Animal sacrifice - Knowledge

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altar, a girl with a basket on her head containing the concealed knife leading the way. After various rituals the animal is slaughtered over the altar, as it falls all the women present "must cry out in high, shrill tones". Its blood is collected and poured over the altar. It is butchered on the spot and various internal organs, bones and other inedible parts burnt as the deity's portion of the offering, while the meat is removed to be prepared for the participants to eat; the leading figures tasting it on the spot. The temple usually kept the skin, to sell to tanners. The fact that the humans got more use from the sacrifice than the deity had not escaped the Greeks, and is often the subject of humour in

115: 1770: 691: 1457: 1205: 1193: 387: 1778: 890:, and perhaps also in other areas, from the middle of May families with a lot of cattle slaughtered young cattle as sacrifices in order to make the earth fertile, so that the cattle would not be harmed during the summer and would have abundant milk during the harvest time in the mountains. Such a ritual burial ceremony was also found among other Balkan peoples, and it has been interpreted as a trace of the cult of an agricultural deity, for it was a sacrifice that allowed the renewal of the products of the soil, giving force to the vegetation of the fields, trees and vines. 1671: 1354: 555: 1350:

the three Mina satanic pillars with at least forty nine pebbles. Thereafter, animal sacrifice, and this is followed by farewell circumambulation of the Kaaba. The Muslims who are not on Hajj also perform a simplified ritual animal sacrifice. According to Campo, the animal sacrifice at the annual Islamic festival has origins in western Arabia in vogue before Islam. The animal sacrifice, states Philip Stewart, is not required by the Quran, but is based on interpretations of other Islamic texts.

31: 7416: 3320:, Quote: "Id al-Adha's lawful sacrificial offerings include the four species prescribed for Hajj sacrifice, sheep, goats, camels and cattle, and additionally, cow-like animals initialing the water buffalo, domesticated banteng and yaks. To meet market demands for sacrificial animals, pastoralists in northern Africa and southwestern Asia increased their flocks and overstocked grazing land, consequently accelerating the deterioration of biotic resources." 1662:. The text states that a human sacrifice may be performed to please the goddess, but only with the consent of prince before a war or cases of imminent danger. However, it was not until 2014 that the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) started collecting data on human sacrifice. According to the bureau, there were 51 cases of human sacrifice spread across 14 states between 2014 and 2016. An alleged case of human sacrifice was recorded as late as 2020. 1789:. The offerings would be placed at the altar or the temple after being slaughtered. The amount sacrificed is up to the worshippers, who can eat all of the offerings after the rite. In folk religion some regions believe that high-status deities prefer vegetarian food more, while ghosts, low-status gods, and other unknown supernatural spirits like meat. Therefore, whole pigs, whole goats, whole chickens, and whole ducks will be sacrificed in the 3671:"Gadhimai Temple Trust Chairman, Mr Ram Chandra Shah, on the decision to stop holding animal sacrifices during the Gadhimai festival. Later the trust denied the decision, as per trust such decision was obtained forcefully by animal right. Trust said it is not in our hand to stop the sacrifice it is up to people, as trust or priest never ask devotee to offer sacrifice. It is their sole and self decision " 495:

stick into it he turns it round and so strangles the animal, without either lighting a fire or making any first offering from the victim or pouring any libation over it: and when he has strangled it and flayed off the skin, he proceeds to boil it. Then when the flesh is boiled, the sacrificer takes a first offering of the flesh and of the vital organs and casts it in front of him.

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type of animal sacrifice is offered. Odysseus offers Zeus a sacrificial ram in vain. The occasions of sacrifice in Homer's epic poems may shed some light onto the view of the gods as members of society, rather than as external entities, indicating social ties. Sacrificial rituals played a major role in forming the relationship between humans and the divine.

1338:. Meat from this occasion is divided into three parts, one part is kept by the sacrificing family for food, the other gifted to friends and family, and the third given to the poor Muslims. The sacrificed animal is a sheep, goat, cow or camel. The feast follows a communal prayer at a mosque or open air. 351:), but are very rarely mentioned in literature; they were relatively late introductions to Greece, and it has been suggested that Greek preferences in this matter go very far back. The Greeks liked to believe that the animal was glad to be sacrificed, and interpreted various behaviours as showing this. 1906:

spirits or ancestors, would infect the relatives. When a member in relatives has violated a taboo or met with misfortune, a ritual will be held. It must be done in the ritual to sacrifice a pig, which means the misfortune and sin would be washed away by the blood, and apologize to the Utux with gift.

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As we have learned above, Shang dynasty sacrifice consisted in humans and animals and, to a lesser extent, wine and food (millet), and sometimes, as practiced later in Japan, tools, weapons and clothing. Sacrificial animals included dogs (traditionally interpreted as guides for the spirits, to help

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Gradel, 21: but this need not imply sacrifice as a mutual contract, breached in this instance. Evidently the gods had the greater power and freedom of choice in the matter. See Beard, et al., 34: "The gods would accept as sufficient exactly what they were offered – no more, no less." Human error in

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the blood of the sacrificed animal is poured during the slaughter in the corner that was on the east side, where the Sun rises; in order for the house to stand and for good luck, the owner of the house throws silver or golden coins in the same corner of the house; the lady of the house throws there

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These sacrificial practices, described in these pre-Homeric eras, share commonalities to the 8th century forms of sacrificial rituals. Furthermore, throughout the poem, special banquets are held whenever gods indicated their presence by some sign or success in war. Before setting out for Troy, this

303:, as well as the Hebrews (covered below). Unlike the Greeks, who had worked out a justification for keeping the best edible parts of the sacrifice for the assembled humans to eat, in these cultures the whole animal was normally placed on the fire by the altar and burned, or sometimes it was buried. 1704:

including his nine temples for his family. The Dukes sacrificed to the altar of land and grain and to the various rivers and streams and mountains in their territory and their family temples. The common person didn't have a temple but sacrificed to their father or grandfather or relevant family in

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tradition found in the eastern Indian states of West Bengal, Odisha and Assam. Further, even in these states, the festival season is one where significant animal sacrifices are observed. In some Shakta Hindu communities, the slaying of buffalo demon and victory of Durga is observed with a symbolic

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The animal sacrifice during the Hajj is a part of nine step pilgrimage ritual. It is, states Campo, preceded by a statement to intention and body purification, inaugural circumambulation of the Kaaba seven times, running between Marwa and Safa hills, encampment at Mina, standing in Arafat, stoning

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The victim stands with its fore-feet tied, and the sacrificing priest stands behind the victim, and by pulling the end of the cord he throws the beast down; and as the victim falls, he calls upon the god to whom he is sacrificing, and then at once throws a noose round its neck, and putting a small

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typically consisted of sacrificing domestic animals at the altar with hymn and prayer. The altar was outside any temple building, and might not be associated with a temple at all. The animal, which should be perfect of its kind, is decorated with garlands and the like, and led in procession to the

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transport nearly a million animals every year for sacrifice to Mina (near Mecca). The sacrificed animals at Id al-Adha, states Clarke Brooke, include the four species considered lawful for the Hajj sacrifice: sheep, goats, camels and cattle, and additionally, cow-like animals initialing the water

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and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their

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The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe

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sacrificed various kinds of livestock, though the most prestigious offering was considered to be the horse. The pig, on the other hand, was never offered in sacrifice, and apparently the Scythians were loath to keep swine within their lands. Herodotus describes the Scythian manner of sacrifice as

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was at the forefront of domestication, and some of the earliest archeological evidence suggesting animal sacrifice comes from Egypt. However, animal sacrifice was not a central practice of Egyptian religion, but was rather a peripherical occurrence that happened away from worshippers. The oldest

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On the occasion of the beginning of plowghing the wheat field, a chicken is slaughtered on the tail of the plough. The head of the chicken is mixed with the seed and the earth obtained from the first pass of the ploughing. Those animal sacrifices are made for soil fertility and production,

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their apartment or house and could only sacrifice to family because of the burden of the luxurious animals. The noble would sacrifice pigs, goats or sheep, cows, mainly oxen, dogs or wild dogs, and other livestock at different times of the year; in bad years the sacrifices were less.

596:– including the Emperor's – were offered fertile victims. After the sacrifice, a banquet was held; in state cults, the images of honoured deities took pride of place on banqueting couches and by means of the sacrificial fire consumed their proper portion ( 1515:

Animal sacrifice is a part of Durga puja celebrations during the Navratri in eastern states of India. The goddess is offered sacrificial animal in this ritual in the belief that it stimulates her violent vengeance against the buffalo demon. According to

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unwashed wool. These things are to remain buried in the foundation of the house that is being built. The relatives of the house owner throw money on the foundation of the house as well, but that money is taken by the craftsman who builds the house. In

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All or only part of a sacrificial animal may be offered; some cultures, like the ancient and modern Greeks, eat most of the edible parts of the sacrifice in a feast, and burnt the rest as an offering. Others burnt the whole animal offering, called a

1720:. The names of the offering scales from honorable to low are 'Tai-lao'(太牢), 'Shao-lao'(少牢), 'Te-sheng'(特牲), 'Te-shi'(特豕), 'Te-tun'(特豚), 'Yu'(魚), 'La'(臘), 'Dou'(豆) and else. The Tai-lao class, now only practiced in the ceremony of worshipping 546:

was animal sacrifice, typically of domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep and pigs. Each was the best specimen of its kind, cleansed, clad in sacrificial regalia and garlanded; the horns of oxen might be gilded. Sacrifice sought the

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has long opposed all forms of animal sacrifice, and the practice's "very possibility ... has been generally rejected as unreasonable and hostile to Christian theology". Most Christian denominations believe that the sacrificial death of

251:, one of the earliest known sacred centers in Europe, evidence of the sacrifice of sheep, cattle and swine has been uncovered by excavations, and it is indicated that ritual sacrifice may have been common across Italy around 3000 1986:

demon made of flour, or equivalent, is immolated and smeared with vermilion to remember the blood that had necessarily been spilled during the war. Other substitutes include a vegetal or sweet dish considered equivalent to the

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Animal sacrifices for new buildings is a pagan practice widespread among Albanians. At the beginning of the construction of the new house, the foundation traditionally starts with prayers, in a 'lucky day', facing the Sun

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arrival or return. In times of great crisis, the Senate could decree collective public rites, in which Rome's citizens, including women and children, moved in procession from one temple to the next, supplicating the gods.

