Chaldea - Knowledge

349: 1557:, the name "Chaldean" lost its meaning in reference to a particular ethnicity or land, but lingered for a while as a term solely and explicitly used to describe a societal class of astrologers and astronomers in southern Mesopotamia. The original Chaldean tribe had long ago became Akkadianized, adopting Akkadian culture, religion, language and customs, blending into the majority native population, and eventually wholly disappearing as a distinct race of people, as had been the case with other preceding migrant peoples, such as the Amorites, Kassites, Suteans and Arameans of Babylonia. 1739:, and the belief that their descent is based southern Babylonia. While some religious leaders of the Chaldean church and activists in the West have advocated for a separate identity based on this notion, historians and international organizations generally treat Assyrians and Chaldeans as the same group ethnically, owing to genetic, linguistic, geographic, and modern historical factors. However, across the rest of Mesopotamia (particularly the North) after Chaldea fell, the terms " 45: 3044: 701: 1110: 2793: 2545: 861:(748–734 BC) defeated and overthrew the Chaldean usurpers in 748 BC, restored indigenous rule, and successfully stabilised Babylonia. The Chaldeans once more faded into obscurity for the next three decades. During this time both the Babylonians and the Chaldean and Aramean migrant groups who had settled in the land once more fell completely under the yoke of the powerful Assyrian king 1091:, together with some disaffected elements among the Assyrians themselves. After a bitter struggle lasting five years, the Assyrian king triumphed over his rebellious brother in 648 BC, Elam was utterly destroyed, and the Babylonians, Persians, Medes, Chaldeans, Arabs, and others were savagely punished. An Assyrian governor named 785:, who, being threatened by his own rebellious relations, together with powerful Aramean tribes pleaded with the more powerful Assyrian king for help. The subjugation of the Chaldean tribes by the Assyrian king appears to have been an aside, as they were not at that time a powerful force or a threat to the native Babylonian king. 1367:, helped to turn it into the immense and beautiful city of legend. Babylon covered more than 8 km (3 sq mi), surrounded by moats and ringed by a double circuit of walls. The Euphrates flowed through the center of the city, spanned by a beautiful stone bridge. At the center of the city rose the giant 1248:

Despite the sorely depleted state of Assyria, bitter fighting ensued. Throughout 614 BC the alliance of powers continued to make inroads into Assyria itself, although in 613 BC the Assyrians somehow rallied to score a number of counterattacking victories over the Medes-Persians, Babylonians-Chaldeans

1158:

amassed a powerful army and marched into Babylon to regain control of the region. Nabopolassar was saved from likely destruction because yet another massive Assyrian rebellion broke out in Assyria proper, including the capital Nineveh, which forced the Assyrian king to turn back in order to quell the

1037:

and entrenched his mastery over the Persians, Medes, Parthians, Scythians, Cimmerians, Arameans, Israelites, Phoenicians, Canaanites, Urartians, Pontic Greeks, Cilicians, Phrygians, Lydians, Manneans and Arabs. For the next 60 or so years, Babylon and Chaldea remained peacefully under direct Assyrian

1014:

to invade and subjugate Elam and Chaldea and to sack Babylon, laying waste to and largely destroying the city. Babylon was regarded as a sacred city by all Mesopotamians, including the Assyrians, and this act eventually resulted in Sennacherib's being murdered by his own sons while he was praying to

1166:

However, his position was still far from secure, and bitter fighting continued in the Babylonian heartlands from 620 to 615 BC, with Assyrian forces encamped in Babylonia in an attempt to eject Nabopolassar. Nabopolassar attempted a counterattack, marched his army into Assyria proper in 616 BC, and

1152:, a previously obscure and unknown Chaldean chieftain, followed the opportunistic tactics laid down by previous Chaldean leaders to take advantage of the chaos and anarchy gripping Assyria and Babylonia and seized the city of Babylon in 620 BC with the help of its native Babylonian inhabitants. 1179:) at the southernmost end of Assyria. A stalemate seemed to have ensued, with Nabopolassar unable to make any inroads into Assyria despite its greatly weakened state, and Sin-shar-ishkun unable to eject Nabopolassar from Babylonia due to constant rebellions and civil war among his own people. 1591:(539–330 BC) did not retain a province called "Chaldea", nor did they refer to "Chaldeans" as a race of people in their written annals. This is in contrast to Assyria, and for a time Babylonia also, where the Persians retained the names Assyria and Babylonia as designations for distinct 1138:(622–612 BC), the brother of Ashur-etil-ilani, took back the throne of empire from Sin-shumu-lishir in 622 BC, but was then himself faced with unremitting rebellion against his rule by his own people. Continual conflict among the Assyrians led to a myriad of subject peoples, from 1518:

succeeded Amel-Marduk. It is unclear as to whether he was in fact an ethnic Chaldean or a native Babylonian nobleman, as he was not related by blood to Nabopolassar's descendants, having married into the ruling family. He conducted successful military campaigns against the

1245:). Nabopolassar, still pinned down in southern Mesopotamia, was not involved in this major breakthrough against Assyria. From this point however, the alliance of Medes, Persians, Chaldeans, Babylonians, Sagartians, Scythians and Cimmerians fought in unison against Assyria. 814:

The Chaldeans remained quietly ruled by the native Babylonians (who were in turn subjugated by their Assyrian relations) for the next seventy-two years, only coming to historical prominence for the first time in Babylonia in 780 BC, when a previously unknown Chaldean named

834:; always too weak to confront a strong Assyria alone and directly, the Chaldeans awaited periods when Assyrian kings were distracted elsewhere in their vast empire, or engaged in internal conflicts, then, in alliance with other powers stronger than themselves (usually 1363:, as the greatest king of Babylon. He was a patron of the cities and a spectacular builder, rebuilding all of Babylonia's major cities on a lavish scale. His building activity at Babylon, expanding on the earlier major and impressive rebuilding of the Assyrian king 183:, extending about 640 kilometres (400 mi) along the course of these rivers and averaging about 160 km (100 mi) in width. There were several kings of Chaldean origins who ruled Babylonia. From 626 BC to 539 BC, a ruling family referred to as the 975:

was free at last to deal with the Chaldeans, Babylonians, and Elamites. He attacked and deposed Marduk-apla-adding II in 710 BC, also defeating his Elamite allies in the process. After defeat by the Assyrians, Merodach-Baladan fled to his protectors in Elam

175:. Though for a short time the name commonly referred to the whole of southern Mesopotamia in Hebraic literature, this was a geographical and historical misnomer as Chaldea proper was in fact only the plain in the far southeast formed by the deposits of the 1755:-speaking inhabitants. These were used by the people themselves and their Persian, Armenian, Arab, Greek, Georgian and Kurdish neighbours both before and after the advent of Christianity in Iraq, Northeast Syria, Southeast Turkey and Northwest Iran. The 1260:(612–605 BC), took the crown amidst the house-to-house fighting in Nineveh, and refused a request to bow in vassalage to the rulers of the alliance. He managed to fight his way out of Nineveh and reach the northern Assyrian city of 991:, and once again fled to Elam where he died in exile after one final failed attempt to raise a revolt against Assyria in 700 BC, this time not in Babylon, but in the Chaldean tribal land of Bit-Yâkin. A native Babylonian king named 1595:

entities within the Achaemenid Empire. In the case of the Assyrians in particular, Achaemenid records show Assyrians holding important positions within the empire, particularly with regards to military and civil administration.

1010:(700–694 BC), the Assyrian prince who was king of Babylon and son of Sennacherib. The Chaldeans and Babylonians again allied with their more powerful Elamite neighbors in this endeavour. This prompted the enraged Assyrian king 1687:, Greek and Hebraic sources, however, the term for the language spoken in Mesopotamia was commonly "Assyrian" and later also "Syriac". Accordingly, in the earliest recorded "Western" mentions of the Christians of what is now 1280:. The Egyptians had belatedly come to the aid of Assyria, which they would have hoped to support as a secure buffer between Egypt and the new powers of Babylon, Medes and Persians, having already been raided by the Scythians. 841:

Shalmaneser IV attacked and defeated Marduk-apla-user, retaking northern Babylonia and forcing on him a border treaty in Assyria's favour. The Assyrians allowed him to remain on the throne, although subject to Assyria.

1352:, as Assyrian imperial records continue to be dated in this region between 604 and 599 BC. In addition, the Egyptians remained in the region an attempt to revive the Asian colonies of the ancient Egyptian Empire. 854:(772–755 BC). Babylonia appears to have been in a state of chaos during this time, with the north occupied by Assyria, its throne occupied by foreign Chaldeans, and continual civil unrest throughout the land. 1124:(626–623 BC) ascended to the throne of the empire in 626 BC but was immediately engulfed in a torrent of fierce rebellions instigated by rival claimants. He was deposed in 623 BC by an Assyrian general ( 552:

during the 850s BC. This was a period of weakness in Babylonia, and its ineffectual native kings were unable to prevent new waves of semi-nomadic foreign peoples from invading and settling in the land.

1038:

control. The Chaldeans remained subjugated and quiet during this period, and the next major revolt in Babylon against the Assyrian empire was fermented not by a Chaldean, Babylonian or Elamite, but by

1095:

was then placed on the throne of Babylon to rule on behalf of Ashurbanipal. The next 22 years were peaceful, and neither the Babylonians nor Chaldeans posed a threat to the dominance of Ashurbanipal.

87:) was a small country that existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BC, after which the country and its people were absorbed and assimilated into the indigenous population of 1249:

and Scythians-Cimmerians. This led to a coalition of forces ranged against it to unite and launch a massive combined attack in 612 BC, finally besieging and sacking Nineveh in late 612 BC, killing

556:

Though belonging to the same West Semitic speaking ethnic group and migrating from the same Levantine regions as the earlier arriving Aramaeans, they are to be differentiated; the Assyrian king

1052:(668–648 BC) had become infused with Babylonian nationalism after sixteen years peacefully subject to his brother, and despite being Assyrian himself, declared that the city of Babylon and not 967:

kingdom and the native Babylonians, briefly seizing control of Babylon between 721 and 710 BC. With the Scythians and Cimmerians vanquished, the Medes and Persians pledging loyalty, and the

3591: 514:, whose ancestors had been established in Mesopotamia since at least the 30th century BC, the Chaldeans were not a native Mesopotamian people, but were late 10th- or early 9th-century BC 720:

The region that the Chaldeans eventually made their homeland was in relatively poor southeastern Mesopotamia, at the head of the Persian Gulf. They appear to have migrated into southern

3586: 739:

For perhaps a century or so after settling in the area, these semi-nomadic migrant Chaldean tribes had no impact on the pages of history, seemingly remaining subjugated by the native

399:

generally referred to the low, marshy, alluvial land around the estuaries of the Tigris and Euphrates, which at the time discharged their waters through separate mouths into the sea.

