1295:
826:, is included in the horizontal blanking portion, which is not visible on the screen. This is necessary to give the receiver a phase reference for the modulated signal. Under quadrature amplitude modulation the modulated chrominance signal changes phase as compared to its subcarrier and also changes amplitude. The chrominance amplitude (when considered together with the Y signal) represents the approximate saturation of a color, and the chrominance phase against the subcarrier reference approximately represents the hue of the color. For particular test colors found in the test color bar pattern, exact amplitudes and phases are sometimes defined for test and troubleshooting purposes only.
1146:
864:
equipment for conversion to an over-the-air analog signal, these NTSC problems have been largely fixed, leaving operator error at the studio end as the sole color rendition weakness of the NTSC system. In any case, the PAL D (delay) system mostly corrects these kinds of errors by reversing the phase of the signal on each successive line, and averaging the results over pairs of lines. This process is achieved by the use of a 1H (where H = horizontal scan frequency) duration delay line. Phase shift errors between successive lines are therefore canceled out and the wanted signal amplitude is increased when the two in-phase (
830:
to extract U, a synchronous demodulator is utilized, which uses the subcarrier to briefly gate the chroma every 280 nanoseconds, so that the output is only a train of discrete pulses, each having an amplitude that is the same as the original U signal at the corresponding time. In effect, these pulses are discrete-time analog samples of the U signal. The pulses are then low-pass filtered so that the original analog continuous-time U signal is recovered. For V, a 90-degree shifted subcarrier briefly gates the chroma signal every 280 nanoseconds, and the rest of the process is identical to that used for the U signal.
579:
849:
794:
Y. All of this is accomplished electronically. It can be seen that in the combining process, the low-resolution portion of the Y signals cancel out, leaving R, G, and B signals able to render a low-resolution image in full color. However, the higher resolution portions of the Y signals do not cancel out, and so are equally present in R, G, and B, producing the higher-resolution image detail in monochrome, although it appears to the human eye as a full-color and full-resolution picture.
1630:
558:
4072:
819:), it is the subcarrier sidebands that carry the U and V information. The usual reason for using suppressed carrier is that it saves on transmitter power. In this application a more important advantage is that the color signal disappears entirely in black and white scenes. The subcarrier is within the bandwidth of the main luminance signal and consequently can cause undesirable artifacts on the picture, all the more noticeable in black and white receivers.
371:
163:
1286:
1278:
1262:
598:
720:
4082:
803:
4061:
360:
4092:
554:. To ensure good linearity and thus fidelity, consistent with affordable manufacturing costs of transmitters and receivers, the video carrier is never modulated to the extent that it is shut off altogether. When intercarrier sound was introduced later in 1948, not completely shutting off the carrier had the side effect of allowing intercarrier sound to be economically implemented.
761:
yellowish-green, the color is, and the V signal how purplish-red or it's complementary, greenish-cyan, it is. The advantage of this scheme is that the U and V signals are zero when the picture has no color content. Since the human eye is more sensitive to detail in luminance than in color, the U and V signals can be transmitted with reduced bandwidth with acceptable results.
1806:
4 stages, but it was 1/2 the size. Soon all of the manufactures followed RCA and designed better IF stages. They developed higher amplification tubes, and lower stage counts with more amplification. When the tube era came to an end in the mid-70s, they had shrunk the IF stages down to 1–2 (depending on the set) and with the same amplification as the 4 stage, 1852 tube sets.
1437:, which has built up in both transformer and scan coils by the current, is a source of latent electromagnetic energy. This stored collapsing magnetic field energy can be captured. The reverse flow, short duration, (about 10% of the line scan time) current from both the line output transformer and the horizontal scan coil is discharged again into the primary winding of the
565:
424:. Quickly displaying successive scan images creates the illusion of smooth motion. Flickering of the image can be partially solved using a long persistence phosphor coating on the CRT so that successive images fade slowly. However, slow phosphor has the negative side-effect of causing image smearing and blurring when there is rapid on-screen motion occurring.
1087:(which provides acceleration potential for the CRT) as well as the filaments for the high voltage rectifier tube and sometimes the filament(s) of the CRT itself. Without the operation of the horizontal oscillator and output stages in these television receivers, there would be no illumination of the CRT's face.
1986:
1805:
Most of the early television sets (1939–45) used 4 stage IF amplifiers with specially designed video amplifier tubes (the type 1852/6AC7). In 1946 the RCA presented a new innovation in television; the RCA 630TS. Instead of using the 1852 octal tube, it uses the 6AG5 7-pin miniature tube. It still had
1029:
signal is a series of much longer pulses, indicating the start of a new field. The sync pulses occupy the whole line interval of a number of lines at the beginning and end of a scan; no picture information is transmitted during vertical retrace. The pulse sequence is designed to allow horizontal sync
793:
The R, G, and B signals in the receiver needed for the display device (CRT, Plasma display, or LCD display) are electronically derived by matrixing as follows: R is the additive combination of (R-Y) with Y, G is the additive combination of (G-Y) with Y, and B is the additive combination of (B-Y) with
764:
In the receiver, a single demodulator can extract an additive combination of U plus V. An example is the X demodulator used in the X/Z demodulation system. In that same system, a second demodulator, the Z demodulator, also extracts an additive combination of U plus V, but in a different ratio. The X
736:
of an image. However, these are not simply transmitted as three separate signals, because: such a signal would not be compatible with monochrome receivers, an important consideration when color broadcasting was first introduced. It would also occupy three times the bandwidth of existing television,
1257:
Two oscillator amplifiers are needed. The vertical amplifier directly drives the yoke. Since it operates at 50 or 60 Hz and drives an electromagnet, it is similar to an audio amplifier. Because of the rapid deflection required, the horizontal oscillator requires a high-power flyback transformer
829:
Due to the nature of the quadrature amplitude modulation process that created the chrominance signal, at certain times, the signal represents only the U signal, and 70 nanoseconds (NTSC) later, it represents only the V signal. About 70 nanoseconds later still, -U, and another 70 nanoseconds, -V. So
1289:
PAL video signal frames. Left to right: frame with scan lines (overlapping together, horizontal sync pulses show as the doubled straight horizontal lines), vertical blanking interval with vertical sync (shows as brightness increase of the bottom part of the signal in almost the leftmost part of the
1079:
The sweep (or deflection) oscillators were designed to run without a signal from the television station (or VCR, computer, or other composite video source). This allows the television receiver to display a raster and to allow an image to be presented during antenna placement. With sufficient signal
840:
The above process uses the subcarrier. But as previously mentioned, it was deleted before transmission, and only the chroma is transmitted. Therefore, the receiver must reconstitute the subcarrier. For this purpose, a short burst of the subcarrier, known as the colorburst, is transmitted during the
401:
When analog television was developed, no affordable technology for storing video signals existed; the luminance signal had to be generated and transmitted at the same time at which it is displayed on the CRT. It was therefore essential to keep the raster scanning in the camera (or other device for
1773:
In the
British PAL (D) system, the actual chrominance center frequency, with equal lower and upper sidebands, is 4.43361875 MHz, a direct multiple of the scan rate frequency. This frequency was chosen to minimize the chrominance beat interference pattern that would be visible in areas of high
1601:
required all broadcasting companies to end analog broadcasting on 31 December 2015 at 11:59 p.m. Due to delay of the release of the implementing rules and regulations for digital television broadcast, the target date was moved to 2020. Full digital broadcast is expected in 2021 and all of the
1113:
By the early 1980s the efficacy of the synchronization circuits, plus the inherent stability of the sets' oscillators, had been improved to the point where these controls were no longer necessary. Integrated
Circuits which eliminated the horizontal hold control were starting to appear as early as
1090:
The lack of precision timing components in early equipment meant that the timebase circuits occasionally needed manual adjustment. If their free-run frequencies were too far from the actual line and field rates, the circuits would not be able to follow the incoming sync signals. Loss of horizontal
281:
In principle, all three color encoding systems can be used with any scan line/frame rate combination. Therefore, in order to describe a given signal completely, it is necessary to quote the color system plus the broadcast standard as a capital letter. For example, the United States, Canada, Mexico
207:
drawn on the screen. The lines are of varying brightness; the whole set of lines is drawn quickly enough that the human eye perceives it as one image. The process repeats and the next sequential frame is displayed, allowing the depiction of motion. The analog television signal contains timing and
33:
1233:
signal is a series of much longer pulses, indicating the start of a new field. The vertical sync pulses occupy the whole of line interval of a number of lines at the beginning and end of a scan; no picture information is transmitted during vertical retrace. The pulse sequence is designed to allow
514:
recovers the video signal. Also at the output of the same demodulator is a new frequency modulated sound carrier at the offset frequency. In some sets made before 1948, this was filtered out, and the sound IF of about 22 MHz was sent to an FM demodulator to recover the basic sound signal. In
1473:
A typical modern design incorporates the flyback transformer and rectifier circuitry into a single unit with a captive output lead, known as a diode split line output transformer or an
Integrated High Voltage Transformer (IHVT), so that all high-voltage parts are enclosed. Earlier designs used a
1336:
current waveforms to scan the electron beam. Engineered waveform shapes are necessary to make up for the distance variations from the electron beam source and the screen surface. The oscillators are designed to free-run at frequencies very close to the field and line rates, but the sync pulses
863:
NTSC uses this process unmodified. Unfortunately, this often results in poor color reproduction due to phase errors in the received signal, caused sometimes by multipath, but mostly by poor implementation at the studio end. With the advent of solid-state receivers, cable TV, and digital studio
752:
film and television systems, the Y signal is ideal for transmission as the luminance signal. This ensures a monochrome receiver will display a correct picture in black and white, where a given color is reproduced by a shade of gray that correctly reflects how light or dark the original color is.
