1087:
124:
1030:
converting filmed programming into digital formats. For their part, the consumer electronics industry and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures then (and currently) feasible, i.e., 1,080 lines per picture and 1,920 pixels per line. Broadcasters also favored interlaced scanning because their vast archive of interlaced programming is not readily compatible with a progressive format.
4328:
1395:
25:
4338:
4317:
4348:
1025:βis superior. Interlaced scanning, which is used in televisions worldwide, scans even-numbered lines first, then odd-numbered ones. Progressive scanning, which is the format used in computers, scans lines in sequences, from top to bottom. The computer industry argued that progressive scanning is superior because it does not
1005:, but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution of existing television images. Then, to ensure that viewers who did not wish to buy a new digital television set could continue to receive conventional television broadcasts, it dictated that the new ATV standard must be capable of being
1760:
service, or provide other non-television services such as multimedia or interactivity. DTV also permits special services such as multiplexing (more than one program on the same channel), electronic program guides and additional languages (spoken or subtitled). The sale of non-television services may
1385:
Digital television signals must not interfere with each other, and they must also coexist with analog television until it is phased out. The following table gives allowable signal-to-noise and signal-to-interference ratios for various interference scenarios. This table is a crucial regulatory tool
1921:
The adoption of a broadcast standard incompatible with existing analog receivers has created the problem of large numbers of analog receivers being discarded. One superintendent of public works was quoted in 2009 saying; "some of the studies Iβve read in the trade magazines say up to a quarter of
1855:
Changes in signal reception from factors such as degrading antenna connections or changing weather conditions may gradually reduce the quality of analog TV. The nature of digital TV results in a perfectly decodable video initially, until the receiving equipment starts picking up interference that
1805:
Because of the way the human visual system works, defects in an image that are localized to particular features of the image or that come and go are more perceptible than defects that are uniform and constant. However, the DTV system is designed to take advantage of other limitations of the human
1756:, the most significant being that digital channels take up less bandwidth, and the bandwidth allocations are flexible depending on the level of compression and resolution of the transmitted image. This means that digital broadcasters can provide more digital channels in the same space, provide
1922:
American households could be throwing a TV out in the next two years following the regulation change". In
Michigan in 2009, one recycler estimated that as many as one household in four would dispose of or recycle a TV set in the following year. The digital television transition, migration to
1926:
receivers and the replacement of CRTs with flat screens are all factors in the increasing number of discarded analog CRT-based television receivers. In 2009, an estimated 99 million analog TV receivers were sitting unused in homes in the US alone and, while some obsolete receivers are being
1029:
in the manner of interlaced scanning. It also argued that progressive scanning enables easier connections with the
Internet, and is more cheaply converted to interlaced formats than vice versa. The film industry also supported progressive scanning because it offers a more efficient means of
1865:
For remote locations, distant channels that, as analog signals, were previously usable in a snowy and degraded state may, as digital signals, be perfectly decodable or may become completely unavailable. The use of higher frequencies add to these problems, especially in cases where a clear
1856:
overpowers the desired signal or if the signal is too weak to decode. Some equipment will show a garbled picture with significant damage, while other devices may go directly from perfectly decodable video to no video at all or lock up. This phenomenon is known as the digital cliff effect.
957:
as a worldwide standard. Japanese advancements were seen as pacesetters that threatened to eclipse US electronics companies. Until June 1990, the
Japanese MUSE standardβbased on an analog systemβwas the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration.
2641:
817:(DTMB) adopts time-domain synchronous (TDS) OFDM technology with a pseudo-random signal frame to serve as the guard interval (GI) of the OFDM block and the training symbol. The DTMB standard has been adopted in China, including Hong Kong and Macau.
1009:
on different channels. The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on entirely new design principles. Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard, the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements.
1874:
Television sets with only analog tuners cannot decode digital transmissions. When analog broadcasting over the air ceases, users of sets with analog-only tuners may use other sources of programming (e.g. cable, recorded media) or may purchase
783:(ISDB) is a system designed to provide good reception to fixed receivers and also portable or mobile receivers. It utilizes OFDM and two-dimensional interleaving. It supports hierarchical transmission of up to three layers and uses
997:, also demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal in 1990. This led to the FCC being persuaded to delay its decision on an advanced television (ATV) standard until a digitally based standard could be developed.
1710:. Modern DTV systems sometimes use a return path providing feedback from the end user to the broadcaster. This is possible over cable TV or through an Internet connection but is not possible with a standard antenna alone.