1798:

Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "West Semitic". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

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Aššur-ketta-lēšir II (late 12th-early 11th century BC), which record them reaching Messopotamia as early as the 11th century BC. They later appear in the annals of the Assyrian king

424:"Chaldea" came to be used in a wider sense, of Southern Mesopotamia in general, following the brief ascendancy of the Chaldeans during 608–557 BC. This is especially the case in the 743:

speaking kings of Babylon or by perhaps regionally influential Aramean tribes. The main players in southern Mesopotamia during this period were Babylonia and Assyria, together with

421:, the capital city in each case. In the same way, what is now known as the Persian Gulf was sometimes called "the Sea of Bit Yakin", and sometimes "the Sea of the Land of Chaldea". 563:

The Chaldeans were for a time able to keep their identity despite the dominant native Assyro-Babylonian (Sumero-Akkadian-derived) culture although, as was the case for the earlier

160:, followed a century or so later by the Kaldu, a group who became known later as the Chaldeans or the Chaldees. These migrations did not affect the powerful kingdom and empire of 1453:

of Judah to revolt. After an eighteen-month siege, Jerusalem was captured in 587 BC, thousands of Jews were deported to Babylon, and Solomon's Temple was razed to the ground.

811:

Chaldean leaders had by this time already adopted Assyro-Babylonian names, religion, language, and customs, indicating that they had become Akkadianized to a great degree.

1334:

Nabopolassar was not able to enjoy his success for long, dying in 604 BC, only one year after the victory at Karchemish. He was succeeded by his son, who took the name

2724:

Zadok, Ran (2017). "A Cylinder Inscription of Aššur-ketta-lēšir II". In Baruchi-Unna, Amitai; Forti, Tova; Aḥituv, Shmuel; Ephʿal, Israel; Tigay, Jeffrey H. (eds.).

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These events allowed the Chaldeans to once more attempt to assert themselves. While the Assyrian king was otherwise occupied defending his Iranian colonies from the

1225:(hitherto a vassal of Assyria), in alliance with the Scythians and Cimmerians launched a surprise attack on civil-war-beleaguered Assyria in 615 BC, sacking 2824: 1190:

had also recently taken advantage of the anarchy in the Assyrian Empire, while officially still a vassal of Assyria, he took the opportunity to meld the

1210:, into a large and powerful Median-dominated force. The Medes, Persians, Parthians, Chaldeans and Babylonians formed an alliance that also included the 1182:

Nabopolassar's position, and the fate of the Assyrian empire, was sealed when he entered into an alliance with another of Assyria's former vassals, the

3417: 1029:(681–669 BC) succeeded Sennacherib as ruler of the Assyrian Empire. He completely rebuilt Babylon and brought peace to the region. He conquered Egypt, 759: 2331: 1999: 1449:. Egyptian and Babylonian armies fought each other for control of the Near East throughout much of Nebuchadnezzar's reign, and this encouraged king 1264:, where he founded a new capital. Assyria resisted for another seven years until 605 BC, when the remnants of the Assyrian army and the army of the 521:

migrants to the southeastern corner of the region, who had played no part in the previous three millennia of Sumero-Akkadian and Assyro-Babylonian

2281:

A. K. Grayson (1996). Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858–745 B.C.) (RIMA 3). Toronto University Press. pp. 31, 26–28. iv 6

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was the name of the largest and most powerful of the five tribes of the Chaldeans, or equivalently, their territory. The original extension of

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founded it: they have led away the strong ones thereof into captivity, they have destroyed the houses thereof, they have brought it to ruin.”

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The king of Chaldea was also called the king of Bit Yakin, just as the kings of Babylonia and Assyria were regularly styled simply king of

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Nebuchadnezzar II was to prove himself to be the greatest of the Chaldean rulers, rivaling another non-native ruler, the 18th century BC

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Assyria 1995: Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project / Helsinki, September 7–11, 1995.

