1573:
back to the Creole's inception. Ever since
Antiguan Creole first came into existence it was used as a means to identify with a given group. For example, as more slaves entered the island, indentured servants and slaves had less contact with white plantation owners as the economy moved to a larger-scale. While these two groups interacted and a Creole emerged as the two groups had to communicate and interact, indentured servants tried to speak the 'Standard English' with increased frequency in order to associate with people at the top of the hierarchy for whom 'Standard English' was the norm. Conversely, for slaves, speaking the Creole was a symbol of identity.
1537:), as well as imported slaves. Around the same time, in 1674, Colonel Christopher Codrington, emigrated from Barbados to Antigua and established the island's first sugar plantation. This marked the beginning of what was to become the pinnacle of the island's economy until the late 18th century. And as the plantation economy grew, so did the desire for cheap labor. This is displayed in the monumental shift in the number of slaves on the island, from 41.6% of the population in 1672 to 90.2% merely 40 years later. Initially, these slaves were imported from the Bights of Benin and Biafra. There, the majority of the population spoke Delto-Benuic languages such as
25:
1572:
Use of
Antiguan Creole varies depending on socio-economic class. In general, the higher and middle classes use it amongst friends and family but switch to Standard English in the public sphere. The lower class tend to use Antiguan Creole in almost every sector of life. Part of this discrepancy dates
1582:
The pronominal system of
Standard English has a four-way distinction of person, singular/plural, gender and nominative/objective. Some varieties of Antiguan Creole do not have the gender or nominative/objective distinction, though most do; but usefully, it does distinguish between the second person
1552:
This is all to say that
Antiguan Creole, was conceived against the backdrop of a plethora of different languages and cultures, all of which have influenced this Creole. Words and syntax of Igbo origin like "eddoes" the Igbo word for "taro," and their second-person plural "unu" are widespread while
1532:
The
English arrived in Antigua in 1632 from neighboring St. Kitts upon which the first European establishment was founded on the island. Throughout the seventeenth century there was resistance to the use of slave labour due to the widespread belief that there was merit in laboring for one's self.
1569:. This policy is especially exercised in private owned schools. Most media and mainstream communication is written and spoken in Standard English, although Antiguan Creole is sometimes used humorously or as a way of identifying with the local public.
780:
tend to switch between
Standard English and Creole more readily, due to their more extensive formal education in the English-language school system. Creole usage is more common, and is less similar to Standard English, as speakers descend the
1277:
Antiguan is pronounced very similarly to
Jamaican. This has led some to surmise that the slaves of these countries came from the same place in Africa. Below are a few ways in which some language blends are fused or changed completely.
1731:
Michaelis , Susanne Maria. “World-Wide
Comparative Evidence for Calquing of Valency Patterns in Creoles .” Journal of Language Contact , 2019, pp. 191–231., brill.com/view/journals/jlc/12/1/article-p191_191.xml?body=pdf-22559.
1533:
However, as the island shifted from a subsistence economy to a more commercial one, the demand for labourers took off. This was met with indentured servants hailing primarily from
Southern England and Scotland (following the
1759:
1549:
than from any other part of Africa. This was short-lived and soon after the Bights of Benin and Biafra overtook the Gold Coast in exportation of slaves to
Antigua.
169:
403:
1254:
804:
owned by English planters imitated the English of their enslavers but pronounced it with their own inflections. This can be easily seen in phrases such as "
776:. The tendency to switch back and forth from Creole to Standard English often seems to correlate with the class status of the speaker. Persons of higher
725:
1593:
my, mine = fu-mi; your, yours (thy, thine) = fu-yu; his, his = fu-he; her, hers = fu-she; our, ours = ah-we; you all = ah-yu; their, theirs = fu-dem
699:
1936:
1686:
Avram, Andrei. “Diagnostic Features of English-Lexifer Creoles: Evidence from Antiguan.” English World-Wide, vol. 37, no. 2, 2016, pp. 168–196.
251:
1752:
42:
1076:
1565:
Antiguan Creole is used in almost every aspect of life in Antigua. In all schools, during class hours, it is required of students to speak
1300:
Sometimes an ending "T" is left off and words such as 'Best' sound like 'Bess'. Expect sounds like 'Expeck'; and 'Left' sounds like 'Leff'.
89:
61:
2326:
2316:
2311:
1196:
2306:
68:
1745:
915:
However, in other cases the American form prevails over the British one, due to the islands' close proximity to the United States:
1590:
To form the possessive form of the pronoun add "fu-" to the above. However, the pronoun "our" is an exception where we add "ar-".