1000:
In March 1990, when it became clear that a digital standard was feasible, the FCC made a number of critical decisions. First, the
Commission declared that the new TV standard must be more than an enhanced
1768:
of images, noise from weak signals, and other problems that degrade the quality of the image and sound, although the program material may still be watchable. With digital television, because of the
923:
announced their own similar TV sets with digital video capabilities. However, they still relied on analog TV broadcast signals, with true digital TV broadcasts not yet being available at the time.
1810:
during fast motion where the eye cannot track and resolve them as easily and, conversely, minimizing artifacts in still backgrounds that, because time allows, may be closely examined in a scene.
1013:
The final standard adopted by the FCC did not produce a universal standard for scanning formats, aspect ratios, or lines of resolution. This outcome resulted from a dispute between the consumer
934:(MPT) in Japan, where there were plans to develop an "Integrated Network System" service. However, it was not possible to practically implement such a digital TV service until the adoption of
777:) for terrestrial broadcasting. This standard has been adopted by 9 countries: the United States, Canada, Mexico, South Korea, Bahamas, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Suriname.
1794:
DTV images have some picture defects that are not present on analog television or motion picture cinema, because of present-day limitations of bit rate and compression algorithms such as
2039:
Ong, C. Y., Song, J., Pan, C., & Li, Y.(2010, May). Technology and
Standards of Digital Television Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting , IEEE Communications Magazine, 48(5),119β127
1813:
Broadcast, cable, satellite, and
Internet DTV operators control the picture quality of television signal encoders using sophisticated, neuroscience-based algorithms, such as the
1862:
may occur when transmission is done with compressed images. A block error in a single frame often results in black boxes in several subsequent frames, making viewing difficult.
4844:
767:(OFDM) modulation and supports hierarchical transmission. This standard has been adopted in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia, for a total of approximately 60 countries.
688:
408:
1831:
Quantising effects can create contours – rather than smooth gradations – on areas with small graduations in amplitude. Typically, a very
1303:
There are several different ways to receive digital television. One of the oldest means of receiving DTV (and TV in general) is from terrestrial transmitters using an
2768:
1178:
SDTV, by comparison, may use one of several different formats taking the form of various aspect ratios depending on the technology used in the country of broadcast.
756:
began around 2000. Different digital television broadcasting standards have been adopted in different parts of the world; below are the more widely used standards:
2710:
853:. It was not until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility. Digital television was previously not practically feasible due to the impractically high
1843:. Similar effects can be seen in very dark scenes, where true black backgrounds are overlaid by dark gray areas. These transitions may be smooth, or may show a
1866:
line-of-sight from the receiving antenna to the transmitter is not available, because usually higher frequency signals can't pass through obstacles as easily.
1017:(joined by some broadcasters) and the computer industry (joined by the film industry and some public interest groups) over which of the two scanning processesβ
724:. At the time of its development it was considered an innovative advancement and represented the first significant evolution in television technology since
3592:
279:
2818:
2473:
2783:
2722:
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on the same channel. This ability to provide either a single HDTV feed or multiple lower-resolution feeds is often referred to as distributing one's
1847:
effect as the digital processing dithers and is unable to consistently allocate a value of either absolute black or the next step up the greyscale.
1909:, no portable radio manufacturer has yet developed an alternative method for portable radios to play just the audio signal of digital TV channels;
931:
1350:(IPTV), which is the delivery of TV over a computer network. Finally, an alternative way is to receive digital TV signals via the open Internet (
681:
269:
2014:
1240:
per second. However, the broadcaster does not need to use this entire bandwidth for just one broadcast channel. Instead, the broadcast can use
4384:
2095:
2310:
4300:
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4267:
3292:
2703:
1331:
1280:
2070:
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2793:
2738:
764:
674:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2381:
449:
4654:
2808:
2798:
2285:
1957:
814:
780:
419:
402:
4556:
2813:
2696:
1962:
1241:
242:
89:
1902:
from the video signal. This FM audio signal could be heard using standard radios equipped with the appropriate tuning circuits.
4659:
4294:
2862:
950:
61:
2125:
4289:
4279:
4259:
4061:
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1339:
562:
1927:
retrofitted with converters, many more are simply dumped in landfills where they represent a source of toxic metals such as
4491:
1967:
430:
3426:
1764:
Digital and analog signals react to interference differently. For example, common problems with analog television include
68:
4351:
4284:
4130:
2491:
1814:
1416:
42:
1386:
for controlling the placement and power levels of stations. Digital TV is more tolerant of interference than analog TV.
466:
4604:
4503:
4056:
2663:
1786:
Digital TV signals require less transmission power than analog TV signals to be broadcast and received satisfactorily.
