Ancient Greece - Knowledge

4698: 5153: 4906: 58: 5293: 4826:, part of the Museum, had the previously unenvisaged aim of collecting together copies of all known authors in Greek. Almost all of the surviving non-technical Hellenistic literature is poetry, and Hellenistic poetry tended to be highly intellectual, blending different genres and traditions, and avoiding linear narratives. The Hellenistic period also saw a shift in the ways literature was consumed—while in the archaic and classical periods literature had typically been experienced in public performance, in the Hellenistic period it was more commonly read privately. At the same time, Hellenistic poets began to write for private, rather than public, consumption. 4552: 4396:, a household slave selected for this task who accompanied the boy during the day. Classes were held in teachers' private houses and included reading, writing, mathematics, singing, and playing the lyre and flute. When the boy became 12 years old the schooling started to include sports such as wrestling, running, and throwing discus and javelin. In Athens, some older youths attended academy for the finer disciplines such as culture, sciences, music, and the arts. The schooling ended at age 18, followed by military training in the army usually for one or two years. 4360: 2765: 5090: 3763: 3778: 4258: 4744: 4517:, which saw further development of the nature of warfare, strategy and tactics. Fought between leagues of cities dominated by Athens and Sparta, the increased manpower and financial resources increased the scale and allowed the diversification of warfare. Set-piece battles during the Peloponnesian war proved indecisive and instead there was increased reliance on attritionary strategies, naval battles and blockades and sieges. These changes greatly increased the number of casualties and the disruption of Greek society. 3554: 2961: 4093: 3227:, the last Macedonian ruler of Egypt, is known as the Hellenistic period. In the early part of this period, a new form of kingship developed based on Macedonian and Near Eastern traditions. The first Hellenistic kings were previously Alexander's generals, and took power in the period following his death, though they were not part of existing royal lineages and lacked historic claims to the territories they controlled. The most important of these rulers in the decades after Alexander's death were 2317: 2949: 4493:

reduced the potential duration of campaigns, as citizens would need to return to their own professions (especially in the case of, for example, farmers). Campaigns would therefore often be restricted to summer. When battles occurred, they were usually set piece and intended to be decisive. Casualties were slight compared to later battles, rarely amounting to more than five percent of the losing side, but the slain often included the most prominent citizens and generals who led from the front.

3213: 3987: 10882: 2268: 5279: 10892: 3126: 4477: 10902: 2909: 410: 4385:. Only wealthy families could afford a teacher. Boys learned how to read, write and quote literature. They also learned to sing and play one musical instrument and were trained as athletes for military service. They studied not for a job but to become an effective citizen. Girls also learned to read, write and do simple arithmetic so they could manage the household. They almost never received education after childhood. 2787:(city-state) becoming the most important unit of political organisation in Greece. The absence of powerful states in Greece after the collapse of Mycenaean power, and the geography of Greece, where many settlements were separated from their neighbours by mountainous terrain, encouraged the development of small independent city-states. Several Greek states saw tyrants rise to power in this period, most famously at 5307: 3255: 4237:, social prominence did not allow special rights. Sometimes families controlled public religious functions, but this ordinarily did not give any extra power in the government. In Athens, the population was divided into four social classes based on wealth. People could change classes if they made more money. In Sparta, all male citizens were called 3094:, with almost the entire army killed, and the ships destroyed. Soon after the Athenian defeat in Syracuse, Athens' Ionian allies began to rebel against the Delian league, while Persia began to once again involve itself in Greek affairs on the Spartan side. Initially the Athenian position continued relatively strong, with important victories at 2980:. The city-states of northern and central Greece submitted to the Persian forces without resistance, but a coalition of 31 Greek city states, including Athens and Sparta, determined to resist the Persian invaders. At the same time, Greek Sicily was invaded by a Carthaginian force. In 480 BC, the first major battle of the invasion was fought at 3162:. In the aftermath of Mantinea, none of the major Greek states were able to dominate. Though Thebes had won the battle, their general Epaminondas was killed, and they spent the following decades embroiled in wars with their neighbours; Athens, meanwhile, saw its second naval alliance, formed in 377, collapse in the mid-350s. 4036:, same basic culture, and same language. Furthermore, the Greeks were very aware of their tribal origins; Herodotus was able to extensively categorise the city-states by tribe. Yet, although these higher-level relationships existed, they seem to have rarely had a major role in Greek politics. The independence of the 3158:, and invading Laconia. Further Theban successes against Sparta in 369 led to Messenia gaining independence; Sparta never recovered from the loss of Messenia's fertile land and the helot workforce it provided. The rising power of Thebes led Sparta and Athens to join forces; in 362 they were defeated by Thebes at the 3118:

Peloponnesian war, Sparta attempted to extend their own power, leading Argos, Athens, Corinth, and Thebes to join against them. Aiming to prevent any single Greek state gaining the dominance that would allow it to challenge Persia, the Persian king initially joined the alliance against Sparta, before imposing the

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was effectively beyond the capabilities of a single city-state. The eventual triumph of the Greeks was achieved by alliances of city-states (the exact composition changing over time), allowing the pooling of resources and division of labor. Although alliances between city-states occurred before this

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represented perhaps the most prosperous society in the ancient world, some economic historians considering Greece one of the most advanced pre-industrial economies. In terms of wheat, wages reached an estimated 7–12 kg daily for an unskilled worker in urban Athens, 2–3 times the 3.75 kg of

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Thus, the major peculiarities of the ancient Greek political system were its fragmentary nature (and that this does not particularly seem to have tribal origin), and the particular focus on urban centers within otherwise tiny states. The peculiarities of the Greek system are further evidenced by the

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The conquests of Alexander had numerous consequences for the Greek city-states. It greatly widened the horizons of the Greeks and led to a steady emigration of the young and ambitious to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic

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As the Athenian fight against the Persian empire waned, conflict grew between Athens and Sparta. Suspicious of the increasing Athenian power funded by the Delian League, Sparta offered aid to reluctant members of the League to rebel against Athenian domination. These tensions were exacerbated in 462

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Ancient Greek music was primarily vocal, sung either by a solo singer or a chorus, and usually accompanied by an instrument; purely instrumental music was less common. The Greeks used stringed instruments, including lyres, harps, and lutes; and wind instruments, of which the most important was the

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After the rise of democracy in Athens, other city-states founded democracies. However, many retained more traditional forms of government. As so often in other matters, Sparta was a notable exception to the rest of Greece, ruled through the whole period by not one, but two hereditary monarchs. This

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was inconclusive, the Romans, in typical fashion, continued to fight Macedon until it was completely absorbed into the Roman Republic (by 149 BC). In the east, the unwieldy Seleucid Empire gradually disintegrated, although a rump survived until 64 BC, whilst the Ptolemaic Kingdom continued in Egypt

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developed around the end of the archaic period, taking elements from across the pre-existing genres of late archaic poetry. Towards the beginning of the classical period, comedy began to develop—the earliest date associated with the genre is 486 BC, when a competition for comedy became an official

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At least in the Archaic Period, the fragmentary nature of ancient Greece, with many competing city-states, increased the frequency of conflict but conversely limited the scale of warfare. Unable to maintain professional armies, the city-states relied on their own citizens to fight. This inevitably

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came to Rome. The period of greatest innovation in Greek literature under Rome was the "long second century" from approximately 80 AD to around 230 AD. This innovation was especially marked in prose, with the development of the novel and a revival of prominence for display oratory both

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The territory of Greece is mountainous, and as a result, ancient Greece consisted of many smaller regions, each with its own dialect, cultural peculiarities, and identity. Regionalism and regional conflicts were prominent features of ancient Greece. Cities tended to be located in valleys between

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While slave conditions varied widely, the institution served to sustain the incomes of the free citizenry: an estimate of economic development drawn from the latter (or derived from urban incomes alone) is therefore likely to overstate the true overall level despite widespread evidence for high

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The first half of the fourth century saw the major Greek states attempt to dominate the mainland; none were successful, and their resulting weakness led to a power vacuum which would eventually be filled by Macedon under Philip II and then Alexander the Great. In the immediate aftermath of the

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and burnt the city before being driven back by a Persian counterattack. The revolt continued until 494, when the rebelling Ionians were defeated. Darius did not forget that Athens had assisted the Ionian revolt, and in 490 he assembled an armada to retaliate. Though heavily outnumbered, the

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was left to fulfil his father's ambitions. After campaigns against Macedon's western and northern enemies, and those Greek states that had broken from the League of Corinth following the death of Philip, Alexander began his campaign against Persia in 334 BC. He conquered Persia, defeating

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In the sixth century, Greek city-states began to develop formal relationships with one another, where previously individual rulers had relied on personal relationships with the elites of other cities. Towards the end of the archaic period, Sparta began to build a series of alliances, the

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In Ancient Greek society, music was ever-present and considered a fundamental component of civilisation. It was an important part of public religious worship, private ceremonies such as weddings and funerals, and household entertainment. Men sang and played music at the

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Most families owned slaves as household servants and laborers, and even poor families might have owned a few slaves. Owners were not allowed to beat or kill their slaves. Owners often promised to free slaves in the future to encourage slaves to work hard. Unlike in Rome,

2732:. Most were either Athenian or pro-Athenian, which is why far more is known about the history and politics of Athens than of many other cities. Their scope is further limited by a focus on political, military and diplomatic history, ignoring economic and social history. 3011:

gradually transformed from a defensive alliance of Greek states into an Athenian empire, as Athens' growing naval power intimidated the other league states. Athens ended its campaigns against Persia in 450, after a disastrous defeat in Egypt in 454, and the death of

4713:, although he was certainly part of an existing tradition of oral poetry. Homer's poetry, though it was developed around the same time that the Greeks developed writing, would have been composed orally; the first poet to certainly compose their work in writing was 4069:

would be compelled to join under threat of war (or as part of a peace treaty). Even after Philip II of Macedon "conquered" the heartlands of ancient Greece, he did not attempt to annex the territory or unify it into a new province, but compelled most of the

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In the early part of the Hellenistic period, the exact borders of the Hellenistic kingdoms were not settled. Antigonus attempted to expand his territory by attacking the other successor kingdoms until they joined against him, and he was killed at the

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from the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC until the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. The Classical Period is characterized by a "classical" style, i.e. one which was considered exemplary by later observers, most famously in the

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1050 BC; by 753 BC this had become a decennial, elected archonship; and finally by 683 BC an annually elected archonship. Through each stage, more power would have been transferred to the aristocracy as a whole, and away from a single individual.

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The Greeks developed astronomy, which they treated as a branch of mathematics, to a highly sophisticated level. The first geometrical, three-dimensional models to explain the apparent motion of the planets were developed in the 4th century BC by

3110:, and began to blockade Athens' harbour; driven by hunger, Athens sued for peace, agreeing to surrender their fleet and join the Spartan-led Peloponnesian League. Following the Athenian surrender, Sparta installed an oligarchic regime, the 4064:

grouped themselves into leagues, membership of which was in a constant state of flux. Later in the Classical period, the leagues would become fewer and larger, be dominated by one city (particularly Athens, Sparta and Thebes); and often

5040:, previously believed to have been invented in the 16th century, and the miniaturization and complexity of its parts, comparable to a clock made in the 18th century. The original mechanism is displayed in the Bronze collection of the 4786:

Like poetry, Greek prose had its origins in the archaic period, and the earliest writers of Greek philosophy, history, and medical literature all date to the sixth century BC. Prose first emerged as the writing style adopted by the

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City-states legally owned slaves. These public slaves had a larger measure of independence than slaves owned by families, living on their own and performing specialized tasks. In Athens, public slaves were trained to look out for

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was fiercely defended; unification was something rarely contemplated by the ancient Greeks. Even when, during the second Persian invasion of Greece, a group of city-states allied themselves to defend Greece, the vast majority of

4803:, considered the first Greek philosopher, apparently wrote nothing. Prose as a genre reached maturity in the classical era, and the major Greek prose genres—philosophy, history, rhetoric, and dialogue—developed in this period. 2803:

in the west by 775. Increasing contact with non-Greek peoples in this period, especially in the Near East, inspired developments in art and architecture, the adoption of coinage, and the development of the Greek alphabet.

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by the state and assigned to families where they were forced to stay. Helots raised food and did household chores so that women could concentrate on raising strong children while men could devote their time to training as

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began to develop. Greek religion was influenced by the practices of the Greeks' near eastern neighbours at least as early as the archaic period, and by the Hellenistic period this influence was seen in both directions.

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Boys went to school at the age of seven, or went to the barracks, if they lived in Sparta. The three types of teachings were: grammatistes for arithmetic, kitharistes for music and dancing, and Paedotribae for sports.

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each powered by 170 oarsmen who were seated in 3 rows on each side of the ship. The city could afford such a large fleet—it had over 34,000 oarsmen—because it owned a lot of silver mines that were worked by slaves.

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aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists. Well into the 19th century, the classical tradition derived from Greece dominated the art of the Western world.

4142:(not in the modern sense of repressive autocracies), would at some point seize control and govern according to their own will; often a populist agenda would help sustain them in power. In a system wracked with 4032:—divided and sub-divided by hills, mountains, and rivers—contributed to the fragmentary nature of ancient Greece. On the one hand, the ancient Greeks had no doubt that they were "one people"; they had the same 5250:

inherited Classical Greek-Hellenistic culture directly, without Latin intermediation, and the preservation of Classical Greek learning in medieval Byzantine tradition further exerted a strong influence on the

3963:). These colonies played an important role in the spread of Greek influence throughout Europe and also aided in the establishment of long-distance trading networks between the Greek city-states, boosting the 3569:, consisting of the regions of Laconia (southeast), Messenia (southwest), Elis (west), Achaia (north), Korinthia (northeast), Argolis (east), and Arcadia (center). These names survive to the present day as 5367: 3725:

was settled early on by southern Greek colonists and was considered part of the Greek world, while from the late 2nd millennium BC substantial Greek settlement also occurred on the eastern shores of the

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Greeks settled outside of Greece in two distinct ways. The first was in permanent settlements founded by Greeks, which formed as independent poleis. The second form was in what historians refer to as

4697: 3844:; trading posts which were occupied by both Greeks and non-Greeks and which were primarily concerned with the manufacture and sale of goods. Examples of this latter type of settlement are found at 4822:

respectively into cultural centres. It was thanks to this cultural patronage by Hellenistic kings, and especially the Museum at Alexandria, that so much ancient Greek literature has survived. The

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The Hellenistic period saw the literary centre of the Greek world move from Athens, where it had been in the classical period, to Alexandria. At the same time, other Hellenistic kings such as the

5152: 3114:, in Athens, one of a number of Spartan-backed oligarchies which rose to power after the Peloponnesian war. Spartan predominance did not last: after only a year, the Thirty had been overthrown. 5350: 4345:' liberation of Messenia from Spartan rule, the helot system there came to an end and the helots won their freedom. However, it did continue to persist in Laconia until the 2nd century BC. 5056: 3194:

in 331 BC proclaimed himself king of Asia. From 329 BC he led expeditions to Bactria and then India; further plans to invade Arabia and North Africa were halted by his death in 323 BC.

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Slaves had no power or status. Slaves had the right to have a family and own property, subject to their master's goodwill and permission, but they had no political rights. By 600 BC,

3437:; when the Romans were victorious, the league was effectively absorbed into the Republic. Although the Achaean league outlasted both the Aetolian league and Macedon, it was also soon 2514:

in the Mediterranean region is commonly considered to have begun in the 8th century BC (around the time of the earliest recorded poetry of Homer) and ended in the 6th century AD.