143:
coated surface. The electron beam could be swept across the screen much faster than any mechanical disc system, allowing for more closely spaced scan lines and much higher image resolution. Also, far less maintenance was required of an all-electronic system compared to a mechanical spinning disc
1586:
broadcast channel. Large portions of
Malaysia are covered by television broadcasts from Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, and Indonesia (from Borneo and Batam). Starting from 1 November 2019, all regions in Malaysia were no longer using the analog system after the states of Sabah and Sarawak finally
814:
of a subcarrier. This kind of modulation applies two independent signals to one subcarrier, with the idea that both signals will be recovered independently at the receiving end. For NTSC, the subcarrier is at 3.58 MHz. For the PAL system it is at 4.43 MHz. The subcarrier itself is not
131:
systems that used spinning disks with patterns of holes punched into the disc to scan an image. A similar disk reconstructed the image at the receiver. Synchronization of the receiver disc rotation was handled through sync pulses broadcast with the image information. Camera systems used similar
1617:
on 3 December 2018, and the switchover was completed on 14 October 2019. During the transition, DVB-T2 receivers and monetary compensations for purchasing of terrestrial or satellite digital TV reception equipment were provided to disabled people, World War II veterans, certain categories of
1248:
oscillator. Although it is known to drift, it makes a perfect sawtooth wave. This sawtooth wave is so good that no linearity control is needed. This oscillator was designed for the electrostatic deflection CRTs but also found some use in electromagnetically deflected CRTs. The next oscillator
837:(that is, of the U and V axis) gating methods is called I/Q demodulation. Another much more popular off-axis scheme was the X/Z demodulation system. Further matrixing recovered the original U and V signals. This scheme was actually the most popular demodulator scheme throughout the 1960s.
760:
signals. The U signal is the difference between the B signal and the Y signal, also known as B minus Y (B-Y), and the V signal is the difference between the R signal and the Y signal, also known as R minus Y (R-Y). The U signal then represents how purplish-blue or its complementary color,
1121:
Horizontal and vertical hold controls were rarely used in CRT-based computer monitors, as the quality and consistency of components were quite high by the advent of the computer age, but might be found on some composite monitors used with the 1970s–80s home or personal computers.
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at a much higher frequency. This lengthens the flyback time from the extremely rapid decay rate that would result if they were electrically isolated during this short period. One of the secondary windings on the flyback transformer then feeds this brief high-voltage pulse to a
1199:. It was invented in 1954. The first tube designed for this purpose was the 6BN6 type. It is easy to align and simple in circuitry. It was such a good design that it is still being used today in the Integrated circuit form. After the detector, it goes to the audio amplifier.
1117:
The final generations of analog television receivers used IC-based designs where the receiver's timebases were derived from accurate crystal oscillators. With these sets, adjustment of the free-running frequency of either sweep oscillator was unnecessary and unavailable.
1993:
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The audio signal goes to a 4.5 MHz amplifier. This amplifier prepares the signal for the 4.5 MHz detector. It then goes through a 4.5 MHz IF transformer to the detector. In television, there are 2 ways of detecting FM signals. One way is by the
1187:. The filter and demodulator separates the 45.75 MHz video from the 41.25 MHz audio then it simply uses a diode to detect the video signal. After the video detector, the video is amplified and sent to the sync separator and then to the picture tube.
390:. At the end of each line, the beam returns to the start of the next line; at the end of the last line, the beam returns to the beginning of the first line at the top of the screen. As it passes each point, the intensity of the beam is varied, varying the
1109:
Horizontal sync errors cause the image to be torn diagonally and repeated across the screen as if it were wrapped around a screw or a barber's pole; the greater the error, the more copies of the image will be seen at once wrapped around the barber pole.
652:
is the portion of each scan line between the end (rising edge) of the horizontal sync pulse and the start of active video. It is used to restore the black level (300 mV) reference in analog video. In signal processing terms, it compensates for the
1105:
A slowly rolling vertical picture demonstrates that the vertical oscillator is nearly synchronized with the television station but is not locking to it, often due to a weak signal or a failure in the sync separator stage not resetting the oscillator.
112:
is proceeding in most countries of the world, with different deadlines for the cessation of analog broadcasts. Several countries have made the switch already, with the remaining countries still in progress mostly in Africa, Asia, and South
America.
1763:
Their exact frequencies were chosen such that (for NTSC), they are midway between two harmonics of the frame repetition rate, thus ensuring that the majority of the power of the luminance signal does not overlap with the power of the chrominance
1337:
cause them to reset at the beginning of each scan line or field, resulting in the necessary synchronization of the beam sweep with the originating signal. The output waveforms from the timebase amplifiers are fed to the horizontal and vertical
273:
standards were developed later and attempt to cure certain defects of the NTSC system. PAL's color encoding is similar to the NTSC systems. SECAM, though, uses a different modulation approach than PAL or NTSC. PAL had a late evolution called
1602:
analog TV services should be shut down by the end of 2023. However, in
February 2023, the NTC postponed the ASO/DTV transition to 2025 due to many provincial television stations not being ready to start their digital TV transmissions.
1080:
strength, the receiver's sync separator circuit would split timebase pulses from the incoming video and use them to reset the horizontal and vertical oscillators at the appropriate time to synchronize with the signal from the station.
945:. The horizontal sync signal is a single short pulse that indicates the start of every line. The rest of the scan line follows, with the signal ranging from 0.3 V (black) to 1 V (white), until the next horizontal or
1055:
of black signal: 2 μs at 0 V, followed by 30 μs at 0.3 V. Each long sync pulse consists of an equalizing pulse with timings inverted: 30 μs at 0 V, followed by 2 μs at 0.3 V.
459:
The television system for each country will specify a number of television channels within the UHF or VHF frequency ranges. A channel actually consists of two signals: the picture information is transmitted using
1030:
to continue during vertical retrace; it also indicates whether each field represents even or odd lines in interlaced systems (depending on whether it begins at the start of a horizontal line, or midway through).