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about 2,500,000 sheep, cows and goats are sacrificed each year to observe the Islamic festival of animal sacrifice, with a part of the sacrificed animal given to the needy who did not sacrifice an animal. According to

371:(meaning 100 bulls) might in practice only involve a dozen or so, at large festivals the number of cattle sacrificed could run into the hundreds, and the numbers feasting on them well into the thousands. The enormous 3731: 342:

The animals used are, in order of preference, bull or ox, cow, sheep (the most common), goat, pig (with piglet the cheapest mammal), and poultry (but rarely other birds or fish). Horses and asses are seen on some

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alone, for example, some 800,000 animals were sacrificed in 2014 by its Muslims on the festival, but the number can be a bit lower or higher depending on the economic conditions. According to Lesley Hazleton, in

1560:– a practice that continues in some places. The ritual requires slaying of the animal with a single stroke. In the past this ritual was considered a rite of passage into manhood and readiness as a warrior. The 409:'s epics. Throughout the poems, the use of the ritual is apparent at banquets where meat is served, in times of danger or before some important endeavor to gain the favor of the gods. For example, in Homer's 1622:

means a child pig, which is sacrificed to the goddess every three years. Kandhen Budhi is also worshipped at Lather village under Mohangiri GP in Kalahandi district of Orissa, India. (Pasayat, 2009:20–24).

1658:. Chapters 67 through 78 of the text constitute the Rudhiradhyaya, which discusses bali (animal sacrifice) and of Vamacara Tantrism. The Rudhiradhyaya section is notable for its uncommon discussion of 367:

could be thrown on the sacred fire, and outside the cities farmers made simple sacrificial gifts of plant produce as the "first fruits" were harvested. Although the grand form of sacrifice called the

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pleased the gods and established a channel of communication between the worlds. Animal sacrifices could be acts of thanksgiving, appeasement, to ask for good health and fertility, or as a means of

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highlands a ram or a rooster is slaughered on the foundation and then their heads are buried there; the owners of the house throw coins as well as seeds of different plants on the foundation.

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In these cases, Shaktism devotees consider animal sacrifice distasteful, practice alternate means of expressing devotion while respecting the views of others in their tradition. A statue of

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dynasties, the nobles used to practice a complicated and hierarchical sacrificial system and only the king could sacrifice to heaven and earth and the four sacred mountains including

363:, especially of the liver, and as part of the cult of Apollo. Generally, the Greeks put more faith in observing the behaviour of birds. For a smaller and simpler offering, a grain of 2275:

Burkert (1985): 2:1:1; to some extent different animals were thought appropriate for different deities, from bulls for Zeus and Poseidon to doves for Aphrodite, Burkert (1985): 2:1:4

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was built until it was also destroyed in 70 CE. After the destruction of the Second Temple sacrifices were prohibited because there was no longer a Temple, the only place allowed by

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Gihus, Ingvild Saelid. Animals, Gods, and Humans: Changing Ideas to Animals in Greek, Roman, and early Christian Ideas. London; New York: Routeledge, 2006.*Pasayat, C. (2003),

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Though the household Lares do just that, and at least some Romans understood them to be ancestral spirits. Sacrifices to the spirits of deceased mortals are discussed below in

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in Nepal. In 2009 it was speculated that more than 250,000 animals were killed while 5 million devotees attended the festival. However, this practise was later banned in 2015.

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festival. Color had a general symbolic value for sacrifices. Demigods and heroes, who belonged to the heavens and the underworld, were sometimes given black-and-white victims.

1594:. In this form of worship, animals, usually goats, are decapitated and the blood is offered to deity often by smearing some of it on a post outside the temple. For instance, 1391:, when a child is seven days old, is shaved and given a name. It is believed that the animal sacrifice binds the child to Islam and offers protection to the child from evil. 3735: 2851:

Magnell, Ola (2012). "Sacred Cows or Old Beasts? A Taphonomic Approach to Studying Ritual Killing with an Example from Iron Age Uppåkra". In Pluskowski, Aleksander (ed.).

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is the reigning deity of Kantamal in Boudh district of Orissa, India. Every year, animals like goat and fowl are sacrificed before the deity on the occasion of her annual

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deities, distinguished from Olympic deities by typically being offered the holocaust mode of sacrifice, where the offering is wholly burnt, may be remnants of the native

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where a rooster is used in religious custom by allowing him to fight against another rooster in a religious and spiritual cockfight, a spiritual appeasement exercise of

1249:. The animal may be brought into the church before being taken out again and killed. Some villages in Greece sacrifice animals to Orthodox saints in a practice known as 4366:在部落中有一種力量，就如泰雅的gaga一樣，太魯閣叫做gaya。Gaya是家與部落的中心，每一個成員都必須嚴格遵守的，否則一人違規全家或全部落都會遭殃的。這種力量像是一種規訓，如果不遵守就會觸犯禁忌、受到祖先的懲罰，這時必須殺豬來解除。其內容各gaya間會略有不同，但大抵來說都是道德上的訓誡，如不可口出穢言、要參與部落活動等等。 1036: 1330:

also participate in this sacrifice wherever they are, on the 10th day of the 12th lunar month in the Islamic calendar. It is understood as a symbolic re-enactment of

914:. It seems that some animals were offered wholly to the gods (by burying or burning), while some were shared between gods and humans (part eaten and part set aside). 267:, excavations have revealed basins for animal sacrifice dating to the period 2000 to 1700 BCE. However, remains of a young goat were found in Cueva de la Dehesilla ( 2749: 5296: 1870:

was meritorious and prevailing and that Merced was entitled under the Texas Religious Freedom and Restoration Act (TRFRA) to an injunction preventing the city of

1642:. The spilling of blood is necessary as purification to appease the evil spirits, and ritual fights follow an ancient and complex ritual as set out in the sacred 741:, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made. 3505: 4190: 6815: 602:, the innards). Rome's officials and priests reclined in order of precedence alongside and ate the meat; lesser citizens may have had to provide their own. 2334: 3973: 1460:

A male buffalo calf about to be sacrificed by a priest in the Durga Puja festival. The buffalo sacrifice practice, however, is rare in contemporary India.

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in Mexico today still sacrifice animals in conjunction with church practices, a ritual practiced in past religions before the arrival of the Spaniards.

570:, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: 235:, animal sacrifice had become a common practice across many cultures, and appeared to have become more generally restricted to domestic livestock. At 3267:

Zaidi, Farrah; Chen, Xue-xin (2011). "A preliminary survey of carrion breeding insects associated with the Eid ul Azha festival in remote Pakistan".

4675: 4224: 858:), and an animal is slaughered as a sacrifice. The practice continues with variations depending on the Albanian ethnographic area. For instance in 1020:

was made at seasonal festivals as well as at funerals, before battles and perilous journeys, or after the conclusion of business between traders.

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among these Rajput communities is a warrior-pativrata guardian goddess, with local legends tracing reverence for her during Rajput-Muslim wars.

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Some animal sacrifice or ritual slaughter continued among Celtic peoples long after they converted to Christianity. Until the 19th century, on

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to offer offerings and sacrifices on various altars. The sacrifices were only to be offered by the hands of the Kohanim. Before building the

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In India, ritual of animal sacrifice is practised in many villages before local deities or certain powerful and terrifying forms of the

6313: 3997: 192:, which flourished between 4400 and 4000 BCE. Sheep and goats were found buried in their own graves at one site, while at another site 6726: 4337: 4283: 1306:(pilgrimage) are obliged to sacrifice a lamb or a goat or join others in sacrificing a cow or a camel during the celebration of the 7082: 6847: 5104: 4655: 1245:

A handful of rural Christian communities sacrifice animals (which are then consumed in a feast) as part of worship, especially at

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The tradition of animal sacrifice is being substituted with vegetarian offerings to the Goddess in temples and households around

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Some animal offerings, such as fowl, pigs, goats, fish, or other livestock, are accepted in some Taoism sects and beliefs in

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and Confucian scholars framed the sacrificing scale of every strata from the Zhou system, not including human sacrifice, in

846:"sacrifice") have been common practices performed by Albanians during their feasts and ritual pilgrimages on mountain tops. 6714: 6253: 5001: 3016: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 1436:

strongly rooted in local tribal traditions. Animal sacrifices were carried out in ancient times in India. Some later minor

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offered a sacrifice with lamb millet and southern wood and black millet whine with fragrant herbs mainly southern wood.

