735:"There is another powerful factor which works against the chance of any kind of peaceful reconstruction and which is equally negative for all levels of society: this is the extreme isolation in which the regime has placed both society and itself. This isolation has not only separated the regime from society, and all sectors of society from each other, but also put the country in extreme isolation from the rest of the world. This isolation has created for all—from the bureaucratic elite to the lowest social levels—an almost surrealistic picture of the world and of their place in it. Yet the longer this state of affairs helps to perpetuate the status quo, the more rapid and decisive will be its collapse when confrontation with reality becomes inevitable."
504:) and protests from the West, the sentence was commuted after one year to exile in the same region. After serving a five-year term, he returned to Moscow in 1975. Although the Amalriks were not Jewish, the authorities tried to persuade him and his wife to apply for visas to Israel, the common channel for emigration from the Soviet Union; they refused. On September 13, 1975, Amalrik was arrested again. The police captain told his wife that he was arrested for not having permission to live in Moscow; he could have faced a fine or up to one year in prison for violating Soviet passport regulations.
33:
520:
166:
284:. Amalrik's plays and an interest in modern non-representational art led to Amalrik's first arrest in May 1965. A charge of spreading pornography failed because the expert witnesses called by the prosecution refused to give the needed testimony. However, the authorities then accused Amalrik of "parasitism," and he was sentenced by an administrative tribunal to banishment in western Siberia for a two-and-a-half-year term.
380:'s famous essay "Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom", published only two years before, which argued that a convergence between Soviet and western systems was already taking place, while Amalrik's essay argued that the two systems were in fact growing further apart.
415:
Amalrik predicted that when the breakup of the Soviet empire came, it would take one of two forms. Either power would pass to extremist elements and the country would "disintegrate into anarchy, violence, and intense national hatred," or the end would come peacefully and lead to a federation like the
248:
and invalided out of the service. Andrei's father's hardships explain Andrei's decision to become a historian. For his father, after climbing the educational ladder, was after the war refused permission to study at the
Academy of Sciences' Institute of History on account of what authorities felt was
398:
I must emphasize that my essay is based not on scholarly research but only on observation. From an academic point of view, it may appear to be only empty chatter. But for
Western students of the Soviet Union, at any rate, this discussion should have the same interest that a fish would have for an
252:
Andrei's father developed a serious heart condition which required constant nursing. This care was provided first by his wife, and on her death from cancer in 1959 by his son Andrei, until Andrei's arrest prevented him from ministering to his father's needs. He died when Andrei was in prison.
332:
In June 1966, after being released early from exile, Amalrik returned to Moscow. He got a job as a freelancer at the
Novosti Press Agency. This work allowed him to create a circle of acquaintances among foreign correspondents. He handed over to a foreign correspondent the "Memorandum" of
751:"Even when examining the subject most critically, I do not regard the Russians as a hopeless people, for whom slavery is a natural mode of existence. ... I can see that in the authoritarian stream of Russian history there is an undercurrent, sometimes strong, of a sense of law."
576:
and his car struck an oncoming truck. Mr. Amalrik was instantly killed by a piece of metal, probably from the steering column, which was embedded in his throat, according to the police. His widow, Gyuzel, received only slight injuries," as did the two other passengers.
243:
and then the Red Army. He was overheard uttering negative views about Stalin's qualities as a military leader, which led to his arrest and imprisonment; he feared for his life, but shortly afterward was released to rejoin the army. In 1942 he was wounded at
279:
Without a degree, Amalrik did odd jobs and wrote five unpublished plays but was soon under the gaze of the security police for an attempt to contact a Danish scholar through the Danish
Embassy. He also became close to the unofficial youth literary group
557:
1643:
Alexeyeva, Lyudmila; Grigorenko, Pyotr; Amalrik, Andrei; Kaminskaya, Dina; Simes, Konstantin; Williams, Nikolai; Litvinov, Pavel; Litvinova, Maya; Sadomskaya, Natalya; Chalidze, Valery; Shragin, Boris; Stain, Yuri (2013) .
465:, Charles King called Amalrik's predictions "deserving of an award", praising his logical method for exploring the historical outcomes that arise from a nation's tendency to bet in its own prolonged stability — "
306:(1970). Thanks to the efforts of his lawyer, his sentence was overturned in 1966 and Amalrik returned to Moscow, moving with Gyuzel into a crowded communal apartment with shared bath, kitchen, and telephone.
1801:
1705:
445:
described that "in 1984 KGB officials, on coming to me in prison" when
Amalrik's essay was mentioned, "laughed at this prediction. 'Amalrik is long dead', they said, 'but we are still very much present.'"