1164:
tuners. The VHF tuner selects the VHF television frequency. This consists of a 4 MHz video bandwidth and about 100 kHz audio bandwidth. It then amplifies the signal and converts it to a 45.75 MHz
249:
come in a variety of frame rates and resolutions. Further differences exist in the frequency and modulation of the audio carrier. The monochrome combinations still existing in the 1950s were standardized by the
174:
in 1961 as: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, K1, L, M and N. These systems determine the number of scan lines, frame rate, channel width, video bandwidth, video-audio separation, and so on. A color encoding scheme
132:
spinning discs and required intensely bright illumination of the subject for the light detector to work. The reproduced images from these mechanical systems were dim, very low resolution and flickered severely.
1519:. While the majority of the viewers of over-the-air broadcast television in the U.S. watch full-power stations (which number about 1800), there are three other categories of television stations in the U.S.:
1253:
was probably the most successful. It needed more adjustment than the other oscillators, but it is very simple and effective. This oscillator was so popular that it was used from the early 1950s until today.
710:
of the CRT. This changes the intensity of the electron beam and therefore the brightness of the spot being scanned. Brightness and contrast controls determine the DC shift and amplification, respectively.
1828:
The pattern of vertical sync pulses also indicates whether each field represents even or odd lines in interlaced systems depending on whether a pulse begins at the start of a horizontal line, or midway
254:(ITU) as capital letters A through N. When color television was introduced, the chrominance information was added to the monochrome signals in a way that black and white televisions ignore. In this way
1474:
separate line output transformer and a well-insulated high-voltage multiplier unit. The high frequency (15 kHz or so) of the horizontal scanning allows reasonably small components to be used.
586:
Each line of the displayed image is transmitted using a signal as shown above. The same basic format (with minor differences mainly related to timing and the encoding of color) is used for PAL,
1241:
circuit detects the sync voltage levels and extracts and conditions signals that the horizontal and vertical oscillators can use to keep in sync with the video. It also forms the AGC voltage.
36:
Early monochrome analog receiver with large dials for volume control and channel selection, and smaller ones for fine-tuning, brightness, contrast, and horizontal and vertical hold adjustments.
519:, and it was sent to an FM demodulator to recover the basic sound signal. One particular advantage of intercarrier sound is that when the front panel fine tuning knob is adjusted, the sound
765:
and Z color difference signals are further matrixed into three color difference signals, (R-Y), (B-Y), and (G-Y). The combinations of usually two, but sometimes three demodulators were:
675:
between locations, the digital audio is embedded within the line sync pulses of the video signal, to save the cost of renting a second channel. The name for this proprietary system is
875:
compared to PAL's 8-field sequence. However, in the end, the larger channel width of most PAL systems in Europe still gives PAL systems the edge in transmitting more picture detail.
871:
NTSC is more spectrum efficient than PAL, giving more picture detail for a given bandwidth. This is because sophisticated comb filters in receivers are more effective with NTSC's 4
926:
and video frame ensure that the sweep oscillators in the receiver remain locked in step with the transmitted signal so that the image can be reconstructed on the receiver screen.
1857:
1507:
The first country to make a wholesale switch to digital over-the-air (terrestrial television) broadcasting was
Luxembourg in 2006, followed later in 2006 by the Netherlands. The
2424:
1244:
The horizontal and vertical oscillators form the raster on the CRT. They are driven by the sync separator. There are many ways to create these oscillators. The earliest is the
329:(625 line) in part of South America. PAL is used with a variety of 625-line standards (B, G, D, K, I, N) but also with the North American 525-line standard, accordingly named
1754:
The RF signal modulation is inverted compared to the conventional AM – the minimum video signal level corresponds to maximum carrier amplitude, and vice versa.
1302:
Loss of horizontal synchronization usually results in a scrambled and unwatchable picture; loss of vertical synchronization produces an image rolling up or down the screen.
1249:
developed was the blocking oscillator which uses a transformer to create a sawtooth wave. This was only used for a brief time period and never was very popular. Finally the
1156:
The tuner is the object which, with the aid of an antenna, isolates the television signals received over the air. There are two types of tuners in analog television,
2209:"An Investigation into the EMC Emissions From Switched Mode Power Supplies and Similar Switched Electronic Load Controllers Operating at Various Loading Conditions"
1783:
A second use of the colorburst in more expensive or newer receiver models is a reference to an AGC system to compensate for chroma gain imperfections in reception.
1515:(FCC) set. Almost two million households could no longer watch television because they had not prepared for the transition. The switchover had been delayed by the
475:
for video (and hence satisfactory picture resolution), and allowing enough channels to be packed into the available frequency band. In practice a technique called
546:
signal containing luminance, chrominance and synchronization signals. The result is identical to the composite video format used by analog video devices such as
451:
is used to build the image. This process doubles the apparent number of video frames per second and further reduces flicker and other defects in transmission.
1567:
Brazil switched to digital television on 2 December 2007 in São Paulo. In 2017 it was estimated that Brazil would end analog broadcasting nationwide in 2023.
2208:
523:
does not change with the tuning, but stays at the above-mentioned offset frequency. Consequently, it is easier to tune the picture without losing the sound.
3336:
1425:
This voltage is not directly produced by the main power supply circuitry; instead, the receiver makes use of the circuitry used for horizontal scanning.
668:
signal. In the SECAM system, it contains the reference subcarrier for each consecutive color difference signal in order to set the zero-color reference.
590:, and SECAM television systems. A monochrome signal is identical to a color one, with the exception that the elements shown in color in the diagram (the
1102:
controls, usually on the front panel along with other common controls. These adjust the free-run frequencies of the corresponding timebase oscillators.
1571:
1508:
770:(I) / (Q), (as used in the 1954 RCA CTC-2 and the 1985 RCA "Colortrak" series, and the 1954 Arvin, and some professional color monitors in the 1990s),
1606:
790:
In the end, further matrixing of the above color-difference signals c through f yielded the three color-difference signals, (R-Y), (B-Y), and (G-Y).
2464:
1091:
synchronization usually resulted in an unwatchable picture; loss of vertical synchronization would produce an image rolling up or down the screen.
2349:
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816:
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system is similar except there are three beams that scan together and an additional signal known as chrominance controls the color of the spot.
2531:
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based switching circuits were introduced. The reason for design changes arose from the electricity supply contamination problems arising from
1172:
The IF amplifiers are centered at 44 MHz for optimal frequency transference of the audio and video carriers. Like radio, television has
208:
synchronization information so that the receiver can reconstruct a two-dimensional moving image from a one-dimensional time-varying signal.
4044:
4016:
4011:
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2479:
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Older analog television receivers often provide manual controls to adjust horizontal and vertical timing. The adjustment takes the form of
865:
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1930:
1022:. The vertical sync pulses are made by prolonging the length of horizontal sync pulses through almost the entire length of the scan line.
1083:
The free-running oscillation of the horizontal circuit is especially critical, as the horizontal deflection circuits typically power the
366:
is performed from left-to-right and top-to-bottom. Once the screen has been scanned, the beam returns to the beginning of the first line.
1258:
driven by a high-powered tube or transistor. Additional windings on this flyback transformer typically power other parts of the system.
170:
Broadcasters of analog television encode their signal using different systems. The official systems of transmission were defined by the
1850:
833:
Gating at any other time than those times mentioned above will yield an additive mixture of any two of U, V, -U, or -V. One of these
2564:
2276:
261:
There are three standards for the way the additional color information can be encoded and transmitted. The first was the
American
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began on 16 December 2013. The switchover was delayed many times until analog TV was switched off at midnight on 2 January 2019.
2321:
4038:
2606:
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435:
of the electronics and the transmission system, and the number of horizontal scan lines in the image. A frame rate of 25 or 30
409:
The physics of the CRT require that a finite time interval be allowed for the spot to move back to the start of the next line (
4033:
4023:
4003:
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back porch (re-trace blanking period) of each scan line. A subcarrier oscillator in the receiver locks onto this signal (see
251:
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Although a number of different broadcast television systems are in use worldwide, the same principles of operation apply.
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on 24 July 2010 and ended in 43 of the country's 47 prefectures (including the rest of
Ishikawa) on 24 July 2011, but in
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is updated with a new image while the display is being refreshed, the display shows a mishmash of both frames, producing
2348:[Analog broadcast ended in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima on 31 March 2012 (year Heisei 24)] (in Japanese). Tokyo:
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In the 1950s, the power for these circuits was derived directly from the mains supply. A simple circuit consisted of a
2186:
1390:, and supply loading issues due to energy being taken from only the positive half cycle of the mains supply waveform.