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saw a series of fruitless annual invasions of Attica by Sparta, while Athens successfully fought the Corinthian empire in northwest Greece and defended its own empire, despite a

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Neither reason nor inquiry began with the ancient Greeks. Defining the difference between the Greek quest for knowledge and the quests of the elder civilizations, such as the

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were slaves. Slaves outside of Sparta almost never revolted because they were made up of too many nationalities and were too scattered to organize. However, unlike later

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elsewhere: according to one estimate, the population of the widening area of Greek settlement increased roughly tenfold from 800 BC to 400 BC, from 800,000 to as many as

3071:' successes in northern Greece in 424 improved Sparta's position after Sphakteria. After the deaths of Cleon and Brasidas, the strongest proponents of war on each side, 2783:

The archaic period, lasting from approximately 800 to 500 BC, saw the culmination of political and social developments which had begun in the Greek dark age, with the

5186:, most commonly of sheep and goats. Sacrifice was accompanied by public prayer, and prayer and hymns were themselves a major part of ancient Greek religious life. 5105:

The art of ancient Greece has exercised an enormous influence on the culture of many countries from ancient times to the present day, particularly in the areas of

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Only free, land-owning, native-born men could be citizens entitled to the full protection of the law in a city-state. In most city-states, unlike the situation in

12609: 4171:(early 6th century), but the poorest citizens could not address the assembly or run for office. With the establishment of the democracy, the assembly became the 5200:

The civilization of ancient Greece has been immensely influential on language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, science, and the arts. It became the

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was largely derived from Greek models. In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and

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Initially many Greek city-states seem to have been petty kingdoms; there was often a city official carrying some residual, ceremonial functions of the king (

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was given the authority to enact another set of reforms, which attempted to balance the power of the rich and the poor. In the middle of the sixth century,

4905: 3421:(including Sparta and Athens). For much of the period until the Roman conquest, these leagues were at war, often participating in the conflicts between the 12599: 2846:

developed over the course of the eighth and seventh century. According to Spartan tradition, this constitution was established by the legendary lawgiver

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Athens developed its democratic system over the course of the archaic period. Already in the seventh century, the right of all citizen men to attend the

5059:" in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic school of medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized 2693:. Written between the 450s and 420s BC, Herodotus' work reaches about a century into the past, discussing 6th century BC historical figures such as 2984:, where a small rearguard of Greeks, led by three hundred Spartans, held a crucial pass guarding the heart of Greece for several days; at the same time 12474: 4273:

had spread in Greece. By the 5th century BC, slaves made up one-third of the total population in some city-states. Between 40–80% of the population of

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until 30 BC when it too was conquered by the Romans. The Aetolian league grew wary of Roman involvement in Greece, and sided with the Seleucids in the

4120:. It is unclear exactly how this change occurred. For instance, in Athens, the kingship had been reduced to a hereditary, lifelong chief magistracy ( 7376:

Grammaticos, P.C.; Diamantis, A. (2008). "Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus".

6395: 4871:. Percussion instruments played a relatively unimportant role supporting stringed and wind instruments, and were used in certain religious cults. 6726: 4633:

whose ideas, despite being known by second-hand accounts instead of writings of his own, laid the basis of Western philosophy. Socrates' disciple

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This excludes the Greek city-states free from Macedonian jurisdiction in the western Mediterranean, around the Black Sea, Cyprus, and Cyrenaica.

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Inevitably, the domination of politics and concomitant aggregation of wealth by small groups of families was apt to cause social unrest in many

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worshipped similar gods, religious practices were not uniform and the gods were thought of differently in different places. The Greeks were

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The earliest Greek literature was poetry and was composed for performance rather than private consumption. The earliest Greek poet known is

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was appointed to establish a code of laws in 621. This failed to reduce the political tension between the poor and the elites, and in 594

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With Octavian's victory at Actium in 31 BC, Rome began to become a major centre of Greek literature, as important Greek authors such as

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an unskilled rural labourer in Roman Egypt, though Greek farm incomes too were on average lower than those available to urban workers.

4243:, meaning "peers". However, Spartan kings, who served as the city-state's dual military and religious leaders, came from two families. 4060:

might be dominated by larger neighbors, but conquest or direct rule by another city-state appears to have been quite rare. Instead the

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The historical period of ancient Greece is unique in world history as the first period attested directly in comprehensive, narrative

2303: 3363:, only reclaimed the Macedonian throne around 276. Meanwhile, the Seleucid kingdom gave up territory in the east to the Indian king 11828: 5041: 1797: 6964: 11468: 11311: 11045: 7798:

Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel: Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and their Expression in the Hebrew Bible

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For most of Greek history, education was private, except in Sparta. During the Hellenistic period, some city-states established

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city states under Persian rule rebelled against their Persian-supported tyrant rulers. Supported by troops sent from Athens and

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culture from which the modern West derives many of its founding archetypes and ideas in politics, philosophy, science, and art.

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Following the Classical period was the Hellenistic period (323–146 BC), during which Greek culture and power expanded into the

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in the west. From about 750 BC the Greeks began 250 years of expansion, settling colonies in all directions. To the east, the

12494: 7985: 7974: 7805: 7777: 7704: 7622: 7559: 7449: 7013: 6802: 6762: 6678: 6658: 6413: 5658: 5572: 5476: 5449: 5422: 4647:, who wrote extensively about nature and ethics, are also immensely influential in Western philosophy to this day. The later 3805: 4986: 9017: 5020:, a device for calculating the movements of planets, dates from about 80 BC and was the first ancestor of the astronomical 3063:, and Sparta sued for peace, but the Athenians rejected the proposal. The Athenian failure to regain control of Boeotia at 3028:

and Corinth. However, Athens failed to win a decisive victory, and in 447 lost Boeotia again. Athens and Sparta signed the

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Athens fell under a tyranny in the second half of the 6th century BC. When this tyranny was ended, the Athenians founded

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in Athens. However, by the Archaic period and the first historical consciousness, most had already become aristocratic

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were not, as Roman colonies were, dependent on their mother-city, but were independent city-states in their own right.

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revolt, but this aid was rejected by the Spartans. In the 450s, Athens took control of Boeotia, and won victories over

4532:, Greek city-states faced approximately a one-in-three chance of destruction during the archaic and classical period. 4299:, which included people from foreign countries or other city-states who were officially allowed to live in the state. 12659: 10931: 9027: 9002: 7846: 6822: 6701: 6637: 6574: 5503: 5063:, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with (notably 4991:"the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved, while the Earth revolves about the Sun on the circumference of a circle" 4382: 2973: 2640: 7003: 6912: 1397: 12489: 11850: 11094: 10836: 9585: 9012: 9007: 4880: 803: 376: 356: 2886:, the other major power in the Peloponnese. Other alliances in the sixth century included those between Elis and 12589: 12524: 11569: 9479: 9339: 9334: 8611: 7926: 1695: 1392: 431: 2551:, beginning around the 8th century BC, which saw early developments in Greek culture and society leading to the 11780: 10863: 9504: 8918: 8015: 5355: 4900: 3782: 1420: 318: 3981: 11933: 11030: 10858: 10415: 9908: 9424: 9344: 9042: 8752: 5320: 4440: 3428:

The Antigonid Kingdom became involved in a war with the Roman Republic in the late 3rd century. Although the

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McGlew, James (2016). "Literature in the Classical Age of Greece". In Hose, Martin; Schenker, David (eds.).

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but from 477 by Athens, and by 460 Persia had been driven out of the Aegean. During this long campaign, the

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The carved busts of four ancient Greek philosophers, on display in the British Museum. From left to right:

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mechanism of government; all citizens had equal privileges in the assembly. However, non-citizens, such as

3170: 813: 7950: 3705:, regions settled by Thracian tribes. To the north of Macedonia lay various non-Greek peoples such as the 11950: 11461: 11366: 11336: 11260: 11237: 11087: 9886: 9494: 9370: 9032: 8986: 8941: 8717: 8406: 4354: 4282: 3638: 3203: 3159: 3083: 1657: 10425: 7960: 3082:

The peace did not last, however. In 418 BC allied forces of Athens and Argos were defeated by Sparta at

1402: 11821: 11544: 11321: 10547: 10420: 9553: 9548: 9524: 9434: 8951: 8049: 8001: 6723: 5084: 5060: 4998: 4834: 4762: 4625:, who attempted to provide naturalistic, non-mythical descriptions of the world. They were followed by 4049:

colonies that they set up throughout the Mediterranean, which, though they might count a certain Greek

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Mori, Anatole (2016). "Literature in the Hellenistic World". In Hose, Martin; Schenker, David (eds.).

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as their 'mother' (and remain sympathetic to her), were completely independent of the founding city.

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Angus Konstam: "Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece", pp. 94–95. Thalamus publishing, UK, 2003,

2336:, is one of the most representative symbols of the culture and sophistication of the ancient Greeks. 696: 12569: 12297: 12059: 12019: 12009: 11957: 11296: 11068: 9602: 9565: 9499: 9165: 9052: 5330: 4896: 4684: 4592: 4546: 3753: 3570: 3259: 2573: 2414: 2289: 2271: 2208: 1755: 1707: 1672: 1462: 668: 304: 272: 7997: 7402: 6565:

edited by D.M. Lewis et al. I E S Edwards, Cambridge University Press, D.M. Lewis, John Boardman,

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Power, Timothy (2016). "Literature in the Archaic Age". In Hose, Martin; Schenker, David (eds.).

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Antonaccio, Carla M. (2007). "Colonization: Greece on the Move 900–480". In Shapiro, H.A. (ed.).

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Despite the treaty, Athenian relations with Sparta declined again in the 430s, and in 431 BC the

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W. Schiedel, "Real slave prices and the relative cost of slave labor in the Greco-Roman world",

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and established a radical difference between ideas and the concrete world, and Plato's disciple

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from 657 BC. The period also saw the founding of Greek colonies around the Mediterranean, with

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König, Jason (2016). "Literature in the Roman World". In Hose, Martin; Schenker, David (eds.).

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ruler. However, the powers of these kings were held in check by both a council of elders (the

12629: 12604: 12534: 12217: 11945: 11718: 11676: 11646: 11418: 11410: 11360: 11352: 11110: 10895: 10124: 10114: 10104: 10089: 9779: 9519: 9489: 9444: 9439: 9070: 9037: 8839: 8744: 8730: 8386: 8257: 8221: 7741:

Noegel, Scott B. (2007). "Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East". In Ogden, Daniel (ed.).

7569:

Boardman, John; Hammond, N.G.L. (1982). "Preface". In Boardman, John; Hammond, N.G.L (eds.).

6501: 5466: 5412: 5284: 5166:

Religion was a central part of ancient Greek life. Though the Greeks of different cities and

5017: 4938: 4910: 4823: 4796: 4656: 4467: 4315:

slaves were employed in Athens as a police force corralling citizens to political functions.

3573:, though with somewhat different boundaries. Mainland Greece to the north, nowadays known as 3489:

and other Greek cities revolted in 88 BC, and the peninsula was crushed by the Roman general

3107: 2981: 2685: 1492: 1128: 763: 7604:

Bulloch, A.W. (1985). "Hellenistic Poetry". In Easterling, P.E.; Knox, Bernard M.W. (eds.).

7441: 7435: 6754: 6748: 5439: 4020:). This was a situation unlike that in most other contemporary societies, which were either 2488:

and much of Europe. For this reason, Classical Greece is generally considered the cradle of

1642: 12624: 12379: 12292: 12270: 12193: 12189: 12118: 12034: 11979: 11974: 11797: 11641: 11530: 11356: 11348: 11283: 11136: 10367: 10361: 10347: 9831: 9789: 9761: 9646: 9459: 8689: 8485: 7857:

Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of political organization and community in ancient Greece

5345: 5298: 5167: 5047:

The ancient Greeks also made important discoveries in the medical field. Hippocrates was a

4978: 4970: 4688: 4639: 4630: 4604: 4587:, as well as modern science. Clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and 4551: 4045:

remained neutral, and after the Persian defeat, the allies quickly returned to infighting.

3840: 3429: 3166: 3060: 2867: 2855: 2454: 2446: 2170: 1940: 1617: 1582: 1380: 1113: 1033: 743: 738: 523: 371: 309: 279: 3177:. Philip planned to lead the League to invade Persia, but was murdered in 336 BC. His son 8: 12649: 12514: 12384: 12174: 12103: 11860: 11833: 11816: 11804: 11626: 11582: 11184: 11126: 10947: 10498: 10468: 9856: 9751: 9746: 9183: 8498: 8411: 8381: 8335: 8098: 5052: 4974: 4942: 4496:

The scale and scope of warfare in ancient Greece changed dramatically as a result of the

4329: 4304: 4029: 3718: 3670: 3622: 3364: 3191: 3178: 3119: 3099: 3087: 3004: 2851: 2847: 2511: 2485: 2442: 2372: 2145: 1497: 1106: 1048: 703: 658: 386: 240: 116: 94: 87: 7980: 7897:

Pomeroy, Sarah, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts. 2008.

5009:

and the compilation of the first star catalog in which he proposed the modern system of

4392:

Boys from wealthy families attending the private school lessons were taken care of by a

4359: 3557:

Map showing the major regions of mainland ancient Greece and adjacent "barbarian" lands.

2995:

The Persians were decisively defeated at sea by a primarily Athenian naval force at the

2764: 2673:

is known from much more fragmentary documents such as annals, king lists, and pragmatic

12369: 12285: 12275: 12108: 12071: 12001: 11940: 11923: 11877: 11787: 11701: 11515: 11270: 11169: 11035: 11025: 10715: 10612: 10518: 10162: 10079: 9967: 9469: 9293: 8809: 8789: 8646: 8517: 8401: 8196: 8123: 7816: 6474: 5256: 5234:

Captive Greece took captive her uncivilised conqueror and instilled her arts in rustic

5122: 5010: 4497: 4404: 4150: 4003: 3830:-10 million. This was not simply for trade, but also to found settlements. These 3813: 3766: 3743: 3407: 3347: 3299: 3207: 2953: 2942: 2883: 2694: 2644: 2589: 2540: 2462: 2438: 2426: 2391: 2243: 2175: 2160: 2150: 2130: 2095: 2070: 2045: 1928: 1487: 1452: 1362: 1317: 1273: 1118: 778: 663: 189: 7991: 5051:

of the Classical period, and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the

12499: 12401: 12389: 12374: 12354: 12265: 12212: 12184: 12166: 11969: 11845: 11838: 11651: 11599: 11577: 11505: 11381: 11204: 11194: 11058: 10891: 10790: 10377: 9926: 9774: 9726: 9570: 9539: 9484: 9401: 9278: 9150: 8971: 8804: 8757: 8697: 8571: 8553: 8529: 8511: 8466: 8421: 8416: 8067: 7945: 7842: 7801: 7773: 7700: 7618: 7555: 7445: 7385: 7009: 6891: 6818: 6798: 6758: 6697: 6674: 6654: 6633: 6591: 6570: 6409: 6343: 5654: 5568: 5499: 5472: 5445: 5418: 5227: 5080: 5037: 4966: 4946: 4888: 4800: 4514: 4501: 4087: 4075: 3995: 3991: 3777: 3509: 3498: 3379: 3174: 3165:

The power vacuum in Greece after the Battle of Mantinea was filled by Macedon, under

3151: 3095: 3036: 3000: 2996: 2965: 2748: 2593: 2581: 2477: 2458: 2450: 2399: 2364: 2165: 2065: 1891: 1866: 1667: 1577: 1567: 1542: 1083: 1043: 903: 893: 748: 648: 623: 483: 471: 294: 247: 46: 12644: 7650:

Hammond, N.G.L (1982). "The Peloponnese". In Boardman, John; Hammond, N.G.L (eds.).