1121:
367:
1259:
718:
1229:
75:
1155:
772:
There are subtle differences in the language's usage by different speakers, and islanders often use it in combination with
2196:
1873:
630:
1929:
1705:
Galarza Ballester, Maria Teresa (2016). "A socio-historical account of the formation of the creole language of Antigua".
1126:
323:
57:
1553:
English lexicon while at the end of the day, it evolved from the English of the island's colonizers in conjunction with
2321:
1668:
711:
108:
1201:
1160:
1191:
428:
313:
1945:
1922:
1768:
1269:
303:
196:
46:
1234:
746:
1224:
408:
82:
1975:
1587:
I, me = me; you, you (thou, thee) = yu; he, him = he; she, her = she; we, us = ah-we; they, them = dem;
1210:
682:
525:
1980:
388:
2053:
1823:
950:
Because of the influx of other Caribbean nationals to Antigua, due to natural migration and to the
530:
297:
1737:
2202:
2103:
1985:
1898:
1613:
1264:
1116:
35:
2158:
1818:
1772:
1034:
1028:
655:
640:
362:
2168:
2132:
1903:
1813:
758:
650:
535:
157:
2285:
2182:
2064:
1843:
1150:
1134:
8:
2097:
1858:
1554:
1546:
754:
610:
505:
480:
475:
470:
393:
142:
2122:
2041:
1893:
1863:
1534:
1021:
967:
828:
Vocabulary is widely based on British vocabulary, due to centuries of association with
675:
660:
625:
465:
372:
236:
289:
2127:
2117:
2036:
2031:
1888:
1878:
1848:
1808:
1783:
1664:
1218:
1168:
1144:
1056:
1042:
797:
645:
620:
585:
515:
490:
455:
450:
424:
241:
1868:
319:
2265:
2222:
1714:
1566:
793:
786:
773:
635:
615:
605:
580:
575:
565:
550:
545:
510:
485:
445:
348:
246:
1525:. While it thus adopted many features of the English language everything from the
2275:
2232:
2188:
2174:
2163:
2153:
2148:
2083:
2077:
2072:
2058:
1995:
1990:
1970:
1914:
1853:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1803:
1793:
1526:
1065:
1049:
963:
955:
893:
782:
750:
665:
595:
560:
540:
520:
495:
188:
137:
2251:
1542:
1071:
871:
840:
570:
555:
500:
398:
1637:
2300:
2227:
1959:
1618:
1538:
1185:
1110:
829:
777:
670:
1718:
1545:. However, in the early 1700s more slaves were imported to Antigua from the
2111:
2048:
1883:
1798:
959:
850:
590:
887:
273:
1521:
Antiguan and Barbudan Creole first emerged during the 18th century as an
1246:
1085:
811:
805:
129:
Antiguan Creole, Anguillan Creole, Montserrat Creole, Saint Kitts Creole
2000:
1642:
766:
152:
2089:
2257:
1178:
1102:
880:
282:
266:
24:
2280:
2237:
1767:
1529:
lexicon to its phonology reflects Antigua's more nuanced history.
1522:
762:
331:
147:
2271:
2245:
1095:
901:
817:
600:
327:
907:
876:
801:
2100:(Franch Guiana and Suriname; English and Portuguese based)
951:
330:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
954:, Antigua's everyday vocabulary is being influenced by
1282:"TR" as in 'Truck' is pronounced "CH", thus: 'Chruck.'
970:. This is even more common among the youth. Examples:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1944:
1294:"WN" as in 'Down' is pronounced "NG", thus: 'Dung'
1291:"TH" as in 'Think' is pronounced "T", thus: 'Tink'
1285:"DR" as in 'Dress' is pronounced" J", thus: 'Jess'
1704:
2298:
1288:"TH" as in 'Them' is pronounced "D", thus: 'Dem'
1297:"V" as in 'Vex' is pronounced "B", thus: 'Bex'
749:consisting of several varieties spoken in the
1930:
1753:
849:refers to what in American English is called
719:
1516:
863:is used instead of the American high school
1603:a fu-yu daag dat day nuh, that is your dog.
867:. (7th Grade-1st Form; 11th Grade-5th Form)
1937:
1923:
1760:
1746:
726:
712:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
324:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2299:
1707:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
1918:
1741:
879:, unlike the American patty, meaning
700:Teaching English as a second language
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1600:a fu-yu daag dat?, is that your dog?