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2839:
2815:
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Designing the color television signal in the early 1950s as described by two engineers working directly with the NTSC
2127:
2090:
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317:
Not all of the possible combinations exist. NTSC is only used with system M, even though there were experiments with
60:
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3227:
3029:
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signal is a single short pulse that indicates the start of every line. Two-timing intervals are defined – the
687:
The luminance component of a composite video signal varies between 0 V and approximately 0.7 V above the
2215:
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signals) are fed to the control grids connections. This simple CRT matrix mixing technique was replaced in later
4121:
3790:
2976:
2824:
2450:
811:
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So the FM sound carrier is then demodulated, amplified, and used to drive a loudspeaker. Until the advent of the
1018:
Vertical synchronization separates the video fields. In PAL and NTSC, the vertical sync pulse occurs within the
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3785:
2820:
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1609:(RTRS) disabled analog broadcasting of federal channels in five stages, shutting down broadcasting in multiple
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Beginning of the frame, showing several scan lines; the terminal part of the vertical sync pulse is at the left
914:
designs of signal processing with the original matrixing method used in the 1954 and 1955 color TV receivers.
625:) period inserted between the end of each transmitted line of picture and the leading edge of the next line's
3810:
2951:
2873:
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allocation would result in
Malaysia's having to build an infrastructure for all broadcasters, using a single
1483:
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and represent the time that the electron beam in the CRT is returning to the start of the next display line.
1003:
and represent the time that the electron beam in the CRT is returning to the start of the next display line.
531:
472:
432:
109:
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is used to reduce the channel spacing, which would be nearly twice the video bandwidth if pure AM was used.
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videosignal. From left to right: end of a video line, front porch, horizontal sync pulse, back porch with
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advertised for tender bids to be submitted in the third quarter of 2009 for the 470 through 742 MHz
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101:
17:
2465:"Singapore pulls the plug on analogue TV transmission | Broadcast | News | Rapid TV News"
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after the sync pulse and before the displayed video. These and the sync pulse itself are called the
991:
after the sync pulse and before the displayed video. These and the sync pulse itself are called the
845:) to achieve a phase reference, resulting in the oscillator producing the reconstituted subcarrier.
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in the United States), each consisting of an oscillator and an amplifier. These generate modified
483:
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and audio. In an analog television broadcast, the brightness, colors and sound are represented by
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2754:
2744:
1689:
1528:
104:
used analog signals before the arrival of DTV. Motivated by the lower bandwidth requirements of
933:
circuit detects the sync voltage levels and sorts the pulses into horizontal and vertical sync.
238:, and broadcast them over a radio transmission. The transmission system must include a means of
3826:
3612:
3427:
3372:
3367:
3180:
3145:
2790:
1669:
1664:
1520:
1290:
vertical blanking interval), entire frame, another VBI with VSYNC, beginning of the third frame
1195:. This is simple but very hard to align. The next is a relatively simple detector. This is the
1173:
1166:
1135:
1059:
In video production and computer graphics, changes to the image are often performed during the
491:
278:, allowing widescreen broadcasts while remaining fully compatible with existing PAL equipment.
255:
86:
1815:
In a composite video signal of 1-volt amplitude, these are approximately 0.3 V below the
3728:
3532:
3497:
3417:
3397:
3319:
3207:
3128:
2592:
1882:
Final acts of the European Broadcasting Conference in the VHF and UHF bands. Stockholm, 1961.
1353:
1345:
proportional to the changing current, and these deflect the electron beam across the screen.
1131:
633:
levels to stabilise in older televisions, preventing interference between picture lines. The
578:
212:
128:
122:
3061:
748:
of the colors in the image. Because the rendering of colors in this way is the goal of both
348:, which does not contain any analog color encoding, and thus no PAL or NTSC signals at all.
3642:
3602:
3572:
3329:
3264:
3086:
2983:
2685:
1659:
1539:
1454:
892:
872:
582:
A waterfall display showing a 20 ms long interlaced PAL frame with high FFT resolution
465:
461:
196:
90:
1960:
1169:(IF) amplitude-modulated video and a 41.25 MHz IF frequency-modulated audio carrier.
8:
3652:
3592:
3351:
3313:
3111:
3096:
2885:
2829:
2785:
2692:
1535:
1438:
1430:
1196:
1150:
1084:
498:
performs amplification to the IF stages from the microvolt range to fractions of a volt.
192:
67:
1550:
prefectures, the conversion was delayed to 31 March 2012, due to complications from the
468:
at a frequency at a fixed offset (typically 4.5 to 6 MHz) from the picture signal.
3879:
3836:
3767:
3637:
3567:
3542:
3477:
3324:
3045:
2998:
2966:
2673:
2287:
1644:
1487:
1463:
1403:
1382:
In the UK use of the simple (50 Hz) types of power, circuits were discontinued as
476:
239:
135:
Analog television did not begin in earnest as an industry until the development of the
75:
70:
and interference may be introduced. Thus with analog, a moderately weak signal becomes
2532:"Compensation for digital TV. How to get 2000 rubles for buying a digital TV receiver"
1047:
post-equalizing pulses (5 to start scanning odd lines, 4 to start scanning even lines)
776:(R-Y) / (B-Y), used in the first color receiver on the market (Westinghouse, not RCA),
3919:
3841:
3755:
3738:
3701:
3547:
3377:
3346:
3212:
3106:
3003:
2971:
2958:
2941:
2908:
2878:
2868:
2863:
2805:
2780:
2771:
2651:
2535:
2313:
2133:
2123:
2030:
1908:
1635:
1561:
In Canada, most of the larger cities turned off analog broadcasts on 31 August 2011.
1547:
1467:
1041:
pre-equalizing pulses (6 to start scanning odd lines, 5 to start scanning even lines)
842:
520:
3587:
1745:
Many of these transitioned or transitioning to DVB-T as digital television standards
1371:
technology was introduced into timebase circuits. During the late 1960s in the UK,
898:
In some analog color CRT displays, starting in 1956, the brightness control signal (
3924:
3884:
3864:
3831:
3760:
3718:
3632:
3487:
3472:
3447:
3422:
3382:
3232:
3091:
3076:
2858:
2848:
2668:
2376:"The digital television (DTV) change in Canada happens August 31, 2011 | CRTC"
2152:
1792:
A typical circuit used with this device converts the low-frequency color signal to
1543:
1415:
1317:
1184:
733:
440:
395:
379:
220:
136:
105:
94:
3552:
3407:
3175:
3150:
3138:
2749:
2705:
2646:
2117:
2024:
1888:
1433:(AC) is induced into the scan coils. At the end of each horizontal scan line the
859:" (color banding phase effect) in the PAL-S (simple) signal mode of transmission.
571:
543:
403:
216:
1360:. This avoided the cost of a large high-voltage mains supply (50 or 60 Hz)
1210:
between the end of the displayed video and the start of the sync pulse, and the
987:
between the end of the displayed video and the start of the sync pulse, and the
848:
664:
In color television systems such as PAL and NTSC, this period also includes the
66:
Analog signals vary over a continuous range of possible values which means that
3750:
3622:
3597:
3557:
3527:
3402:
3237:
3190:
3165:
3123:
2913:
2759:
2710:
2696:
2559:
2379:
1579:
1511:
for high-powered transmission was completed on 12 June 2009, the date that the
1501:
1434:
1426:
1349:
1342:
1192:
676:
672:
507:
421:
1500:
signals has been discontinued to allow the re-use of the television broadcast
785:(X) / (Z), as used in many receivers of the late '50s and throughout the '60s.