7595:

Bremmer, Jan M. (2007). "Greek Normative Animal Sacrifice". In Ogden, Daniel (ed.).

4257: 3762: 1712: 12260: 12250: 12076: 12024: 11928: 11792: 11681: 11631: 11609: 11604: 11535: 11436: 11406: 11391: 11316: 11245: 11161: 11146: 11063: 10720: 10252: 10217: 10034: 9891: 9769: 9656: 9651: 8976: 8931: 8762: 8669: 8285: 8118: 8103: 8093: 7579: 6401: 5247: 5183: 5175: 5160: 5089: 4743: 4450: 4416: 4375: 4274: 4164: 4154: 4122: 3786: 3654: 3456: 3216: 3143: 3131: 3091: 3064: 3044: 2903: 2887: 2831:

inherited his position; by the end of the sixth century he had been overthrown and

2816: 2569: 2561: 2552: 2536: 2461:

by Alexander the Great spread Hellenistic civilization across the Middle East. The

2434: 2410: 2403: 2105: 1856: 1841: 1821: 1762: 1647: 1607: 1507: 1475: 1407: 1342: 1243: 1223: 1133: 988: 888: 833: 788: 773: 391: 221: 180: 132: 100: 67: 4921:

Ancient Greek mathematics contributed many important developments to the field of

3553: 3359:

in 301 BC. His son Demetrius spent many years in Seleucid captivity, and his son,

3243:

in Syria and the former Persian empire; smaller Hellenistic kingdoms included the

2643:

during the later 4th to early 6th centuries AD, consummated by the closure of the

1871: 12634: 12574: 12459: 12307: 12302: 12280: 12200: 12154: 11911: 11865: 11763: 11740: 11723: 11696: 11481: 11344: 11225: 11012: 10735: 10493: 10281: 10094: 9836: 9702: 9634: 8961: 8559: 8541: 8535: 8449: 8426: 8300: 8211: 8171: 8108: 6730: 6691: 6566: 5648: 5493: 5243: 4997:, using the angles of shadows created at widely separated regions, estimated the 4914: 4884: 4857:; both men and women sang at work; and children's games involved song and dance. 4596: 4338: 4278: 4270: 4194: 4112: 3920: 3900: 3666: 3642: 3494: 3418: 3387: 3368: 3356: 3343: 3272: 3236: 3187: 3072: 3056: 3040: 2812: 2788: 2597: 2577: 2518: 2489: 2466: 2368: 2248: 2140: 2035: 1990: 1906: 1881: 1737: 1717: 1677: 1622: 1512: 1367: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1238: 963: 948: 883: 733: 673: 538: 454: 328: 299: 214: 162: 10916: 10760: 10473: 7659:

Handley, E.W. (1985). "Comedy". In Easterling, P.E.; Knox, Bernard M.W. (eds.).

7632:

Dowden, Ken (2007). "Olympian Gods, Olympian Pantheon". In Ogden, Daniel (ed.).

6461: 2960: 12664: 12584: 12539: 12479: 12444: 12236: 12149: 12054: 11962: 11753: 11587: 11326: 11214: 11209: 11118: 10617: 10557: 10552: 10508: 10289: 10237: 10227: 10207: 10197: 9941: 9936: 9931: 8784: 8583: 8577: 8565: 8365: 8340: 8113: 7969: 5312: 5211: 4917:

from 150 to 100 BC designed to calculate the positions of astronomical objects.

4868: 4660: 4143: 4092: 4033: 3892: 3869: 3831: 3801: 3770: 3662: 3618: 3590: 3482: 3470: 3414: 3318: 3111: 2759: 2666: 2636: 2548: 2470: 2422: 2238: 2110: 1995: 1950: 1814: 1587: 1537: 1268: 1038: 851: 638: 558: 259: 171: 6405: 4520:

Athens owned one of the largest war fleets in ancient Greece. It had over 200

4449:

At its economic height in the 5th and 4th centuries BC, the free citizenry of

4423:

of Athens). The education system of the wealthy ancient Greeks is also called

3223:

The period from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC until the death of

2382:), that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related 12679: 12619: 12504: 12419: 12364: 12224: 12144: 12039: 11889: 11882: 11775: 11728: 11621: 11477: 11424: 11174: 11151: 11131: 11053: 10997: 10853: 10770: 10745: 10435: 10357: 10039: 9982: 9881: 9871: 9841: 9823: 9697: 8849: 8631: 8523: 8479: 8441: 8280: 8201: 5368:

List of archaeologically attested women from the ancient Mediterranean region

5264: 5156: 4934: 4727: 4722: 4611: 3916: 3912: 3896: 3790: 3749: 3518: 3505: 3438: 3212: 3155: 3008: 2769: 2628: 2565: 2544: 2395: 2203: 2040: 1960: 1955: 1782: 1727: 1722: 1482: 1457: 1447: 1437: 1322: 1233: 1228: 1198: 1153: 1123: 1088: 898: 868: 488: 414: 11446: 7677:

Kirk, G.S. (1985). "Homer". In Easterling, P.E.; Knox, Bernard M.W. (eds.).

5174:, worshipping many gods, but as early as the sixth century BC a pantheon of 3986: 3122:("King's Peace") which restored Persia's control over the Anatolian Greeks. 2948: 2055: 2000: 1627: 1597: 12654: 12454: 12359: 12205: 12179: 12088: 11770: 11758: 11706: 11666: 11661: 11525: 11520: 11386: 11376: 11219: 10670: 10622: 10488: 10342: 10212: 9851: 9687: 9193: 9155: 8854: 7583: 7389: 5207: 5171: 5114: 5110: 4994: 4982: 4930: 4770: 4731: 4672: 4622: 4234: 3849: 3562:

mountains, or on coastal plains, and dominated a certain area around them.

3367:

in exchange for war elephants, and later lost large parts of Persia to the

3360: 3337: 2670: 2632: 2612: 2481: 2218: 2213: 2100: 2085: 1985: 1975: 1970: 1896: 1886: 1826: 1767: 1732: 1532: 1442: 1432: 1193: 1188: 858: 768: 508: 227: 2493: 2316: 12594: 12342: 12337: 12329: 12314: 12139: 12044: 11855: 11691: 11656: 11636: 11616: 11594: 11559: 11401: 11331: 11306: 11301: 11250: 10967: 10690: 10582: 10562: 10390: 9898: 9876: 9866: 9861: 9784: 9741: 9288: 9198: 9188: 9075: 9065: 8829: 8206: 8181: 5260: 5130: 5025: 4993:. Otherwise, only fragmentary descriptions of Aristarchus' idea survive. 4922: 4792: 4788: 4718: 4714: 4652: 4600: 4560: 4529: 4342: 4293:

did not become citizens. Instead, they were mixed into the population of

4210: 4206: 4198: 4097: 3809: 3686: 3566: 3513: 3395: 3228: 2832: 2824: 2721: 2702: 2698: 2648: 2608: 2465:

is considered to have ended in 30 BC, when the last Hellenistic kingdom,

2025: 1980: 1935: 1876: 1846: 1836: 1742: 1662: 1332: 1248: 1178: 1138: 923: 793: 653: 503: 333: 10395: 7654:. Vol. III.iii (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7641:

Furley, William D. (2007). "Prayers and Hymns". In Ogden, Daniel (ed.).

4977:

proposed that the Earth rotates around its axis. In the 3rd century BC,

4197:

belonged to the Agiads and the Eurypontids, descendants respectively of

3461:

The Greek peninsula came under Roman rule during the 146 BC conquest of

12125: 12113: 12083: 12049: 11989: 11671: 11278: 11199: 10627: 10597: 10592: 10577: 10463: 10430: 10099: 10069: 9736: 9464: 9298: 9140: 9135: 9125: 9110: 9095: 9085: 9060: 8436: 8191: 8146: 5202: 5068: 5006: 5002: 4958: 4950: 4807: 4736: 4584: 4564: 4163:), for the discussion of city policy, had existed since the reforms of 4011: 3879:

Eventually, Greek colonization reached as far northeast as present-day

3853: 3727: 3722: 3375: 3290: 3240: 3183: 2713: 2223: 2030: 1851: 1527: 1327: 1143: 1023: 993: 873: 728: 462: 74: 4219:) and magistrates specifically appointed to watch over the kings (the 4167:

in 621 BC; all citizens were permitted to attend after the reforms of

3413:

The city-states within Greece formed themselves into two leagues; the

3090:

to dominate Sicily; the expedition ended in disaster at the harbor of

3003:. The alliance against Persia continued, initially led by the Spartan 12559: 12396: 12131: 12093: 11686: 11500: 11079: 10602: 10528: 10513: 10483: 10478: 10410: 10334: 10319: 10304: 10247: 10147: 9799: 9731: 9303: 9283: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9208: 9203: 9173: 9120: 9080: 8859: 8725: 8679: 8659: 8290: 8161: 7864:

Money, labour and land: Approaches to the economies of ancient Greece

7405:, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Microsoft Corporation. 5106: 5098: 5048: 4854: 4644: 4615: 4476: 4408: 4312: 4117: 3954: 3928: 3873: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3682: 3674: 3582: 3281: 3224: 3125: 2729: 2706: 2680: 2674: 2624: 2604: 2557: 2329: 2321: 2228: 2125: 2115: 1612: 1592: 1003: 998: 753: 723: 713: 598: 583: 548: 366: 7573:. Vol. III (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5024:. It was discovered in an ancient shipwreck off the Greek island of 4153:

as a radical solution to prevent the aristocracy regaining power. A

2908: 2827:

established himself as a tyrant, and after his death in 527 his son

12549: 12245: 12066: 11894: 11809: 11748: 11711: 11002: 10992: 10652: 10642: 10632: 10607: 10385: 10352: 10314: 10257: 10172: 10157: 10014: 10004: 9921: 9916: 9313: 9308: 9268: 9263: 9238: 9218: 9145: 9100: 9090: 8946: 8844: 8779: 8707: 8315: 7836: 5223:

Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit et artis / intulit agresti Latio

5195: 5134: 5021: 5005:

made a number of contributions, including the first measurement of

4926: 4819: 4811: 4773: 4758: 4668: 4664: 4626: 4568: 4556: 4412: 4290: 4215: 4106: 4010:

Ancient Greece consisted of several hundred relatively independent

3999: 3932: 3884: 3857: 3731: 3698: 3694: 3634: 3610: 3481:

managed to maintain a partial independence and avoid taxation. The

3422: 3399: 3327: 3263: 3103: 3068: 3048: 2977: 2859: 2839: 2717: 2233: 2060: 1777: 1772: 1347: 1337: 1183: 1073: 1068: 1013: 1008: 943: 938: 758: 618: 608: 603: 578: 513: 10405: 6965:"Did sons and daughters get the same education in ancient Greece?" 4341:

against their masters several times. In 370/69 BC, as a result of

12464: 12319: 12231: 11020: 10987: 10982: 10795: 10785: 10730: 10725: 10710: 10700: 10685: 10680: 10567: 10455: 10445: 10324: 10299: 10294: 10267: 10262: 10242: 10232: 10222: 10187: 10177: 10167: 10119: 10109: 10084: 10049: 10044: 10019: 9672: 9454: 9115: 9105: 8864: 8834: 8824: 8819: 8799: 8794: 8674: 8621: 8330: 8320: 8310: 8305: 8295: 8007: 7965: 5464: 5263:. A modern revival of Classical Greek learning took place in the 5064: 5029: 4580: 4521: 4481: 4424: 4367: 4334: 4239: 4202: 4190: 4173: 3904: 3888: 3880: 3845: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3646: 3630: 3606: 3598: 3578: 3474: 3473:

while southern Greece came under the surveillance of Macedonia's

3383: 3244: 3150:

By 371 BC, Thebes was in the ascendancy, defeating Sparta at the

2938: 2929: 2891: 2871: 2828: 2796: 2690: 2616: 2585: 2398:, the era of classical antiquity was immediately followed by the 2090: 2015: 1831: 1632: 1572: 1522: 1517: 1502: 1352: 1293: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1168: 1058: 1028: 1018: 933: 918: 823: 818: 718: 643: 628: 573: 543: 533: 10740: 10054: 7908:. Blackwell History of the Ancient World. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 2988:, tyrant of Syracuse, defeated the Carthaginian invasion at the 878: 12484: 10765: 10695: 10675: 10637: 10503: 10309: 10202: 10139: 10129: 10074: 9692: 9677: 9273: 9258: 9233: 9228: 9213: 8874: 8869: 8636: 8616: 8360: 8350: 8345: 8216: 8176: 8166: 8151: 5491: 5242:

Via the Roman Empire, Greek culture came to be foundational to

5235: 5215: 4954: 4830: 4754: 4618:, has long been a topic of study by theorists of civilization. 4576: 4513:

as pre-eminent powers during this conflict led directly to the

4510: 4506: 4400: 4363: 4320: 4139: 4100:, Crete, fragment of the 11th column. Limestone, 5th century BC 4016: 3924: 3865: 3614: 3602: 3586: 3493:. The Roman civil wars devastated the land even further, until 3486: 3462: 3394:

cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as present-day

3308: 3076: 3025: 2933: 2917: 2913: 2882:, isolating Messenia and reinforcing Sparta's position against 2879: 2843: 2800: 2792: 2418: 2390:, most of these regions were officially unified once under the 2333: 2325: 2120: 2050: 2010: 2005: 1901: 1787: 1682: 1652: 1562: 1307: 1303: 1203: 1158: 1078: 953: 928: 633: 593: 588: 568: 563: 518: 7961:

The Canadian Museum of Civilization—Greece Secrets of the Past

7787:

Shapiro, H.A. (2007). "Introduction". In Shapiro, H.A. (ed.).

7750:

Ogden, Daniel (2007). "Introduction". In Ogden, Daniel (ed.).

6859: 4505:

time, nothing on this scale had been seen before. The rise of

3637:(center), and Thesprotia (south). In the northeast corner was 3504:

Greece was a key eastern province of the Roman Empire, as the

2811:

appears to have been established. After a failed coup led by

2560:

of Athens. Politically, the Classical Period was dominated by

12449: 12439: 12434: 11906: 11901: 10977: 10775: 10750: 10647: 10587: 10572: 10440: 10400: 10152: 10064: 10059: 10029: 10024: 9999: 9682: 9223: 9178: 9130: 8702: 8654: 8355: 8325: 8272: 8247: 8186: 8156: 5510:

for ancient Greece was the cradle of Western culture ...

5252: 5126: 5118: 5033: 4949:. The discoveries of several Greek mathematicians, including 4815: 4749: 4710: 4634: 4485: 4420: 4371: 4295: 4221: 4178: 4168: 4025: 4021: 3958: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3908: 3794: 3527: 3254: 3052: 3021: 3013: 2925: 2820: 2725: 2383: 2075: 2020: 1602: 1357: 1163: 1063: 958: 913: 908: 863: 828: 783: 553: 528: 478: 7892:

Classical Greece: Ancient histories and modern archaeologies

5267:

movement in 18th- and 19th-century Europe and the Americas.

4205:. Both dynasties' founders were believed to be twin sons of 12579: 10972: 10780: 10755: 10705: 10192: 10182: 7578:

Bowersock, G.W. (1985). "The literature of the Empire". In

7494: 5094: 4766: 4146:, government by a 'strongman' was often the best solution. 4028:

ruling over relatively large territories. Undoubtedly, the

3626: 3531: 2985: 2920:

on the obverse and her owl on the reverse – 5th century BC.