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in Sweden. He wrote that every ninth year, nine men and nine of every animal were sacrificed and their bodies hung in a

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side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following

217: 212:, which may have been sacrificed in honor of powerful former citizens or buried near their former owners. According to 3670: 7331: 6807: 6767: 6690: 6647: 6501: 6426: 5905: 4660: 4650: 4566: 4023: 3859: 3832: 3488: 3455: 2551: 2180: 2015: 1859: 1290: 960:(11 November) in rural Ireland a rooster, goose or sheep would be slaughtered and some of its blood sprinkled on the 344: 4187: 3648: 1846:

adherents to practice ritual animal sacrifice in the United States of America. Likewise in Texas in 2009, legal and

804:), while those of sheep or pigs were grilled on skewers. When the deity's portion was cooked, it was sprinkled with 6975: 6626: 6456: 6283: 5358: 5353: 4783: 4172: 3886: 3116:

Bowen, John R. (1992). "On scriptural essentialism and ritual variation: Muslim sacrifice in Sumatra and Morocco".

507: 1793:. Some vegetarian believers make dummy pigs or dummy goats from vegetarian food like bread or rice for sacrifice. 862:

the sacrificed animal is placed on the foundation, with its head placed towards the east, where the Sun rises. In

6943: 6696: 6581: 5795: 5381: 5276: 424:, which partly reflects very early Greek civilization, not every banquet of the princes begins with a sacrifice. 4552:

Rosivach, Vincent J. The System of Public Sacrifice in Fourth-Century Athens. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1994.

2331: 6919: 5286: 4996: 4665: 4450: 4048: 4013: 3966: 3398: 706: 2507: 6556: 6441: 5266: 4798: 4736: 2499: 2464: 1822: 1234:" to whom all ancient sacrifices pointed. Most Christian sects believe that the "bloodless" sacrifice of the 114: 6658: 6616: 6436: 5835: 4766: 4711: 4462:

Insoll, T. 2010. Talensi Animal Sacrifice and its Archaeological Implications. World Archaeology 42: 231–44

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The evidence of the existence of such practices is clear in some ancient Greek literature, especially in

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Egyptian animal sacrifice became restricted to livestock – sheep, cattle, swine and geese – with sets of

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or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the dead".

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imported sacrificial sheep and goats from Egypt rather than selecting from their own livestock. At the

47: 2195: 2155: 1277:, is believed to stem from pre-Christian pagan rituals. Additionally, some Mayans following a form of 1159:, sacrifices were allowed only there. After the Temple was destroyed, sacrifices was resumed when the 700:

altar dedicated to the Mother of the Gods on behalf of the emperor's wellbeing, set up by a priest in

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Garnsey, Peter. Food and Society in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

1520:, the animal sacrifice practice is rare among Hindus during Navratri, or at other times, outside the 1256: 2839:

The Festival of Lughnasa: A Study of the Survival of the Celtic Festival of the Beginning of Harvest

2218: 204:, the remains of a much wider variety of animals were found, including non-domestic species such as 7309: 7270: 7256: 7122: 7098: 6887: 6511: 5920: 5865: 5322: 5041: 5026: 5011: 4968: 4933: 4670: 1931: 1113: 871:

a ram is slaughered at the foundation, and the head of the ram is placed on the foundation. In the

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were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a

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buffalo, domesticated banteng and yaks. Many are brought in from north Africa and parts of Asia.

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Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the

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with an iron implement, which was forbidden, as well as after. The pig was a common victim for a

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Herodotus goes on to describe the human sacrifice of prisoners, conducted in a different manner.

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practices relating to the use of animals (see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 110.005(a)(2)).

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Brooke, Clarke (1987). "Sacred Slaughter: The Sacrificing of Animals at theHajjandId al-Adha".

2722: 1826: 1587:, animal sacrifice is practiced to pacify female deities that are supposed to rule the groves. 1580: 1227: 634:

and other underworld goddesses of fruitfulness were sometimes offered pregnant female animals;

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Animal sacrifice should generally be distinguished from the religiously prescribed methods of

7170: 6991: 6951: 6863: 6823: 6744: 6738: 6551: 5840: 5740: 5705: 5291: 5190: 5099: 4938: 4828: 4793: 4300: 3506:"Visnu's Sleep, Mahisa's Attack, Durga's Victory: Concepts of Royalty in a Sacrificial Drama" 3415: 3388: 3229: 2293: 2170: 2118: 1786: 1180:, a group historically related to the Jews, practice animal sacrifice in accordance with the 1170: 1109: 627: 101: 39: 5825: 4146: 2976: 2494:, "The Deconstruction of Mommsen on Festus 462/464 L, or the Hazards of Interpretation", in 7194: 6999: 6927: 6678: 6621: 6491: 6343: 6328: 6202: 6107: 6062: 5915: 5137: 4978: 4746: 4726: 2876: 2766: 2475: 2375: 2368: 1192: 1128:(Jewish ritual slaughter). Sacrifices could also consist of grain, meal, wine, or incense. 147: 135: 6067: 4334: 3598:

Revelry, Rivalry, and Longing for the Goddesses of Bengal: The Fortunes of Hindu Festivals

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system of sacrifices. Consequently, animal sacrifice is rarely practiced in Christianity.

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sacrifices a pig with prayer for his unrecognizable master Odysseus. However, in Homer's

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Animal Sacrifice in Ancient Greek Religion, Judaism, and Christianity, 100 BC to AD 200

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Ritual Worship of the Great Goddess: The Liturgy of the Durga Puja with Interpretations

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Ritual Worship of the Great Goddess: The Liturgy of the Durga Puja with interpretation

2750:

Uisneach Midi a medón Érenn: a prehistoric cult centre and royal site in Co. Westmeath

737:'s death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In 7372: 7146: 7106: 7058: 7050: 6935: 6702: 6601: 6576: 6541: 6298: 6288: 6197: 6137: 6057: 5644: 5509: 5484: 5474: 5454: 5180: 5064: 4973: 4808: 4562: 4539: 4515: 4496: 4446: 4409: 4388: 4306: 4044: 4019: 3991: 3946: 3882: 3855: 3828: 3801: 3764: 3602: 3575: 3484: 3451: 3421: 3394: 3367: 3340: 3284: 3235: 3183: 3153: 3096: 3049: 2856: 2806: 2547: 2379: 2176: 2011: 1951: 1631: 1533: 1260: 1197: 1028: 997: 907: 831: 825: 635: 356: 355:

by examining parts of the sacrificed animal was much less important than in Roman or

288: 81: 3280: 2834: 1353: 882:

According to an old Albanian custom practiced until recently in various villages in

7316: 7042: 6591: 6258: 6162: 6127: 6117: 6047: 5910: 5850: 5805: 5770: 5629: 5569: 5343: 5301: 5261: 5231: 5221: 5155: 4958: 4721: 4690: 4482: 4325:

Insoll, T. Talensi Animal Sacrifice and its Archaeological Implications, pp. 231–34

3942: 3709: 3311: 3276: 3125: 2289: 2219:"New funerary and ritual behaviors of the Neolithic Iberian populations discovered" 2172:

Behaviour Behind Bones: The Zooarchaeology of Ritual, Religion, Status and Identity

1902:

people believe that bad-luck or punishments of 'Utux', which refers to any kind of

1335: 1278: 961: 922: 917:

Archaeologists have found evidence of animal sacrifice at some Gaulish and British

796: 719: 571: 440: 360: 108: 5674: 5519: 3255:

Eid al-Adha 2016: When is it and why does it not fall on the same date every year?

3129: 776:(divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the 7130: 6238: 6192: 6187: 6042: 6007: 5992: 5930: 5820: 5765: 5745: 5684: 5594: 5504: 5444: 5419: 5074: 4948: 4403: 4382: 4341: 4287: 4269: 4212: 4194: 4176: 3910: 3876: 3849: 3822: 3795: 3791: 3758: 3596: 3569: 3478: 3445: 2599: 2338: 2250:

Burkert (1985), 2:1:1, 2:1:2. For more exotic local forms of sacrifice, see the

2239: 2206: 1956: 1946: 1941: 1675: 1659: 1181: 965: 942: 376: 139: 93: 3206:, The Commonwealth Forestry Review, Vol. 58, No. 1 (175) (March 1979), pp. 27–31 868: 7074: 6871: 6471: 6373: 6303: 6293: 6217: 6147: 6132: 6077: 6002: 5977: 5925: 5870: 5830: 5735: 5725: 5700: 5614: 5544: 5469: 5409: 5281: 5211: 5056: 5031: 4988: 4963: 4953: 4928: 4888: 4843: 4751: 4438: 4122:"Archaic Chinese Sacrificial Practices in the Light of Generative Anthropology" 1921: 1916: 1864:

Jose Merced, President Templo Yoruba Omo Orisha Texas, Inc., v. City of Euless.

1806: 1790: 1721: 1226:

permanently abolished animal sacrifice, primarily based on the teaching in the

1122:

was an animal sacrifice, such as a bull, sheep, goat, or a dove that underwent

1099: 1024: 973: 672: 590:

with strong connections to the earth, such as Mars, Janus, Neptune and various

554: 380: 185: 169: 157: 89: 4487: 4470: 4262: 4158:...高祖十二年（前195年）十二月，漢高祖劉邦平定英布之亂後，於返京途中，路過曲阜孔廟，漢高祖以全牛、全豬、全羊之太牢重禮祭孔廟，為後世立下天子祭孔典範。 4121: 3700:"Thousands of Animals Have Been Saved in Nepal as Mass Slaughter Is Cancelled" 3315: 1751: 1173:

of the second century CE and was continued in certain communities thereafter.