407:
Amalrik was incorrect in some of his predictions, such as a coming military collision with China, and the collapse of the Soviet Union occurred in 1991, not 1984. Correct was his argument that:
411:
If...one views the present "liberalization" as the growing decrepitude of the regime rather than its regeneration, then the logical result will be its death, which will be followed by anarchy."
357:, and Vera Lashkova. In October 1968, he gave the collection to foreign correspondents, with whom he talked a lot. At the end of 1968, he was fired from Novosti and began working as a postman.
1544:
Alexeyeva, Lyudmila; Bukovsky, Vladimir; Amalrik, Andrei; Voikhanskaya, Marina; Plyushch, Leonid; Elina, Emilia; Voronina, Lidia; Bresenden, Yevgeniy (November 1977). "The Orlov tribunal".
267:
in Russia) and Greeks, rather than Slavs, played the principal role in developing the early
Russian state in the ninth century. Amalrik refused to modify his views and was expelled from
376:, published in 1970. The book predicts the country's eventual breakup under the weight of social and ethnic antagonisms and a disastrous war with China. This was in direct contrast to
383:
Writing in 1969, Amalrik originally wanted to make 1980 as the date of the Soviet downfall, because 1980 was a round number, but
Amalrik was persuaded by a friend to change it to the
469:.", as well as his insight into what the post-Soviet geopolitic scenario would look like. King argues that, while Amalrik was wrong about the likelihood of conflict with China, the
2835:
1172:"Author Sees Soviet Lasting Beyond '84— Amalrik, Who Predicted Collapse in 1970 Book, Revises Forecast in New York Appearance 'Sabotage' by the Workers", by Rayomend H. Anderson,
1770:
431:. "Amalrik's essay was welcomed as a piece of brilliant literature in the West" but "irtually no one tended to take it at face value as a piece of political prediction."
329:
Amalrik often met with foreign correspondents to relay protests, took part in vigils outside courthouses and even gave an interview to an
American television reporter.
256:
In high school, Andrei
Amalrik was a restless student and truant. He was expelled a year before graduation. Despite this, he won admission to the history department at
496:
Inevitably, for "defaming the Soviet state", Amalrik was arrested on May 21, 1970 and convicted on
November 12, receiving a sentence of three years in a labor camp in
738:"...any state forced to devote so much of its energies to physically and psychologically controlling millions of its own subjects could not survive indefinitely."
1717:
249:
his own compromised political past. But as historian John Keep wrote: "Andrei has gone one better by not only writing history but by securing a place in it."
1575:
Amalrik, Andrei; Bukovsky, Vladimir; Filip, Ota; Kolakowski, Leszek; Pelikán, Jiří; Schöpflin, George; Tökes, Rudolf (November 1977). "Is détente working?".
458:
argued in 1995 that they were largely accidental prophets, possessors of both brilliant insight into the regime's weaknesses and even more brilliant luck.
427:
Predictions of the Soviet Union's impending demise were discounted by many, if not most, Western academic specialists, and had little impact on mainstream
364:
in 1968, pressure on Russia's intellectuals was stepped up by the authorities. Amalrik's apartment was twice searched, in May 1969 and February 1970.
32:
493:(August 1970), abroad, a criminal offence under Soviet law, Amalrik remained free to walk the streets of Moscow and to associate with foreigners.
767:, he felt a stab of wonderment: "How could one and the same people have created such churches and destroyed so many of them in blind rage?"
2890:
1345:
548:
He scorned détente with the Soviet Union. He urged that Western trade and technology be linked to liberalization within the Soviet Union.
1746:
2905:
2900:
2865:
1766:
1697:
Jones, M. (2009) Constructing Cassandra: The Social Construction of Strategic Surprise at Central Intelligence Agency, 1947 – 2001.
1134:
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of 1975. "Spanish police stated that Amalrik, coming from southern France, swerved out of his lane on a wet road near the city of
2850:
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130:
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1005:
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In 1963, he angered the university with a dissertation suggesting that Scandinavian warrior-traders (Vikings, usually called
1028:
475:
a drawn-out, exhausting war, prosecuted by decrepit leaders, which drained the Soviet government of resources and legitimacy
1267:
954:
843:
807:
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419:
As 1984 drew nearer, Amalrik revised the timetable but still predicted that the Soviet Union would eventually collapse.