2875: 2705:, and alluding to some 8th century BC persons such as 2358: 2080: 1173: 808: 498: 493: 5650:

Greek and Roman historians: information and misinformation

4651:, also originating in Greece, is defined by names such as 3020:

BC when Athens sent a force to aid Sparta in overcoming a

2964:

Delian League ("Athenian Empire"), immediately before the

7899:

Ancient Greece: A political, social, and cultural history

7862:

Cartledge, Paul, Edward E. Cohen, and Lin Foxhall. 2002.

6291: 5437: 3342:

The orange areas were often in dispute after 281 BC. The

2572:

during the early 4th century BC, before power shifted to

7988:, an ancient Greek ports database (archived 11 May 2011) 7482: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6308: 6306: 4730:

in Athens, though the first preserved ancient comedy is

4583:. In many ways, it had an important influence on modern 4307:, while temple slaves acted as servants of the temple's 12564: 5182:

The most important religious act in ancient Greece was

4629:, one of the first philosophers based in Athens during 3758:

List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia § Greek

2547:

of designs on pottery. Following the Dark Ages was the

7518: 7506: 7423:. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. pp. 92–93. 7283: 7223: 6562:

The Cambridge Ancient History: The fourth century B.C.

4261:

Gravestone of a woman with her slave child-attendant,

3935:

had their beginnings as the Greek colonies Syracusae (

3814:

resulting in the large-scale establishment of colonies

2611:

from the death of Alexander until the Roman conquest.

7915:. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 7894:. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 7716:

Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times

7470: 6318: 6303: 6279: 4484:

and Persian warrior depicted fighting, on an ancient

2480:, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on 2421:

began to form in the 8th century BC, ushering in the

7375: 7331: 6598: 5274: 4862: 4814:

were patrons of scholarship and literature, turning

7871:

Athenian economy and society: A banking perspective

7550:Asheri, David; Lloyd, Alan; Corcella, Aldo (2007). 7549: 7458: 7319: 7307: 7295: 7271: 7259: 7247: 7235: 5623: 4399:Some of Athens' greatest such schools included the 4002:political figure in the development of the radical 2615:is usually counted from the Roman victory over the 7906:A history of the Classical Greek world: 478–323 BC 7878:The art and culture of early Greece, 1100–480 B.C. 6113: 6111: 3441:in 146 BC, bringing Greek independence to an end. 2517:Classical antiquity in Greece was preceded by the 10946: 4961:, are still used in mathematical teaching today. 4337:. Their masters treated them harshly, and helots 3169:. In 338 BC, he defeated a Greek alliance at the 3051:. The war turned after Athenian victories led by 3016:in action against the Persians on Cyprus in 450. 2894:in southern Italy, its allies, and the Serdaioi. 2890:in the Peloponnese; and between the Greek colony 12677: 7855:Brock, Roger, and Stephen Hodkinson, eds. 2000. 7571:The Cambridge Ancient History - Volume 3, part 3 6877: 6026: 6024: 6011: 6009: 5458: 5431: 4621:The first known philosophers of Greece were the 4575:Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of 3617:lay to the northwest. Epirus stretched from the 3410:survived until the end of the first century BC. 2838:In Sparta, a political system with two kings, a 2683:is widely known as the "father of history": his 8243: 7718:(2 ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. 7568: 6913:"Plato's Academy: The World's First University" 6753:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 6604: 6108: 5410: 4281:, the ancient Greeks did not think in terms of 3721:were frequently in conflict, to the northwest. 3374:The great capitals of Hellenistic culture were 3075:was negoitiated in 421 by the Athenian general 2858:, Sparta subjugated the neighbouring region of 2709:. The accuracy of Herodotus' works is debated. 2484:, which carried a version of it throughout the 7138: 7136: 6509:American School of Classical Studies at Athens 3425:(the successor states to Alexander's empire). 2952:Map showing events of the first phases of the 11476: 11462: 11095: 10932: 8023: 7679:The Cambridge History of Classical Literature 7661:The Cambridge History of Classical Literature 7606:The Cambridge History of Classical Literature 7588:The Cambridge History of Classical Literature 7412: 7008:. Princeton University Press. pp. 81–2. 6797:. Malden, MA: Willey-Blackwell. p. 305. 6569:, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, 2000, 6394:Chrubasik, Boris (2024). "Seleucid Antioch". 6021: 6006: 5852: 5850: 5485: 4607:, to the secular sciences of the modern day. 3032:in the winter of 446/5, ending the conflict. 2453:. The unification of Greece by Macedon under 2297: 432: 7213: 7211: 7087: 7085: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5465:John E. Findling; Kimberly D. Pelle (2004). 5036:. The device became famous for its use of a 3982:History of citizenship § Ancient Greece 3047:which killed the leading Athenian statesman 7133: 6890:. University of Chicago Press. p. 70. 5468:Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement 5001:with great accuracy. In the 2nd century BC 4318:Sparta had a special type of slaves called 3497:organized the peninsula as the province of 2835:carried out further democratising reforms. 2712:Herodotus was succeeded by authors such as 2371:of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of 11469: 11455: 11102: 11088: 10939: 10925: 8909: 8030: 8016: 7859:. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 7667: 7540: 6616: 6522: 6153: 6141: 6129: 6102: 6078: 6042: 6030: 6015: 5847: 5567:. Columbia University Press. p. 273. 5498:. Stryker-Post Publications. p. 337. 5492:Wayne C. Thompson; Mark H. Mullin (1983). 5471:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 23. 2941:allies—defeated the Persian hordes at the 2772:, or the beginning of the Archaic period, 2304: 2290: 439: 425: 9416: 9396: 8594: 8252: 8000:, Janice Siegel, Department of Classics, 7789:The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece 7694: 7577: 7543:The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece 7208: 7202: 7082: 6910: 6777: 6393: 5963: 5886: 5587: 5444:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 8. 5404: 4874: 4678: 3219:, National Archaeological Museum, Naples. 2568:during the 5th century, but displaced by 27:Greek civilization from 1200 BC to 600 AD 7885:A companion to the Classical Greek world 7791:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7681:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7663:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7608:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7590:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7545:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7427: 7418: 6936: 6883: 6538:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2008. 5151: 5088: 5042:National Archaeological Museum of Athens 4904: 4742: 4696: 4550: 4475: 4358: 4256: 4091: 3985: 3808:grew beyond the capacity of the limited 3776: 3761: 3552: 3485:were added to this territory in 133 BC. 3253: 3211: 3124: 2959: 2947: 2907: 2763: 2315: 7873:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. 7786: 7767: 7658: 7649: 7612: 7603: 7594: 7500: 7190: 7154: 7142: 7076: 6792: 6746: 6502:"CORINTH, ARGOS, AND THE IMPERIAL CULT" 5829: 5817: 5805: 5793: 5634: 5599: 5548: 5536: 5521: 5441:Greece: A Primary Source Cultural Guide 5074: 4945:, and approached close to establishing 3970: 3526:, and many Greek intellectuals such as 3346:occupied some of this area. Not shown: 14: 12678: 11109: 9963: 7994:, Greek and Roman theatre architecture 7901:. 2d ed. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 7834: 7795: 7740: 7722: 7713: 7640: 7631: 7524: 7512: 7488: 7476: 7433: 7115: 7103: 7091: 6696:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 187. 6689: 6341: 6329: 6312: 6297: 6285: 6273: 6261: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6213: 6201: 6189: 6177: 6165: 6117: 6090: 6066: 6054: 6000: 5988: 5976: 5957: 5945: 5933: 5921: 5909: 5897: 5880: 5868: 5856: 5841: 5781: 5769: 5757: 5745: 5733: 5721: 5709: 5697: 5685: 5673: 5611: 5071:), thus making medicine a profession. 4500:. To fight the enormous armies of the 3998:, Vatican Museums; Pericles was a key 3975: 3911:. Greek colonies were also founded in 3417:(including Corinth and Argos) and the 3086:. In 415 Athens launched an ambitious 11450: 11083: 10920: 10820: 9962: 9391: 8895: 8242: 8062: 8011: 7758: 7749: 7685: 7464: 7217: 7064: 7028: 6962: 6588:"Population of the Greek city-states" 6499: 5646: 5560: 5210:to the point of marginalizing native 4989:revives Aristarchus' hypothesis that 4081: 3629:river in the north, and consisted of 3597:in the center, while in the east lay 3235:in Macedonia and the rest of Greece, 3197: 2945:, and the Persian fleet turned tail. 2409:Three centuries after the decline of 11312:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese 10431:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 8063: 7814: 7770:Herodotus: a Very Short Introduction 7731: 7676: 7615:Greek Mythography in the Roman World 7552:A Commentary on Herodotus, Books 1–4 7378:Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine 7337: 7325: 7313: 7301: 7289: 7277: 7265: 7253: 7241: 7229: 7178: 7166: 7127: 7052: 7040: 7001: 6542:from the original on 8 December 2008 5438:Maura Ellyn; Maura McGinnis (2004). 3530:would perform most of their work in 3102:in 406. However, in 405 the Spartan 2799:in the east as early as 800 BC, and 2386:and other territories. Prior to the 7887:. Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell. 6911:Kampouris, Nick (26 October 2023). 6864:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5624:Asheri, Lloyd & Corcella (2007) 4985:system. Archimedes in his treatise 4228: 3439:defeated and absorbed by the Romans 2897: 2669:, while earlier ancient history or 1638:Western Mexico Shaft Tomb Tradition 24: 11292:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations 9392: 8037: 7975:Economic history of ancient Greece 7827: 7672:(4 ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. 6462:Alexander's Gulf outpost uncovered 5526:. London: Routledge. p. xvii. 5363:Modern influence of Ancient Greece 4841: 4185:, had no political rights at all. 3994:, Roman copy of a Greek original, 2623:in 146 BC to the establishment of 2445:in 323 BC, and which included the 2433:. This was followed by the age of 25: 12697: 12660:Western European and Others Group 7920: 7913:The archaeology of ancient Greece 7866:. London and New York: Routledge. 6887:The Beginnings of Western Science 6342:Werner, Robert (22 August 2024). 5524:Greece in the Making: 1200–479 BC 4721:from the mid-seventh century BC. 4181:(foreigners living in Athens) or 3860:was colonized first, followed by 3669:, lands inhabited by independent 2753: 2654: 10900: 10890: 10881: 10880: 7880:Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press. 7800:. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. 7396: 7369: 7356: 7343: 7196: 7184: 7172: 7160: 7148: 7121: 7109: 7097: 7070: 7058: 7046: 6963:López, Raquel (28 August 2019). 6795:A Companion to Ancient Education 5351:Regions in Greco-Roman antiquity 5305: 5291: 5277: 4881:List of Graeco-Roman geographers 2588:. This period was shaped by the 2367:civilization, existing from the 2267: 2266: 1039:Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans 408: 56: 10901: 7838:Classical Archaeology of Greece 7761:A Companion to Greek Literature 7734:A Companion to Greek Literature 7725:A Companion to Greek Literature 7688:A Companion to Greek Literature 7533: 7034: 7022: 6995: 6982: 6956: 6930: 6904: 6852: 6827: 6811: 6786: 6771: 6740: 6735:Britannica Student Encyclopædia 6717: 6683: 6663: 6643: 6622: 6610: 6580: 6554: 6493: 6467: 6455: 6429: 6387: 6361: 6335: 6267: 6255: 6243: 6231: 6219: 6207: 6195: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6147: 6135: 6123: 6096: 6084: 6072: 6060: 6048: 6036: 5994: 5982: 5951: 5939: 5927: 5915: 5903: 5874: 5862: 5835: 5823: 5811: 5799: 5787: 5775: 5763: 5751: 5739: 5727: 5715: 5703: 5691: 5679: 5667: 5640: 5628: 5617: 5605: 5593: 5581: 5125:, with ramifications as far as 4925:, including the basic rules of 3990:Marble bust of Pericles with a 3571:regional units of modern Greece 3444: 2999:, and on land in 479 BC at the 2740:For a chronological guide, see 2504:For a chronological guide, see 2457:and subsequent conquest of the 7419:Garrison, Fielding H. (1966). 6400:. Cambridge University Press. 5554: 5542: 5530: 5515: 5380: 5356:Science in classical antiquity 5113:. In the West, the art of the 4901:Science in classical antiquity 3173:, and subsequently formed the 2862:, enserfing the population. 13: 1: 8502: 8489: 8470: 8453: 7768:Roberts, Jennifer T. (2011). 7752:A Companion to Greek Religion 7743:A Companion to Greek Religion 7652:The Cambridge Ancient History 7643:A Companion to Greek Religion 7634:A Companion to Greek Religion 7597:A Companion to Greek Religion 6937:Woodruff, Paul (March 2006). 6780:The Spartans: An Epic History 6632:. Hackett Publishing, p. 80. 5564:A History of Greek Literature 5393: 5321:List of ancient Greek writers 4973:. Their younger contemporary 4777: 4540: 4441:Agriculture in ancient Greece 4328:enslaved en masse during the 4262: 4127: 4096:Inheritance law, part of the 3899:") were settled, followed by 3887:). To the west the coasts of 3465:after the Battle of Corinth. 3142:) is a rare, water-preserved 3136: 2937:Athenians—supported by their 2773: 2529: 2522: 2499: 2376: 137: 121: 105: 9630:Funeral and burial practices 8815:Military of Mycenaean Greece 7951:Resources in other libraries 6782:. Pan Macmillan. p. 67. 6397:Chapter 3 - Seleucid Antioch 5341:Outline of classical studies 5055:. He is referred to as the " 5044:, accompanied by a replica. 4863: 4703:ancient Theatre of Epidaurus 4348: 3685:and to the west, beyond the 3537: 2976:was launched by Darius' son 2916:coin, depicting the head of 2689:are eponymous of the entire 2359: 7: 11261:Wars of Alexander the Great 7992:The Ancient Theatre Archive 7772:. Oxford University Press. 7699:. Oxford University Press. 7670:The Greek World: 479–323 BC 7617:. Oxford University Press. 7554:. Oxford University Press. 7434:Nuland, Sherwin B. (1988). 7364:Early Physics and Astronomy 7351:Early Physics and Astronomy 6884:Lindberg, David C. (2007). 6793:Bloomer, W. Martin (2016). 6750:The History of White People 6605:Boardman & Hammond 1982 5270: 5141: 4981:was the first to suggest a 4355:Education in ancient Greece 4151:the world's first democracy 3737: 3204:Wars of Alexander the Great 3154:, killing the Spartan king 10: 12702: 9554:Greek Revival architecture 8896: 7981:The Greek currency history 7821:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 7796:Sparks, Kenton L. (1998). 7714:Martin, Thomas R. (2013). 7668:Hornblower, Simon (2011). 6939:"Nine Education (Paideia)" 6464:. BBC News. 7 August 2007. 5398: 5193: 5145: 5085:Ancient Greek architecture 5078: 5061:medicine in ancient Greece 4999:circumference of the Earth 4878: 4845: 4835:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 4682: 4544: 4535: 4465: 4461: 4434: 4430: 4352: 4250: 4246: 4085: 3979: 3959: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3747: 3741: 3713:to the northeast, and the 3546: 3542: 3454: 3448: 3201: 2932:, they advanced as far as 2901: 2850:. Over the course of the 2757: 2746: 2742:Timeline of ancient Greece 2739: 2735: 2658: 2506:Timeline of ancient Greece 2503: 2348: 18:Ancient Greek civilization 12430:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 12410: 12328: 12165: 12000: 11871:Standard Average European 11739: 11568: 11488: 11433: 11269: 11180:Wars of the Delian League 11160: 11117: 11044: 11011: 10955: 10876: 10827: 10821: 10816: 10661: 10538: 10527: 10454: 10376: 10333: 10280: 10138: 9990: 9981: 9977: 9958: 9907: 9822: 9760: 9722: 9715: 9665: 9625: 9616: 9538: 9415: 9411: 9387: 9353: 9322: 9164: 9051: 8995: 8962:Attalid kings of Pergamon 8917: 8908: 8904: 8891: 8770:Antigonid Macedonian army 8743: 8716: 8688: 8645: 8602: 8593: 8435: 8374: 8271: 8267: 8238: 8137: 8086: 8082: 8058: 8045: 7998:Illustrated Greek History 7946:Resources in your library 7883:Kinzl, Konrad, ed. 2006. 6724:Slavery in Ancient Greece 6406:10.1017/9781108988988.005 5653:. Routledge. p. 74. 5417:. Brill. pp. 27–50. 5414:Paths from ancient Greece 5326:Outline of ancient Greece 5259:and the Western European 5189: 4931:formal mathematical proof 4693:Theatre of ancient Greece 4445:Slavery in ancient Greece 4437:Economy of ancient Greece 4253:Slavery in ancient Greece 3965:economy of ancient Greece 3645:and its regions, such as 3549:Regions of ancient Greece 3190:in 333 BC, and after the 2768:Dipylon Vase of the late 2635:in 330 AD. Finally, 1428:Indus Valley Civilisation 228:Frankish and Latin states 12570:Lancaster House Treaties 12060:Christian existentialism 12020:Ancient Roman philosophy 12010:Ancient Greek philosophy 11205:Second Peloponnesian War 7835:Shanks, Michael (1996). 7763:. John Wiley & Sons. 7736:. John Wiley & Sons. 7727:. John Wiley & Sons. 7695:Marincola, John (2001). 7690:. John Wiley & Sons. 6778:Cartledge, Paul (2002). 5411:Carol G. Thomas (1988). 5373: 5331:Outline of ancient Egypt 4897:Ancient Greek technology 4765:from the battlefield of 4685:Ancient Greek literature 4589:Hellenistic philosophers 4547:Ancient Greek philosophy 3754:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 3641:, originally consisting 2870:, with cities including 2639:refers to the period of 2324:, a temple dedicated to 2209:Ancient Maritime History 305:Second Hellenic Republic 12348:Equality before the law 11555:Romano-Germanic culture 11190:First Peloponnesian War 7904:Rhodes, Peter J. 2006. 7890:Morris, Ian, ed. 1994. 7876:Hurwit, Jeffrey. 1987. 7005:Democracy and Knowledge 6729:1 December 2008 at the 6535:Encyclopædia Britannica 6500:SPAWFORTH, ANroNyJ. S. 6369:"The Ptolemaic Kingdom" 5647:Grant, Michael (1995). 5522:Osborne, Robin (2009). 5336:Outline of ancient Rome 5121:cultures, resulting in 4848:Music of ancient Greece 4838:dating to this period. 4769:; detail from an Attic 4472:Ancient Macedonian army 3872:and south coast of the 3665:started to expand into 3663:Argead kings of Macedon 3451:Greece in the Roman era 3312:Also shown on the map: 3106:defeated Athens in the 2431:the Mediterranean Basin 2394:from 338 to 323 BC. In 339:Third Hellenic Republic 319:Collaborationist regime 290:First Hellenic Republic 254:Venetian Ionian Islands 12510:Eastern European Group 12099:Continental philosophy 12030:Judeo-Christian ethics 12015:Hellenistic philosophy 11496:Cradle of civilization 11397:Seleucid Dynastic Wars 11322:Seleucid–Parthian Wars 11256:Expansion of Macedonia 11031:Levant (Greater Syria) 8996:Artists & scholars 8911:List of ancient Greeks 8548:Second Athenian League 8397:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 8222:Ancient Greek colonies 8002:Hampden–Sydney College 7911:Whitley, James. 2001. 7613:Cameron, Alan (2004). 6992:, vol. 35, 2005, p 12. 6747:Painter, Nell (2010). 6690:Powell, Anton (2017). 5163: 5148:Ancient Greek religion 5102: 4918: 4893:Ancient Greek medicine 4875:Science and technology 4783: 4706: 4679:Literature and theatre 4649:Hellenistic philosophy 4572: 4489: 4378: 4266: 4101: 4007: 3797: 3774: 3767:Ancient Greek colonies 3659:Alexander I of Macedon 3558: 3508:had long been in fact 3477:; however, some Greek 3404:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 3351: 3249:Greco-Bactrian kingdom 3220: 3147: 3041:first phase of the war 2969: 2957: 2921: 2780: 2661:Greek historiographers 2631:as the capital of the 2337: 2278:Post-classical History 2254:Cradle of Civilization 1313:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 1014:Massylii Confederation 12630:Three Seas Initiative 12605:Pacific Islands Forum 12470:British–Irish Council 12218:Greek Orthodox Church 11677:Industrial Revolution 11647:Scientific Revolution 10115:Sybaris on the Traeis 8840:Sacred Band of Thebes 8580:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 8094:Cycladic civilization 7977:(archived 2 May 2006) 7869:Cohen, Edward. 1992. 7841:. London: Routledge. 7002:Ober, Josiah (2010). 6693:A Companion to Sparta 6653:, Abacus, pp. 363–70 6628:Ruden, Sarah (2003). 5561:Hadas, Moses (1950). 5285:Ancient Greece portal 5194:Further information: 5155: 5092: 5018:Antikythera mechanism 4939:mathematical analysis 4933:, and discoveries in 4911:Antikythera mechanism 4908: 4824:Library of Alexandria 4761:carrying the body of 4746: 4700: 4554: 4479: 4468:Ancient Greek warfare 4362: 4260: 4095: 3989: 3980:Further information: 3780: 3765: 3748:Further information: 3657:. Around the time of 3565:In the south lay the 3556: 3455:Further information: 3257: 3215: 3128: 3108:Battle of Aegospotami 2963: 2951: 2911: 2856:second Messenian wars 2767: 2747:Further information: 2539:characterised by the 2469:, was annexed by the 2363:) was a northeastern 2319: 1024:Kingdom of Mauretania 12625:Special Relationship 12035:Christian philosophy 11980:Western Christianity 11642:Age of Enlightenment 11516:Hellenistic Kingdoms 11297:Seleucid–Mauryan war 11137:Second Messenian War 9640:mythological figures 9361:Ancient Greek tribes 8486:Peloponnesian League 7815:West, M. L. (1994). 