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The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire

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The disappearance of the Chaldeans as an ethnicity and Chaldea as a land is evidenced by the fact that the Persian rulers of the

771: 754:

The very first written historical attestation of the existence of Chaldeans occurs in 852 BC, in the annals of the Assyrian king

528:

The ancient Chaldeans seem to have migrated into Mesopotamia sometime between c. 940 and 860 BC, a century or so after other new

17: 2503:

What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and when Did They Know It?: What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel

2661: 2589: 2579: 2511: 2429: 2321:"Assyrians after Assyria". Nineveh.com. 4 September 1999. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011. 2075: 1946: 1916: 1889: 1711:

and used the 'Chaldean' (Syriac) language". In the fifteenth century the term "Chaldeans" was first applied specifically to

1542:, the last capital of Assyria, and proved to be the final native Mesopotamian king of Babylon. He and his son, the regent 3159: 2810: 1221:

While Sin-shar-ishkun was fighting both the rebels in Assyria and the Chaldeans and Babylonians in southern Mesopotamia,

2733: 1822: 1527:, which had threatened Babylonian interests. Neriglissar reigned for only four years and was succeeded by the youthful 1063:

In 652 BC, he raised a powerful coalition of peoples resentful of their subjugation to Assyria against his own brother

646:

became marginalized, and Aramaic took its place across Mesopotamia, including among the Chaldeans, and later, also the

2743: 1618:. Other classical Latin writers who speak of them as distinguished for their knowledge of astronomy and astrology are 2886: 2534: 2463: 2204: 3550: 2676: 2349: 529: 2244:"In and Outside the Square: The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World, c. 4500 BC – AD 200" 3463: 3447: 1383:(although others believe these gardens were built much earlier by an Assyrian king in Nineveh) for his wife, a 1380: 1175:), but was defeated by Sin-shar-ishkun and chased back into Babylonia after being driven from Idiqlat (modern 171:

These nomadic Chaldeans settled in the far southeastern portion of Babylonia, chiefly on the left bank of the

3489: 1683:, and it was still customary during the nineteenth century, until the misnomer was corrected by scholars. In 1269: 1418:. Like their Assyrian relations, the Babylonians had to campaign yearly in order to control their colonies. 1342:, indicating the extent to which the migrant Chaldeans had become infused with native Mesopotamian culture. 3606: 3499: 3234: 2726:

Now It Happened in Those Days: Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography

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Now It Happened in Those Days: Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography

671: 1812: 1348:

and his allies may well have been forced to deal with remnants of Assyrian resistance based in and around

1106:

descended into a series of bitter internal dynastic civil wars that were to be the cause of its downfall.

3611: 3555: 3437: 3432: 3367: 3043: 1438: 2551: 1276:. Nabopolassar and his Median, Scythian and Cimmerian allies were now in possession of much of the huge 3560: 3169: 2256: 360:

was the name of a small sporadically independent migrant-founded territory under the domination of the

38: 2702: 2682: 3244: 3059: 1700: 642:

in the mid-8th century BC. As a result, in late periods both the Babylonian and Assyrian dialects of

522: 1984: 1608:(106–43 BC) long after the Chaldeans had disappeared. In one of his speeches he mentioned "Chaldean 348: 3616: 3596: 3199: 2841: 2797: 2449: 1724: 979:

In 703, Merodach-Baladan very briefly regained the throne from a native Akkadian-Babylonian ruler

3509: 3442: 3336: 3189: 3107: 3102: 2696: 2560: 725: 336: 3540: 3392: 3151: 1906: 1288: 751:, who had already settled in the region a century or so prior to the arrival of the Chaldeans. 736:

in 855 BC, although there is no historical proof of their existence prior to the late 850s BC.

615: 515: 496: 480: 220: 145: 141: 2095: 2065: 2038: 1936: 428:, which was substantially composed during this period (roughly corresponding to the period of 3209: 2691: 2671: 1971: 1879: 1696: 1114: 980: 960: 956: 695: 216: 188: 3427: 3387: 2866: 2251: 1446: 782: 733: 429: 662:). The use of the name "Chaldean" (Chaldaic, Chaldee) to describe it, first introduced by 8: 3514: 3422: 3397: 3204: 3179: 2626: 2475:"Notes on Arameans and Chaldeans in Southern Babylonia in the Early Seventh Century B.C." 1756: 1421:

In 601 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II was involved in a major but inconclusive battle against the

1390:

A capable leader, Nebuchadnezzar II conducted successful military campaigns; cities like

1277: 1103: 862: 831: 639: 623: 361: 319: 122: 2631: 1146:

to Egypt, quietly reasserting their independence and ceasing to pay tribute to Assyria.

187:, named after their possible Chaldean origin, ruled the kingdom at its height under the 3601: 3504: 3473: 3372: 3219: 3136: 2773: 2614: 2520: 2485: 1736: 729: 591: 437: 2598: 1691:

and nearby countries, "Chaldean" is used with reference to their language. In 1220/1,

1287:(Assyria in the north was ruled by the Medes), and the former Assyrian possessions of 1163:

in 619 BC, a mainstay of pro-Assyrianism in Babylonia, and thus Babylonia as a whole.

830:

This was to set a precedent for all future Chaldean aspirations on Babylon during the

827:(783–773 BC), who was otherwise occupied quelling a civil war in Assyria at the time. 678:

used in the Hebrew Bible was not related to the ancient Chaldeans and their language.