2885:
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1411:
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903:
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527:
The KGB gave Amalrik an ultimatum: to emigrate or face another sentence. In 1976 his family got visas to go to the
1739:
538:, then moved to the United States to study and lecture. Later, he and Gyuzel bought a villa in France, near the
190:
79:
1234:
Schoenfeld, Gabriel (January 1995). "The Dream that Failed: Reflections on the Soviet Union. Book reviews".
2875:
2830:
2259:
1506:
500:. At the end of his term, he was given three more years, but because of his poor health (he almost died of
748:"We had left a great country that we both loved and hated. Could it really be that we would never return?"
467:
to consider, for a moment, how some future historian might recast implausible concerns as inevitable ones
1543:
2840:
2404:
1732:
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361:
315:
523:
Andrei Amalrik with his wife, artist Gyuzel Makudinova, at a press conference in the Netherlands, 1976
2039:
1795:
998:
The Decline and Fall of Soviet Empire : Forty Years That Shook The World, From Stalin to Yeltsin
1790:
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1994:
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When the Soviet revolution broke out, Andrei's father, then a young man, volunteered for the
2825:
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2739:
2514:
2329:
2169:
1939:
1869:
1535:
1201:
Bernstein, Jonas (January 22, 1995). "Postmortem is also warning on optimism over Russia".
755:
Before being exiled, Amalrik made a pilgrimage to those places where, in the 14th century,
388:
1154:
Hecht, James L.; Modisett, Lawrence E. (November 1991). "The future of the Soviet Union".
1142:
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295:. Allowed to make a brief trip to Moscow after the death of his father, Amalrik persuaded
8:
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Of those few who foresaw the fall of the Soviet Union, including Andrei Amalrik, author
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2524:
2394:
2274:
2089:
2059:
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1959:
1894:
1834:
1811:
1645:
1631:
1608:"The Grigorenko papers: writings by General P. G. Grigorenko and documents on his case"
1594:
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1376:
925:
865:
573:
535:
354:
346:
1533:
Amalrik, Andrei; Brumberg, Abraham (June 1977). "A conversation with Andrei Amalrik".
326:
in February 1966, Amalrik and other dissenters stood outside of the trial to protest.
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439:
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268:
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2614:
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2529:
2414:
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2314:
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2209:
2109:
2084:
2069:
1989:
1964:
1879:
1874:
1844:
1621:
1586:
1555:
1275:
1219:"Press conference with natan sharansky, Israel's minister for trade and industry".
962:
857:
569:
319:
178:
391:. Amalrik predicted the collapse of the regime would occur between 1980 and 1985.
287:
He was freed briefly and then rearrested and sent to exile in a farm village near
2759:
2704:
2699:
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2649:
2619:
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2174:
2094:
2029:
2019:
2014:
1974:
1924:
1829:
1824:
1397:
1344:(in Italian). Rome, Amsterdam: Coines edizioni spa, Alexander Herzen Foundation.
1138:
561:
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1854:
873:
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2139:
2134:
2074:
2034:
1954:
1914:
1904:
1889:
848:
455:
350:
338:
240:
1802:
Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes
1590:
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2179:
2129:
1864:
1859:
1482:
Amalrik, Andrei (Winter–Spring 1970). "I want to be understood correctly".
760:
299:
expressionist artist, Gyuzel Makudinova, to marry him and share his exile.
236:
206:
165:
2304:
2249:
235:. After the war he went into the film industry. Andrei's father fought in
2754:
2589:
2459:
2379:
2264:
2199:
2004:
1984:
1949:
1929:
1806:
539:
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726:
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2689:
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1969:
1635:
764:
501:
264:
245:
869:
556:
On November 12, 1980, Amalrik, his wife, and two other Soviet exiles,
507:
In early 1976, Amalrik and other dissidents conceived the idea of the
2724:
2189:
1650:
1524:
Amalrik, Andrei (Summer–Autumn 1976). "Europe and the Soviet Union".
37:
Andrei Amalrik at a press conference in the Netherlands, 15 July 1976
1724:
1626:
1607:
1464:
Amalrik, Andrei (Autumn 1969). "Will the USSR survive until 1984?".
2564:
2114:
861:
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was born. Standing before an amazing complex of wooden churches of
704:
697:
679:
616:
232:
1473:
Amalrik, Andrei (Winter–Spring 1970). "Open letter to Kuznetsov".
1208:(Review of The Dream That Failed: Reflections on the Soviet Union)
808:"Andrei Amalrik, emigre, is dead; predicted Soviet breakup by '84"
742:
292:
1532:
1307:
Rosenberg, Joel C. (November 19, 2004). "Two Great Dissidents".