812: 7438: 7348: 6466: 6333: 6308: 6243: 6212: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6152: 6037: 6012: 5982: 5885: 5855: 5710: 5664: 5659: 5624: 5619: 5574: 5559: 5539: 5514: 5479: 5459: 5424: 5327: 5160: 4903: 4863: 4761: 4731: 4606: 4010:

Bali Today: Love and social life By Jean Couteau, Jean Couteau, et al. p.129

3363:

Call to Compassion: Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World's Religions

2818: 2639:(Indiana University Press, 2003, originally published in French 1998), p. 84. 1936: 1926: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1871: 1851: 1747: 1716: 1693: 1655: 1509: 1445: 1429: 1425: 1239: 1160: 1032: 926: 906:. The idea seems to have been that ritually transferring a life-force to the 529: 525: 513: 197: 180: 30: 6122: 663: 443:

deities may come from the Proto-Greeks who overran the southern part of the

196:

were found at the feet of several human burials. At a cemetery uncovered at

6526: 6368: 6358: 6207: 6182: 6092: 6087: 6072: 6032: 6022: 5895: 5815: 5810: 5790: 5780: 5775: 5715: 5654: 5649: 5599: 5589: 5579: 5489: 5414: 5271: 5226: 5185: 5147: 5132: 5094: 4913: 4893: 4813: 3288: 2784: 1903: 1697: 1485: 1380: 1255:. Sacrifice of a lamb, or less commonly a rooster, is a common practice in 1223: 1218: 1132: 902:

sacrificed animals, almost always livestock or working animals, as part of

680: 583: 391: 336: 228: 85: 2881:

Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions

2771:

Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions

2008:

Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Ancient Greek Sacrificial Ritual and Myth

1433: 1361:

The Eid al-Adha is major annual festival of animal sacrifice in Islam. In

985: 7090: 6536: 6363: 6353: 6338: 6278: 6112: 6017: 5987: 5962: 5900: 5890: 5679: 5564: 5549: 5534: 5499: 5494: 5464: 5434: 5429: 5241: 5175: 5046: 5021: 4918: 4823: 4818: 4431: 3827:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 61, 88. 3763:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp. 45 with footnote 55, 58–59. 2632: 1584: 1493: 1307: 1294: 1231: 1213: 1169:

for sacrifices. Offering of sacrifices was briefly reinstated during the

1013: 925:. Accounts of Celtic animal sacrifice come from Roman and Greek writers. 694: 558:

Preparation of an animal sacrifice; marble, fragment of an architectural

533: 372: 236: 209: 189: 165: 152: 35: 4405:

Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal

4249: 4169: 3203: 2284:

Struck, P.T. (2014). "Animals and Divination", In Campbell, G.L. (Ed.),

1843: 7202: 6720: 6431: 6323: 6268: 6248: 6102: 6097: 6082: 6052: 6027: 5967: 5845: 5760: 5720: 5554: 5524: 4858: 4848: 4741: 3330: 3204:

Islamic law as a factor in grazing management: The Pilgrimage Sacrifice

2263: 1557: 1484:. These traditions are followed in parts of eastern states of India at 1407: 1177: 1152: 1140: 981: 968:, and was eaten as part of a feast. Bull sacrifices at the time of the 938: 911: 806: 724: 701: 639: 548: 352: 240: 3536: 3534: 2262:. The advantageous division of the animal was supposed to go back to 1816: 722:, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see 7295: 7154: 6750: 6521: 5997: 5972: 5860: 5639: 5584: 5236: 5036: 4943: 4923: 4898: 4833: 3704: 2938: 2113: 1875: 1847: 1759: 1725: 1710: 1701: 1635: 1556:, and formerly offered a sacrifice of a goat to a goddess revered as 1553: 1549: 1441: 1362: 1251: 1235: 1079: 977: 658: 651: 614: 609: 537: 486: 471: 276: 213: 161: 66: 4471:"The Encaenia of St Sophia: Animal Sacrifice in a Christian Context" 1866:

The court ruling that the Merced case of the freedom of exercise of

5935: 4853: 4803: 3531: 2511: 2255: 2150: 1867: 1743: 1521: 1469: 1421: 1417: 1395: 1387:

Other occasions when Muslims perform animal sacrifice include the '

1376: 1264: 1124: 969: 937:

burning animal sacrifices in a large wickerwork figure, known as a

729: 605: 432: 368: 260: 248: 184:

Egyptian burial sites containing animal remains originate from the

127: 3567: 3551: 3549: 859: 5165: 5119: 4778: 4069:"Does Goddess Kali Really Demand Human Sacrifice to Slay Demons?" 3854:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 107–08. 3797:

Is the Goddess a Feminist?: the Politics of South Asian Goddesses

2524: 2496:

Imperium sine fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic

2463:(Polity Press, 2007, originally published in German 2001), p. 81 1810: 1568: 1505: 1473: 1331: 1299: 1268: 1165: 1069: 918: 887: 773: 738: 647: 444: 415: 411: 395: 364: 205: 193: 4575: 2823:

The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain

2075:

Funerary Sacrifice of Animals in the Egyptian Predynastic Period

1464:

Animal sacrifices are performed mainly at temples following the

1310:, an Arabic term that means "Feast of Sacrifice", also known as 1004: 517:

with the pig, sheep, and bull to be sacrificed, on a panel from

4716: 4618: 3881:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 215. 3546: 3417:

Understanding World Religions: A Road Map for Justice and Peace

3414:

Smith, David Whitten; Bur, Elizabeth Geraldine (January 2007).

2853:

The Ritual Killing and Burial of Animals: European Perspectives

2259: 2046:"Egyptian Religion and the Problem of the Category "Sacrifice"" 2010:. trans. Peter Bing. Berkeley: University of California. 1983. 1802: 1763: 1755: 1732: 1545: 1465: 1437: 1367: 1273: 1246: 1148: 1136: 1063: 930: 883: 863: 749: 734: 643: 559: 316: 300: 221: 77: 69: 62: 51: 3216:

Animal Sacrifice in the World’s Largest Muslim-Majority Nation

2433: 2431: 2168: 6789: 5380: 2671: 2576:

the previous annual vows and sacrifice remains a possibility.

1982: 1497: 1489: 1481: 1327: 1083: 946: 934: 899: 872: 621: 420: 406: 296: 272: 264: 119: 73: 3800:. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press. p. 77. 2997: 2987: 2985: 2286:

The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life

1012:. The blood was sprinkled on altars, idols and the walls of 6561: 4298: 3784: 3017:"Maya and Catholic Religious Syncretism at Chamula, Mexico" 2690: 2688: 2686: 2515: 2428: 2169:

Jones O'Day, Sharyn; Van Neer, Wim; Ervynck, Anton (2004).

1591: 1501: 1477: 1303: 1196:

Matagh of a rooster at the entrance of a monastery church (

728:), to be rendered after five more years of protection from 598: 4459:, New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., pp. 67–84. 4062: 4060: 3732:"Gadhimai Trust dismisses reports on animal sacrifice ban" 2627:(Brill, 1969), vol. 1, pp. 471–72, and "Roman Sacrifice," 2328:

King of Sacrifice: Ritual and Royal Authority in the Iliad

618:("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed 2982: 2661: 2659: 2657: 5297:

University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid

4514:, Oxford classical monographs, Oxford University Press, 4134:

them during their hunts), and also sheep, oxen and pigs.

3621: 3480:

The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India

3447:

The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India

3380: 2683: 1208:

Christmas goat sacrifice in Isla de Margarita, Venezuela

1027:

wrote that human and animal sacrifices were made at the

748:

were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in

671:

might also be offered as a sort of advance payment; the

654:

for the protection of crops from blight and red mildew.

4057: 4039:

Eliot, Joshua; Capaldi, Liz; Bickersteth, Jane (2001).

4038: 3730:

Kumar Yadav, Praveen; Tripathi, Ritesh (29 July 2015).

3473: 3440: 1728:, use whole cows, whole goats and whole pigs in Taiwan 562:, first quarter of the 2nd century AD; from Rome, Italy 4302:

Vodou, a Sacred Theatre: The African Heritage in Haiti

3387:

Stephens, Alan Andrew; Walden, Raphael Walden (2006).

3336:

Animals and Nature: Cultural Myths, Cultural Realities

3257:, Harriet Agerholm, The Independent (6 September 2016) 2654: 2522:

when he makes his vow to sacrifice himself in battle (

2071: 972:

festival were recorded as late as the 18th century at

650:) was given red dogs and libations of red wine at the 65:

killing and offering of animals, usually as part of a

6816:

Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes

4149:(in Chinese). Taipei Confucius Temple Governing Board 3760:

The goddesses' henchmen gender in Indian hero worship

3594: 1654:

Human sacrifice is also mentioned in Hinduism in the

790:

is shared among human beings in a communal meal. The

4422:

Barik, Sarmistha (2009), "Bali Yatra of Sonepur" in

2700: 1773:

A sacrificed pig on the altar in the ghost festival.