1291:, broadcasters can choose from several different modulation schemes, giving them the option to reduce the transmission
460:
4538:
4377:
4150:
3095:
3071:
2651:
1998:
1442:
108:
1424:
258:
75:
3935:
3483:
3285:
1772:, reception of the digital signal must be very nearly complete; otherwise, neither audio nor video will be usable.
1366:
2643:
Television, technology, and competition : HDTV and digital TV in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan
4829:
4550:
4486:
4046:
3232:
3080:
1335:
820:
443:
1315:(DTT). With DTT, viewers are limited to channels that have a terrestrial transmitter in range of their antenna.
4824:
4041:
3076:
2934:
2773:
1420:
1312:
1126:
1114:
927:
869:
322:
273:
168:
128:
57:
46:
4676:
4544:
4066:
3207:
3129:
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1906:
1890:
began around the late 1990s and has been completed on a country-by-country basis in most parts of the world.
1887:
1880:
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3337:
3309:
3174:
2743:
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2149:
1347:
1103:
500:
1898:
Prior to the conversion to digital TV, analog television broadcast audio for TV channels on a separate FM
4834:
4819:
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4688:
4331:
3838:
3278:
3146:
2589:
2190:
1818:
2382:"CANAL+ TECHNOLOGIES and the world's first digital terrestrial television service in the United Kingdom"
1287:. With some implementations, image resolution may be less directly limited by bandwidth; for example in
4708:
4666:
4190:
4112:
4051:
3758:
2855:
2621:
1923:
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729:
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962:
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3498:
3451:
3411:
2155:
2018:
1707:
1405:
1054:
1046:
2976:
2605:
2445:
2099:
2049:
1129:(SDTV). These terms by themselves are not very precise, and many subtle intermediate cases exist.
823:(DMB) is a digital radio transmission technology developed in South Korea as part of the national
307:
4671:
4449:
4444:
4160:
4145:
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localized to a neighborhood rather than a city (terrestrial) or an even larger area (satellite).
1409:
1284:
1230:
1226:(e.g., many DVB-T channels in the UK use a horizontal resolution of 544 or 704 pixels per line).
35:
2246:
82:
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3401:
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1233:
966:
935:
824:
495:
2421:
1678:
The
Canadian parameter, C/(N+I) of noise plus co-channel DTV interface should be 16.5 dB.
945:
In the mid-1980s, as
Japanese consumer electronics firms forged ahead with the development of
4777:
4731:
4599:
4497:
4434:
3984:
3788:
3753:
3673:
3653:
3575:
3463:
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1807:
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1765:
1718:
1362:
1122:
854:
788:
597:
567:
3317:
2688:
2546:
1779:
with two independent audio signal channels. DTV allows up to 5 audio signal channels plus a
752:
as a single analog channel, and provides many new features that analog television cannot. A
4703:
4698:
4681:
4401:
3898:
3858:
3828:
3585:
3520:
3342:
3239:
2941:
2788:
1107:
1042:
1014:
920:
792:
628:
623:
375:
328:
185:
123:
1369:. Access to encrypted channels can be controlled by a removable card, for example via the
8:
4750:
4693:
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4454:
4429:
4393:
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3848:
3607:
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3041:
2948:
2331:
1706:
People can interact with a DTV system in various ways. One can, for example, browse the
1351:
1062:
990:
849:
Digital television's roots are tied to the availability of inexpensive, high performance
618:
515:
1839:
across its expanse, often appearing as concentric circles or ellipses. This is known as
4755:
4636:
4474:
4439:
4135:
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4023:
3893:
3823:
3798:
3733:
3301:
3254:
3222:
2617:
1304:
1276:
1264:
1255:
A broadcaster may opt to use a standard-definition (SDTV) digital signal instead of an
1168:
994:
912:
900:
858:
577:
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4011:
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3036:
3027:
2919:
2907:
2647:
2227:
2218:
2129:
1994:
1753:
1323:
1117:(DTT) broadcasting, the range of formats can be broadly divided into two categories:
717:
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2521:
2182:
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4180:
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4016:
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1370:
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1142:
1026:
1022:
796:
725:
505:
392:
207:
1783:
bass channel, producing broadcasts similar in quality to movie theaters and DVDs.