5495:Western Europe, 1983 5346:Classical demography 5299:Civilizations portal 5075:Art and architecture 4979:Aristarchus of Samos 4971:Callippus of Cyzicus 4689:Ancient Greek comedy 3971:Politics and society 3621:in the south to the 3430:First Macedonian War 3262:realms included the 3247:in Anatolia and the 3146:from ancient Greece. 2868:Peloponnesian League 2490:Western civilization 2447:Golden Age of Athens 1862:Senegambia Megaliths 1114:Proto-Indo-Europeans 1054:Kingdom of the Aurès 1034:Kingdom of Ouarsenis 310:4th of August Regime 280:Septinsular Republic 12650:West Nordic Council 12515:Eastern Partnership 12104:Analytic philosophy 11805:Classical tradition 11627:Early modern period 11583:Classical antiquity 11578:European Bronze Age 11185:Third Messenian War 11142:Lydian–Milesian War 11127:First Messenian War 10948:Classical antiquity 9752:Tunnel of Eupalinos 9747:Theatre of Dionysus 9371:Ancient Macedonians 8987:Tyrants of Syracuse 8499:Amphictyonic League 8099:Minoan civilization 7818:Ancient Greek Music 7503:, pp. 132–134. 7421:History of Medicine 6969:National Geographic 6344:"Ptolemaic dynasty" 6300:, pp. 254–255. 6168:, pp. 221, 226 5053:history of medicine 5011:apparent magnitudes 5003:Hipparchus of Nicea 4975:Heraclides Ponticus 4943:applied mathematics 4740:, produced in 425. 4593:Muslim philosophers 4305:counterfeit coinage 4138:. In many cities a 4056:Inevitably smaller 4030:geography of Greece 3976:Political structure 3907:, and even eastern 3783:Temple of Concordia 3623:Ceraunian Mountains 3522:in the East and in 3365:Chandragupta Maurya 3192:Battle of Gaugamela 3179:Alexander the Great 3171:Battle of Chaeronea 3120:Peace of Antalcidas 3030:Thirty Years' Peace 2972:Ten years later, a 2580:and finally to the 2512:Classical antiquity 2443:Alexander the Great 2415:Bronze Age Collapse 2373:classical antiquity 1498:Ancestral Puebloans 1009:Kingdom of Blemmyes 704:Aegean Civilization 285:War of Independence 241:Early modern Greece 95:Helladic chronology 12109:Post-structuralism 12072:Christian humanism 11702:Universal suffrage 11372:Roman–Seleucid War 11231:Theban–Spartan War 11170:Greco-Persian Wars 11111:Ancient Greek wars 10426:Menestheus's Limin 10080:Pandosia (Lucania) 9968:Greek colonisation 9330:Athenian statesmen 9091:Diogenes of Sinope 8952:Kings of Macedonia 8942:Kings of Commagene 8810:Macedonian phalanx 8790:Hellenistic armies 8538:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 8402:Indo-Greek Kingdom 8124:Hellenistic Greece 7584:Knox, Bernard M.W. 6577:, pp. 723–24. 6375:. 16 February 2023 6252:, pp. 245–247 6240:, pp. 243–245 6204:, pp. 225–226 6192:, pp. 224–225 5760:, pp. 112–113 5748:, pp. 109–110 5257:Islamic Golden Age 5164: 5123:Greco-Buddhist art 5103: 5057:father of medicine 4919: 4784: 4707: 4599:, to the European 4597:Islamic scientists 4573: 4498:Greco-Persian Wars 4490: 4458:living standards. 4405:Peripatetic school 4379: 4267: 4155:citizens' assembly 4102: 4098:Law Code of Gortyn 4082:Government and law 4008: 4004:Athenian democracy 3864:and the coasts of 3812:of Greece proper, 3798: 3775: 3744:Greek colonisation 3559: 3435:Roman–Seleucid War 3408:Indo-Greek Kingdom 3352: 3348:Indo-Greek Kingdom 3300:Seleucus I Nicator 3221: 3208:Hellenistic period 3198:Hellenistic Greece 3160:Battle of Mantinea 3148: 2970: 2958: 2954:Greco-Persian Wars 2943:Battle of Marathon 2922: 2781: 2695:Darius I of Persia 2590:Greco-Persian Wars 2463:Hellenistic Period 2439:Greco-Persian Wars 2392:Kingdom of Macedon 2338: 2244:Ancient Literature 1793:Indigenous Peoples 1453:Satavahana Dynasty 1059:Kingdom of Makuria 1029:Kingdom of Nobatia 1019:Kingdom of Numidia 999:Nasamones Chiefdom 994:Garamantes Kingdom 779:Barbarian Kingdoms 190:Hellenistic Greece 12673: 12672: 12500:Council of Europe 12402:International law 12355:Constitutionalism 12213:Eastern Orthodoxy 11719:Post–Cold War era 11652:Age of Revolution 11506:Greco-Roman world 11444: 11443: 11382:War against Nabis 11195:Second Sacred War 11077: 11076: 10914: 10913: 10872: 10871: 10812: 10811: 10808: 10807: 10804: 10803: 10378:Iberian Peninsula 10310:Lipara/Meligounis 10276: 10275: 9954: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9927:Cypriot syllabary 9818: 9817: 9727:Athenian Treasury 9711: 9710: 9383: 9382: 9379: 9378: 8972:Ptolemaic dynasty 8932:Archons of Athens 8887: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8758:Athenian military 8739: 8738: 8572:League of Corinth 8554:Thessalian League 8530:Chalcidian League 8512:Acarnanian League 8422:Ptolemaic Kingdom 8234: 8233: 8230: 8229: 7968:website from the 7927:Library resources 7807:978-1-57506-033-0 7779:978-0-19-957599-2 7706:978-0-19-922501-9 7624:978-0-19-803821-4 7561:978-0-19-814956-9 7491:, pp. 21–22. 7451:978-0-394-55130-2 7440:. Knopf. p. 7292:, pp. 27–28. 7232:, pp. 1, 13. 7205:, pp. 642–43 7157:, pp. 542–43 7015:978-0-691-14624-9 6804:978-1-118-99741-3 6764:978-0-393-04934-3 6679:978-0-349-11717-1 6659:978-0-349-11717-1 6481:. 12 October 2020 6415:978-1-108-98898-8 6105:, pp. 186–89 6093:, pp. 202–03 6057:, pp. 198–99 5960:, pp. 137–41 5936:, pp. 137–38 5924:, pp. 134–36 5912:, pp. 131–33 5883:, pp. 128–29 5844:, pp. 126–27 5660:978-0-415-11770-8 5574:978-0-231-01767-1 5478:978-0-313-32278-5 5451:978-0-8239-3999-2 5424:978-90-04-08846-7 5255:and later on the 5081:Ancient Greek art 5038:differential gear 4987:The Sand Reckoner 4967:Eudoxus of Cnidus 4947:integral calculus 4889:Greek mathematics 4801:Thales of Miletus 4747:A scene from the 4612:ancient Egyptians 4515:Peloponnesian War 4502:Achaemenid Empire 4488:, 5th century BC. 4088:Ancient Greek law 4076:Corinthian League 3996:Museo Chiaramonti 3992:Corinthian helmet 3793:, in present-day 3380:Ptolemaic Kingdom 3298: Kingdom of 3289: Kingdom of 3280: Kingdom of 3271: Kingdom of 3264:Diadochi kingdoms 3175:League of Corinth 3152:Battle of Leuctra 3037:Peloponnesian War 3001:Battle of Plataea 2997:Battle of Salamis 2966:Peloponnesian War 2840:council of elders 2749:History of Greece 2645:Academy of Athens 2621:Battle of Corinth 2594:Peloponnesian War 2582:League of Corinth 2459:Achaemenid Empire 2451:Peloponnesian War 2400:Early Middle Ages 2357: 2328:, located on the 2314: 2313: 1892:Sahelian Kingdoms 1867:Pre-Imperial Mali 1543:St. Johns culture 1084:Kingdom of Altava 1079:Kingdom of Alodia 1049:Kingdom of Masuna 1044:Kingdom of Capsus 894:Kingdom of Simien 649:Achaemenid Empire 449: 448: 415:Greece portal 295:Kingdom of Greece 203: 194: 185: 176: 167: 144: 128: 112: 16:(Redirected from 12693: 12545:EU Customs Union 12077:Secular humanism 12025:Christian ethics 11975:East–West Schism 11958:Physical culture 11682:Great Divergence 11632:Age of Discovery 11471: 11464: 11457: 11448: 11447: 11437:Military history 11407:Mithridatic Wars 11392:Maccabean Revolt 11340: 11317:Chremonidean War 11246:Third Sacred War 11241: 11147:First Sacred War 11104: 11097: 11090: 11081: 11080: 10941: 10934: 10927: 10918: 10917: 10904: 10903: 10894: 10884: 10883: 10818: 10817: 10536: 10535: 10035:Heraclea Lucania 9988: 9987: 9979: 9978: 9960: 9959: 9720: 9719: 9652:Twelve Olympians 9623: 9622: 9413: 9412: 9389: 9388: 8977:Seleucid dynasty 8957:Kings of Paionia 8906: 8905: 8893: 8892: 8763:Scythian archers 8670:Graphe paranomon 8600: 8599: 8507: 8504: 8494: 8491: 8475: 8472: 8462: 8458: 8455: 8269: 8268: 8240: 8239: 8119:Classical Greece 8104:Mycenaean Greece 8084: 8083: 8060: 8059: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8009: 8008: 7852: 7822: 7811: 7792: 7783: 7764: 7755: 7746: 7737: 7728: 7719: 7710: 7697:Greek Historians 7691: 7682: 7673: 7664: 7655: 7646: 7637: 7628: 7609: 7600: 7591: 7580:Easterling, P.E. 7574: 7565: 7546: 7528: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7416: 7410: 7409:31 October 2009. 7400: 7394: 7393: 7373: 7367: 7366:, pp. 45–47 7360: 7354: 7353:, pp. 55–56 7347: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7257: 7251: 7245: 7239: 7233: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7019: 6999: 6993: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6831: 6825: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6744: 6738: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6687: 6681: 6667: 6661: 6647: 6641: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6594:on 5 March 2007. 6590:. 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The 5184:animal sacrifice 5176:twelve Olympians 5161:Twelve Olympians 5129:. Following the 4866: 4782: 4779: 4705:, 4th century BC 4451:Classical Greece 4417:Platonic Academy 4275:Classical Athens 4264: 4229:Social structure 4129: 4074:to join his own 3962: 3961: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3939: 3848:in the east and 3829: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3787:Valle dei Templi 3717:, with whom the 3673:tribes like the 3609:. Northeast lay 3457:Byzantine Greece 3335: 3325: 3316: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3217:Alexander Mosaic 3144:bronze sculpture 3141: 3138: 3132:Victorious Youth 3088:naval expedition 2990:Battle of Himera 2904:Classical Greece 2898:Classical Greece 2778: 2775: 2770:Geometric period 2641:Christianization 2570:Spartan hegemony 2553:Classical Period 2545:geometric styles 2537:archaeologically 2534: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2441:to the death of 2435:Classical Greece 2427:the colonization 2411:Mycenaean Greece 2381: 2378: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2306: 2299: 2292: 2270: 2269: 1912:African Kingdoms 1763:Ortoiroid People 1476:Northern America 1299:Bactria–Margiana 1094:African Kingdoms 1069:Nemencha Kingdom 1064:Kingdom of Hodna 969:African Kingdoms 869:Kingdom of Kerma 774:Migration Period 614:Israel and Judah 451: 450: 441: 434: 427: 413: 412: 411: 351:History by topic 222:Byzantine Greece 201: 192: 183: 181:Classical Greece 174: 166:(1100 BC–750 BC) 165: 142: 141: 1750–1050 139: 135: 126: 125: 3100–1100 123: 119: 110: 109: 3100–1000 107: 103: 88:Greek Bronze Age 68:Neolithic Greece 60: 50: 32: 31: 21: 12701: 12700: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12691: 12690: 12676: 12675: 12674: 12669: 12635:UKUSA Agreement 12575:Lublin Triangle 12460:Baltic Assembly 12412: 12406: 12324: 12161: 11996: 11866:Eurolinguistics 11735: 11724:Information age 11697:Interwar period 11564: 11484: 11475: 11445: 11440: 11429: 11345:Macedonian Wars 11338: 11265: 11239: 11226:Theban hegemony 11156: 11113: 11108: 11078: 11073: 11040: 11007: 10951: 10945: 10915: 10910: 10868: 10823: 10800: 10663: 10657: 10540: 10531: 10523: 10494:Melaina Korkyra 10450: 10372: 10329: 10282:Aeolian Islands 10272: 10134: 9992: 9973: 9972: 9946: 9903: 9814: 9756: 9707: 9661: 9612: 9534: 9525:Wedding customs 9407: 9406: 9375: 9366:Thracian Greeks 9349: 9340:Olympic victors 9318: 9160: 9047: 8991: 8982:Kings of Sparta 8967:Kings of Pontus 8937:Kings of Athens 8913: 8900: 8879: 8775:Army of Macedon 8735: 8712: 8684: 8641: 8589: 8562:(370–c. 230 BC) 8560:Arcadian League 8544:(c. 400–188 BC) 8542:Aetolian League 8536:Boeotian League 8518:Hellenic League 8505: 8492: 8482:(c. 650–404 BC) 8473: 8467:Italiote League 8460: 8456: 8450:Doric Hexapolis 8440: 8431: 8427:Seleucid Empire 8370: 8263: 8262: 8226: 8133: 8109:Greek Dark Ages 8078: 8077: 8054: 8041: 8036: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7935: 7934: 7930: 7923: 7918: 7849: 7830: 7828:Further reading 7825: 7808: 7780: 7707: 7625: 7562: 7536: 7531: 7523: 7519: 7511: 7507: 7499: 7495: 7487: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7432: 7428: 7417: 7413: 7401: 7397: 7374: 7370: 7361: 7357: 7348: 7344: 7336: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7312: 7308: 7300: 7296: 7288: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7264: 7260: 7252: 7248: 7240: 7236: 7228: 7224: 7216: 7209: 7201: 7197: 7189: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7165: 7161: 7153: 7149: 7141: 7134: 7126: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7090: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7051: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7027: 7023: 7016: 7000: 6996: 6990:Ancient Society 6987: 6983: 6973: 6971: 6961: 6957: 6947: 6945: 6943:Oxford Academic 6935: 6931: 6921: 6919: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6882: 6878: 6868: 6866: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6843: 6841: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6816: 6812: 6805: 6791: 6787: 6776: 6772: 6765: 6745: 6741: 6731:Wayback Machine 6722: 6718: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6688: 6684: 6668: 6664: 6648: 6644: 6627: 6623: 6617:Antonaccio 2007 6615: 6611: 6603: 6599: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6567:Cyril John Gadd 6559: 6555: 6545: 6543: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6513: 6511: 6504: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6473: 6472: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6446: 6444: 6435: 6434: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6392: 6388: 6378: 6376: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6352: 6350: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6319: 6311: 6304: 6296: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6236: 6232: 6224: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6154:Hornblower 2011 6152: 6148: 6142:Hornblower 2011 6140: 6136: 6130:Hornblower 2011 6128: 6124: 6116: 6109: 6103:Hornblower 2011 6101: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6079:Hornblower 2011 6077: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6053: 6049: 6043:Hornblower 2011 6041: 6037: 6031:Hornblower 2011 6029: 6022: 6016:Hornblower 2011 6014: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5896: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5724:, pp. 73–4 5720: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5645: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5575: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5311: 5306: 5304: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5244:Western culture 5214:traditions. As 5198: 5192: 5150: 5144: 5133:in Europe, the 5087: 5079:Main articles: 5077: 4915:analog computer 4903: 4885:Greek astronomy 4879:Main articles: 4877: 4869:reed instrument 4850: 4844: 4842:Music and dance 4780: 4695: 4683:Main articles: 4681: 4549: 4543: 4538: 4474: 4466:Main articles: 4464: 4447: 4435:Main articles: 4433: 4403:(the so-called 4357: 4351: 4279:Western culture 4271:chattel slavery 4255: 4249: 4231: 4195:Kings of Sparta 4113:archon basileus 4090: 4084: 3984: 3978: 3973: 3901:Southern France 3826: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3760: 3746: 3740: 3709:due north, the 3667:Upper Macedonia 3643:Lower Macedonia 3577:, consisted of 3551: 3545: 3540: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3419:Aetolian League 3388:Seleucid Empire 3369:Parthian Empire 3357:Battle of Ipsus 3344:Attalid dynasty 3341: 3333: 3331: 3323: 3321: 3314: 3311: 3304: 3302: 3295: 3293: 3286: 3284: 3277: 3275: 3273:Ptolemy I Soter 3268: 3210: 3202:Main articles: 3200: 3188:Battle of Issus 3139: 2974:second invasion 2924:In 499 BC, the 2906: 2900: 2815:around 636 BC, 2813:Cylon of Athens 2795:settlements at 2776: 2762: 2756: 2751: 2745: 2738: 2663: 2657: 2598:Rise of Macedon 2578:Boeotian League 2532: 2525: 2519:Greek Dark Ages 2509: 2502: 2467:Ptolemaic Egypt 2396:Western history 2379: 2369:Greek Dark Ages 2310: 2259: 2258: 2249:Ancient Warfare 2199: 2191: 2190: 1931: 1917: 1916: 1817: 1803: 1802: 1758: 1748: 1747: 1698: 1688: 1687: 1558: 1548: 1547: 1478: 1468: 1467: 1463:Middle Kingdoms 1423: 1413: 1412: 1383: 1373: 1372: 1289: 1279: 1278: 1264:Eurasian Nomads 1259:Five Barbarians 1254:Four Barbarians 1239:Pannonian Avars 1109: 1107:Eurasian Steppe 1099: 1098: 984: 974: 973: 964:Nilotic Peoples 889:Kingdom of Axum 884:Kingdom of Kush 879:Kingdom of Dʿmt 854: 844: 843: 699: 689: 688: 474: 455:Ancient history 445: 409: 407: 402: 401: 352: 344: 343: 315:Axis occupation 300:National Schism 275: 265: 264: 256: 250: 243: 233: 232: 224: 217: 215:Medieval Greece 207: 206: 202:(146 BC–330 AD) 195: 186: 184:(500 BC–323 BC) 177: 175:(800 BC–480 BC) 168: 163:Greek Dark Ages 158: 148: 147: 140: 129: 124: 113: 108: 97: 90: 80: 79: 70: 48: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12699: 12689: 12688: 12686:Ancient Greece 12671: 12670: 12668: 12667: 12665:Westernization 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12645:Visegrád Group 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12585:Nordic Council 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12480:Bucharest Nine 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12445:Arctic Council 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12416: 12414: 12408: 12407: 12405: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12393: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12357: 12352: 12351: 12350: 12340: 12334: 12332: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12311: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12289: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12243: 12242: 12241: 12240: 12239: 12229: 12228: 12227: 12222: 12221: 12220: 12210: 12209: 12208: 12198: 12197: 12196: 12171: 12169: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12159: 12158: 12157: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12136: 12135: 12123: 12122: 12121: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12080: 12079: 12074: 12064: 12063: 12062: 12055:Existentialism 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12006: 12004: 11998: 11997: 11995: 11994: 11993: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11967: 11966: 11965: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11948: 11938: 11937: 11936: 11926: 11921: 11920: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11899: 11898: 11897: 11887: 11886: 11885: 11875: 11874: 11873: 11868: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11842: 11841: 11831: 11826: 11825: 11824: 11814: 11813: 11812: 11802: 11801: 11800: 11790: 11785: 11784: 11783: 11773: 11768: 11767: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11745: 11743: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11733: 11732: 11731: 11726: 11716: 11715: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11619: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11588:Late antiquity 11580: 11574: 11572: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11541: 11540: 11539: 11538: 11533: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11503: 11498: 11492: 11490: 11486: 11485: 11474: 11473: 11466: 11459: 