1117: 1103: 1093: 1087: 1073: 786:

and blood are reserved for the gods, while the meat

470:

According to the unique account by the Greek author

92:, and continue in some cultures or religions today. 4344:. Full text of the opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com. 3934: 3729: 2892: 2890: 2642: 2093:"In Ancient Egypt, Life Wasn't Easy for Elite Pets" 1817:

Traditional Sub-Saharan and Afro-American religions

854:, starting after sunrise, during the growing Moon ( 657:A sacrifice might be made in thanksgiving or as an 3483:. Princeton University Press. pp. 46, 83–85. 3071:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to African Religions 3037: 2367: 1766:, animal sacrifices are banned in Taoist temples. 462:began to question the ethics of animal sacrifice. 4380: 4119: 3540: 3179:Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilization and Religion 2939:"Judaism 101: Qorbanot: Sacrifices and Offerings" 2410: 2401: 1318:(Sacrifice Feast) in Turkic influenced cultures, 7436: 4676:List of international animal welfare conventions 3790: 3176:Edward Hulmes (2013). Ian Richard Netton (ed.). 2911: 2887: 2504:Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult 2374:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 2341:Harvard University's Center for Hellenic Studies 2156:"Ancient Canaanites Imported Animals from Egypt" 1874:from enforcing its ordinances that burdened his 794:of bovine victims were usually stewed in a pot ( 164:may have developed as a continuation of ancient 6968:An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory 3908: 3359: 3227: 2234: 2232: 1326:in Indonesia. Other Muslims not on the Hajj to 1086:. The most common usages are animal sacrifice ( 275:, related to a funerary ritual from the Middle 6399: 4225:"中山大學 West BBS-西子灣站 / 分類佈告 / maev91 / 高雄地名知多少" 3601:. Columbia University Press. pp. 204–05. 3386: 3218:, The Wall Street Journal (September 23, 2015) 1839:Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah 1375:, nearly 10,000,000 animals are sacrificed in 984:in Scotland (where they were offered to Saint 953:' which involved sacrificing two white bulls. 841: 835: 224:and rules to describe each type of sacrifice. 4591: 4426:, Vol.LXVI, No.2, September, pp. 160–62. 4401: 3938:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M 3568:Ira Katznelson; Gareth Stedman Jones (2010). 3555: 3175: 2717: 2715: 2506:(University of Illinois Press, 2006), p. 122 4681:Moral status of animals in the ancient world 4507:, Vol.LXVI, No.2, September, pp. 20–24. 4066: 3360:Kemmerer, Lisa; Nocella, Anthony J. (2011). 3171: 3169: 2841:. Oxford University Press, 1962. pp.407, 410 2773:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 60–61. 2631:(University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 79; 2480:The Religious Experience of the Roman People 2229: 1610:(September–October). The main attraction of 1420:animal sacrifice are mostly associated with 279:period, dated to between 4800 and 4000 BCE. 239:, archeological evidence indicates that the 6643:Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society 6587:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 4619:Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases) 3624:"Hindu sacrifice of 250,000 animals begins" 3574:. Cambridge University Press. p. 343. 3469: 3467: 3450:. Princeton University Press. p. 141. 3141: 3139: 3084: 3082: 3080: 2623:Robert Schilling, "The Roman Religion", in 1821:Animal sacrifice is regularly practiced in 1398:is ritual slaughter rather than sacrifice. 130:, where animal sacrifice may have occurred. 111:of animals for normal consumption as food. 96:, where it existed, was always much rarer. 76:. Animal sacrifices were common throughout 4598: 4584: 4557:Tirta, Mark (2004). Petrit Bezhani (ed.). 4468: 3503: 3145: 3088: 3003: 2991: 2931: 2899:"Why do Jews no longer sacrifice animals?" 2795: 2712: 2625:Historia Religionum: Religions of the Past 2540:"Performing the Sacred: Prayers and Hymns" 1805:festivals included bear, deer, horse, and 1758:generally prohibit killing of animals. In 1238:, or Lord's Supper, entirely replaces the 6790:Media (books, films, periodicals, albums) 6727:Human Environment Animal Protection Party 4486: 3874: 3649:"Ritual animal slaughter begins in Nepal" 3266: 3196: 3182:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 248–49. 3166: 2789:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 2607: 1850:issues that related to animal sacrifice, 399: 348: 252: 232: 201: 43: 6848:Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology 5105:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals 4525: 4067:Bhattacharya, Aritra (6 November 2018). 3697: 3464: 3420:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 13. 3413: 3136: 3077: 2883:. Syracuse University Press. p. 59. 2875: 2765: 2665: 2365: 2067: 2065: 1776: 1768: 1669: 1665: 1455: 1352: 1340: 1322:(Goat Feast) in Indian subcontinent and 1203: 1191: 879:prosperity, health of the animals, etc. 689: 553: 506: 385: 310: 113: 72:or to appease or maintain favour with a 29: 4696:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare 4503:Pasayat, C. (2009), "Kandhen Budhi" in 4092: 4011: 3668: 3622:Olivia Lang in Bariyapur (2009-11-24). 2850: 2538:Hahn, Frances Hickson (25 March 2011). 2498:(Franz Steiner, 1996), p. 99, note 129 1525:sacrifice instead of animal sacrifice. 1042: 976:in Ireland (where they were offered to 782:. As a product of Roman sacrifice, the 661:of a sacrilege or potential sacrilege ( 574:a white heifer (possibly a white cow); 549:harmonisation of the earthly and divine 287:Animal sacrifice was general among the 14: 7437: 4773:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness 3996:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3847: 3820: 3756: 3571:Religion and the Political Imagination 3329: 3301: 2825:. Oxford University Press, 1996. p.386 2546:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 238. 2294:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199589425.013.019 1451: 1151:, sacrifices were offered only in the 160:suggests that the ritual sacrifice of 34:Sacrifice of a pig in ancient Greece ( 6984:Political Animals and Animal Politics 6788: 6572:Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition 6497:Centre for Animals and Social Justice 6398: 5379: 4909:Concentrated animal feeding operation 4686:Timeline of animal welfare and rights 4641:Animal rights by country or territory 4617: 4579: 4561:(in Albanian). Tirana: Mësonjëtorja. 4556: 4443:Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical 3918:Journal of the Bombay Natural History 3234:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 41. 3115: 2896: 2721: 2706: 2694: 2677: 2648: 2610:the heart was not included among the 2350: 2062: 1781:A dummy pig made of packs of noodles. 1649: 1379:every year on Eid. Countries such as 566:Sacrifice to deities of the heavens ( 6715:Animalist Party with the Environment 5002:Animal testing on non-human primates 4299:Marie-Jose Alcide Saint-Lot (2003). 4095:"Murder gets human sacrifice colour" 4043:. Footprint Handbooks. p. 450. 3698:Meredith, Charlotte (29 July 2015). 3152:. Infobase Publishing. p. 282. 3095:. Infobase Publishing. p. 342. 2783: 2537: 2162: 1801:Before Buddhism came to Japan, some 1552:worship their weapons and horses on 1539: 1200:, 2009), with inset of bloody steps. 582:) for the annual oath-taking by the 282: 7139:Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home 5349:World Day for the End of Speciesism 4536:Albanological Institute of Pristina 3068: 2152:Archaeological Institute of America 1738: 1440:forbid animal sacrifice though the 1049:Jewish and Islamic ritual slaughter 991: 460:several new philosophical movements 24: 7264:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism 6607:United Activists for Animal Rights 6517:Doctors Against Animal Experiments 4656:Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies 4250:"林真-馬年運程, 馬年運氣書,風水、掌相、看相、八字、命理、算命" 3310:(2). Taylor & Francis: 67–88. 2953:"What is the Tabernacle of Moses?" 1574: 1147:, when the Israelites were in the 447:in the late third millennium BCE. 138:, early humans began to move from 25: 7466: 6808:On Abstinence from Eating Animals 6768:Animal Rights National Conference 6691:Animal Protection Party of Canada 6648:Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society 6502:Chinese Animal Protection Network 6427:American Anti-Vivisection Society 5906:Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann 4661:Animal rights in Indian religions 4651:Animal rights and punk subculture 4605: 4457:Glimpses of Tribal an Folkculture 3019:. Vagabondjourney.com. 2011-11-26 2803:The Religion of the Ancient Celts 2637:An Introduction to Roman Religion 2288:, 2014, Oxford University Press. 1860:5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals 1532:occurs during the three-day-long 1291:Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice) 893: 752:'s enumeration the gall bladder ( 359:, or Near Eastern religions, but 319:, whose image is at right. Vase, 306: 7415: 7414: 6976:Animal Rights Without Liberation 6627:Voice for Animals Humane Society 5359:World Day for the End of Fishing 5354:World Day for Laboratory Animals 4784:Equal consideration of interests 4347: 4328: 4319: 4305:. Educa Vision Inc. p. 14. 