722:
In Russian history, man has always been a means but never an end
614:
Admitted to the history department at Moscow University in 1959
473:
played out perfectly as a stand-in for what Amalrik predicted: "
212:
Amalrik was best known in the Western world for his 1970 essay,
1515:
Amalrik, Andrei (Spring 1976). "Ideologies in Soviet society".
932:. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 166.
565:
497:
186:
296:
288:
194:
83:
1771:
Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR
1060:
The Dream that Failed : Reflections on the Soviet Union
367:
101:
1252:"Report Prophet of Russ Doom Sentenced to 3 Years Labor",
1153:
372:
Amalrik was best known in the Western world for his essay
930:
The Thaw Generation: Coming of Age in the Post-Stalin Era
1186:
Cummins, Ian (December 23, 1995). "The Great MeltDown".
672:
664:
655:
646:
639:
632:
609:
602:
568:
to attend an East-West conference called to review the
531:. He made a farewell tour of Russia before emigrating.
2836:
Burials at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery
1706:"Notes of a Revolutionary, Review by Andrei Amalrik"
416:
British Commonwealth or the European Common Market.
1665:"Soviet dissidents and the American press: a reply"
1289:Cummins, Ian (May 12, 1999). "Peter and the Poet".
1703:
2812:
1682:Amalrik, Andrei (May 1979). "Victims of Yalta".
1681:
1662:
1605:
1523:
1514:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1442:. Translated by Daniels, Gay. Alfred A. Knopf.
1435:
1420:
1395:
1374:
1355:
224:Amalrik was born in Moscow, during the time of
1329:
686:Arrested again for illegally living in Moscow
337:. Amalrik was published abroad. Together with
1740:
1333:Sopravviverà l'Unione Sovietica fino al 1984?
1221:Official Kremlin International News Broadcast
1082:
1491:Amalrik, Andrei (Autumn 1970). "Interview".
485:For several months after the publication of
1648:[In defense of Anatoly Marchenko].
906:(Book review of "Notes of a Revolutionary")
1747:
1733:
1699:https://catalogue.kent.ac.uk/Record/764718
1266:Wren, Christopher S (September 14, 1975).
1233:
1085:Killing Detente: The Right Attacks the CIA
806:Anderson, Raymond H. (November 13, 1980).
585:
31:
1767:Human rights movement in the Soviet Union
1625:
1306:
1200:
1116:Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?
924:
729:Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?
588:
534:Amalrik worked in the Netherlands at the
487:Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?
480:
374:Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?
368:Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?
214:Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?
145:Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?
805:
690:
644:Sentence overturned, returned to Moscow
625:
595:
518:
274:
1288:
1185:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1087:. Pennsylvania State University Press.
1057:
1053:
1051:
1049:
995:
952:
801:
799:
2813:
1022:
1020:
1018:
901:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
621:Expelled from Moscow State University
131:dissident movement in the Soviet Union
1776:Committee on Human Rights in the USSR
1754:
1728:
1431:] (in Russian). Анн Арбор: Ардис.
1318:
953:Unknown, Author (November 12, 1980).
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
743:Quote from "Notes of a Revolutionary"
542:border, where he worked on his book,
1265:
1259:
1194:
1179:
1104:
1046:
1026:
841:
2891:Soviet emigrants to the Netherlands
1704:Karatnycky, Adrian (January 1983).
1351:from the original on March 5, 2016.
1015:
989:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
776:
309:
13:
1691:
1500:Amalrik, Andrei (March 25, 1971).
946:
880:
449:
434:
302:It was this exile he described in
14:
2917:
1663:Amalrik, Andrei (March 1, 1978).
1406:] (in French). Paris: Seuil.
1378:Nose! Nose? No–Se and Other Plays
1338:Will the USSR survive until 1984?
996:Coleman, Fred (August 15, 1997).
902:Austin, Anthony (July 11, 1982).
677:Returns to Moscow after sentence
2906:Russian male non-fiction writers
2901:20th-century Russian journalists
2866:French people of Russian descent
1083:Cahn, Anne H. (September 1998).
1062:. USA: Oxford University Press.
822:
422:
164:
93:historian, journalist, dissident
2861:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
1300:
1282:
1246:
1227:
1212:
1166:
1147:
1029:"How a Great Power Falls Apart"
1027:King, Charles (June 30, 2020).
2851:Moscow State University alumni
1358:Involuntary Journey to Siberia
1118:. New York: Harper & Row.
1076:
918:
491:Involuntary Journey to Siberia
304:Involuntary Journey to Siberia
191:Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha
141:Involuntary Journey to Siberia
80:Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha
1:
2856:Road incident deaths in Spain
1606:Amalrik, Andrei (June 1978).