4649:
4644:
4626:
4589:
4584:
4509:
4469:
3808:
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3431:
3406:
3394:
3005:
2961:
2902:
2683:
2637:
2577:
2408:
2213:
1988:
1714:
1236:
DTV channel in North
America is allocated enough bandwidth to broadcast up to 19
609:
552:
4579:
4006:
3878:
3853:
3813:
3783:
3658:
3493:
3446:
3421:
3379:
3169:
3015:
2966:
2952:
1899:
1799:
1326:. In some countries where transmissions of TV signals are normally achieved by
1260:
904:
896:
770:
745:
713:
638:
252:
2499:
2267:
1259:
signal, because current convention allows the bandwidth of a DTV channel (or "
4813:
4760:
4743:
4738:
4155:
3928:
3918:
3833:
3723:
3718:
3708:
3693:
3515:
3374:
2897:
2887:
2231:
1840:
1736:. Each channel is further divided into 13 segments. Twelve are allocated for
1343:
1319:
1268:
1248:(a.k.a. feeds) of varying quality and compression rates, including non-video
1050:
1002:
908:
832:
800:
721:
652:
582:
510:
352:
337:
1354:), whether from a central streaming service or a P2P (peer-to-peer) system.
4033:
3873:
3818:
3748:
3713:
3648:
3547:
3537:
3389:
3109:
3032:
3020:
2995:
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2593:
1769:
1132:
One of several different HDTV formats that can be transmitted over DTV is:
784:
1790:
Compression artifacts, picture quality monitoring, and allocated bandwidth
1102:
Digital television supports many different picture formats defined by the
4233:
3883:
3793:
3778:
3738:
3698:
3557:
3192:
3187:
3100:
2892:
1859:
1249:
1222:. However, broadcasters may choose to reduce these resolutions to reduce
1058:
978:
828:
483:
2286:"History of U.S. Satellite Broadcasting Company, Inc. β FundingUniverse"
343:
4798:
4464:
4409:
4238:
3945:
3643:
3552:
3508:
3478:
3456:
3249:
3051:
1741:
1740:
and the other for narrow-band receivers such as mobile televisions and
1358:
1327:
1283:
or multicasting. This can sometimes be arranged automatically, using a
1245:
1018:
733:
709:
572:
4362:
961:
Between 1988 and 1991, several
European organizations were working on
4424:
4223:
3688:
3503:
3270:
3244:
3202:
1910:
1780:
1690:
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1374:
1066:
1006:
850:
226:
1394:
348:
213:
24:
4419:
4414:
4218:
4208:
4125:
3950:
3773:
2914:
2590:
Trashing the tube: Digital conversion may spark glut of toxic waste
2272:
IEE Colloquium on Applications of Video Compression in Broadcasting
2251:
1952:
1940:
1292:
1272:
1223:
804:
732:(HDTV) with greater resolution than analog TV. It typically uses a
381:
291:
284:
1681:
1669:
388:
371:
318:
4213:
4198:
3416:
2956:
1936:
1822:
1237:
1038:
892:
662:
657:
358:
196:
4243:
4203:
3525:
2840:
2489:
2446:"Digital TV: A Cringley Crash Course β Digital Vs. Analog"
1932:
1883:
was available to offset the cost of an external converter box.
1795:
1091:
876:
865:
808:
791:. This standard has been adopted in Japan and the Philippines.
647:
234:
191:
174:
2050:"Korea's Terrestrial DMB: Germany to begin broadcast this May"
1806:
visual system to help mask these flaws, e.g. by allowing more
1295:
and make reception easier for more distant or mobile viewers.
4228:
4165:
3473:
2971:
2718:
1342:(DVB-H), have been devised to allow handheld devices such as
1288:
1159:
1138:
1070:
473:
220:
203:
181:
164:
4170:
2181:
Barbero, M.; Hofmann, H.; Wells, N. D. (14 November 1991).
1928:
1825:
1817:(SSIM) video quality measurement tool. Another tool called
1737:
1733:
1729:
1256:
1219:
1195:
1179:
1164:
1147:
1095:
970:
969:
for both SDTV and HDTV. The EU 256 project by the CMTT and
946:
939:
916:
774:
737:
520:
333:
301:
2096:"South Korea : Social Media λ΅λ³ λ΄μ© : μ
μ΄μ β 리ν¬νΈμλ"
1775:
Analog TV began with monophonic sound and later developed
835:
such as mobile phones, laptops and GPS navigation systems.
728:
in the 1950s. Modern digital television is transmitted in
2268:"Data compression for HDTV transmission and distribution"
2015:"HDTV Set Top Boxes and Digital TV Broadcast Information"
1365:
and national legislation implementing it, such as the US
1209:
1199:
1053:
broadcasts were tested and launched in the US in 1996 by
974:
954:
953:
analog format was proposed by Japan's public broadcaster
911:
signals, enabling features such as freezing pictures and
741:
592:
147:
2183:"DCT source coding and current implementations for HDTV"
2126:"The Origins and Future Prospects of Digital Television"
1879:
to tune in the digital signals. In the United States, a
748:
space; it can transmit up to seven channels in the same
2490:
Le Dinh, Phuc-Tue; Patry, Jacques (February 24, 2006).