4292: 4274: 4256: 4242: 4217: 4199: 4181: 4163: 4101:. Pudukottai: Kasturi & Sons 4018:. Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. 4015:Bali Today: Love and social life 2897:Zotti, Ed, ed. (17 April 2003). 2801:MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). 1687: 1630:, a form of animal sacrifice of 1606:(festival) held in the month of 964:of the house. It was offered to 638:was given a pregnant cow at the 6697:Animal Justice Party of Finland 6582:Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics 5796:Karl Christian Friedrich Krause 5384:(academics, writers, activists) 5277:Monkey selfie copyright dispute 4532:Opoja and Gora During Centuries 4374: 4139: 4113: 4086: 4032: 4004: 3979:from the original on 2012-03-18 3959: 3928: 3902: 3868: 3841: 3814: 3750: 3723: 3691: 3662: 3641: 3615: 3588: 3561: 3497: 3434: 3407: 3353: 3323: 3295: 3281:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.01.027 3260: 3248: 3221: 3209: 3109: 3062: 3030: 3009: 2970: 2945: 2905: 2869: 2844: 2828: 2812: 2777: 2759: 2742: 2733: 2727:Animals in Celtic Life and Myth 2617: 2588: 2579: 2569: 2560: 2531: 2485: 2469: 2453: 2440: 2419: 2392: 2359: 2344: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2278: 2269: 2244: 2200:, The Modern Antiquarian (2007) 2175:. Oxbow Books. pp. 35–41. 2072:Flores, Diane Victoria (2003). 1974: 1881: 1752:rituals, sacrifices and worship 1187: 1082:described and commanded in the 898:There is evidence that ancient 502: 431:It has been suggested that the 383:were built for such occasions. 6920:Animals, Property, and the Law 4997:Alternatives to animal testing 4666:Christianity and animal rights 4469:Kovaltchuk, Ekaterina (2008). 3595:Rachel Fell McDermott (2011). 3269:Forensic Science International 3124:(4). Wiley-Blackwell: 656–71. 2629:Roman and European Mythologies 2518:(8.9.1–11) says ] is "like" a 2437:Scheid, in Rüpke (ed), 263–71. 2211: 2189: 2144: 2107: 2085: 2038: 2000: 1682: 439:religion and that many of the 315:A bull is led to the altar of 13: 1: 6557:Korea Animal Rights Advocates 5267:Cambridge University primates 4799:Ethics of uncertain sentience 3909:Gadgil, M; VD Vartak (1975). 3794:; Erndl, Kathleen M. (2000). 3366:. Lantern Books. p. 60. 3304:Journal of Cultural Geography 3130:10.1525/ae.1992.19.4.02a00020 3040:Traditional festivals. 2. M–Z 2544:A Companion to Roman Religion 1994: 1476:is worshipped in the form of 1008:, was an important ritual in 475: 320: 175: 6617:UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics 4767:Argument from marginal cases 4445:, Harvard University Press, 3935:James G. Lochtefeld (2002). 3678:Humane Society International 3275:(1–3). Elsevier BV: 186–94. 2855:. Oxbow Books. p. 195. 2754:Journal of Irish Archaeology 2729:. Routledge. pp. 94–96. 1412:Animal sacrifice in Hinduism 819: 542:The most potent offering in 465: 345:vases in the Geometric style 7: 6904:Morals, Reason, and Animals 6532:Farm Animal Rights Movement 6482:Anonymous for the Voiceless 5171:International primate trade 4646:Anarchism and animal rights 4526:Qafleshi, Muharrem (2011). 4510:Petropoulou, M.-Z. (2008), 4408:. Oxford University Press. 3875:Rodrigues, Hillary (2003). 3504:Hardenberg, Roland (2000). 2566:Beard et al., Vol 1, 32–36. 1910: 1472:where the female nature of 1401: 1118: 1104: 1094: 1088: 1074: 951:ritual of oak and mistletoe 150:. In a theory presented in 146:, leading to the spread of 10: 7471: 7024:Making a Stand for Animals 6896:The Case for Animal Rights 6547:Hunt Saboteurs Association 6507:Cruelty Free International 6477:Anti-Vivisection Coalition 5007:Animal testing regulations 4528:Opoja dhe Gora ndër shekuj 4381:Hillary Rodrigues (2003). 4120:Herbert Plutschow (1996). 4093:Rajaram, R (3 June 2020). 3943:The Rosen Publishing Group 3339:. UBC Press. p. 202. 3202:Philip J. Stewart (1979), 3044:. ABC-CLIO. 2005. p. 2448:Funerals and the afterlife 1583:, particularly in western 1448:, describes it in detail. 1405: 1288: 1211: 1057: 1053: 1046: 995: 823: 675:, for instance, offered a 523: 7410: 7383: 7330: 7280: 7220: 7213: 7179:The Ghosts in Our Machine 7034: 7016:Animal Ethics in the Wild 6799: 6795: 6784: 6760: 6671: 6635: 6452:Animal Legal Defense Fund 6419: 6412: 6408: 6394: 6231: 5955: 5948: 5751:William Hamilton Drummond 5693: 5402: 5393: 5389: 5375: 5336: 5315: 5254: 5204: 5146: 5118: 5110:Welfare of farmed insects 5055: 4987: 4879: 4872: 4737:Animal–industrial complex 4704: 4628: 4624: 4613: 4559:Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë 4488:10.1163/18177565-90000183 4340:October 22, 2016, at the 3851:Religion and Rajput Women 3824:Religion and Rajput Women 3513:Journal of Social Science 3316:10.1080/08873638709478508 3073:. Wiley.com. p. 327. 2748:Schot, Roseanne (2006). " 2606:11.186), before 274 2425:Halm, in Rüpke (ed), 239. 2238:Burkert (1972), pp. 8–9, 1271:. This tradition, called 840:"ritual slaughering" and 7257:Journal of Animal Ethics 7123:Your Mommy Kills Animals 6512:Direct Action Everywhere 5921:Johann Heinrich Winckler 5866:Nathaniel Peabody Rogers 5323:Direct Action Everywhere 5027:Huntingdon Life Sciences 5012:Labcorp Drug Development 4969:Feedback (pork industry) 4934:Intensive animal farming 4671:History of animal rights 4429:Burkert, Walter (1972), 3911:"Sacred Groves of India" 3848:Harlan, Lindsey (1992). 3821:Harlan, Lindsey (1992). 3757:Harlan, Lindsey (2003). 3390:For the Sake of Humanity 3228:Lesley Hazleton (2008). 2791:. ABC-CLIO. p. 612. 2680:, pp. 260, 340–357. 2542:. In Rüpke, Jörg (ed.). 2353:Griechische Opferbräuche 1967: 1932:Bans on ritual slaughter 1796: 1678:, 5th century BCE, China 1626:The religious belief of 1345:Cattle sacrifice at Eid. 1284: 921:, and at the Irish site 168:, as livestock replaced 7392:Holocaust on your Plate 7163:An Apology to Elephants 6944:Do Animals Have Rights? 6880:Animals, Men and Morals 6856:Better-World Philosophy 6733:Italian Animalist Party 6612:United Poultry Concerns 6567:Last Chance for Animals 6462:Animal Liberation Front 6349:Maud Ingersoll Probasco 4839:Replaceability argument 4757:Animal-free agriculture 4268:March 13, 2012, at the 4211:April 22, 2010, at the 4175:March 31, 2012, at the 3475:Christopher John Fuller 3442:Christopher John Fuller 2482:(London, 1922), p. 191. 2366:Chadwick, John (1976). 2205:April 16, 2016, at the 1886: 1827:Afro-American religions 1746:prohibits all forms of 1336:ram in place of his son 1078:is any of a variety of 904:ancient Celtic religion 578:a white, castrated ox ( 390:Sacrifice of a lamb on 255:and afterwards. At the 200:and dated to 3000 18:Ancient Greek sacrifice 7365:Salvation of Innocents 6912:Zoos and Animal Rights 6487:Beauty Without Cruelty 6447:Animal Justice Project 5786:John Zephaniah Holwell 5440:Stephen St. C. Bostock 5017:Great ape research ban 4636:Animal rights movement 4402:June McDaniel (2004). 4193:March 6, 2016, at the 4012:Couteau, Jean (2008). 3541:Hillary Rodrigues 2003 3069:Bongmba, Elias Kifon. 2912:Rabbi Zalman Kravitz. 2598:2.12.29. According to 2461:Religion of the Romans 2099:. 2015. Archived from 2030:: CS1 maint: others ( 1782: 1774: 1679: 1581:sacred groves of India 1461: 1394:Killing of animals by 1358: 1346: 1228:Epistle to the Hebrews 1209: 1201: 842: 836: 711: 679:before entering their 563: 544:Ancient Roman religion 521: 497: 402: 332:ancient Greek religion 327: 131: 55: 7384:Fairs and exhibitions 7271:The Animals' Defender 7243:Cahiers antispécistes 7171:Speciesism: The Movie 6992:Animal (De)liberation 6952:Striking at the Roots 6864:The Universal Kinship 6824:The Rights of Animals 6745:People Animals Nature 6739:Party for the Animals 6552:In Defense of Animals 6314:Nina Douglas-Hamilton 5706:David Renaud Boullier 5292:Silver Spring monkeys 5191:Wild animal suffering 5100:Pain in invertebrates 4939:Intensive pig farming 4829:Opposition to hunting 4794:Ethics of eating meat 4357:(in Chinese). 原住民族委員會 4286:July 5, 2007, at the 3393:. BRILL. p. 69. 3149:Encyclopedia of Islam 3092:Encyclopedia of Islam 2877:Davidson, Hilda Ellis 2807:Chapter 18: Festivals 2767:Davidson, Hilda Ellis 2317:Burkert (1985): 2:1:4 2308:Burkert (1985): 2:1:2 1787:Chinese folk religion 1780: 1772: 1673: 1666:East Asian traditions 1634:includes a religious 1459: 1406:Further information: 1356: 1344: 1212:Further information: 1207: 1195: 1080:sacrificial offerings 1023:In the 11th century, 1002:Animal sacrifice, or 996:Further information: 824:Further information: 693: 557: 524:Further information: 510: 492: 389: 314: 117: 50:, collections of the 33: 7000:Sentientist Politics 6928:The Lives of Animals 6679:Animal Justice Party 6492:Born Free Foundation 6329:Lizzy Lind af Hageby 6203:Wendy Turner-Webster 5916:Adam Gottlieb Weigen 5138:Recreational fishing 4979:Ventilation shutdown 4747:Animal protectionism 4727:Animal consciousness 3118:American Ethnologist 2901:. The Straight Dope. 2756:, issue 15. pp.39-46 2502:; Roger D. Woodard, 2476:William Warde Fowler 2416:Macaulay (1904:314). 2407:Macaulay (1904:315). 2351:Meuli, Karl (1946). 2225:. 25 September 2020. 1842:upheld the right of 1230:that Jesus was the " 1043:Abrahamic traditions 289:ancient Near Eastern 172:in the food supply. 