770:
544:Notebooks of a Revolutionary.
511:; it was formed in May 1976.
403:if it suddenly began to talk.
219:
183:Андре́й Алексе́евич Ама́льрик
154:Gyuzel Makudinova (1942-2014)
2896:20th-century Russian writers
1646:"В защиту Анатолия Марченко"
1507:The New York Review of Books
955:"United Press International"
7:
844:"Andrei Amalrik and "1984""
842:Keep, John (October 1971).
660:Published two books abroad
580:
341:, he wrote the collection "
10:
2922:
2871:Soviet non-fiction writers
1670:Columbia Journalism Review
959:United Press International
394:Amalrik said in his book:
362:invasion of Czechoslovakia
175:Andrei Alekseevich Amalrik
47:Андрей Алексеевич Амальрик
25:Andrei Alekseevich Amalrik
2886:Russian political writers
2881:20th-century male writers
1820:
1796:Lithuanian Helsinki Group
1762:
1591:10.1080/03064227708532715
1560:10.1080/03064227708532716
1176:, December 12, 1976, p. 8
716:
461:On an essay published in
197:), alternatively spelled
182:
163:
158:
150:
136:
125:
117:
107:
97:
89:
69:
52:
42:
30:
23:
1791:Ukrainian Helsinki Group
1439:Notes of a Revolutionary
1436:Amalrik, Andrei (1982).
1421:Amalrik, Andrei (1982).
1399:Journal d'un provocateur
1396:Amalrik, Andrei (1980).
1375:Amalrik, Andrei (1973).
1356:Amalrik, Andrei (1971).
1114:Amalrik, Andrei (1970).
1058:Laqueur, Walter (1996).
1000:. St. Martin's Griffin.
551:
514:
2846:Russian anti-communists
1995:Alexander Esenin-Volpin
1850:Anton Antonov-Ovseyenko
1330:Andrej Amalrik (1970).
1256:, November 13, 1970, p4
1137:April 10, 2008, at the
670:Second prison sentence
564:, were on their way to
258:Moscow State University
112:Moscow State University
2665:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
2430:Valeriya Novodvorskaya
1404:Diary of a provocateur
702:Exiled to Netherlands
637:First prison sentence
590:Life of Andrei Amalrik
524:
481:Second prison sentence
413:
405:
209:writer and dissident.
2495:Alexander Piatigorsky
2470:Konstantin Paustovsky
2440:Alexander Ogorodnikov
2080:Natalya Gorbanevskaya
2045:Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev
1786:Moscow Helsinki Group
1781:Solzhenitsyn Aid Fund
522:
509:Moscow Helsinki Group
409:
396:
345:" about the trial of
275:First prison sentence
2740:Andrei Tverdokhlebov
2515:Vladimir Pribylovsky
2330:Michail J. Makarenko
2170:Vitaliy Kalynychenko
1940:Viacheslav Chornovil
1203:The Washington Times
814:: 12. Archived from
709:Died in a car crash
189:– 12 November 1980,
2876:Soviet male writers
2831:Writers from Moscow
2685:Aleksandras Štromas
2680:Vladimir Strelnikov
2675:Galina Starovoytova
2625:Alexander Shatravka
2535:Irina Ratushinskaya
2505:Alexandr Podrabinek
2485:Yekaterina Peshkova
2360:Myroslav Marynovych
2345:Nadezhda Mandelstam
2235:Zoya Krakhmalnikova
2185:Ephraim Kholmyansky
2155:Sofiya Kalistratova
1720:on October 9, 2007.
1716:(1). Archived from
1578:Index on Censorship
1547:Index on Censorship
1296:(Paraphrased quote)
1223:. January 29, 1996.
926:Alexeyeva, Lyudmila
904:"The Life of a Zek
2795:Alexander Zinoviev
2785:Venedikt Yerofeyev
2765:Vladimir Voinovich
2745:Tatyana Velikanova
2525:Anatoly Pristavkin
2395:Yosef Mendelevitch
2275:Mikhail Leontovich
2090:Sergei Grigoryants
2060:Alexander Ginzburg
2050:Zviad Gamsakhurdia
1960:Andrey Derevyankin
1895:Alexander Bolonkin
1835:Lyudmila Alexeyeva
1502:"News from Moscow"
1424:Записки диссидента
1319:Books and articles
1174:The New York Times
981:has generic name (
653:Protest at Trial.