3494: 3351: 3346: 3331: 3266: 3184: 3141: 2861: 2856: 2757: 2729: 2657: 2585: 2530: 2507: 2459: 2425: 2243: 2200: 2071: 1942: 1912: 1885: 1818: 1676: 1588: 1554: 1345: 1335: 1049: 1039: 1007: 900:(722–705 BC) ascended the throne of the Assyrian Empire in 722 BC after the death of 889:

his subjects, but decided to rule Babylonia directly from 729 BC. He was followed by

882: 847: 740: 663: 643: 499: 384: 241: 165: 2221: 1375:, "House of the Frontier Between Heaven and Earth," which lay next to the Temple of 3581: 3407: 3402: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3286: 3281: 3271: 3087: 2944: 2929: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2881: 2497: 1692: 1623: 1503:. Nebuchadnezzar died of illness in 562 BC after a one-year co-reign with his son, 1484: 1430: 1339: 1257: 1159:

revolt. Nabopolassar took advantage of this situation, seizing the ancient city of

1131: 1121: 866: 816: 758:, who mentions invading the southeastern extremes of Babylonia and subjugating one 675: 627: 541: 466: 433: 282: 184: 92: 58: 2675: 2417: 1531:

in 556 BC. Again, it is unclear whether he was a Chaldean or a native Babylonian.

766:

tribe and overall leader of the Kaldu tribes, together with capturing the town of

650:. One form of this once widespread Aramaic language was used in some books of the 540:, appeared in Babylonia, c. 1100 BC. According to Ran Zadok, they first appear in 3341: 3316: 3311: 3291: 3239: 3229: 3224: 3214: 3194: 3164: 3116: 3112: 3082: 2747: 2651: 2524: 2453: 2419: 1740: 1735:

In the present, Chaldea has been associated with Assyrian separatism through the

1712: 1619: 1547: 1457: 1250: 1191: 1155: 1135: 886: 878: 820: 755: 667: 647: 576: 549: 503: 484: 453: 303: 260: 200: 3321: 2555: 2367: 2030: 1840:"Mesopotamia in Greek and Biblical Perceptions: Idiosyncrasies and Distortions" 1704: 1680: 1664: 1631: 1614: 1577: 1528: 1199: 1003: 913: 824: 655: 476: 407: 364:(911–605 BC) in southeastern Babylonia, extending to the western shores of the 95:-speaking, it was located in the marshy land of the far southeastern corner of 3575: 3121: 2969: 2876: 2636: 1627: 1592: 1538:

in late 556 BC. Nabonidus was certainly not a Chaldean, but an Assyrian from

1391: 1265: 901: 890: 870: 851: 713: 631: 323: 237: 2706:, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 372 1564:

to be masters of reading and writing, and especially versed in all forms of

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states, “Behold the land of the Chaldeans, there was not such a people, the

356:

In the early period, between the early 9th century and late 7th century BC,

287: 3126: 2939: 2871: 2303:

Ran Zadok (1984), Assyrians in Chaldean and Achaemenians Babylonia. Page 2.

2025:) is presumably the name of a king of the Arabian Sealand. Sargon mentions 1748: 1349: 1320: 1149: 1143: 1099: 1064: 1043: 988: 917: 843: 801: 659: 651: 587: 580: 425: 365: 104: 789: 595: 3545: 3535: 3326: 3258: 3131: 3019: 2833: 2418:

Michael Angold; Frances Margaret Young; K. Scott Bowie (17 August 2006).

1609: 1565: 1515: 1504: 1284: 1272:

had formed a brief allied coalition with the Assyrians, were defeated at

1011: 984: 619: 557: 545: 511: 96: 2777: 2761: 2695: 2618: 2602: 2489: 2474: 1723:, and no longer merely with reference to their language but the name of 1468:

in 568 BC it is rumoured that he may have briefly invaded Egypt itself.

788:

Important Kaldu tribes and their regions in southeastern Babylonia were

3077: 3072: 2713:"Depictions of כשדים 'Chaldeans' in Judean Prophecy and Historiography" 1708: 1684: 1648: 1569: 1543: 1500: 1442: 1411: 1403: 1372: 1364: 1324: 1273: 1215: 1203: 1088: 1080: 1026: 952: 925: 874: 858: 579:

in 539 BC, perhaps before, the Chaldeans ceased to exist as a specific

444: 383:

is not known precisely, but it extended from the lower Tigris into the

331: 196: 152:

between the 11th and 9th centuries BC. The earliest waves consisted of

149: 2802: 2645:, vol. 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 804 1572:, and the magical arts. They spoke of astrologists and astronomers as 1338:, after the unrelated 12th century BC native Akkadian-Babylonian king 781:

Shalmaneser III had invaded Babylonia at the request of its own king,

724:

from the Levant at some unknown point between the end of the reign of

44: 3382: 3067: 2954: 2891: 2421:

The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity

1657: 1635: 1535: 1534:

Labashi-Marduk reigned only for a matter of months, being deposed by

1488: 1465: 1434: 1422: 1407: 1360: 1312: 1296: 1211: 1092: 972: 968: 948: 921: 897: 857:

The Chaldean rule proved short-lived. A native Babylonian king named

797: 721: 705: 388: 224: 192: 176: 172: 88: 2712: 2526:

Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text

1963: 904:, he was forced to launch a major campaign in his subject states of 3519: 3174: 3097: 3092: 2999: 2984: 2979: 2934: 1720: 1480: 1450: 1399: 1387:

princess from the green mountains, so that she would feel at home.