2311:"Business Insider: Digital satellite TV has Indy roots"
926:
A digital TV broadcast service was proposed in 1986 by
744:) of analog TV. It makes more economical use of scarce
2676:
2492:"Video compression artifacts and MPEG noise reduction"
1893:
1761:
provide an additional revenue source to broadcasters.
1666:
ISDB-T (6 MHz, 64QAM, R=2/3), Analog TV (M/NTSC).
4845:
Telecommunications-related introductions in the 1990s
2571:
North Tonawanda: council discusses future TV disposal
1835:
scene, such as a cloudless sky, will exhibit visible
1311:
in some countries). This delivery method is known as
1167:
aspect ratio. HDTV cannot be transmitted over analog
827:
project for sending multimedia such as TV, radio and
773:(ATSC) standard uses eight-level vestigial sideband (
2657:
Overview of Digital Television Development Worldwide
2646:, New York : Cambridge University Press, 2004.
2422:"Frequently Asked Questions -- What Is Digital TV?"
2401:
2247:"New Technologies: The Converging Digital Universe"
2180:
985:
Mbit/s and near-studio-quality HDTV at about 70β140
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1869:
1275:), providing multiple feeds of entirely different
907:to convert analog television broadcast signals to
2265:
4811:
2580:, Neale Gulley, Tonawanda News, January 27, 2009
1153:
1041:in the US launched the first commercial digital
936:motion-compensated DCT video compression formats
1931:as well as lesser amounts of materials such as
1214:
1204:
1190:
1184:
1134:
1361:and backed up with the force of law under the
993:broadcast in March 1990. An American company,
754:transition from analog to digital broadcasting
16:Television transmission using digital encoding
4378:
3286:
2856:
2704:
973:, along with research by Italian broadcaster
682:
2332:"NextLevel signs cable deal - Dec. 17, 1997"
2266:Barbero, M.; Stroppiana, M. (October 1992).
1850:
1332:multichannel multipoint distribution service
4301:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1423:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4385:
4371:
4337:
3293:
3279:
2863:
2849:
2711:
2697:
2677:The FCC's US consumer-oriented DTV website
2357:"TCI faces big challenges - Aug. 15, 1996"
1798:. This defect is sometimes referred to as
1606:Upper Adjacent Channel Analog TV into DTV
1589:Lower Adjacent Channel Analog TV into DTV
1572:Upper Adjacent Channel DTV into Analog TV
1555:Lower Adjacent Channel DTV into Analog TV
1065:platform was launched in November 1998 as
765:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
689:
675:
2618:Unloading that old TV not quite so simple
2176:
2174:
2172:
1443:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2402:Latest snapshots - Freeview/DTT bitrates
2120:
2118:
2116:
1958:Digital television in the United Kingdom
1380:
1085:
1081:
1076:
815:Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast
795:is an adaptation of this standard using
781:Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting
122:
4557:Application-specific integrated circuit
4392:
2244:
1963:Digital television in the United States
1916:
1747:
1242:Program and System Information Protocol
932:Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication
4812:
3300:
2169:
1986:
1346:to receive TV signals. Another way is
740:) in contrast to the narrower format (
4366:
3274:
2844:
2692:
2547:"Steering clear of the digital cliff"
2255:. No. 71. pp. 21-29 (26-8).
2211:
2151:Video on demand: Research Paper 94/68
2143:
2141:
2139:
2113:
1340:digital video broadcasting - handheld
1033:
989:Mbit/s. RAI demonstrated this with a
942:made it possible in the early 1990s.
716:encoding, in contrast to the earlier
4492:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
4347:
1968:Text to speech in digital television
1694:Depending on analog TV systems used.
1640:Upper Adjacent Channel DTV into DTV
1623:Lower Adjacent Channel DTV into DTV
1421:adding citations to reliable sources
1388:
1106:which are a combination of size and
1090:Comparison of image quality between
799:, which has been adopted in most of
771:Advanced Television System Committee
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2147:
2098:. Reportworld.co.kr. Archived from
1894:Disappearance of TV-audio receivers
1815:structural similarity index measure
1244:and subdivide across several video
13:
4504:Erasable programmable logic device
2664:University of Texas at San Antonio
2631:
2479:from the original on 10 June 2020.
2467:"Report ITU-R BT.2140-3 (05/2011)"
2136:
1334:is used. Other standards, such as
1263:") to be subdivided into multiple
14:
4856:
4539:Complex programmable logic device
2670:
2214:"Home Video: Get set for digital"
1828:video quality monitoring system.