536:Utrecht University
525:
355:Alexey Dobrovolsky
347:Alexander Ginzburg
2841:Soviet dissidents
2808:
2807:
2770:Michael Voslenski
2715:Alexander Tarasov
2695:Nadiya Svitlychna
2585:Shmuel Schneurson
2510:Grigory Pomerants
2425:Alexander Nekrich
2365:Grigorii Maksimov
2355:Valeriy Marchenko
2350:Anatoly Marchenko
2255:Anatoly Kuznetsov
2145:Boris Kagarlitsky
2065:Yevgenia Ginzburg
2055:Vladimir Gershuni
1980:Mustafa Dzhemilev
1945:Lydia Chukovskaya
1935:Boris Chichibabin
1920:Vladimir Bukovsky
1910:Vladimir Bougrine
1756:Soviet dissidents
1449:978-0-394-41756-1
1429:Dissident's Notes
1360:. Mariner Books.
1125:978-0-06-090732-7
1094:978-0-271-01791-4
1069:978-0-19-510282-6
1007:978-0-312-16816-2
939:978-0-8229-5911-3
713:
712:
471:Soviet–Afghan War
387:inspired year of
343:Trial of the Four
269:Moscow University
172:
171:
126:Literary movement
73:November 12, 1980
2913:
2790:Yevgeny Zamyatin
2775:Anatoly Yakobson
2735:Valentin Turchin
2645:Andrei Sinyavsky
2635:Yurii Shukhevych
2630:Vladimir Shelkov
2615:Avital Sharansky
2605:Igor Shafarevich
2530:Boris Pustyntsev
2415:Viktor Nekipelov
2325:Kronid Lyubarsky
2315:Levko Lukyanenko
2280:Alexander Lerner
2260:Eduard Kuznetsov
2245:Yuri Kublanovsky
2210:Anatoly Koryagin
2110:Paruyr Hayrikyan
2085:Pyotr Grigorenko
2070:Anatoly Gladilin
2040:Alexander Galich
1990:Abulfaz Elchibey
1965:David Devdariani
1880:Nikolai Berdyaev
1875:Arkadiy Belinkov
1845:Chabua Amirejibi
1749:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1687:
1684:Harper's Monthly
1678:
1659:
1639:
1629:
1602:
1571:
1540:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1453:
1432:
1417:
1392:
1371:
1352:
1350:
1343:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1278:on May 31, 2006.
1274:. Archived from
1263:
1257:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1151:
1145:
1129:
1111:
1102:
1098:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1055:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1024:
1013:
1011:
993:
987:
986:
980:
976:
974:
966:
965:on May 31, 2006.
961:. Archived from
950:
944:
943:
922:
916:
915:
899:
878:
877:
872:. Archived from
839:
820:
819:
818:on May 31, 2006.
803:
763:on the banks of
586:
570:Helsinki Accords
558:Vladimir Borisov
440:Soviet dissident
320:Andrei Sinyavsky
310:Protest at trial
184:
168:
76:
62:
60:
35:
21:
20:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2760:Georgi Vladimov
2705:Vasyl Symonenko
2700:Ivan Svitlichny
2670:Pitirim Sorokin
2660:Sergei Soldatov
2650:Vladimir Slepak
2620:Natan Sharansky
2610:Varlam Shalamov
2580:Dmitri Savitski
2575:Andrei Sakharov
2545:Arseny Roginsky
2500:Leonid Plyushch
2490:Viktoras Petkus
2465:Boris Pasternak
2435:Vasile Odobescu
2420:Viktor Nekrasov
2385:Mykhailo Melnyk
2375:Zhores Medvedev
2295:Veniamin Levich
2270:Alexander Lavut
2215:Nahum Korzhavin
2175:Dina Kaminskaya
2095:Vasily Grossman
2030:Balys Gajauskas
2020:Moysey Fishbein
2015:Viktor Fainberg
1975:Yuri Druzhnikov
1925:Valery Chalidze
1870:Vasile Bătrânac
1830:Vasily Aksyonov
1825:Mikhail Agursky
1816:
1758:
1753:
1694:
1692:Further reading
1627:10.2307/2497633
1450:
1414:
1389:
1368:
1348:
1341:
1321:
1316:
1309:National Review
1305:
1301:
1287:
1283:
1264:
1260:
1254:Chicago Tribune
1251:
1247:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1199:
1195:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1152:
1148:
1139:Wayback Machine
1130:Excerpts found
1126:
1112:
1105:
1095:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1056:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1033:Foreign Affairs
1025:
1016:
1008:
994:
990:
978:
977:
968:
967:
951:
947:
940:
923:
919:
900:
881:
876:on May 2, 2006.