148:animal domestication 136:Neolithic Revolution 84:until the spread of 7424:( 139 ) 7250:Etica & Animali 7236:Between the Species 6960:An American Trilogy 6653:Humanitarian League 6264:Frances Power Cobbe 5881:Arthur Schopenhauer 5876:Henry Stephens Salt 5756:Edward Payson Evans 5450:Stephen R. L. Clark 5307:War of the currents 5196:Wildlife management 5090:Pain in crustaceans 5085:Pain in cephalopods 3669:Ram Chandra, Shah. 3146:Juan Campo (2009). 3089:Juan Campo (2009). 2697:, pp. 340–341. 2398:Burkert (1972), 6–7 2370:The Mycenaean World 2097:National Geographic 1856:freedom of religion 1823:traditional African 1709:The ancient kings, 1674:Horse sacrifice to 1612:Kandhen Budhi Yatra 1571:in Northern India. 1452:Shaktism traditions 1428:and in currents of 1145:Temple in Jerusalem 830:Animal sacrifices ( 456:Alexander the Great 454:after the death of 293:Ancient Mesopotamia 7455:Cruelty to animals 7187:Unlocking the Cage 7008:Wild Animal Ethics 6832:The Ethics of Diet 6709:Animalist Movement 6685:Animal Politics EU 6597:Sentience Politics 6223:That Vegan Teacher 5841:Siobhan O'Sullivan 5826:José Ferrater Mora 5635:Steve F. Sapontzis 5128:Commercial fishing 5080:Pain in amphibians 5070:Cruelty to animals 5042:Operation Backfire 4881:Animal agriculture 4789:Emotion in animals 3558:, pp. 204–05. 3556:June McDaniel 2004 3543:, pp. 277–78. 3006:, pp. 162–63. 2914:"Jews For Judaism" 2492:Robert E.A. Palmer 2337:2021-01-25 at the 2266:'s trick on Zeus]] 2252:Laphria (festival) 2198:Knossos Fieldnotes 1962:Slaughter offering 1858:were taken to the 1834:U.S. Supreme Court 1783: 1775: 1680: 1650:Tantrik traditions 1518:Christopher Fuller 1462: 1359: 1347: 1334:'s sacrifice of a 1314:(Great Feast), or 1210: 1202: 1060:Slaughter offering 1010:Old Norse religion 779:disciplina Etrusca 712: 564: 522: 511:Procession of the 452:Hellenistic period 403: 375:structures of the 328: 227:By the end of the 132: 56: 42:cup, 510–500 7432: 7431: 7425: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7373:Onward to Freedom 7341:Animal Liberation 7326: 7325: 7147:Forks Over Knives 7099:Peaceable Kingdom 7059:Shores of Silence 7051:A Cow at My Table 6936:Eternal Treblinka 6888:Animal Liberation 6780: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6667: 6666: 6602:Uncaged Campaigns 6577:Mercy for Animals 6542:Great Ape Project 6457:Animal Liberation 6403:(groups, parties) 6390: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6289:Elizabeth Farians 6198:Christine Townend 6138:Heather Nicholson 6068:Brigitte Gothière 6058:Antoine Goetschel 5944: 5943: 5605:Charles Patterson 5510:Gary L. Francione 5485:Josephine Donovan 5475:Daniel Dombrowski 5455:Alasdair Cochrane 5371: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5250: 5249: 5181:Predation problem 5065:Animal euthanasia 4974:Foam depopulation 4809:Insects in ethics 4545:978-9951-596-51-0 4520:978-0-19-921854-7 4415:978-0-19-534713-5 4394:978-0-7914-8844-7 3651:. CNN. 2009-11-24 3608:978-0-231-12919-0 3581:978-1-139-49317-8 3241:978-1-59691-799-6 3189:978-1-135-17967-0 3159:978-1-4381-2696-8 3102:978-1-4381-2696-8 3004:Kovaltchuk (2008) 2992:Kovaltchuk (2008) 2977:Barton 1903, p. 9 2862:978-1-84217-444-9 2739:Green, pp.109-110 2385:978-0-521-29037-1 2196:C.Michael Hogan, 1952:Self-flagellation 1836:'s 1993 decision 1632:Balinese Hinduism 1540:Rajput traditions 1534:Gadhimai festival 1528:Animal sacrifice 1512:are sacrificed. 1198:Alaverdi, Armenia 1171:Jewish–Roman wars 1155:. 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Anthropoetics 4118: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4009: 4005: 3989: 3988: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3967:"Archived copy" 3965: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3933: 3929: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3738:on 27 June 2018 3728: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3663: 3654: 3652: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3631: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3547: 3539: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3472: 3465: 3458: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3328: 3324: 3300: 3296: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3174: 3167: 3160: 3144: 3137: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3087: 3078: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3022: 3020: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2962: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2923: 2921: 2910: 2906: 2895: 2888: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2849: 2845: 2835:MacNeill, Máire 2833: 2829: 2817: 2813: 2800: 2796: 2782: 2778: 2764: 2760: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2720: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2622: 2618: 2604:Natural History 2593: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2536: 2532: 2490: 2486: 2474: 2470: 2458: 2454: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2364: 2360: 2349: 2345: 2339:Wayback Machine 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2230: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2207:Wayback Machine 2194: 2190: 2183: 2167: 2163: 2149: 2145: 2112: 2108: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2070: 2063: 2054: 2052: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1991: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1957:Self-mutilation 1947:Religious abuse 1942:Human sacrifice 1913: 1889: 1884: 1862:in the case of 1819: 1799: 1741: 1708: 1690: 1685: 1676:Duke Jing of Qi 1668: 1660:human sacrifice 1652: 1577: 1575:Folk traditions 1542: 1454: 1414: 1404: 1373:The Independent 1357:Goat sacrifice. 1302:engaged in the 1297: 1289:Main articles: 1287: 1261:Tewahedo Church 1257:Armenian Church 1216: 1190: 1066: 1058:Main articles: 1056: 1051: 1045: 1000: 994: 943:Pliny the Elder 896: 828: 822: 540: 519:Trajan's Column 505: 482: 478: 468: 398:, 540–530 377:Altar of Hieron 323: 309: 285: 245:Monte d'Accoddi 178: 166:hunting rituals 140:hunter-gatherer 124:Monte d'Accoddi 94:Human sacrifice 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7468: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7369: 7361: 7353: 7345: 7336: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7246: 7239: 7232: 7224: 7222: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7199: 7191: 7183: 7175: 7167: 7159: 7151: 7143: 7135: 7127: 7119: 7111: 7103: 7095: 7087: 7079: 7075:Meet Your Meat 7071: 7063: 7055: 7047: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7020: 7012: 7004: 6996: 6988: 6980: 6972: 6964: 6956: 6948: 6940: 6932: 6924: 6916: 6908: 6900: 6892: 6884: 6876: 6872:The New Ethics 6868: 6860: 6852: 6844: 6836: 6828: 6820: 6812: 6803: 6801: 6793: 6792: 6782: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6703:Animals' Party 6700: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6650: 6645: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6472:AnimaNaturalis 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6442:Animal Justice 6439: 6434: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6414: 6406: 6405: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6374:Gretchen Wyler 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6304:Lewis Gompertz 6301: 6296: 6294:Emarel Freshel 6291: 6286: 6284:Muriel Dowding 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6218:Gary Yourofsky 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6133:Ingrid Newkirk 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6078:Charlotte Laws 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6003:Yves Bonnardel 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5978:Martin Balluch 5975: 5970: 5965: 5959: 5957: 5950: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5926:Steven M. Wise 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5871:Bernard Rollin 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5831:Leonard Nelson 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5736:Herman Daggett 5733: 5728: 5726:Priscilla Cohn 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5701:Jeremy Bentham 5697: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5615:Jessica Pierce 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5545:Kyle Johannsen 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5470:David DeGrazia 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5410:Carol J. Adams 5406: 5404: 5397: 5387: 5386: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5282:Pit of despair 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5212:Abandoned pets 5208: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5057:Animal welfare 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5032:Model organism 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4991: 4989:Animal testing 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4964:Working animal 4961: 4956: 4954:Slaughterhouse 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4929:Insect farming 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4889:Animal product 4885: 4883: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4844:Sentiocentrism 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4752:Animal welfare 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4632: 4630: 4622: 4621: 4611: 4610: 4603: 4602: 4595: 4588: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4567: 4553: 4550: 4544: 4523: 4508: 4501: 4481:(1): 158–200. 4466: 4463: 4460: 4453: 4436: 4427: 4420: 4414: 4399: 4393: 4387:. SUNY Press. 