1732:(1-segment) is a special form of
1157:pixels in interlaced video mode (
899:with digital capabilities, using
4346:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4315:
3936:Free-space optical communication
2977:BitTorrent television and movies
2870:
2662:, VOL. 94, NO. 1, JANUARY 2006 (
1752:DTV has several advantages over
1393:
1367:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
1045:platform in May 1994, using the
23:
4551:Field-programmable object array
4487:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
3233:Director of network programming
2611:
2599:
2583:
2564:
2539:
2514:
2483:
2459:
2438:
2414:
2395:
2374:
2349:
2324:
2303:
2278:
2259:
2238:
2205:
2073:. Textually.org. Archived from
1990:Digital Television: An Overview
1870:Effect on old analog technology
1660:
1336:digital multimedia broadcasting
1318:Other delivery methods include
1121:(HDTV) for the transmission of
821:Digital Multimedia Broadcasting
34:needs additional citations for
2935:Digital terrestrial television
2088:
2063:
2042:
2033:
2007:
1980:
1713:Some of these systems support
1701:
1519:Co-Channel Analog TV into DTV
1502:Co-Channel DTV into Analog TV
1357:Some signals are protected by
1313:digital terrestrial television
1127:standard-definition television
1115:digital terrestrial television
928:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
886:
870:standard-definition television
129:digital terrestrial television
1:
4677:Hardware description language
4545:Field-programmable gate array
3208:Television news screen layout
2832:Digital television transition
2608:, USA TODAY, January 27, 2009
2245:Bateman, Selby (April 1986).
2222:. Vol. 163, no. 6.
2212:Meigs, James B. (June 1986).
1993:. New York: Nova Publishers.
1973:
1907:digital television transition
1888:digital television transition
1777:multichannel television sound
844:
4322:Telecommunication portal
4103:Telecommunications equipment
3175:Broadcast television systems
3081:Children's television series
2606:Old Toxic TVs Cause Problems
1348:Internet Protocol television
1298:
1104:broadcast television systems
913:showing two channels at once
329:SBTVD / ISDB-T International
7:
4689:Formal equivalence checking
3839:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
3077:Children's interest channel
2191:European Broadcasting Union
1987:Kruger, Lennard G. (2002).
1946:
1881:government-sponsored coupon
1819:visual information fidelity
1267:, (similar to what most FM
1098:(480i transmission, bottom)
1094:(1080i broadcast, top) and
10:
4861:
4709:Hierarchical state machine
4667:Transaction-level modeling
3543:Telecommunications history
2622:Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel
1924:high-definition television
1758:high-definition television
1119:high-definition television
881:high-definition television
839:
761:Digital Video Broadcasting
730:high-definition television
4786:
4719:
4635:
4610:Digital signal processing
4595:Logic in computer science
4572:
4521:Programmable logic device
4481:Hybrid integrated circuit
4400:
4310:
4252:
4189:
4151:Public Switched Telephone
4111:
4075:
4032:
3973:
3963:telecommunication circuit
3924:Fiber-optic communication
3907:
3669:Francis Blake (telephone)
3616:
3464:Optical telecommunication
3308:
3183:Digital on-screen graphic
3155:
3096:Movie television channels
3072:Adult television channels
3060:
2986:
2878:
2829:
2729:
2071:"picturephoning.com: DMB"
2052:. ZDNet Korea. 2006-04-06
1851:Effects of poor reception
1110:(width to height ratio).
981:that broadcast SDTV at 34
872:(SDTV) signal, and over 1
708:) is the transmission of
4622:Switching circuit theory
4527:Programmable Array Logic
4515:Programmable logic array
4062:Orbital angular-momentum
3499:Satellite communications
3338:Communications satellite
3147:Women's interest channel
2496:Video Imaging DesignLine
2411:(Mendip transmitter, UK)
2156:House of Commons Library
1708:electronic program guide
1536:Co-Channel DTV into DTV
1163:). Each of these uses a
1047:Digital Satellite System
4672:Register-transfer level
3941:Molecular communication
3764:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3593:Undersea telegraph line
3328:Cable protection system
3011:Multichannel television
3001:Commercial broadcasting
2972:Peer-to-peer television
2660:Proceedings of the IEEE
2290:www.fundinguniverse.com
1913:is not the same thing.