840:
823:
804:
777:
773:
745:
732:
719:
714:
708:
701:
685:
683:
676:
669:
659:
652:
650:
643:
636:
620:
613:
607:Born in Moscow
606:
583:
562:Viktor Fainberg
554:
517:
483:
463:Foreign Affairs
452:
450:Post-USSR views
443:Natan Sharansky
437:
435:Soviet reaction
425:
378:Andrei Sakharov
370:
335:Andrei Sakharov
312:
277:
222:
185:, 12 May 1938,
143:
108:Alma mater
78:
74:
64:
58:
56:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2919:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:Tomas Venclova
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:Victor Sokolov
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2555:Mykola Rudenko
2552:
2550:Maria Rozanova
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2480:Zianon Pazniak
2477:
2475:Gleb Pavlovsky
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:Andrei Mironov
2402:
2400:Vazif Meylanov
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2320:Nikolay Lossky
2317:
2312:
2310:Pavel Litvinov
2307:
2302:
2300:Eduard Limonov
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:Yaroslav Lesiv
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2230:Sergei Kovalev
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:Nikolai Klyuev
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2165:Iryna Kalynets
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:Grigory Isayev
2137:
2135:Mykhailo Horyn
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2075:Semyon Gluzman
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2035:Yuri Galanskov
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1955:Vadim Delaunay
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1915:Joseph Brodsky
1912:
1907:
1905:Leonid Borodin
1902:
1897:
1892:
1890:Larisa Bogoraz
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1840:Andrei Amalrik
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1763:
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1752:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1701:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1679:
1660:
1654:(in Russian).
1640:
1620:(2): 316–317.
1603:
1572:
1541:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1433:
1418:
1413:978-2020057042
1412:
1393:
1388:978-0156673501
1387:
1372:
1367:978-0156453936
1366:
1353:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1299:
1291:The Australian
1281:
1272:New York Times
1258:
1245:
1226:
1211:
1193:
1188:The Australian
1178:
1165:
1146:
1124:
1103:
1093:
1075:
1068:
1045:
1014:
1006:
988:
945:
938:
917:
912:New York Times
879:
862:10.2307/127788
856:(4): 335–345.
849:Russian Review
821:
812:New York Times
774:
772:
769:
753:
752:
749:
744:
741:
740:
739:
736:
731:
725:
724:
723:
718:
715:
711:
710:
703:
695:
694:
688:
687:
678:
671:
662:
661:
654:
645:
638:
630:
629:
623:
622:
615:
608:
600:
599:
593:
592:
584:
582:
579:
553:
550:
516:
513:
482:
479:
456:Walter Laqueur
451:
448:
436:
433:
424:
421:
369:
366:
351:Yuri Galanskov
339:Pavel Litvinov
311:
308:
276:
273:
241:Northern Fleet
221:
218:
170:
169:
161:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
138:
134:
133:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
102:Soviet Russian
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
77:(aged 42)
71:
67:
66:
54:
50:
49:
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
16:Russian writer
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2918:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
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2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
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2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
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2819:
2818:
2816:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
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2786:
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2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
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2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Valery Tarsis
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:Danylo Shumuk
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:Efraim Sevela
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:Valery Sablin
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Dmitri Prigov
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Yulian Panich
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
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2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Alexander Men
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Guram Mamulia
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Eugene Levich
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:Victor Krasin
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Lina Kostenko
2223:
2221:
2220:Merab Kostava
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Boris Korczak
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Ihor Kalynets
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:Romas Kalanta
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Mykola Horbal
2123:
2121:
2120:Oleksa Hirnyk
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:Tengiz Gudava
2103:
2101:
2100:Igor Guberman
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
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2058:
2056:
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2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Benjamin Fain
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:Eliyahu Essas
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:Yelena Bonner
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:Yuri Bezmenov
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
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1765:
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1615:
1614:
1613:Slavic Review
1609:
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1061:
1054:
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137:Notable works
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45:
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2800:Yosyf Zisels
2780:Gleb Yakunin
2730:Lev Timofeev
2595:Victor Serge
2560:Yuly Rybakov
2540:Eliyahu Rips
2450:Raisa Orlova
2370:Roy Medvedev
2335:Vasyl Makukh
2180:Ivan Kandyba
2130:Bohdan Horyn
1865:Anna Barkova
1860:Mykola Bakay
1855:Gunārs Astra
1839:
1718:the original
1713:
1709:
1683:
1674:
1668:
1655:
1649:
1617:
1611:
1585:(6): 44–51.