515:
newer sets, this new carrier at the offset frequency was allowed to remain as
471:
The channel frequencies chosen represent a compromise between allowing enough
4110:
3899:
3672:
3662:
3577:
3467:
3462:
3452:
3437:
3259:
3118:
2641:
2631:
1679:
1578:
allocation, to enable Malaysia's broadcast system to move into DTV. The new
1516:
1368:
1329:
1298:
Analyzing a PAL signal and decoding the 20 ms frame and 64 μs lines
1250:
1202:
Image synchronization is achieved by transmitting negative-going pulses. The
658:
326:
318:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
283:
188:
79:
71:
48:
2251:
2137:
806:
Color signals mixed with the video signal (two horizontal lines in sequence)
3777:
3617:
3562:
3492:
3457:
3392:
3291:
3281:
3133:
2853:
2776:
2764:
2739:
2615:
2575:
EDN magazine describing design of a 1958 transistorised television receiver
2178:
1497:
1493:
1419:
1407:
1311:
1068:
856:
707:
703:
235:
227:
200:
145:
3977:
3627:
3537:
3522:
3482:
3442:
3301:
2936:
2931:
2844:
2636:
1816:
1709:
Many of these countries have transitioned or are transitioning to digital
1684:
1614:
1613:
at each stage. The first region to have analog broadcasting disabled was
1361:
1064:
957:
907:
702:
In a monochrome receiver, the luminance signal is amplified to drive the
622:
511:
510:
at one frequency and the sound carrier at a fixed offset in frequency. A
444:
387:
363:
231:
1176:(AGC). This controls the gain of the IF amplifier stages and the tuner.
699:
signal level 75 mV above it; in PAL and SECAM these are identical.
3982:
3689:
3387:
3296:
3252:
3222:
3200:
2993:
2795:
1793:
1629:
1450:
1399:
1270:
823:
749:
665:
626:
610:
606:
591:
448:
428:
44:
1564:
China had scheduled to end analog broadcasting between 2015 and 2021.
1449:
is connected across the scan-switching device. This tunes the circuit
490:
which selects a television channel and frequency-shifts it to a fixed
3967:
3432:
3247:
3014:
2988:
2946:
2317:
2064:
1446:
1383:
1357:
1245:
1052:
942:
923:
899:
852:
745:
737:
requiring a decrease in the number of television channels available.
654:
602:
495:
391:
383:
370:
345:
204:
144:
system. All-electronic systems became popular with households after
56:
1285:
1277:
1261:
906:
connections of the electron guns, and the color difference signals (
810:
In the NTSC and PAL color systems, U and V are transmitted by using
719:
597:
234:(in a color system), synchronization (horizontal and vertical), and
162:
32:
3962:
3952:
3869:
3694:
3517:
2658:
1654:
1333:
1145:
922:
Synchronizing pulses added to the video signal at the end of every
802:
140:
1618:
retirees and households with income per member below living wage.
1063:
to avoid visible discontinuity of the image. If this image in the
601:
Portion of a PAL video signal. From left to right: end of a video
139:(CRT), which uses a focused electron beam to trace lines across a
3957:
3942:
3160:
2700:
1736:
Discontinued in 2011, when France transitioned to digital (DVB-T)
1180:
903:
630:
333:. Likewise, SECAM is used with a variety of 625-line standards.
275:
74:
and subject to interference. In contrast, picture quality from a
2508:
1965:
Publication dates 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 last updated 2005/12/15
952:
The format of the horizontal sync pulse varies. In the 525-line
336:
For this reason, many people refer to any 625/25 type signal as
3987:
3947:
3269:
2584:
1718:
Discontinued in 2012, when Japan transitioned to digital (ISDB)
1591:
1375:(with the scan line rate) power generation was introduced into
695:
signal level used during the front porch and back porch, and a
287:
82:
where reception is no longer possible or becomes intermittent.
2425:"Turning analog signal off, new step in transition to digital"
564:
386:
across the screen in a pattern of horizontal lines known as a
359:
3972:
3909:
3217:
2715:
1727:
Discontinued in 2012, when UK transitioned to digital (DVB-T)
1411:
1406:-based designs) operates from a comparatively low-voltage DC
884:
557:
527:
436:
330:
270:
184:
78:(DTV) signal remains good until the signal level drops below
52:
2241:"Technical note 77 – Diode Split for E.H.T. generation"
773:(R-Y) / (Q), as used in the 1955 RCA 21-inch color receiver,
464:
on one carrier frequency, and the sound is transmitted with
3914:
1470:
is a power supply circuit operating on similar principles.
1429:(DC), is switched through the line output transformer, and
1034:
969:
961:
953:
732:
A color signal conveys picture information for each of the
587:
568:
547:
417:). The timing of the luminance signal must allow for this.
262:
176:
1179:
The video amp and output amplifier is implemented using a
344:, even when referring to digital signals; for example, on
2570:
Video broadcast standard frequencies and country listings
1992:. Tektronics Incorporated. September 1999. Archived from
1575:
1266:
1161:
1157:
972:. This is lower than the amplitude of any video signal (
965:
779:(R-Y) / (G-Y), (as used in the RCA Victor CTC-4 chassis),
741:
534:
systems, television sound transmissions were monophonic.
382:(CRT) television displays an image by scanning a beam of
266:
180:
1961:"Color subcarrier frequency and TV Standards/TV Systems"
1856:. Ofcom – office of Communications. December 2006.
1492:
In many countries, over-the-air broadcast television of
2451:"Malaysia to turn off analogue TV completely on 31 Oct"
1320:
display sync pulses are fed to horizontal and vertical
2115:
1534:
In Japan, the switch to digital began in northeastern
1051:
Each pre- or post-equalizing pulse consists of half a
641:
which also contains the horizontal sync pulse and the
187:) could be added to the base monochrome signal. Using
1234:
horizontal sync to continue during vertical retrace.
682:
1625:
1466:. This produces the required high-voltage supply. A
1140:
1011:
For the graphic option provided by video games, see
2314:"Senate OKs delay of digital television transition"
2057:"World Analogue Television Standards and Waveforms"
439:is a satisfactory compromise, while the process of
1572:Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission
1509:Digital television transition in the United States
203:. Each frame of a television image is composed of
2505:Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network
1607:Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network
1422:(typically 10–30 kV) for correct operation.
1364:. It was inefficient and produced a lot of heat.
1341:wrapped around the CRT tube. These coils produce
4108:
2311:
2277:"How Television went Digital in The Netherlands"
714:
506:At this point the IF signal consists of a video
93:) or can be distributed over a cable network as
2350:Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
1074:
976:) so it can be detected by the level-sensitive
594:, and the chrominance signal) are not present.
127:The earliest systems of analog television were
1398:Most of the receiver's circuitry (at least in
1149:Block diagram for a typical analog monochrome
1125:
1013:Screen tearing § Vertical synchronization
887:television system, U and V are transmitted on
537:
3030:
2600:
2153:"A five function IC for television receivers"
946:
936:
2501:"When analog TV channels will be turned off"
2480:"Gov't wants analog TV switched off by 2023"
2478:Cabuenas, Jon Viktor D. (14 February 2017).
1987:"Pal systems – Television measurements"
1774:color saturation in the transmitted picture.
1441:by the use of a rectifier which blocks this
983:Two-timing intervals are defined – the
740:Instead, the RGB signals are converted into
226:A practical television system needs to take
4045:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2122:(illustrated ed.). Pitman Publishing.
2109:
2050:
2048:
2046:
1393:
1006:
671:In some professional systems, particularly
542:The video carrier is demodulated to give a
298:, much of Western Europe and Australia use
4081:
3037:
3023:
2607:
2593:
2529:
968:system the pulse is 4.7 μs at 0
482:Signal reception is invariably done via a
420:The human eye has a characteristic called
2054:
2477:
2043:
2026:Television Engineering and Video Systems
2018:
2016:
2014:
1477:
1293:
1284:
1276:
1260:
1144:
1033:The format of such a signal in 525-line
941:The horizontal sync pulse separates the
847:
801:
744:form, where the Y signal represents the
718:
596:
577:
563:
369:
358:
161:
108:, beginning just after the year 2000, a
31:
2560:Video signal measurement and generation
2284:Open Society Foundations September 2011
1851:"Television Technical Performance Code"
1590:In Singapore, digital television under
797:
501:
269:and the French and former Soviet Union
14:
4109:
3044:
2530:Plotnikova, Elena (17 February 2019).