11451: 11442: 11441: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11427: 11422: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11342: 11334: 11329: 11327:Cleomenean War 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11281: 11275: 11273: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11235: 11234: 11233: 11222: 11217: 11215:Corinthian War 11212: 11210:Phyle Campaign 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11166: 11164: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11123: 11121: 11115: 11114: 11107: 11106: 11099: 11092: 11084: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11050: 11048: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11017: 11015: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10959: 10957: 10953: 10952: 10944: 10943: 10936: 10929: 10921: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10908: 10898: 10888: 10877: 10874: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10840: 10839: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10814: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10667: 10665: 10659: 10658: 10656: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10544: 10542: 10533: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10460: 10458: 10452: 10451: 10449: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10382: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10370: 10365: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10339: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10286: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10228:Megara Hyblaea 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10208:Hybla Gereatis 10205: 10200: 10198:Heraclea Minoa 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10144: 10142: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9996: 9994: 9985: 9975: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9964: 9956: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9944: 9942:Attic numerals 9939: 9937:Greek numerals 9934: 9932:Greek alphabet 9929: 9924: 9919: 9913: 9911: 9905: 9904: 9902: 9901: 9896: 9895: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9828: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9766: 9764: 9758: 9757: 9755: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9723: 9717: 9713: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9669: 9667: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9643: 9642: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9589: 9588: 9586:Musical system 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9557: 9556: 9545: 9543: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9421: 9419: 9409: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9399: 9393: 9385: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9326: 9324: 9320: 9319: 9317: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9170: 9168: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9057: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9018:Mathematicians 9015: 9010: 9005: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8927:Kings of Argos 8923: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8902: 8901: 8889: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8785:Cretan archers 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8755: 8749: 8747: 8741: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8722: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8694: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8651: 8649: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8584:Achaean League 8581: 8578:Euboean League 8575: 8569: 8566:Epirote League 8563: 8557: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8533: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8514:(c. 500–31 BC) 8509: 8496: 8483: 8477: 8464: 8446: 8444: 8442:Confederations 8433: 8432: 8430: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8368: 8366:Lissus (Crete) 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8277: 8275: 8265: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8244: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8143: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8114:Archaic Greece 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8090: 8088: 8080: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8064: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8039:Ancient Greece 8035: 8034: 8027: 8020: 8012: 8006: 8005: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7978: 7972: 7970:British Museum 7966:Ancient Greece 7963: 7954: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7932:Ancient Greece 7925: 7924: 7922: 7921:External links 7919: 7917: 7916: 7909: 7902: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7847: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7823: 7812: 7806: 7793: 7784: 7778: 7765: 7756: 7747: 7738: 7729: 7720: 7711: 7705: 7692: 7683: 7674: 7665: 7656: 7647: 7638: 7629: 7623: 7610: 7601: 7592: 7575: 7566: 7560: 7547: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7527:, p. 117. 7517: 7515:, p. 121. 7505: 7493: 7481: 7469: 7457: 7450: 7426: 7411: 7395: 7368: 7355: 7342: 7340:, p. 122. 7330: 7318: 7306: 7294: 7282: 7270: 7258: 7246: 7234: 7222: 7207: 7203:Bowersock 1985 7195: 7183: 7171: 7159: 7147: 7132: 7120: 7108: 7096: 7081: 7069: 7057: 7045: 7033: 7021: 7014: 6994: 6981: 6955: 6929: 6917:Greek Reporter 6903: 6897:978-0226482057 6896: 6876: 6851: 6826: 6810: 6803: 6785: 6770: 6763: 6739: 6716: 6702: 6682: 6662: 6642: 6621: 6609: 6607:, p. xiii 6597: 6579: 6553: 6521: 6492: 6466: 6454: 6428: 6414: 6386: 6360: 6334: 6332:, p. 255. 6317: 6315:, p. 256. 6302: 6290: 6288:, p. 253. 6278: 6266: 6254: 6242: 6230: 6218: 6206: 6194: 6182: 6170: 6158: 6146: 6134: 6122: 6107: 6095: 6083: 6071: 6059: 6047: 6035: 6020: 6005: 5993: 5981: 5962: 5950: 5938: 5926: 5914: 5902: 5885: 5873: 5861: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5774: 5762: 5750: 5738: 5726: 5714: 5702: 5690: 5678: 5666: 5659: 5639: 5635:Cameron (2004) 5627: 5616: 5604: 5600:Roberts (2011) 5592: 5580: 5573: 5553: 5551:, pp. 2–3 5541: 5529: 5514: 5504: 5484: 5477: 5457: 5450: 5430: 5423: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5313:History portal 5302: 5288: 5272: 5269: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5191: 5188: 5159:, home of the 5146:Main article: 5143: 5140: 5093:The Temple of 5076: 5073: 4929:, the idea of 4876: 4873: 4846:Main article: 4843: 4840: 4680: 4677: 4661:Zeno of Citium 4631:its golden age 4591:, to medieval 4545:Main article: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4463: 4460: 4432: 4429: 4383:public schools 4353:Main article: 4350: 4347: 4330:Messenian Wars 4324:. Helots were 4251:Main article: 4248: 4245: 4230: 4227: 4189:was a form of 4144:class conflict 4086:Main article: 4083: 4080: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3893:Southern Italy 3870:Sea of Marmara 3832:Greek colonies 3802:Archaic period 3771:archaic period 3742:Main article: 3739: 3736: 3619:Ambracian Gulf 3575:Central Greece 3547:Main article: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3514:Greek language 3483:Aegean Islands 3471:Roman province 3449:Main article: 3446: 3443: 3415:Achaean League 3332: 3322: 3319:Greek colonies 3313: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3239:in Egypt, and 3199: 3196: 3112:Thirty Tyrants 3073:a peace treaty 2902:Main article: 2899: 2896: 2760:Archaic Greece 2758:Main article: 2755: 2754:Archaic period 2752: 2737: 2734: 2667:historiography 2659:Main article: 2656: 2655:Historiography 2653: 2637:Late Antiquity 2549:Archaic Period 2541:protogeometric 2501: 2498: 2471:Roman Republic 2423:Archaic period 2417:, Greek urban 2341:Ancient Greece 2312: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2301: 2294: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2239:Historiography 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1932: 1925:Southeast Asia 1923: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1818: 1815:Central Africa 1809: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1479: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1424: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1363:Fergana Valley 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1318:Yavana Kingdom 1315: 1310: 1301: 1296: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1269:Nomadic Empire 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 985: 980: 979: 976: 975: 972: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 855: 852:Horn of Africa 850: 849: 846: 845: 842: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 700: 695: 694: 691: 690: 687: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 475: 470: 469: 466: 465: 458: 457: 447: 446: 444: 443: 436: 429: 421: 418: 417: 404: 403: 400: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 353: 350: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 336: 334:Military Junta 331: 326: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 276: 271: 270: 267: 266: 263: 262: 260:Ottoman Greece 257: 251: 248:Venetian Crete 244: 239: 238: 235: 234: 231: 230: 225: 218: 213: 212: 209: 208: 205: 204: 196: 193:(323 BC–31 BC) 187: 178: 172:Archaic Greece 169: 159: 156:Ancient Greece 154: 153: 150: 149: 146: 145: 130: 114: 98: 91: 86: 85: 82: 81: 78: 77: 71: 66: 65: 62: 61: 53: 52: 43: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12698: 12687: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12610:PROSUR/PROSUL 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12505:Craiova Group 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12420:ABCANZ Armies 12418: 12417: 12415: 12409: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12349: 12346: 12345: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12331: 12327: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12268: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12248: 12247: 12244: 12238: 12235: 12234: 12233: 12230: 12226: 12225:Protestantism 12223: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12214: 12211: 12207: 12204: 12203: 12202: 12199: 12195: 12191: 12188: 12187: 12186: 12183: 12182: 12181: 12178: 12177: 12176: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12164: 12156: 12153: 12152: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12145:Sovereigntism 12143: 12141: 12138: 12134: 12133: 12129: 12128: 12127: 12124: 12120: 12117: 12116: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12069: 12068: 12065: 12061: 12058: 12057: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12040:Scholasticism 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12005: 12003: 11999: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11972: 11971: 11968: 11964: 11961: 11960: 11959: 11956: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11939: 11935: 11932: 11931: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11904: 11903: 11900: 11896: 11893: 11892: 11891: 11888: 11884: 11881: 11880: 11879: 11876: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11863: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11840: 11837: 11836: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11823: 11820: 11819: 11818: 11815: 11811: 11808: 11807: 11806: 11803: 11799: 11796: 11795: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11782: 11779: 11778: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11751: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11742: 11738: 11730: 11729:War on terror 11727: 11725: 11722: 11721: 11720: 11717: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11623: 11622:Modern period 11620: 11618: 11615: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11597: 11596: 11593: 11589: 11586: 11585: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11571: 11567: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11528: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11508: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11478:Western world 11472: 11467: 11465: 11460: 11458: 11453: 11452: 11449: 11439: 11438: 11432: 11426: 11425:War of Actium 11423: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11287: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11276: 11274: 11272: 11268: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11236: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11227: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11175:Aeginetan War 11173: 11171: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11159: 11153: 11152:Sicilian Wars 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11132:Lelantine War 11130: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11105: 11100: 11098: 11093: 11091: 11086: 11085: 11082: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11047: 11043: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11014: 11010: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10954: 10949: 10942: 10937: 10935: 10930: 10928: 10923: 10922: 10919: 10907: 10899: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10887: 10879: 10878: 10875: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10826: 10819: 10815: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10660: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10545: 10543: 10537: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10453: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10406:Hemeroscopion 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10375: 10369: 10366: 10363: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10332: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10283: 10279: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10141: 10137: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9983:Magna Graecia 9980: 9976: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9910: 9906: 9900: 9897: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9857:Arcadocypriot 9855: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9821: 9811: 9810:Zeus, Olympia 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9795:Hera, Olympia 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9759: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9718: 9714: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9698:Mount Olympus 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9666:Sacred places 9664: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9615: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9537: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9490:Olympic Games 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9480:Homosexuality 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9321: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9163: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8894: 8890: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8850:Seleucid army 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8742: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8715: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8687: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8644: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8585: 8582: 8579: 8576: 8573: 8570: 8567: 8564: 8561: 8558: 8555: 8552: 8549: 8546: 8543: 8540: 8537: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8525: 8524:Delian League 8522: 8519: 8516: 8513: 8510: 8500: 8497: 8487: 8484: 8481: 8480:Ionian League 8478: 8468: 8465: 8461: 560 BC 8451: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8438: 8434: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8373: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8202:Magna Graecia 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8136: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8044: 8040: 8033: 8028: 8026: 8021: 8019: 8014: 8013: 8010: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7990: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7903: 7900: 7896: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7882: 7879: 7875: 7872: 7868: 7865: 7861: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7848:0-203-17197-7 7844: 7840: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7820: 7819: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7799: 7794: 7790: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7762: 7757: 7753: 7748: 7744: 7739: 7735: 7730: 7726: 7721: 7717: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7698: 7693: 7689: 7684: 7680: 7675: 7671: 7666: 7662: 7657: 7653: 7648: 7644: 7639: 7635: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7616: 7611: 7607: 7602: 7598: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7576: 7572: 7567: 7563: 7557: 7553: 7548: 7544: 7539: 7538: 7526: 7521: 7514: 7509: 7502: 7497: 7490: 7485: 7479:, p. 41. 7478: 7473: 7466: 7461: 7453: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7438: 7430: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7404: 7399: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7359: 7352: 7346: 7339: 7334: 7328:, p. 81. 7327: 7322: 7316:, p. 48. 7315: 7310: 7304:, p. 39. 7303: 7298: 7291: 7286: 7280:, p. 25. 7279: 7274: 7268:, p. 24. 7267: 7262: 7256:, p. 21. 7255: 7250: 7244:, p. 14. 