1582:
1576:
1554:(6): 52–60.
1551:
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1492:
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1398:
1381:. Harcourt.
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1276:the original
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1156:The Futurist
1155:
1149:
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1084:
1078:
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1036:. Retrieved
1032:
997:
991:
979:|first=
971:cite journal
963:the original
958:
948:
929:
920:
911:
905:
874:the original
853:
847:
816:the original
811:
761:Kizhi Pogost
754:
728:
727:Quotes from
705:
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237:World War II
230:
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174:
173:
144:
140:
75:(1980-11-12)
63:May 12, 1938
18:
2826:1980 deaths
2821:1938 births
2755:Georgi Vins
2590:Iryna Senyk
2460:Lagle Parek
2380:Naum Meiman
2265:Malva Landa
2200:Lev Kopelev
2005:Efim Etkind
1985:Ivan Dziuba
1950:Yuli Daniel
1930:Lev Chernyi
1807:Helsinki-86
574:Guadalajara
529:Netherlands
489:(1970) and
429:Sovietology
324:Yuli Daniel
318:of writers
228:'s purges.
98:Nationality
43:Native name
2815:Categories
2710:Les Tanyuk
2690:Vasyl Stus
2445:Yuri Orlov
2410:Ion Moraru
2025:Ilya Gabay
1970:Ivan Drach
1710:Commentary
1495:: 128–135.
1486:: 102–109.
1268:"No title"
1236:Commentary
771:References
765:Lake Onega
597:Early life
502:meningitis
360:After the
265:Varangians
246:Stalingrad
220:Early life
90:Occupation
59:1938-05-12
2725:Enn Tarto
2305:Jüri Lina
2250:Jüri Kukk
2190:Yuliy Kim
1651:Kontinent
1599:220930497
1568:143045934
1536:Encounter
1477:: 95–101.
1100:3 Reviews
668:November
385:Orwellian
316:the trial
260:in 1959.
159:Signature
2565:Ain Saar
2115:Ivan Hel
1812:Memorial
1686:: 91–94.
1677:(6): 63.
1539:: 30–31.
1528:: 11–12.
1468:: 47–79.
1458:Articles
1346:Archived
1242:(1): 88.
1162:(6): 10.
1135:Archived
1038:July 12,
1012:p. 95-97
928:(1993).
651:February
627:Dissent
581:Timeline
233:Red Army
205:, was a
1636:2497633
1519:: 1–11.
757:Muscovy
314:During
293:Siberia
239:in the
179:Russian
121:history
1634:
1597:
1566:
1526:Survey
1517:Survey
1493:Survey
1484:Survey
1475:Survey
1466:Survey
1446:
1410:
1385:
1364:
1340:]
1293:: B04.
1122:
1091:
1066:
1004:
936:
870:127788
868:
717:Quotes
692:Exile
566:Madrid
498:Kolyma
207:Soviet
203:Andrey
199:Andrei
187:Moscow
151:Spouse
65:Moscow
1632:JSTOR
1595:S2CID
1564:S2CID
1427:[
1402:[
1349:(PDF)
1342:(PDF)
1336:[
1324:Books
1205:: B8.
866:JSTOR
706:1980
666:1970
657:1970
611:1959
552:Death
540:Swiss
515:Exile
297:Tatar
291:, in
289:Tomsk
195:Spain
118:Genre
84:Spain
1444:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1143:here
1141:and
1132:here
1120:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1064:ISBN
1040:2020
1002:ISBN
983:help
934:ISBN
699:1976
681:1975
674:1975
648:1966
641:1966
634:1965
618:1963
604:1938
560:and
389:1984
322:and
282:SMOG
129:the
70:Died
53:Born
1656:152
1622:doi
1587:doi
1556:doi
858:doi
477:".
201:or
2817::
1769::
1714:75
1712:.
1708:.
1675:16
1673:.
1667:.
1630:.
1618:37
1616:.
1610:.
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1581:.
1562:.
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1504:.
1270:.
1240:99
1238:.
1160:25
1158:.
1106:^
1048:^
1031:.
1017:^
975::
973:}}
969:{{
957:.
910:.
882:^
864:.
854:30
852:.
846:.
824:^
810:.
778:^
353:,
349:,
271:.
216:.
193:,
181::
82:,
1798:
1748:e
1741:t
1734:v
1658:.
1638:.
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1589::
1583:6
1570:.
1558::
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1128:.
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1042:.
1010:.
985:)
942:.
914:.
908:"
860::
177:(
61:)
57:(
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