1877:set-top converter boxes
1724:
1285:statistical multiplexer
1231:commercial broadcasting
949:technology, and as the
736:aspect ratio (commonly
496:H.266/MPEG-I Part 3 VVC
4830:Television terminology
4563:Tensor Processing Unit
4083:Communication protocol
3869:Charles Sumner Tainter
3684:Walter Houser Brattain
3629:Edwin Howard Armstrong
3437:Information revolution
3091:Men's interest channel
3047:Religious broadcasting
2723:deployments by country
1821:(VIF), is used in the
1277:television programming
1234:terrestrial television
1188:resolution in 4:3 and
1099:
967:video coding standards
861:, requiring around 200
825:information technology
720:technology which used
132:
4825:Television technology
4778:Electronic literature
4732:Hardware acceleration
4600:Computer architecture
4498:Emitter-coupled logic
4435:Printed circuit board
4057:Polarization-division
3789:Narinder Singh Kapany
3754:Erna Schneider Hoover
3674:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3654:Alexander Graham Bell
3385:online video platform
2592:, Jennifer Chambers,
2148:Lea, William (1994).
1808:compression artifacts
1719:communication channel
1483:C/N for AWGN Channel
1381:Protection parameters
1363:WIPO Copyright Treaty
1123:high-definition video
1089:
1082:Formats and bandwidth
1077:Technical information
1069:in the UK, using the
789:Advanced Audio Coding
422:(terrestrial/mobile)
126:
4704:Finite-state machine
4682:High-level synthesis
4617:Circuit minimization
3899:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3859:Almon Brown Strowger
3829:Charles Grafton Page
3484:Prepaid mobile phone
3412:Electrical telegraph
3240:Outside broadcasting
2187:EBU Technical Review
1917:Environmental issues
1748:Comparison to analog
1417:improve this section
1015:electronics industry
921:NEC Home Electronics
793:ISDB-T International
58:"Digital television"
43:improve this article
4840:Japanese inventions
4751:Digital photography
4533:Generic Array Logic
4455:Combinational logic
4430:Printed electronics
4394:Digital electronics
3849:Johann Philipp Reis
3608:Wireless revolution
3570:The Telephone Cases
3427:Hydraulic telegraph
3142:Sports broadcasting
3086:Documentary channel
3042:Public broadcasting
2949:Internet television
1905:However, after the
1478:Japan & Brazil
1461:(protection ratios)
1352:Internet television
1265:digital subchannels
1169:television channels
1063:digital terrestrial
991:1990 FIFA World Cup
516:H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2
245:(service discovery)
142:broadcast standards
4835:Digital technology
4820:Digital television
4699:Asynchronous logic
4475:Integrated circuit
4440:Electronic circuit
4047:Frequency-division
4024:Telephone exchange
3894:Charles Wheatstone
3824:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3799:Innocenzo Manzetti
3734:Reginald Fessenden
3469:Optical telegraphy
3302:Telecommunications
3255:Television licence
3223:Broadcast designer
2720:Digital television
2682:2011-07-23 at the
2624:, January 23, 2009
2596:, January 23, 2009
2576:2009-01-31 at the
2551:Connected Magazine
2407:2007-11-22 at the
1615:β38 ~ β36 dB
1598:β34 ~ β37 dB
1145:mode (abbreviated
1100:
1034:Inaugural launches
995:General Instrument
977:, developed a DCT
901:integrated circuit
891:In the mid-1980s,
859:uncompressed video
702:Digital television
463:(mobile/handheld)
276:/cable/satellite)
140:digital television
133:
4807:
4806:
4756:Digital telephone
4727:Computer hardware
4694:Synchronous logic
4360:
4359:
4098:Store and forward
4093:Data transmission
4007:Network switching
3958:Transmission line
3804:Guglielmo Marconi
3769:Internet pioneers
3634:Mohamed M. Atalla
3603:Whistled language
3268:
3267:
3260:Television studio
3228:Broadcast license
3215:Network affiliate
3198:On-screen display
3165:Broadcast network
3135:Livestreamed news
3125:Business channels
3120:News broadcasting
3037:Pirate television
3028:News broadcasting
2908:Mobile television
2838:
2837:
2620:, Lee Bergquist,
2522:"Digital TV Info"
2502:on March 14, 2006
2219:Popular Mechanics
2130:Benton Foundation
1754:analog television
1656:
1655:
1564:β5 ~ β11 dB
1475:
1462:
1458:System Parameters
1453:
1452:
1445:
1324:digital satellite
763:(DVB) uses coded
718:analog television
699:
698:
501:H.265/MPEG-H HEVC
436:ABS-S (satellite)
294:(mobile/handheld)
119:
118:
111:
93:
4852:
4460:Sequential logic
4387:
4380:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4350:
4349:
4340:
4339:
4330:
4329:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4191:Notable networks
4181:Wireless network
4121:Cellular network
4113:Types of network
4088:Computer network
3975:Network topology
3889:Thomas A. Watson
3744:Oliver Heaviside
3729:Philo Farnsworth
3704:Daniel Davis Jr.