1576:
810:", meaning "I am not going", or in "
800:origins. The creole was formed when
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
792:Many Creole words are derived from
13:
1658:
1631:
14:
2338:
2327:Languages of the African diaspora
2317:English language in the Caribbean
2312:English-based pidgins and creoles
1689:
1677:
1652:
2307:Languages of Antigua and Barbuda
1005:
23:
1560:
1001:meaning excellent or very good.
922:is used instead of the British
761:and the British territories of
34:needs additional citations for
1946:English-based creole languages
1769:English-based creole languages
1725:
1661:Antigua and Barbuda Dictionary
58:"Antiguan and Barbudan Creole"
1:
2086:(French Guiana and Suriname)
1624:
1470:Antiguan and Barbudan Creole
823:
747:English-based creole language
16:English-based creole language
2092:(French Guiana and Suriname)
785:. This is an example of a
743:Antiguan and Barbudan Creole
7:
1607:
683:List of dialects of English
10:
2343:
1583:singular and plural (you).
1332:
1304:
905:is used instead of the US
891:is used instead of the US
753:, namely the countries of
389:English as a lingua franca
304:to -apm 52-ABB-apf to -apm
2215:
2141:
2019:
2012:
1952:
1779:
1517:Sociohistorical influence
1244:
1209:
1176:
1093:
1063:
1012:
857:is commonly used as well.
310:
296:
280:
264:
259:
230:
185:
175:
165:
133:
128:
123:
2322:Creoles of the Caribbean
1899:Turks and Caicos Islands
1557:of West African origin.
181:150,000 (2001–2011)
1719:10.1075/jpcl.31.2.03gal
1648:(subscription required)
1614:Nigerian Pidgin English
995:) meaning close friend.
932:instead of the British
812:
806:
343:Part of a series on the
170:Antiguans and Barbudans
2197:San Andrés–Providencia
1523:English-lexifer Creole
631:San Andrés–Providencia
363:English-speaking world
312:This article contains
2286:Torres Strait Islands
1638:Antiguan and Barbudan
759:Saint Kitts and Nevis
739:Antiguan and Barbudan
461:Antiguan and Barbudan
214:Antiguan and Barbudan
158:Saint Kitts and Nevis
124:Antiguan and Barbudan
2223:Australian Aborginal
2216:Asia and the Pacific
2065:Afro-Seminole Creole
783:socioeconomic ladder
368:As a second language
43:improve this article
2027:Antigua and Barbuda
2003:(Equatorial Guinea)
1789:Antigua and Barbuda
1555:substrate languages
1510:ones house or home
1310:
755:Antigua and Barbuda
143:Antigua and Barbuda
2260:(Papua New Guinea)
1309:
981:meaning young man.
968:Trinidadian Creole
237:Saint Kitts Creole
2294:
2293:
2254:(Solomon Islands)
2211:
2210:
1912:
1911:
1646:(18th ed., 2015)
1577:Pronominal system
1535:1707 Act of Union
1514:
1513:
1490:a small suitcase
1400:seaside or beach
1275:
1274:
875:for flaky folded
736:
735:
409:Linguistic purism
394:European language
338:
337:
320:rendering support
316:phonetic symbols.
242:Montserrat Creole
210:Northern Antilles
119:
118:
111:
93:
2334:
2266:Ngatikese Creole
2203:Turks and Caicos
2061:(United States)
2017:
2016:
1965:Aku (The Gambia)
1939:
1932:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1702:
1687:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1659:Joseph, Jerene.
1656:
1650:
1649:
1635:
1567:Standard English
1311:
1308:
1010:
1009:
816:", presumably a
815:
809:
787:Creole continuum
774:Standard English
728:
721:
714:
531:Falkland Islands
349:English language
340:
339:
306:
292:
276:
269:
247:Anguillan Creole
191:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2233:Hawaiian Pidgin
2207:
2175:Limonese Creole
2164:Jamaican Patois
2159:Jamaican Maroon
2137:
2067:(United States)
2008:
1962:(Sierra Leone)
1948:
1943:
1913:
1908:
1775:
1766:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1703:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1610:
1579:
1563:
1519:
1420:it tastes good
1307:
1008:
964:Guyanese Creole
956:Jamaican Creole
826:
820:of "Ain't it?"