2400:
1599:National Telecommunications Commission
822:A small sample of the subcarrier, the
691:level. In the NTSC system, there is a
354:
3018:
2588:
2116:Wharton, W.; Douglas Howorth (1971).
2083:
2022:
2011:
406:with the scanning in the television.
374:Close up image of analog color screen
252:International Telecommunication Union
4091:
2345:岩手、宮城、福島の3県のアナログ放送は平成24年3月31日に終了しました
2324:from the original on 25 October 2012
2312:Stephanie Condon (26 January 2009).
2055:Pemberton, Alan (30 November 2008).
1531:. These were given later deadlines.
1305:
895:of two different color subcarriers.
454:
265:system. The European and Australian
191:the signal is then modulated onto a
85:Analog television may be wireless (
27:Television that uses analog signals
24:
2119:Principles of Television Reception
1587:turned it off on 31 October 2019.
1552:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
917:
815:included in the modulated signal (
727:
683:Monochrome video signal extraction
556:
166:Analog television system by nation
25:
4133:
2553:
2189:from the original on 3 March 2012
2150:
1513:Federal Communications Commission
1141:Components of a television system
4090:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4059:
3680:Free-space optical communication
2721:BitTorrent television and movies
2614:
2214:. York EMC.co.uk. Archived from
2029:. Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 62.
1863:from the original on 4 July 2011
1628:
2977:Director of network programming
2523:
2493:
2471:
2457:
2443:
2417:
2405:(in Chinese (China)). Sina Corp
2394:
2368:
2352:. 31 March 2012. Archived from
2336:
2305:
2269:
2233:
2201:
2183:Publication date – unknown
2171:
2144:
1979:
1953:
1822:
1809:
1799:
1786:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1748:
1605:In the Russian Federation, the
878:
812:quadrature amplitude modulation
734:red, green, and blue components
723:Color bar generator test signal
402:producing the signal) in exact
2679:Digital terrestrial television
1923:
1893:
1875:
1843:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1584:digital terrestrial television
1529:television translator stations
947:vertical synchronization pulse
637:is the first component of the
413:) or the start of the screen (
306:, most of Eastern Europe uses
116:
13:
1:
2952:Television news screen layout
2429:agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br
2403:"广电总局发文关停地面模拟信号 "模拟电视"时代即将结束"
1836:
1556:its related nuclear accidents
1484:Digital television transition
1316:In an analog receiver with a
715:Color video signal extraction
110:digital television transition
4066:Telecommunication portal
3847:Telecommunications equipment
2919:Broadcast television systems
2825:Children's television series
2248:Publication date – 1976
1273:, and beginning of next line
1075:Horizontal and vertical hold
639:horizontal blanking interval
613:, and beginning of next line
340:and to any 525/30 signal as
247:broadcast television systems
158:Broadcast television systems
151:
102:broadcast television systems
7:
3583:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2821:Children's interest channel
2179:"TACKLING THE POWER SUPPLY"
1937:. About.com. Archived from
1650:Narrow-bandwidth television
1621:
1443:counter-electromotive force
1126:Other technical information
1044:long-sync pulses (5 pulses)
868:) signals are re-combined.
629:. Its purpose was to allow
538:Structure of a video signal
10:
4138:
3287:Telecommunications history
2565:Television synchronisation
1931:"Color Television History"
1907:. Thinkbox. Archived from
1675:Vertical blanking interval
1481:
1460:Cockcroft–Walton generator
1324:circuits (commonly called
1309:
1129:
1061:vertical blanking interval
1020:vertical blanking interval
1010:
937:Horizontal synchronization
661:following the sync pulse.
605:, front porch, horizontal
155:
120:
106:compressed digital signals
4054:
3996:
3933:
3895:Public Switched Telephone
3855:
3819:
3776:
3717:
3707:telecommunication circuit
3668:Fiber-optic communication
3651:
3413:Francis Blake (telephone)
3360:
3208:Optical telecommunication
3052:
2927:Digital on-screen graphic
2899:
2840:Movie television channels
2816:Adult television channels
2804:
2730:
2622:
2250:. Mullard. Archived from
2067:, England. Archived from
980:circuit of the receiver.
956:system it is a 4.85
3806:Orbital angular-momentum
3243:Satellite communications
3082:Communications satellite
2891:Women's interest channel
2344:
2091:"Basics of Analog Video"
1935:Publication date unknown
1905:Publication date unknown
1696:
1597:In the Philippines, the
1394:CRT flyback power supply
1071:partway down the image.
1007:Vertical synchronization
756:The U and V signals are
484:superheterodyne receiver
3685:Molecular communication
3508:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3337:Undersea telegraph line
3072:Cable protection system
2755:Multichannel television
2745:Commercial broadcasting
2716:Peer-to-peer television
2401:cnBeta (15 July 2020).
1690:Glossary of video terms
486:: the first stage is a
4122:Television terminology
3827:Communication protocol
3613:Charles Sumner Tainter
3428:Walter Houser Brattain
3373:Edwin Howard Armstrong
3181:Information revolution
2835:Men's interest channel
2791:Religious broadcasting
1670:Television transmitter
1665:Terrestrial television
1521:low-power broadcasting
1299:
1291:
1282:
1274:
1174:automatic gain control
1167:Intermediate Frequency
1153:
1136:Electronic engineering
860:
807:
782:(R-Y) / (B-Y) / (G-Y),
724:
621:is a brief (about 1.5
614:
583:
575:
561:
492:intermediate frequency
375:
367:
314:or PAL-D/K and so on.
256:backward compatibility
167:
87:terrestrial television
37:
4117:Television technology
3801:Polarization-division
3533:Narinder Singh Kapany
3498:Erna Schneider Hoover
3418:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3398:Alexander Graham Bell
3129:online video platform
2023:Gupta, R. G. (2006).
1478:Transition to digital
1310:Further information:
1297:
1288:
1280:
1264:
1148:
1132:Broadcast engineering
1130:Further information:
851:
805:
722:
600:
581:
567:
560:
373:
362:
213:commercial television
165:
156:Further information:
129:mechanical television
123:History of television
63:of an analog signal.
47:technology that uses
35:
3643:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3603:Almon Brown Strowger
3573:Charles Grafton Page
3228:Prepaid mobile phone
3156:Electrical telegraph
2984:Outside broadcasting
2453:. 25 September 2019.
2185:. Old Tellys.co.uk.
1887:29 July 2013 at the
1660:Slow-scan television
1504:for other services.
893:frequency modulation
891:lines, using simple
873:color frame sequence
798:NTSC and PAL systems
502:Extracting the sound
466:frequency modulation
462:amplitude modulation
282:and South Korea use
197:ultra high frequency
91:satellite television
3593:Johann Philipp Reis
3352:Wireless revolution
3314:The Telephone Cases
3171:Hydraulic telegraph
2886:Sports broadcasting
2830:Documentary channel
2786:Public broadcasting
2693:Internet television
2095:maximintegrated.com
2071:on 20 February 2008
2061:Pembers' Ponderings
1901:"TV Technology PAL"
1536:Ishikawa Prefecture
1439:flyback transformer
1431:alternating current
1216:horizontal blanking
1197:quadrature detector
1151:television receiver
1085:flyback transformer
993:horizontal blanking
447:of the picture per
355:Displaying an image
219:; the beginning of
193:very high frequency
61:phase and frequency
3791:Frequency-division
3768:Telephone exchange
3638:Charles Wheatstone
3568:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3543:Innocenzo Manzetti
3478:Reginald Fessenden
3213:Optical telegraphy
3046:Telecommunications
2999:Television licence
2967:Broadcast designer
1911:on 5 December 2010
1645:Amateur television
1488:Digital television
1464:voltage multiplier
1379:receiver designs.
