Midland
4298:United
4234:America
4170:Ireland
4146:Cardiff
4118:Glasgow
4067:Cockney
3947:Cumbria
3925:England
3916:Britain
3892:accents
3835:Italics
3458:Scanian
3404:Swedish
3353:Faroese
3331:Nynorsk
3310:Valdris
3145:Mòcheno
3101:Swabian
2967:Hessian
2927:Hunsrik
2839:Western
2834:Eastern
2829:Yiddish
2779:creoles
2676:Bergish
2392:Drèents
2382:Tweants
2234:Central
2216:Mooring
2079:Frisian
2038:Kildare
1983:English
1717:Outlaws
1439:4173916
1025:(1573)"
920:31 July
846:Outlaws
808:called
800:writer
725:. Poet
703:grammar
630:calques
626:Kentish
574:History
520:proceed
515:shrithe
469:Anglish
447:in the
360:Ugandan
290:Myanmar
235:Gambian
220:England
215:Cornish
190:British
123:History
67:History
18:Anglish
4939:Gogate
4846:Brunei
4758:Uganda
4741:accent
4716:Malawi
4684:Africa
4659:accent
4614:accent
4557:Samaná
4530:Bequia
4349:accent
4322:Boston
4300:States
4283:Quebec
4243:Canada
4232:North
4188:Ulster
4178:Dublin
4094:Dorset
3952:Barrow
3914:Great
3905:Europe
3551:Gothic
3421:Danish
3325:BokmĂĄl
2824:Yenish
2634:Bildts
2417:Veluws
2412:Urkers
2251:Strand
1975:Anglic
1724:
1642:
1594:
1499:
1437:
1333:
1268:
1156:
1120:
1105:
1039:
715:, and
689:Dorset
566:, and
542:, and
300:Nepali
265:Kenyan
250:Indian
230:Fijian
195:Brunei
49:Topics
4981:Plain
4896:Basic
4818:Nepal
4806:India
4706:Kenya
4701:Ghana
4666:Palau
4626:South
4469:Cajun
4410:Texas
4405:Older
4385:South
4356:North
4332:Maine
4151:Gower
4133:Wales
4049:South
3934:North
3665:South
3616:North
3226:North
3210:North
2552:Kaaps
2543:Dutch
2190:Amrum
2131:Weser
2053:Scots
1614:Punch
1435:JSTOR
1429:(4).
1266:S2CID
1252:(1).
1188:(1).
1037:JSTOR
785:Punch
465:Greek
365:Welsh
255:Irish
165:Bajan
4772:Asia
4649:Fiji
4636:West
4552:Saba
4417:West
4337:West
4327:East
3890:and
3626:West
3621:East
3541:East
3397:East
3387:Norn
3278:West
3214:East
3212:and
2777:and
2772:Non-
2202:Sylt
2185:Föhr
2120:Ems
2045:Yola
1954:West
1753:2022
1722:ISBN
1701:2021
1673:2021
1640:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1532:2021
1497:ISBN
1474:2021
1446:2021
1404:2021
1331:ISBN
1308:2021
1277:2021
1205:2021
1154:ISBN
1116:2021
1103:ISBN
1048:2021
1006:2021
978:2021
953:2021
922:2020
840:and
721:for
711:for
701:for
648:, a
624:, a
609:Brut
518:for
504:for
463:and
285:Manx
3894:of
1370:".
1258:doi
1194:doi
1095:doi
750:",
5003::
1744:.
1690:.
1662:.
1638:.
1634:.
1586:.
1567:.
1549:.
1523:.
1519:.
1491:.
1463:.
1427:73
1425:.
1421:.
1393:.
1376:14
1374:.
1325:.
1297:.
1285:^
1264:.
1250:16
1248:.
1244:.
1232:^
1222:.
1184:.
1180:.
1168:^
1152:.
1148:.
1132:^
1101:.
1087:.
1033:19
1031:.
1027:.
997:.
986:^
969:.
942:.
930:^
911:.
897:^
705:,
570:.
562:,
558:,
554:,
550:,
538:,
534:,
530:,
3880:e
3873:t
3866:v
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3554:(
2640:/
2636:/
2632:/
2554:)
2550:(
1923:e
1916:t
1909:v
1786:e
1779:t
1772:v
1755:.
1730:.
1703:.
1675:.
1648:.
1600:.
1534:.
1505:.
1476:.
1448:.
1406:.
1339:.
1310:.
1279:.
1260::
1226:.
1207:.
1196::
1186:2
1162:.
1118:.
1097::
1050:.
1008:.
980:.
955:.
924:.
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125:)
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