751:Leeward Islands
741:, occasionally
732:
381:Advanced topics
318:Without proper
302:
288:
272:
265:
226:
192:
189:Language family
187:
178:
177:Native speakers
138:Leeward Islands
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2340:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2169:Bocas del Toro
2161:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2133:Virgin Islands
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2081:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2023:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1904:Virgin Islands
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1844:Mosquito Coast
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:Cayman Islands
1816:
1814:Bocas del Toro
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1713:(2): 288–315.
1688:
1676:
1669:
1651:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1562:
1559:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
996:
987:(derived from
982:
948:
947:
937:
927:
913:
912:
898:
884:
868:
858:
844:
839:refers to the
825:
822:
734:
733:
731:
730:
723:
716:
708:
705:
704:
703:
702:
694:
693:
689:
688:
687:
686:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
656:South Atlantic
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
440:
439:
435:
434:
433:
432:
419:
418:
414:
413:
412:
411:
406:
401:
399:Modern English
396:
391:
383:
382:
378:
377:
376:
375:
370:
365:
357:
356:
352:
351:
345:
344:
336:
335:
322:, you may see
308:
307:
300:
294:
293:
286:
278:
277:
270:
262:
261:
260:Language codes
257:
256:
255:
254:
249:
244:
239:
232:
228:
227:
225:
224:
223:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
217:
216:
197:English Creole
195:
193:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
161:
160:
155:
150:
145:
135:
134:Native to
131:
130:
126:
125:
117:
116:
99:September 2013
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2339:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Bonin Islands
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:Miskito Coast
2181:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Saint Vincent
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Saint Vincent
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1670:9781090590541
1666:
1662:
1655:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1619:Krio language
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:how are you?
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1338:ah deh ee deh
1336:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1006:Pronunciation
1000:
997:
994:
990:
986:
983:
980:
976:
973:
972:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
945:
941:
938:
935:
931:
928:
925:
921:
918:
917:
916:
910:
909:
904:
903:
899:
896:
895:
890:
889:
885:
882:
878:
874:
873:
869:
866:
862:
859:
856:
852:
848:
845:
842:
838:
835:
834:
833:
831:
830:Great Britain
821:
819:
814:
808:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
779:
778:social status
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
729:
724:
722:
717:
715:
710:
709:
707:
706:
701:
698:
697:
696:
695:
691:
690:
685:
684:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
651:South African
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
441:
437:
436:
430:
426:
423:
422:
421:
420:
416:
415:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
385:
384:
380:
379:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
359:
358:
354:
353:
350:
347:
346:
342:
341:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
315:
309:
305:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
285:
284:
279:
275:
271:
268:
263:
258:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
233:
229:
215:
212:
211:
209:
208:
206:
205:
203:
202:
200:
199:
198:
194:
190:
184:
180:
174:
171:
168:
164:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
132:
127:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2268:(Micronesia)
2185:(Nicaragua)
2177:(Costa Rica)
2112:Sranan Tongo
2026:
1788:
1727:
1710:
1706:
1660:
1654:
1641:
1633:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1571:
1564:
1561:Language use
1551:
1531:
1520:
1505:
1500:to be upset
1495:
1485:
1480:cooking oil
1475:
1465:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1410:electricity
1405:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1357:
1347:
1342:there it is
1337:
1325:
1276:
1245:
1217:
1184:
1177:
1143:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1064:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
998:
992:
988:
984:
978:
974:
960:Bajan Creole
949:
943:
939:
933:
929:
923:
919:
914:
906:
900:
892:
886:
870:
864:
860:
854:
851:French Fries
846:
836:
832:. Examples:
827:
791:
771:
742:
738:
737:
680:
641:Sierra Leone
460:
311:
298:Linguasphere
281:
252:Kokoy Creole
213:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2191:(Nicaragua)
2042:Saint Kitts
1976:West Africa
1864:Saint Kitts
1430:everything
1416:e'bang good
1247:Approximant
942:instead of
940:parking lot
853:. However,
611:New Zealand
506:Cameroonian
481:Bay Islands
476:Bangladeshi
326:instead of
2301:Categories
2242:Melanesia
2199:(Colombia)
2114:(Suriname)
2106:(Suriname)
2098:Saramaccan
2080:(Suriname)
2037:Montserrat
2001:Pichinglis
1874:San Andrés
1849:Montserrat
1643:Ethnologue
1625:References
1547:Gold Coast
1372:it's true
1348:ah wah do?