1368: 1328: 1238: 1222: 1187: 1186:, the now dominant people of what was to become Persia. The Median 1076: 999: 992: 944:, forcing the Assyrians to send troops to deal with the Egyptians. 748: 568: 564: 533: 340:: "Arphaxad named the Arphaxadites, who are now called Chaldeans." 327: 157: 1881:

Daniel: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture

1861: 1859: 1471:

By 572, Nebuchadnezzar was in full control of Babylonia, Chaldea,

1319:, while the Medes took control of the former Assyrian colonies in 936:

began encouraging and supporting the rebellion against Assyria in

792:(the original area the Chaldeans settled in on the Persian Gulf), 700: 3276: 3004: 2994: 2949: 2291: 1752: 1639: 1524: 1492: 1415: 1356: 1207: 1168: 1126: 1109: 1053: 1020: 1016: 964: 709: 635: 599: 572: 560:, for example, carefully distinguishes them in his inscriptions. 537: 507: 414: 315: 161: 153: 100: 31: 314:(כַּשְׂדִּים), meaning Chaldeans. Kesed is identified as son of 3024: 2974: 2896: 2792: 2630: 2163: 2161: 1856: 1716: 1643: 1605: 1581: 1539: 1520: 1496: 1472: 1461: 1376: 1316: 1304: 1300: 1261: 1242: 1234: 1176: 1172: 1160: 1139: 1068: 941: 937: 929: 920:

to defend his territories there. He defeated and drove out the

909: 905: 603: 518: 392: 180: 2564:, vol. 3, New York: Funk & Wagnalls, pp. 661–662 995:(703–701 BC) was placed on the throne as a puppet of Assyria. 850:

in 761 BC, with both being dominated by the new Assyrian king

76: 48:

The Chaldean states in Babylonia during the 1st millennium BC.

3377: 3014: 3009: 2989: 2178: 2176: 1668: 1580:(Dan. i. 4, ii. 2 et seq.) and by classical writers, such as 1507:, who was deposed in 560 BC after a reign of only two years. 1476: 1426: 1395: 1384: 1292: 1230: 1226: 1195: 1183: 1084: 1072: 1057: 1034: 1030: 933: 674:

was later corrected, when modern scholars concluded that the

447: 418: 264: 231: 2158: 1042:, who was an Assyrian king of Babylon, and elder brother of 3592:

States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC

2964: 1688: 1308: 835: 823:(790–780 BC). The latter was a vassal of the Assyrian king 744: 310:(כשׂד, ancient pronunciation /kaɬd/), the singular form of 79: 2399: 2173: 2146: 1667:, a variant of Aramaic that was used in some books of the 3587:

States and territories established in the 10th century BC

2387: 2222:"Mysticism Chapter 1: Spreading the Babylonian Mysteries" 1553:

When the Babylonian Empire was absorbed into the Persian

1402:

were subjugated. He also conducted numerous campaigns in

846:, another Chaldean, succeeded him in 769 BC and his son, 64: 1679:. That inaccurate usage continued down the centuries in 1046:(668–627 BC), the new ruler of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. 998:

The next challenge to Assyrian domination came from the

322:(and brother of Kemuel the father of Aram), residing in 259:, suggesting an underlying /kaɬdu/. The name appears in 37:"Ancient Chaldeans" redirects here. For other uses, see 2607:

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft

1425:. In 599 BC, he invaded Arabia and routed the Arabs at 1379:. He is also believed by many historians to have built 1283:

The Chaldean king of Babylon now ruled all of southern

2749:

Chaldea from the earliest times to the rise of Assyria

1464:

throughout his reign, and during the reign of Pharaoh

395:

or "sea-land" (littoral Eastern Arabia). "Chaldea" or

253: 245: 1134:(623–622 BC), who was also declared king of Babylon. 61: 2122: 269: 73: 67: 2263: 1768: 1576:, and it is used with this specific meaning in the 987:(705–681 BC). He was once more soundly defeated at 819:usurped the throne from the native Babylonian king 70: 2332:"M. Tullius Cicero, For Lucius Murena, chapter 11" 1780: 1604:The term Chaldean was still in use at the time of 598:) is cited as the starting point of the patriarch 2766:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 963:) of Bit-Yâkin, allied himself with the powerful 932:vassal colonies in the region. At the same time, 3573: 2550:McCurdy, J. Frederic; Rogers, Robert W. (1902), 2110: 2063: 1934: 1837: 1456:Nebuchadnezzar successfully fought the Pharaohs 893:(727–722 BC), who also ruled Babylon in person. 469:1:6 calls them "that bitter and hasty nation" ( 2350:"LacusCurtius • Cicero — De Divinatione: BookI" 1660:of astrologers consulted regarding the future. 873:of the empire. The Assyrian king at first made 838:), they made a bid for control over Babylonia. 686:Ancient Chaldeans believed in "three heavens". 125:, although there is some dispute as to whether 2728:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 309–340. 2603:"Die Namen der aramäischen Nation und Sprache" 1730: 1612:", and he spoke of them more than once in his 1510: 732:) circa 940 BC, and the start of the reign of 148:-speaking migrants arrived in the region from 144:-speaking kingdom of Babylonia, new tribes of 2818: 2719:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 171–182. 2686:, vol. 5 (9th ed.), p. 182–194 2549: 2035:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 1865: 1652:ode speaks of the "Babylonian calculations" ( 983:, who was a puppet of the new Assyrian king, 2578:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011), 1908:Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible 470: 460: 294: 276: 108: 3413:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 2710: 2448: 2424:. Cambridge University Press. p. 527. 2405: 2393: 2152: 2070:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 229. 2064:FREEDMAN, ed; Freedman, David Noel (2000). 1941:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 230. 1935:FREEDMAN, ed; Freedman, David Noel (2000). 971:defeated and ejected from southern Canaan, 436:makes frequent reference to the Chaldeans ( 191:, although the final ruler of this empire, 27:Small Semitic nation of ancient Mesopotamia 2825: 2811: 2577: 2571:Chaldean Magic: Its Origin and Development 1806: 1804: 877:and his successor native Babylonian kings 2519: 2455:The Church of the East: A Concise History 2197:The Secret Books of the Egyptian Gnostics 2167: 1707:existed in two persons. They consecrated 1067:. The alliance included the Babylonians, 2472: 1911:. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 1518. 1884:. B&H Publishing Group. p. 78. 1810: 1108: 699: 544:in cylinder inscriptions of the King of 347: 43: 2832: 2742: 2597: 2194: 2188: 2182: 1801: 1098:However, after the death of the mighty 955:and driving the Egyptians from Canaan, 928:who had attacked Assyria's Persian and 375:is also used, apparently synonymously. 14: 3574: 2625: 2241: 2107:A. Leo Oppenheim – Ancient Mesopotamia 2017:is the "house of" tribal denominator, 1904: 1877: 2806: 2756: 2723: 2690: 2496: 2458:. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. 2128: 1814:A History of Babylon, 2200 BC – AD 75 1774: 1759:in these regions is well documented. 1546:, were deposed by the Persians under 865:(745–727 BC), a ruler who introduced 614:Ancient Chaldeans originally spoke a 195:(556–539 BC) (and his son and regent 2649: 2269: 2199:. New York: MJF Books. p. 269. 2116: 2054:, Yale University Press, 1932, 66ff. 1997: 1930: 1928: 1786: 634:of the empire under the rule of the 490: 133:or refers to the south Mesopotamian 2573:, London: Samuel Bagster & Sons 2219: 1117:(Chaldean Empire) and its neighbors 471: 461: 391:mentions it as extending as far as 295: 277: 168:, which repelled these incursions. 140:During a period of weakness in the 109: 24: 2581:Biblical History and Israel's Past 2242:Didier, John C. (September 2009). 2235: 1961: 1817:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 1060:should be the seat of the empire. 25: 3628: 2786: 2762:"Chaldeans in the Nimrud Letters" 2033:'s father. G. W. Bromiley (ed.), 1925: 666:(d. 420), became common in early 352:Chaldea and neighboring countries 3551:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 3042: 2791: 2650:Roux, Georges (27 August 1992). 2543: 2067:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 1938:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 1499:, northern Arabia, and parts of 704:Eurasia around 1000 BC, showing 57: 2411: 2378: 2360: 2342: 2324: 2315: 2306: 2297: 2284: 2275: 2213: 2134: 2101: 2084: 2057: 2044: 2008: 2004:. pp. Book 1, section 143. 1991: 1955: 1838:Vlaardingerbroek, H.M. (2014). 1445:, carrying the Israelites into 1113:Eurasia around 600 BC, showing 1102:(and Kandalanu) in 627 BC, the 3108:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 3103:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 2711:Vanderhooft, David S. (2017). 2506:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2452:; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). 1898: 1878:Miller, Stephen (1994-08-31). 1871: 1831: 1792: 1381:The Hanging Gardens of Babylon 13: 1: 3490:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 2887:Tigris–Euphrates river system 2052:The Sealand of Ancient Arabia 1811:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2018). 