1300:
1292:
1283:
1275:
1154:
974:blacker than black
964:. In the 625-line
861:
817:suppressed carrier
808:
725:
615:
609:, back porch with
584:
576:
562:
517:intercarrier sound
477:vestigial sideband
411:horizontal retrace
376:
368:
240:television channel
223:was in the 1950s.
168:
76:digital television
38:
4104:
4103:
3842:Store and forward
3837:Data transmission
3751:Network switching
3702:Transmission line
3548:Guglielmo Marconi
3513:Internet pioneers
3378:Mohamed M. Atalla
3347:Whistled language
3012:
3011:
3004:Television studio
2972:Broadcast license
2959:Network affiliate
2942:On-screen display
2909:Broadcast network
2879:Livestreamed news
2869:Business channels
2864:News broadcasting
2781:Pirate television
2772:News broadcasting
2652:Mobile television
2536:Argumenty i Fakty
2431:. 24 October 2017
1967:. Paradiso Design
1636:Television portal
1570:In Malaysia, the
1468:flyback converter
1414:connection for a
1306:Timebase circuits
843:phase-locked loop
521:carrier frequency
494:(IF). The signal
455:Receiving signals
394:of that point. A
41:Analog television
16:(Redirected from
4129:
4094:
4093:
4084:
4083:
4074:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4062:
3935:Notable networks
3925:Wireless network
3865:Cellular network
3857:Types of network
3832:Computer network
3719:Network topology
3633:Thomas A. Watson
3488:Oliver Heaviside
3473:Philo Farnsworth
3448:Daniel Davis Jr.
3423:Charles Bourseul
3383:John Logie Baird
3092:Data compression
3087:Computer network
3039:
3032:
3025:
3016:
3015:
2859:Shopping channel
2849:Music television
2609:
2602:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2507:. Archived from
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2382:on 11 April 2009
2378:. Archived from
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2356:on 20 March 2012
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2293:on 20 April 2013
2292:
2286:. Archived from
2281:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2221:on 15 March 2012
2220:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2052:
2041:
2040:
2020:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1897:
1891:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1611:federal subjects
1525:class A stations
1445:. A small value
1418:requires a very
1416:cathode-ray tube
1410:. However, the
1352:voltage dropper
1339:deflection coils
1185:power transistor
960:pulse at 0
902:) is fed to the
758:color difference
415:vertical retrace
396:color television
380:cathode-ray tube
325:) in the UK and
221:color television
137:cathode-ray tube
95:cable television
68:electronic noise
43:is the original
21:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4060:
4058:
4050:
3992:
3929:
3851:
3815:
3772:
3721:
3713:
3654:
3647:
3553:Robert Metcalfe
3408:Tim Berners-Lee
3356:
3176:Information Age
3048:
3043:
3013:
3008:
2901:
2895:
2807:
2800:
2750:Community radio
2732:
2726:
2706:Streaming media
2618:
2613:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2511:on 7 March 2021
2499:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2257:on 21 July 2011
2254:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2151:Mills, Thomas.
2149:
2145:
2130:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2053:
2044:
2037:
2021:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1999:on 18 July 2011
1996:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1941:on 20 July 2012
1929:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1889:Wayback Machine
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1796:and back again.
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1490:
1482:Main articles:
1480:
1396:
1343:magnetic fields
1314:
1308:
1204:horizontal sync
1143:
1138:
1128:
1096:horizontal hold
1077:
1016:
1009:
939:
920:
918:Synchronization
881:
800:
788:
730:
728:U and V signals
717:
685:
673:satellite links
574:signal (analog)
572:composite video
544:composite video
540:
504:
457:
431:depends on the
404:synchronization
364:Raster scanning
357:
217:black-and-white
160:
154:
125:
119:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4135:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4088:
4078:
4068:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3786:Space-division
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3623:Camille Tissot
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:Claude Shannon
3595:
3590:
3588:Tivadar Puskás
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3558:Antonio Meucci
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3528:Charles K. Kao
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:Harold Hopkins
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3403:Emile Berliner
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3342:Videotelephony
3339:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3240:
3238:Radiotelephone
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3124:Internet video
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2914:Broadcast-safe
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2874:Public affairs
2871:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2760:Pay television
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2713:
2711:Web television
2708:
2703:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2554:External links
2552:
2549:
2548:
2522:
2492:
2470:
2456:
2442:
2416:
2393:
2367:
2335:
2304:
2268:
2232:
2200:
2170:
2143:
2128:
2108:
2082:
2042:
2035:
2010:
1978:
1952:
1922:
1892:
1874:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1821:
1808:
1798:
1785:
1776:
1766:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1623:
1620:
1580:broadcast band
1502:radio spectrum
1479:
1476:
1435:magnetic field
1427:Direct current
1395:
1392:
1367:In the 1960s,
1326:sweep circuits
1307:
1304:
1239:sync separator
1193:ratio detector
1142:
1139:
1127:
1124:
1076:
1073:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1008:
1005:
978:sync separator
938:
935:
931:sync separator
919:
916:
880:
877:
799:
796:
787:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
767:
729:
726:
716:
713:
684:
681:
677:Sound-in-Syncs
539:
536:
508:carrier signal
503:
500:
456:
453:
422:phi phenomenon
356:
353:
294:, France uses
290:, the UK uses
258:was achieved.
153:
150:
121:Main article:
118:
115:
49:analog signals
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4134:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4097:
4089:
4087:
4079:
4077:
4069:
4067:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3811:Code-division
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:Time-division
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:and switching
3720:
3716:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3673:optical fiber
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3663:Coaxial cable
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:Radia Perlman
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Lee de Forest
3466:
3464:
3463:Thomas Edison
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Donald Davies
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:Claude Chappe
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Smoke signals
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3260:Semiconductor
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:Digital media
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Radio program
2630:
2629:
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2188:
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2129:0-273-36103-1
2125:
2121:
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2112:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2038:
2036:0-07-058596-2
2032:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
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1715:
1706:
1702:
1691:
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1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Field (video)
1678:
1676:
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1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
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1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
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1557:
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1549:
1545:
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1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:DTV Delay Act
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1489:
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1475:
1471:
1469:
1465:
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1456:
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1440:
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1428:
1423:
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1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1385:
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1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:semiconductor
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1265:Portion of a
1263:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1251:multivibrator
1247:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1231:vertical sync
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
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1168:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1100:vertical hold
1097:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1027:vertical sync
1023:
1021:
1014:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
934:
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927:
925:
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913:
909:
905:
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890:
886:
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869:
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854:
850:
846:
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836:
831:
827:
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820:
818:
813:
804:
795:
791:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
768:
766:
762:
759:
754:
751:
747:
743:
738:
735:
721:
712:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
680:
678:
674:
669:
667:
662:
660:
659:settling time
656:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
612:
608:
604:
599:
595:
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385:
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365:
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339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:, Japan uses
285:
279:
277:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
248:
243:
241:
237:
236:audio signals
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
215:systems were
214:
209:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:RF modulation
186:
182:
178:
173:
164:
159:
149:
147:
142:
138:
133:
130:
124:
114:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
3778:Multiplexing
3653:Transmission
3618:Nikola Tesla
3608:Henry Sutton
3563:Samuel Morse
3493:Robert Hooke
3458:Amos Dolbear
3393:John Bardeen
3312:
3292:Telautograph
3196:Mobile phone
3151:Edholm's law
3134:social media
3067:Broadcasting
2963:Occupations
2854:Quiz channel
2777:Pirate radio
2765:Pay-per-view
2740:Campus radio
2731:Broadcasting
2663:
2616:Broadcasting
2539:. Retrieved
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2509:the original
2504:
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2473:
2459:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2428:
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:the original
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2354:the original
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2288:the original
2283:
2271:
2259:. Retrieved
2252:the original
2247:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2216:the original
2203:
2191:. Retrieved
2182:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2157:ResearchGate
2156:
2146:
2118:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2094:
2085:
2075:25 September
2073:. Retrieved
2069:the original
2060:
2025:
2001:. Retrieved
1994:the original
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1964:
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1939:the original
1934:
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1909:the original
1904:
1895:
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1845:
1824:
1811:
1801:
1788:
1779:
1769:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1604:
1596:
1589:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1533:
1506:
1498:analog video
1494:analog audio
1491:
1472:
1424:
1420:high voltage
1408:power supply
1397:
1381:
1366:
1347:
1338:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:Oscilloscope
1301:
1256:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1189:
1178:
1171:
1155:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1069:page tearing
1058:
1050:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1017:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
982:
977:
973:
951:
940:
930:
928:
921:
897:
888:
882:
879:SECAM system
870:
862:
857:Hanover bars
839:
834:
832:
828:
821:
809:
792:
789:
763:
757:
755:
739:
731:
708:electron gun
704:control grid
701:
696:
692:
688:
686:
670:
663:
649:
647:
642:
634:
618:
616:
585:
552:CCTV cameras
541:
525:
516:
505:
487:
481:
470:
458:
445:video fields
427:The maximum
426:
419:
414:
410:
408:
400:
377:
350:
341:
337:
335:
316:
280:
260:
244:
225:
210:
201:carrier wave
169:
146:World War II
134:
126:
99:
84:
65:
51:to transmit
40:
39:
29:
3978:NPL network
3690:Radio waves
3628:Alfred Vail
3538:Hedy Lamarr
3523:Dawon Kahng
3483:Elisha Gray
3443:Yogen Dalal
3368:Nasir Ahmed
3302:Teleprinter
3166:Heliographs
2937:News ticker
2932:Lower third
2902:and funding
2845:Music radio
2261:24 November
2225:24 November
2193:24 November
2003:25 November
1971:24 November
1945:24 November
1915:24 November
1867:24 November
1817:black level
1685:Video frame
1615:Tver Oblast
1451:inductances
1377:solid state
1373:synchronous
1362:transformer
1208:front porch
1065:framebuffer
985:front porch
912:solid state
908:chrominance
635:front porch
623:microsecond
619:front porch
512:demodulator
441:interlacing
242:selection.