7243: 7238: 7231: 7226: 7220:, p. 113 7219: 7214: 7212: 7204: 7199: 7193:, p. 543 7192: 7187: 7180: 7175: 7168: 7163: 7156: 7151: 7145:, p. 542 7144: 7139: 7137: 7129: 7124: 7117: 7112: 7105: 7100: 7093: 7088: 7086: 7079:, p. 355 7078: 7073: 7066: 7061: 7054: 7049: 7042: 7037: 7030: 7025: 7017: 7011: 7007: 7006: 6998: 6991: 6985: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6944: 6940: 6933: 6918: 6914: 6907: 6899: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6880: 6865: 6861: 6855: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6823:1-904668-16-X 6820: 6814: 6806: 6800: 6796: 6789: 6781: 6774: 6766: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6743: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6720: 6705: 6703:9781119072379 6699: 6695: 6694: 6686: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6639: 6638:0-87220-603-3 6635: 6631: 6625: 6619:, p. 203 6618: 6613: 6606: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6583: 6576: 6575:0-521-23348-8 6572: 6568: 6564: 6563: 6557: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6525: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6463: 6458: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6417: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6390: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6314: 6309: 6307: 6299: 6294: 6287: 6282: 6276:, p. 250 6275: 6270: 6264:, p. 248 6263: 6258: 6251: 6246: 6239: 6234: 6228:, p. 221 6227: 6222: 6216:, p. 226 6215: 6210: 6203: 6198: 6191: 6186: 6180:, p. 224 6179: 6174: 6167: 6162: 6156:, p. 219 6155: 6150: 6144:, p. 203 6143: 6138: 6132:, p. 189 6131: 6126: 6120:, p. 205 6119: 6114: 6112: 6104: 6099: 6092: 6087: 6081:, p. 177 6080: 6075: 6069:, p. 200 6068: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6045:, p. 163 6044: 6039: 6033:, p. 162 6032: 6027: 6025: 6018:, p. 160 6017: 6012: 6010: 6003:, p. 149 6002: 5997: 5991:, p. 142 5990: 5985: 5979:, p. 147 5978: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5959: 5954: 5948:, p. 140 5947: 5942: 5935: 5930: 5923: 5918: 5911: 5906: 5900:, p. 131 5899: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5882: 5877: 5871:, p. 128 5870: 5865: 5859:, p. 127 5858: 5853: 5851: 5843: 5838: 5832:, p. 271 5831: 5826: 5820:, p. 275 5819: 5814: 5808:, p. 356 5807: 5802: 5796:, p. 270 5795: 5790: 5783: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5759: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5736:, p. 108 5735: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5700:, p. 103 5699: 5694: 5687: 5682: 5675: 5670: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5643: 5637:, p. 156 5636: 5631: 5625: 5620: 5613: 5612:Sparks (1998) 5608: 5601: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5576: 5570: 5566: 5565: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5507: 5505:9780943448114 5501: 5497: 5496: 5488: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5461: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5434: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5383: 5379: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5303: 5300: 5289: 5286: 5275: 5268: 5266: 5265:Neoclassicism 5262: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5158: 5157:Mount Olympus 5154: 5149: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4935:number theory 4932: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4865: 4858: 4856: 4849: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4791:philosophers 4790: 4781: 440 BC 4775: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4745: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4728:City Dionysia 4726:event at the 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4623:pre-Socratics 4619: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4605:Enlightenment 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4533: 4531: 4528:According to 4526: 4523: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4384: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4259: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4110:), e.g., the 4109: 4108: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3968: 3966: 3956: 3947:), Massalia ( 3941:), Neapolis ( 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3897:Magna Graecia 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3835: 3833: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3792: 3791:Magna Graecia 3788: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3750:Magna Graecia 3745: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3585:in the west, 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3555: 3550: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3519:lingua franca 3515: 3511: 3507: 3506:Roman culture 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3329: 3320: 3310: 3301: 3292: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3156:Cleombrotus I 3153: 3145: 3140: 310 BC 3134: 3133: 3127: 3123: 3121: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3015: 3010: 3009:Delian League 3006: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2777: 750 BC 2771: 2766: 2761: 2750: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566:Delian League 2563: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 800 BC 2520: 2515: 2513: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486:Mediterranean 2483: 2479: 2478:Greek culture 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 600 AD 2374: 2370: 2366: 2365:Mediterranean 2361: 2355: 2346: 2345:Ancient Greek 2342: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2273: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2204:Human History 2202: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2096:Mueang Pahang 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2041:Gangga Negara 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1941:Austronesians 1939: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1872:Djenné-Djenno 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1751: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1552: 1551: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1493:Mississippian 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1458:Sangam Period 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1448:Maurya Empire 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1438:Mahajanapadas 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1377: 1376: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1323:Kushan Empire 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1199:Proto-Mongols 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1124:Indo-Iranians 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 986: 983: 978: 977: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 899:Harla Kingdom 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 853: 848: 847: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 814:British Isles 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 698: 693: 692: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 473: 468: 467: 464: 460: 459: 456: 453: 452: 442: 437: 435: 430: 428: 423: 422: 420: 419: 416: 406: 405: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 354: 348: 347: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 324: 320: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273:Modern Greece 269: 268: 261: 258: 255: 252: 249: 246: 245: 242: 237: 236: 229: 226: 223: 220: 219: 216: 211: 210: 200: 197: 191: 188: 182: 179: 173: 170: 164: 161: 160: 157: 152: 151: 134: 131: 118: 115: 102: 99: 96: 93: 92: 89: 84: 83: 76: 73: 72: 69: 64: 63: 59: 55: 54: 51: 45: 44: 39: 34: 33: 30: 19: 12655:Western Bloc 12455:AUSCANNZUKUS 12411:Contemporary 12360:Human rights 12206:Latin Church 12180:Christianity 12130: 12089:Conservatism 11934:contemporary 11771:Architecture 11707:World War II 11667:Emancipation 11662:Abolitionism 11550:Romanization 11545:Roman legacy 11526:Roman Empire 11510: 11435: 11387:Galatian War 11377:Aetolian War 11339:(220–217 BC) 11285: 11284:Wars of the 11240:(357–355 BC) 11224:Wars of the 11220:Boeotian War 10962: 10701:Dionysopolis 10671:Abonoteichos 10623:Pantikapaion 10213:Hybla Heraea 9549:Architecture 9505:Prostitution 9194:Aristophanes 9053:Philosophers 9023:Philosophers 8855:Spartan army 8586:(280–146 BC) 8574:(338–322 BC) 8568:(370–168 BC) 8556:(374–196 BC) 8550:(378–355 BC) 8532:(430–348 BC) 8526:(478–404 BC) 8520:(499–449 BC) 8207:Peloponnesus 8129:Roman Greece 8038: 7941:Online books 7931: 7912: 7905: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7877: 7870: 7863: 7856: 7837: 7817: 7797: 7788: 7769: 7760: 7754:. Blackwell. 7751: 7745:. Blackwell. 7742: 7733: 7724: 7715: 7696: 7687: 7678: 7669: 7660: 7651: 7645:. Blackwell. 7642: 7636:. Blackwell. 7633: 7614: 7605: 7599:. Blackwell. 7596: 7587: 7570: 7551: 7542: 7534:Bibliography 7520: 7508: 7501:Bremmer 2007 7496: 7484: 7472: 7467:, p. 1. 7460: 7436: 7429: 7420: 7414: 7398: 7381: 7377: 7371: 7363: 7358: 7350: 7345: 7333: 7321: 7309: 7297: 7285: 7273: 7261: 7249: 7237: 7225: 7198: 7191:Bulloch 1985 7186: 7181:, p. 98 7174: 7169:, p. 99 7162: 7155:Bulloch 1985 7150: 7143:Bulloch 1985 7130:, p. 93 7123: 7118:, p. 84 7111: 7106:, p. 81 7099: 7094:, p. 79 7077:Handley 1985 7072: 7067:, p. 60 7060: 7055:, p. 45 7048: 7043:, p. 44 7036: 7031:, p. 58 7024: 7004: 6997: 6989: 6984: 6972:. Retrieved 6968: 6958: 6946:. Retrieved 6942: 6932: 6920:. Retrieved 6916: 6906: 6886: 6879: 6867:. Retrieved 6863: 6860:"The Lyceum" 6854: 6842:. Retrieved 6838: 6829: 6813: 6794: 6788: 6779: 6773: 6749: 6742: 6734: 6719: 6707:. Retrieved 6692: 6685: 6671:Persian Fire 6670: 6665: 6651:Persian Fire 6650: 6649:Holland, T. 6645: 6629: 6624: 6612: 6600: 6592:the original 6582: 6561: 6556: 6544:. Retrieved 6533: 6524: 6512:. Retrieved 6508: 6495: 6483:. Retrieved 6478: 6469: 6457: 6445:. Retrieved 6440: 6431: 6419:. Retrieved 6396: 6389: 6377:. Retrieved 6372: 6363: 6351:. Retrieved 6347: 6337: 6293: 6281: 6269: 6257: 6245: 6233: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6185: 6173: 6161: 6149: 6137: 6125: 6098: 6086: 6074: 6062: 6050: 6038: 5996: 5984: 5953: 5941: 5929: 5917: 5905: 5876: 5864: 5837: 5830:Osborne 2009 5825: 5818:Osborne 2009 5813: 5806:Hammond 1982 5801: 5794:Osborne 2009 5789: 5784:, p. 98 5777: 5772:, p. 96 5765: 5753: 5741: 5729: 5717: 5705: 5693: 5681: 5676:, p. 65 5669: 5649: 5642: 5630: 5619: 5614:, p. 58 5607: 5595: 5590:, p. 59 5583: 5563: 5556: 5549:Shapiro 2007 5544: 5537:Shapiro 2007 5532: 5523: 5517: 5509: 5494: 5487: 5467: 5460: 5440: 5433: 5413: 5406: 5382: 5241: 5226: 5222: 5208:Roman Empire 5201: 5199: 5181: 5172:polytheistic 5165: 5115:Roman Empire 5111:architecture 5104: 5046: 5015: 4995:Eratosthenes 4990: 4983:heliocentric 4963: 4920: 4859: 4851: 4828: 4805: 4785: 4771:white-ground 4748: 4735: 4732:Aristophanes 4708: 4673:Neoplatonism 4640:The Republic 4638: 4637:, who wrote 4620: 4609: 4574: 4527: 4519: 4495: 4491: 4456: 4448: 4419:(founded by 4398: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4319: 4317: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4268: 4238: 4232: 4220: 4214: 4187: 4172: 4158: 4148: 4135: 4133: 4121: 4111: 4105: 4103: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4055: 4050: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4015: 4009: 3883:and Russia ( 3878: 3850:Pithekoussai 3839: 3836: 3804:, the Greek 3799: 3564: 3560: 3517: 3516:served as a 3503: 3478: 3460: 3445:Roman Greece 3427: 3412: 3402:, where the 3392: 3373: 3361:Antigonus II 3353: 3231:and his son 3222: 3164: 3149: 3130: 3116: 3081: 3034: 3018: 2994: 2971: 2923: 2864: 2837: 2806: 2784: 2782: 2711: 2684: 2679: 2671:protohistory 2664: 2633:Roman Empire 2613:Roman Greece 2602: 2516: 2510: 2482:ancient Rome 2475: 2408: 2388:Roman period 2340: 2339: 2276:Followed by 2214:Protohistory 2086:Tarumanagara 1976:Singhanavati 1971:Suvarnabhumi 1897:Ghana Empire 1827:Dhar Tichitt 1768:Guanahatabey 1708:Casma–Sechin 1533:Thule people 1443:Nanda Empire 1433:Vedic Period 1287:Central Asia 1194:Hephthalites 1189:Iranian Huns 982:North Africa 859:Land of Punt 708: 461:Preceded by 377:Constitution 199:Roman Greece 155: 29: 12595:Open Balkan 12413:integration 12343:Rule of law 12338:Natural law 12315:Agnosticism 12293:Hellenistic 12271:Anglo-Saxon 12201:Catholicism 12140:Atlanticism 12045:Rationalism 11851:Immigration 11834:Esotericism 11692:World War I 11657:Romanticism 11637:Reformation 11617:Renaissance 11595:Middle Ages 11560:Christendom 11489:Foundations 11402:Achaean War 11337:Social War 11332:Lyttian War 11307:Syrian Wars 11302:Pyrrhic War 11271:Hellenistic 11251:Foreign War 11238:Social War 10849:Place names 10761:Salmydessus 10583:Kalos Limen 10563:Chersonesus 10553:Borysthenes 10258:Tauromenion 10070:Metapontion 9832:Proto-Greek 9785:Erechtheion 9780:Athena Nike 9742:Philippeion 9571:Mathematics 9542:and science 9425:Agriculture 9289:Stesichorus 9199:Bacchylides 9189:Archilochus 9076:Antisthenes 9066:Anaximander 9038:Seven Sages 9028:Playwrights 9008:Geographers 9003:Astronomers 8830:Pezhetairos 8457: 1100 8437:Federations 8336:Megalopolis 8273:City states 8248:City states 7986:Limenoscope 7525:Furley 2007 7513:Furley 2007 7489:Noegel 2007 7477:Dowden 2007 7403:Hippocrates 7116:McGlew 2016 7104:McGlew 2016 7092:McGlew 2016 6669:Holland T. 6530:"Macedonia" 6373:World Atlas 6330:Martin 2013 6313:Martin 2013 6298:Martin 2013 6286:Martin 2013 6274:Martin 2013 6262:Martin 2013 6250:Martin 2013 6238:Martin 2013 6226:Martin 2013 6214:Martin 2013 6202:Martin 2013 6190:Martin 2013 6178:Martin 2013 6166:Martin 2013 6118:Martin 2013 6091:Martin 2013 6067:Martin 2013 6055:Martin 2013 6001:Martin 2013 5989:Martin 2013 5977:Martin 2013 5958:Martin 2013 5946:Martin 2013 5934:Martin 2013 5922:Martin 2013 5910:Martin 2013 5898:Martin 2013 5881:Martin 2013 5869:Martin 2013 5857:Martin 2013 5842:Martin 2013 5782:Martin 2013 5770:Martin 2013 5758:Martin 2013 5746:Martin 2013 5734:Martin 2013 5722:Martin 2013 5710:Martin 2013 5698:Martin 2013 5686:Martin 2013 5674:Martin 2013 5602:, p. 2 5539:, p. 1 5261:Renaissance 5131:Renaissance 5026:Antikythera 4923:mathematics 4793:Anaximander 4789:presocratic 4715:Archilochus 4653:Antisthenes 4616:Babylonians 4601:Renaissance 4561:Antisthenes 4530:Josiah Ober 4407:founded by 4343:Epaminondas 4207:Aristodemus 4199:Eurysthenes 4118:oligarchies 4012:city-states 3810:arable land 3800:During the 3719:Macedonians 3687:Axius river 3567:Peloponnese 3510:Greco-Roman 3396:Afghanistan 3340:(non-Greek) 3330:(non-Greek) 3260:Hellenistic 3229:Antigonus I 3098:in 410 and 3039:began. The 2982:Thermopylae 2842:, and five 2833:Cleisthenes 2825:Pisistratus 2722:Demosthenes 2703:Psamtik III 2699:Cambyses II 2649:Justinian I 2629:Constantine 2617:Corinthians 2609:Middle East 2526: 1200 2437:, from the 2413:during the 2384:city-states 2181:Philippines 2026:Tambralinga 1981:Sungai Batu 1936:Melanesians 1877:Igodomigodo 1811:West Africa 1663:Teotihuacan 1556:Mesoamerica 1368:Tarim Basin 1333:Transoxiana 684:Mesopotamia 654:Sea Peoples 357:Agriculture 323:Free Greece 47:History of 12615:Rio Treaty 12126:Relativism 12084:Liberalism 12050:Empiricism 12002:Philosophy 11990:Secularism 11941:Philosophy 11878:Literature 11672:Capitalism 11367:Cretan War 11279:Lamian War 11200:Samian War 10751:Polemonion 10628:Phanagoria 10598:Kimmerikon 10593:Kerkinitis 10578:Hermonassa 10568:Dioscurias 10464:Aspalathos 10411:Kalathousa 10386:Akra Leuke 10315:Phoenicusa 10100:Scylletium 10085:Poseidonia 10005:Brentesion 9892:Pamphylian 9887:Macedonian 9805:Samothrace 9790:Hephaestus 9737:Long Walls 9716:Structures 9657:Underworld 9603:Technology 9566:Literature 9500:Philosophy 9465:Euergetism 9354:By culture 9299:Thucydides 9141:Pythagoras 9136:Protagoras 9126:Parmenides 9111:Heraclitus 9096:Empedocles 9086:Democritus 9071:Anaximenes 9061:Anaxagoras 9013:Historians 8506: 595 8493: 550 8474: 800 8459: – c. 8387:Cappadocia 8192:Ionian Sea 8182:Hellespont 8147:Aegean Sea 8004:, Virginia 7465:Ogden 2007 7384:(1): 2–4. 7362:Pedersen, 7349:Pedersen, 7218:König 2016 7065:Power 2016 7029:Power 2016 6839:Britannica 6630:Lysistrata 6546:3 November 6479:Livius.org 6441:Britannica 6348:Britannica 5394:References 5231:2.1.156f.) 5203:Leitkultur 5069:philosophy 5028:, between 5007:precession 4959:Archimedes 4951:Pythagoras 4808:Antigonids 4797:Anaximenes 4737:Acharnians 4719:lyric poet 4585:philosophy 4565:Chrysippus 4541:Philosophy 4415:) and the 4394:paidagogos 4370:depicting 4326:Messenians 3938:Συράκουσαι 3858:Asia Minor 3806:population 3723:Chalcidice 3671:Macedonian 3501:in 27 BC. 3376:Alexandria 3291:Lysimachus 3258:The major 3241:Seleucus I 3184:Darius III 3061:Sphakteria 2968:in 431 BC. 2714:Thucydides 2596:, and the 2500:Chronology 2476:Classical 2224:Bronze Age 2219:Copper Age 2131:Shailendra 2046:Sri Ksetra 2031:Langkasuka 1951:Micronesia 1852:Senegambia 1703:Caral-Supe 1643:Teuchitlán 1628:Chupícuaro 1598:Gran Coclé 1528:Pre-Dorset 1421:South Asia 1328:Badakhshan 1144:Tocharians 1119:Afanasievo 729:Pelasgians 679:The Levant 463:prehistory 75:Pelasgians 12560:Five Eyes 12555:EU–UK TCA 12397:Democracy 12286:Old Norse 12175:Abrahamic 12132:Peritrope 12114:Tolerance 12094:Socialism 11924:Mythology 11912:Classical 11861:Languages 11839:Astrology 11687:Modernism 11501:Old World 11162:Classical 11069:Igbo-Ukwu 10998:Britannia 10950:by region 10837:in Epirus 10786:Trapezous 10731:Mesambria 10716:Eupatoria 10686:Apollonia 10681:Anchialos 10643:Theodosia 10613:Nymphaion 10603:Myrmekion 10573:Gorgippia 10529:Black Sea 10514:Tragurion 10499:Nymphaion 10484:Epidauros 10479:Epidamnos 10469:Apollonia 10446:Zacynthos 10368:Ptolemais 10362:Apollonia 10335:Cyrenaica 10325:Therassía 10320:Strongyle 10300:Ereikousa 10223:Leontinoi 10163:Apollonia 10040:Hipponion 9837:Mycenaean 9800:Parthenon 9732:Lion Gate 9635:Mythology 9598:Sculpture 9561:Astronomy 9495:Pederasty 9470:Festivals 9455:Education 9335:Lawgivers 9304:Timocreon 9284:Sophocles 9279:Simonides 9254:Philocles 9249:Panyassis 9244:Mimnermus 9209:Herodotus 9204:Euripides 9174:Aeschylus 9121:Leucippus 9081:Aristotle 8860:Strategos 8726:Synedrion 8680:Ostracism 8660:Areopagus 8612:Free city 8407:Macedonia 8291:Byzantion 8197:Macedonia 8162:Cyrenaica 8139:Geography 8073:Geography 7338:West 1994 7326:West 1994 7314:West 1994 7302:West 1994 7290:West 1994 7278:West 1994 7266:West 1994 7254:West 1994 7242:West 1994 7230:West 1994 7179:Mori 2016 7167:Mori 2016 7128:Mori 2016 7053:Kirk 1985 7041:Kirk 1985 6974:21 August 6948:21 August 6922:21 August 6869:21 August 6844:21 August 6514:25 August 6485:25 August 6447:25 August 6437:"Antioch" 6421:25 August 6379:24 August 6353:25 August 5228:Epistulae 5107:sculpture 5099:Selinunte 5049:physician 4855:symposium 4645:Aristotle 4409:Aristotle 4349:Education 3960:Βυζάντιον 3955:Byzantion 3929:Marseille 3919:. Modern 3895:(called " 3874:Black Sea 3856:coast of 3715:Illyrians 3711:Thracians 3707:Paeonians 3683:Elimiotae 3675:Lyncestae 3639:Macedonia 3633:(north), 3583:Acarnania 3538:Geography 3469:became a 3467:Macedonia 3282:Cassander 3233:Demetrius 3225:Cleopatra 3167:Philip II 3100:Arginusae 3005:Pausanias 2730:Aristotle 2707:Candaules 2686:Histories 2681:Herodotus 2675:epigraphy 2625:Byzantium 2558:Parthenon 2455:Philip II 2404:Byzantine 2354:romanized 2330:Acropolis 2322:Parthenon 2229:Axial Age 2186:Singapore 2171:Indonesia 2126:Srivijaya 2116:Dvaravati 1966:Hồng Bàng 1961:Polynesia 1956:Melanesia 1946:Australia 1798:Seafaring 1756:Caribbean 1613:Cuicuilco 1593:Xochipala 1568:Epi-Olmec 1381:East Asia 789:Germanics 764:Etruscans 754:Tartessos 749:Talaiotic 724:Illyrians 714:Thracians 599:Phoenicia 584:Phrygians 549:Babylonia 472:Near East 387:Ethnonyms 329:Civil War 12680:Category 12620:Schengen 12550:Eurozone 12390:Property 12385:Religion 12276:Frankish 12266:Germanic 12246:Paganism 12167:Religion 12155:European 12067:Humanism 11970:Religion 11929:Painting 11895:Internet 11846:Folklore 11817:Clothing 11788:Calendar 11764:Cyrillic 11749:Alphabet 11712:Cold War 11286:Diadochi 11064:Carthage 11059:Aegyptus 11026:Anatolia 11003:Germania 10993:Hispania 10886:Category 10864:Theatres 10791:Tripolis 10726:Kerasous 10721:Heraclea 10653:Tyritake 10608:Nikonion 10519:Thronion 10441:Salauris 10396:Emporion 10353:Berenice 10343:Balagrae 10295:Euonymos 10268:Tyndaris 10253:Syracuse 10248:Selinous 10218:Kamarina 10173:Casmenae 10158:Akrillai 10075:Neápolis 10010:Caulonia 9991:Mainland 9922:Linear B 9917:Linear A 9847:Dialects 9824:Language 9618:Religion 9576:Medicine 9510:Religion 9475:Folklore 9460:Emporium 9435:Clothing 9430:Calendar 9314:Xenophon 9309:Tyrtaeus 9294:Theognis 9269:Polybius 9264:Plutarch 9239:Menander 9219:Hipponax 9146:Socrates 9101:Epicurus 8947:Diadochi 8845:Sciritae 8805:Hetairoi 8780:Ballista 8745:Military 8708:Gerousia 8698:Ekklesia 8665:Ecclesia 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