824:Vocabulary
767:Montserrat
681:see also:
676:Zimbabwean
661:Sri Lankan
626:Philippine
466:Australian
451:Anguillian
153:Montserrat
69:newspapers
2281:Singapore
2258:Tok Pisin
2248:(Vanuatu)
2013:Caribbean
1773:Caribbean
1596:Example:
1476:sweet ile
1426:eberyting
1362:it's not
1326:afta/atta
1186:voiceless
1179:Fricative
1111:voiceless
1103:affricate
920:Apartment
881:hamburger
843:of a car.
807:Me nah go
646:Singapore
621:Pakistani
586:Malaysian
516:Caribbean
491:Bermudian
456:Antarctic
425:Phonology
417:Phonology
404:Loanwords
283:Glottolog
267:ISO 639-3
166:Ethnicity
2272:Pitcairn
2238:Malaysia
2189:Rama Cay
2171:(Panama)
2123:Trinidad
2049:Barbados
2032:Anguilla
1981:Cameroon
1894:Trinidad
1884:Suriname
1854:Rama Cay
1799:Barbados
1784:Anguilla
1608:See also
1527:creole's
1466:raw back
1440:nothing
1397:bayside
1317:English
1035:alveolar
1022:Alveolar
999:Sell off
989:Brethren
944:car park
930:Elevator
763:Anguilla
745:, is an
692:Teaching
636:Scottish
616:Nigerian
601:Namibian
581:Malawian
576:Liberian
566:Jamaican
551:Gustavia
546:Ghanaian
511:Canadian
486:Belizean
446:American
438:Dialects
332:Help:IPA
290:anti1245
231:Dialects
207:Southern
201:Atlantic
148:Anguilla
2276:Norfolk
2246:Bislama
2149:Bahamas
2142:Western
2104:Matawai
2054:Grenada
2020:Eastern
1996:Nigeria
1991:Liberia
1834:Jamaica
1824:Grenada
1809:Bermuda
1794:Bahamas
1771:of the
1456:pickney
1450:to eat
1406:currant
1382:bottle
1368:ah true
1320:Source
1314:Creole
1305:Phrases
1096:Plosive
1057:Glottal
1043:Palatal
993:Partner
902:Biscuit
888:Mongrel
818:cognate
813:Ent it?
798:African
794:English
666:Ugandan
596:Myanmar
541:Gambian
526:England
521:Cornish
496:British
429:History
373:History
328:Unicode
204:Eastern
83:scholar
2154:Belize
2118:Tobago
2084:Ndyuka
2078:Kwinti
2073:Guyana
2059:Gullah
1971:Merico
1953:Africa
1889:Tobago
1869:Samaná
1859:Roatán
1829:Guyana
1804:Belize
1667:
1486:valise
1460:child
1436:nuttin
1392:beach
1378:bakkle
1358:ah nah
1330:after
1219:voiced
1145:voiced
1016:Labial
908:cookie
877:pastry
837:Bonnet
802:slaves
606:Nepali
571:Kenyan
556:Indian
536:Fijian
501:Brunei
355:Topics
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2252:Pijin
2090:Aluku
1986:Ghana
1839:Limón
1543:Duala
1066:Nasal
1050:Velar
1029:Post-
985:Breda
883:patty
872:Patty
865:grade
855:fries
847:Chips
671:Welsh
561:Irish
471:Bajan
90:JSTOR
76:books
1960:Krio
1665:ISBN
1541:and
1539:Igbo
1506:yard
1446:nyam
991:and
979:star
977:and
975:Yute
966:and
952:CSME
934:lift
924:flat
894:mutt
861:Form
841:hood
765:and
591:Manx
62:news
1715:doi
1640:at
1496:vex
1388:bay
1161:d͡ʒ
1127:t͡ʃ
796:or
314:IPA
274:aig
45:by
2303::
1711:31
1709:.
1691:^
1679:^
1663:.
1165:ɟ
1131:c
962:,
958:,
789:.
769:.
757:,
2274:-
1938:e
1931:t
1924:v
1761:e
1754:t
1747:v
1721:.
1717::
1673:.
1270:w
1265:j
1260:ɹ
1255:l
1235:ʒ
1230:z
1225:v
1211:h
1202:ʃ
1197:s
1192:f
1169:ɡ
1156:d
1151:b
1135:k
1122:t
1117:p
1098:/
1086:ŋ
1077:n
1072:m
946:.
936:.
926:.
911:.
897:.
727:e
720:t
713:v
431:)
427:(
334:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