232:chrominance
117:Development
80:a threshold
18:Analogue TV
4111:Categories
4024:Antarctica
3983:Toasternet
3905:Television
3388:Paul Baran
3320:Television
3304:(teletype)
3297:Telegraphy
3275:transistor
3253:Phryctoria
3223:Photophone
3201:Smartphone
3191:Mass media
2994:Press pool
2900:Production
2796:Talk radio
2541:14 October
2515:14 October
2297:4 February
1837:References
1794:ultrasound
1523:stations,
1400:transistor
1354:resistance
1271:colorburst
1212:back porch
989:back porch
943:scan lines
866:coincident
824:colorburst
750:monochrome
666:colorburst
650:back porch
643:back porch
627:sync pulse
611:colorburst
607:sync pulse
592:colorburst
429:frame rate
211:The first
205:scan lines
45:television
4008:Americas
3997:Locations
3968:Internet2
3729:Bandwidth
3433:Vint Cerf
3330:streaming
3308:Telephone
3248:Semaphore
3139:streaming
2989:Press box
2947:Score bug
2923:Graphics
2806:Specialty
2686:Satellite
2647:Satellite
2409:30 August
2318:CNET News
2065:Sheffield
1540:Fukushima
1447:capacitor
1384:thyristor
1358:rectifier
1246:thyratron
1053:scan line
924:scan line
900:luminance
889:alternate
855:showing "
853:Test card
746:luminance
655:fall time
603:scan line
496:amplifier
473:bandwidth
433:bandwidth
392:luminance
384:electrons
346:DVD-Video
228:luminance
195:(VHF) or
152:Standards
57:amplitude
4076:Category
3963:Internet
3953:CYCLADES
3870:Ethernet
3820:Concepts
3744:terminal
3695:wireless
3518:Bob Kahn
3361:Pioneers
3186:Internet
3077:Cable TV
2808:channels
2659:Teletext
2485:18 March
2435:20 April
2322:Archived
2187:Archived
2138:16244216
1885:Archived
1858:Archived
1829:through.
1655:Overscan
1622:See also
1455:resonate
1334:parabola
1330:sawtooth
1322:timebase
1224:interval
1001:interval
835:off-axis
693:blanking
323:405 line
141:phosphor
4096:Commons
4086:Outline
4039:Oceania
3958:FidoNet
3943:ARPANET
3756:circuit
3325:digital
3054:History
2701:Webcast
2674:Digital
2642:Digital
2360:1 April
2328:14 June
2097:. Maxim
1764:signal.
1462:design
1220:retrace
1181:pentode
997:retrace
904:cathode
883:In the
706:in the
631:voltage
308:SECAM-D
296:SECAM-L
276:PALplus
245:Analog
4034:Europe
4004:Africa
3988:Usenet
3948:BITNET
3885:Mobile
3761:packet
3270:MOSFET
3265:device
3062:Beacon
2664:Analog
2623:Medium
2163:11 May
2159:. IEEE
2136:
2126:
2101:21 May
2033:
1592:DVB-T2
1548:Miyagi
1546:, and
1527:, and
1356:and a
1350:series
1114:1969.
388:raster
327:NTSC-N
319:NTSC-A
288:NTSC-J
284:NTSC-M
199:(UHF)
4017:South
4012:North
3973:JANET
3910:Telex
3900:Radio
3739:Nodes
3734:Links
3655:media
3233:Radio
3218:Pager
3146:Drums
3112:video
3107:image
3097:audio
2733:niche
2697:radio
2669:Cable
2637:Cable
2386:5 May
2291:(PDF)
2280:(PDF)
2255:(PDF)
2244:(PDF)
2219:(PDF)
2212:(PDF)
1997:(PDF)
1990:(PDF)
1861:(PDF)
1854:(PDF)
1697:Notes
1544:Iwate
1412:anode
1402:- or
1183:or a
885:SECAM
697:black
689:black
528:NICAM
488:tuner
449:frame
437:hertz
331:PAL-M
300:PAL-B
292:PAL-I
271:SECAM
185:SECAM
183:, or
72:snowy
53:video
4029:Asia
3915:UUCP
3875:ISDN
2695:and
2543:2019
2517:2019
2487:2023
2437:2020
2411:2020
2388:2009
2362:2012
2330:2009
2299:2013
2263:2010
2227:2010
2195:2010
2165:2019
2134:OCLC
2124:ISBN
2103:2021
2077:2010
2031:ISBN
2005:2010
1973:2010
1947:2010
1917:2010
1869:2010
1554:and
1496:and
1486:and
1332:and
1229:The
1218:(or
1160:and
1134:and
1098:and
1037:is:
1035:NTSC
1025:The
995:(or
954:NTSC
657:and
648:The
617:The
588:NTSC
569:NTSC
548:VCRs
530:and
443:two
342:NTSC
263:NTSC
177:NTSC
100:All
89:and
3920:WAN
3890:NGN
3880:LAN
3161:Fax
3102:DCT
1576:UHF
1453:to
1388:EMI
1318:CRT
1267:PAL
1162:UHF
1158:VHF
966:PAL
742:YUV
550:or
532:MTS
338:PAL
267:PAL
181:PAL
172:ITU
4113::
2847:/
2823:/
2779:/
2534:.
2503:.
2427:.
2320:.
2316:.
2282:.
2246:.
2181:.
2155:.
2132:.
2093:.
2063:.
2059:.
2045:^
2013:^
1963:.
1933:.
1903:.
1558:.
1542:,
1404:IC
1237:A
1222:)
999:)
958:μs
949:.
929:A
679:.
645:.
378:A
230:,
179:,
148:.
97:.
59:,
4047:)
4043:(
3038:e
3031:t
3024:v
2723:)
2699:(
2608:e
2601:t
2594:v
2545:.
2519:.
2489:.
2467:.
2439:.
2413:.
2390:.
2364:.
2332:.
2301:.
2265:.
2229:.
2197:.
2167:.
2140:.
2105:.
2079:.
2039:.
2007:.
1975:.
1949:.
1919:.
1871:.
1819:.
1015:.
970:V
962:V
321:(
312:K
310:/
304:G
302:/
175:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