1762: 1695:wrote that "they denied that 1560:The Persians considered this 288: 254: 246: 225: 117:) and this is translated as 7: 3556:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 3438:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 3433:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 2569:Lenorman, Francois (1877), 1731:Impact on Assyrian identity 1511:End of the Chaldean dynasty 1439:siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) 1167:tried to besiege Assur and 681: 609: 472:הַגֹּוי הַמַּר וְהַנִּמְהָר 270: 10: 3633: 3561:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 2700:, in Baynes, T. S. (ed.), 2473:Brinkman, John A. (1977). 2441: 2257:University of Pennsylvania 2050:Raymond Philip Dougherty, 778:, another Chaldean tribe. 770:, extracting tribute from 693: 689: 448: 232: 39:Chaldeans (disambiguation) 36: 29: 3528: 3482: 3456: 3360: 3257: 3150: 3058: 3051: 3040: 2922: 2849: 2840: 2677:"Babylon—Babylonia" 2656:. Penguin Books Limited. 1866:McCurdy & Rogers 1902 1719:who entered a union with 1599: 575:before them, by the time 523:Mesopotamian civilization 406:was the original seat of 330:(37 – c. 100) also links 99:and briefly came to rule 2529:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. 1429:. In 597 BC, he invaded 30:Not to be confused with 2703:Encyclopædia Britannica 2683:Encyclopædia Britannica 2642:Encyclopædia Britannica 2561:The Jewish Encyclopedia 2406:Baum & Winkler 2003 2394:Baum & Winkler 2003 2001:Antiquities of the Jews 1562:Chaldean societal class 1006:deposing and murdering 726:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 343: 337:Antiquities of the Jews 206: 18:Ancient Chaldean people 3393:Babylonian mathematics 2692:Sayce, Archibald Henry 2672:Sayce, Archibald Henry 2558:; et al. (eds.), 2290:Door fitting from the 2195:Doresse, Jean (1986). 1979:Cite journal requires 1905:Strong, James (2009). 1743:", and its derivative 1118: 717: 353: 49: 2800:at Wikimedia Commons 2354:penelope.uchicago.edu 2336:www.perseus.tufts.edu 1441:and deposed its king 1256:A new Assyrian king, 1115:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1112: 1079:, Sultans, Arameans, 981:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 957:Marduk-apla-iddina II 703: 696:Neo-Babylonian Empire 694:Further information: 351: 334:and Chaldaea, in his 306:22:22) uses the name 189:Neo-Babylonian Empire 47: 3388:Babylonian astronomy 2867:Mesopotamian Marshes 2627:Prince, John Dyneley 2252:Sino-Platonic Papers 1747:remained the common 1447:captivity in Babylon 783:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 747:to the east and the 734:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 618:language similar to 430:Babylonian captivity 3607:Ancient Mesopotamia 3469:Destruction by ISIL 3423:Sumerian literature 3398:Akkadian literature 2834:Ancient Mesopotamia 2744:Ragozin, Zénaïde A. 2521:Gallagher, Edmon L. 2142:Ancient Mesopotamia 2029:as the name of the 1998:Josephus, Flavius. 1868:, pp. 661–662. 1757:Assyrian continuity 1278:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1104:Neo-Assyrian Empire 863:Tiglath-Pileser III 832:Neo-Assyrian Empire 762:, the chief of the 728:(a contemporary of 716:and their neighbors 640:Tiglath-Pileser III 624:Neo-Assyrian Empire 402:The tribal capital 362:Neo-Assyrian Empire 326:. Jewish historian 199:) was a usurper of 123:Greek Old Testament 3612:Ur of the Chaldees 3505:Mesopotamian myths 2758:Saggs, Henry W. F. 2220:Cox, Wade (2008). 2185:, p. 113-131. 2170:, p. 123-141. 2140:A. Leo Oppenheim, 1737:Chaldean Catholics 1119: 730:Tiglath-Pileser II 718: 592:Ur of the Chaldees 438:King James Version 354: 50: 3569: 3568: 3520:Ziggurat (Temple) 3495:Sumerian religion 3253: 3252: 3200:Middle Babylonian 3142:Kish civilization 3038: 3037: 2862:Lower Mesopotamia 2857:Upper Mesopotamia 2796:Media related to 2663:978-0-14-193825-7 2591:978-0-8028-6260-0 2513:978-0-8028-2126-3 2498:Dever, William G. 2431:978-0-521-81113-2 2384:Horace, Odes 1.11 2368:"Lewis and Short" 2294:Gates, BM 124660. 2077:978-0-8028-2400-4 1948:978-0-8028-2400-4 1918:978-1-59856-378-8 1891:978-1-4336-7559-1 1703:and claimed that 1677:Jerome of Stridon 1589:Achaemenid Empire 1555:Achaemenid Empire 1346:Nebuchadnezzar II 1336:Nebuchadnezzar II 1050:Shamash-shum-ukin 1040:Shamash-shum-ukin 1008:Ashur-nadin-shumi 883:Nabu-suma-ukin II 848:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 664:Jerome of Stridon 491:Ancient Chaldeans 385:Arabian Peninsula 166:Upper Mesopotamia 16:(Redirected from 3624: 3418:Sumerian cuisine 3408:Warfare in Sumer 3403:Economy of Sumer 3056: 3055: 3046: 2930:Fertile Crescent 2914:Sinjar Mountains 2909:Hamrin Mountains 2904:Zagros Mountains 2882:Taurus Mountains 2847: 2846: 2827: 2820: 2813: 2804: 2803: 2795: 2781: 2753: 2752:. 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Persian 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3210:Neo-Babylonian 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3190:Old Babylonian 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3160:Early Dynastic 3156: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2788: 2787:External links 2785: 2783: 2782: 2754: 2740: 2735:978-1575067612 2734: 2721: 2708: 2688: 2668: 2662: 2647: 2637:Chisholm, Hugh 2623: 2595: 2590: 2575: 2566: 2541: 2535: 2517: 2512: 2494: 2484:(2): 304–325. 2470: 2464: 2445: 2443: 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