4376: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4346: 4327: 4318: 4312:978-1584321774 4311: 4291: 4273: 4255: 4241: 4216: 4198: 4180: 4162: 4138: 4112: 4085: 4056: 4049: 4031: 4024: 4003: 3958: 3952:978-0823931798 3951: 3945:. p. 41. 3927: 3901: 3887: 3867: 3860: 3840: 3833: 3813: 3807:978-0814736197 3806: 3783: 3770:978-0195154269 3769: 3749: 3722: 3690: 3661: 3640: 3614: 3607: 3587: 3580: 3560: 3545: 3530: 3496: 3489: 3463: 3456: 3433: 3427:978-0742550551 3426: 3406: 3399: 3379: 3373:978-1590562819 3372: 3352: 3346:978-0774807241 3345: 3322: 3294: 3259: 3247: 3240: 3220: 3208: 3195: 3188: 3165: 3158: 3135: 3108: 3101: 3076: 3061: 3055:978-1576070895 3054: 3029: 3008: 2996: 2994:, p. 163. 2981: 2969: 2944: 2930: 2904: 2886: 2868: 2861: 2843: 2827: 2819:Hutton, Ronald 2811: 2794: 2776: 2758: 2741: 2732: 2723:Green, Miranda 2711: 2709:, p. 260. 2699: 2682: 2670: 2653: 2641: 2616: 2596:De divinatione 2587: 2585:Gradel, 78, 93 2578: 2568: 2559: 2552: 2530: 2484: 2468: 2452: 2439: 2427: 2418: 2409: 2400: 2391: 2384: 2358: 2343: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2277: 2268: 2243: 2228: 2210: 2188: 2181: 2161: 2143: 2106: 2084: 2061: 2037: 2016: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1922:Animal worship 1919: 1917:Animal welfare 1912: 1909: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1818: 1815: 1807:green pheasant 1798: 1795: 1791:ghost festival 1740: 1737: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1667: 1664: 1651: 1648: 1576: 1573: 1541: 1538: 1510:water buffalos 1508:and sometimes 1453: 1450: 1403: 1400: 1316:Qurban Bayrami 1312:al-Id al-Kabir 1286: 1283: 1189: 1186: 1139:commanded the 1114:burnt offering 1100:peace offering 1095:zevah shelamim 1055: 1052: 1044: 1041: 1025:Adam of Bremen 993: 990: 974:Cois Fharraige 949:performing a ' 895: 894:Celtic peoples 892: 821: 818: 764:), and lungs ( 673:Arval Brethren 504: 501: 483: 425 BCE 467: 464: 381:Pergamon Altar 347:(900–750 324: 545 BCE 308: 307:Ancient Greece 305: 284: 281: 259:settlement of 186:Badari culture 177: 174: 158:Walter Burkert 156:, mythologist 90:Late Antiquity 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7467: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7450:Animal rights 7448: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7421: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7394: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7349:Tame Yourself 7346: 7343: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7310:No Compromise 7307: 7305: 7304: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7212: 7205: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6811:(3rd century) 6810: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6783: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6741:(Netherlands) 6740: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6467:Animal Rising 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6437:Animal Ethics 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6393: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6334:Jessie Mackay 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6309:James Granger 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6244:Henry B. Amos 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6213:Louise Wallis 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6178:Kim Stallwood 6176: 6174: 6173:Jasmin Singer 6171: 6169: 6168:Nathan Runkle 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6153:David Olivier 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6038:John Feldmann 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6013:Aymeric Caron 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5983:Carole Baskin 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5886:Laurids Smith 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5856:James Rachels 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5801:John Lawrence 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5711:Brigid Brophy 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5675:Tatjana Višak 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5665:David Sztybel 5663: 5661: 5660:Cass Sunstein 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5625:Mark Rowlands 5623: 5621: 5620:Evelyn Pluhar 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5575:Andrew Linzey 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5560:Will Kymlicka 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5540:Dale Jamieson 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5520:Valéry Giroux 5518: 5516: 5515:Robert Garner 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5480:Sue Donaldson 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5460:J. M. Coetzee 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5425:Tom Beauchamp 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5328:Hunt sabotage 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316:Methodologies 5314: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5161:Hare coursing 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 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4633: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4607:Animal rights 4601: 4596: 4594: 4589: 4587: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4570: 4568:99927-938-9-9 4564: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4505:Orissa Review 4502: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4435:pp. 6–22 4434: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4424:Orissa Review 4421: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4367: 4356: 4350: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4331: 4322: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4259: 4251: 4245: 4231:on 2011-08-12 4230: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4170:办丧事或祭祀祖先可以杀生吗 4166: 4159: 4148: 4142: 4135: 4123: 4116: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4061: 4052: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4027: 4025:9789799101150 4021: 4017: 4016: 4007: 3999: 3993: 3975: 3968: 3962: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3905: 3890: 3884: 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5781:John Hildrop 5776:Arthur Helps 5741:Richard Dean 5716:Peter Buchan 5655:Gary Steiner 5650:Peter Singer 5645:Jérôme Segal 5610:David Pearce 5600:Clare Palmer 5590:David Nibert 5580:Clair Linzey 5490:Joan Dunayer 5415:Aysha Akhtar 5403:Contemporary 5272:McLibel case 5227:Animal trial 5216: 5186:Seal hunting 5148:Wild animals 5133:Fishing bait 5095:Pain in fish 4914:Fish farming 4894:Battery cage 4814:Meat paradox 4771: 4712:Abolitionism 4558: 4531: 4527: 4511: 4504: 4478: 4474: 4456: 4442: 4430: 4423: 4404: 4383: 4375:Bibliography 4365: 4359:. 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Forster 5721:Mona Caird 5694:Historical 5555:Hilda Kean 5525:Lori Gruen 4859:Vegaphobia 4849:Speciesism 4742:Animal law 4451:0674362810 4361:2021-07-22 4235:2011-08-28 4153:2021-07-19 4147:"祭孔的起源與發展" 4128:2021-07-22 4050:1900949512 3983:2015-02-18 3894:26 October 3776:14 October 3713:Retrieved 3655:2012-08-13 3634:2012-08-13 3400:9004141251 3023:2014-02-12 2963:2016-04-24 2924:2016-04-24 2785:Koch, John 2707:Tirta 2004 2695:Tirta 2004 2678:Tirta 2004 2649:Tirta 2004 2514:historian 2355:. Schwabe. 2264:Prometheus 2055:2022-12-06 1995:References 1496:India and 1468:school of 1408:Ashvamedha 1259:, and the 1178:Samaritans 1153:Tabernacle 1141:Israelites 1135:says that 1047:See also: 982:Loch Maree 939:wicker man 912:divination 908:Otherworld 807:mola salsa 760:), heart ( 756:), liver ( 725:ver sacrum 702:Roman Gaul 640:Fordicidia 481: – c. 479: 484 353:Divination 241:Canaanites 229:Copper Age 176:Prehistory 7357:Manifesto 7296:Bite Back 7281:Magazines 7155:Vegucated 6753:(Germany) 6751:V-Partei³ 6729:(Germany) 6723:(Belgium) 6699:(Finland) 6522:Equanimal 6108:Jim Mason 6063:Mark Gold 5998:Gene Baur 5973:Matt Ball 5949:Activists 5861:Tom Regan 5640:Jeff Sebo 5585:Dan Lyons 5394:Academics 5382:Advocates 5237:Live food 5037:Nafovanny 4944:Livestock 4924:Fur trade 4899:Bile bear 4834:Personism 4629:Overviews 4497:191410592 4099:The Hindu 4073:The Quint 4041:Indonesia 3924:(2): 314. 3742:26 August 3705:Vice News 2332:online at 2119:Histories 2114:Herodotus 2026:cite book 1876:religious 1848:religious 1760:Kaohsiung 1726:Confucius 1711:Confucius 1702:Mount Tai 1640:Tabuh Rah 1636:cockfight 1628:Tabuh Rah 1550:Rajasthan 1442:upapurana 1434:Kulamarga 1363:Indonesia 1252:kourbania 1236:Eucharist 1110:holocaust 986:Máel Ruba 980:) and at 978:Crom Dubh 962:threshold 945:wrote of 820:Albanians 813:porricere 788:(viscera) 659:expiation 652:Robigalia 628:holocaust 615:di inferi 610:Dis pater 588:Di superi 568:di superi 538:Haruspicy 490:follows: 487:Scythians 472:Herodotus 466:Scythians 277:Neolithic 214:Herodotus 170:wild game 162:livestock 102:holocaust 67:religious 46:, by the 7420:Category 7289:Arkangel 7221:Journals 7195:Dominion 7131:The Cove 6761:Activism 6705:(Sweden) 6693:(Canada) 6687:(Europe) 6401:Movement 5936:Voltaire 4854:Veganism 4804:Ethology 4705:Concepts 4475:Scrinium 4441:(1985), 4338:Archived 4284:Archived 4266:Archived 4209:Archived 4191:Archived 4173:Archived 3992:cite web 3974:Archived 3630:. 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