3679:Charles Bourseul
3639:John Logie Baird
3348:Data compression
3343:Computer network
3295:
3288:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3115:Shopping channel
3105:Music television
2865:
2858:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2638:Hart, Jeffrey A.
2625:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2587:
2581:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2498:. Archived from
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2418:
2412:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2224:Hearst Magazines
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2178:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2145:
2134:
2133:
2122:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2017:. Archived from
2011:
2005:
2004:
1984:
1695:
1692:
1679:
1676:
1667:
1664:
1511:+34 β37 dB
1473:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1397:
1389:
1371:Common Interface
1217:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1173:channel capacity
1156:
1155:
1143:progressive scan
1137:
1136:
1049:(DSS) standard.
988:
984:
903:chips such as a
875:
864:
857:requirements of
797:H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
726:color television
691:
684:
677:
506:H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
453:
412:
311:
262:
157:
135:
134:
127:A map depicting
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4782:
4715:
4650:Place and route
4645:Logic synthesis
4631:
4627:Gate equivalent
4590:Logic synthesis
4585:Boolean algebra
4568:
4510:Macrocell array
4470:Boolean circuit
4396:
4391:
4361:
4356:
4316:
4314:
4306:
4248:
4185:
4107:
4071:
4028:
3977:
3969:
3910:
3903:
3809:Robert Metcalfe
3664:Tim Berners-Lee
3612:
3432:Information Age
3304:
3299:
3269:
3264:
3157:
3151:
3063:
3056:
3006:Community radio
2988:
2982:
2962:Streaming media
2874:
2869:
2839:
2834:
2825:
2725:
2717:
2684:Wayback Machine
2673:
2634:
2632:Further reading
2629:
2628:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2588:
2584:
2578:Wayback Machine
2569:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2409:Wayback Machine
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2264:
2260:
2243:
2239:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2179:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2146:
2137:
2124:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1949:
1919:
1896:
1872:
1853:
1792:
1750:
1727:
1715:video on demand
1704:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1612:β48.71 dB
1595:β47.33 dB
1578:β11.95 dB
1561:β17.43 dB
1544:+15.27 dB
1541:(16.5 dB)
1540:
1508:+34.44 dB
1491:+15.19 dB
1488:(16.5 dB)
1487:
1472:
1459:
1449:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1414:
1398:
1383:
1301:
1213:
1203:
1189:
1183:
1152:
1133:
1084:
1079:
1036:
986:
982:
965:-based digital
889:
873:
862:
847:
842:
695:
639:Frequency bands
610:Frequency bands
447:
406:
366:Advanced ISDB-T
305:
256:
151:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4858:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4766:cinematography
4758:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4669:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4605:Digital signal
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4580:Digital signal
4576:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4390:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4367:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4344:
4334:
4324:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4042:Space-division
4038:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3879:Camille Tissot
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3854:Claude Shannon
3851:
3846:
3844:Tivadar PuskΓ‘s
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:Antonio Meucci
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3784:Charles K. Kao
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3759:Harold Hopkins
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3659:Emile Berliner
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:Videotelephony
3595:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3501:
3496:
3494:Radiotelephone
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3380:Internet video
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3177:
3172:
3170:Broadcast-safe
3167:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3130:Public affairs
3127:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3016:Pay television
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2969:
2967:Web television
2964:
2959:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2922:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2809:United Kingdom
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2672:
2671:External links
2669:
2668:
2667:
2654:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2610:
2598:
2582:
2563:
2538:
2526:Antenna Direct
2513:
2482:
2458:
2437:
2413:
2394:
2373:
2348:
2323:
2302:
2277:
2258:
2237:
2226:. p. 52.
2204:
2168:
2135:
2112:
2087:
2062:
2041:
2032:
2021:on 22 May 2016
2006:
1999:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1918:
1915:
1900:carrier signal
1895:
1892:
1871:
1868:
1852:
1849:
1800:mosquito noise
1791:
1788:
1749:
1746:
1726:
1723:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1680:
1668:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1525:+1.81 dB
1523:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:+33.8 dB
1503:
1499:
1498:
1497:+19.2 dB
1495:
1494:+19.3 dB
1492:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1451:
1450:
1401:
1399:
1392:
1382:
1379:
1300:
1297:
1269:radio stations
1182:can deliver a
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1035:
1032:
930:(NTT) and the
905:microprocessor
897:television set
888:
885:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
836:
833:mobile devices
818:
812:
778:
768:
746:radio spectrum
722:analog signals
712:signals using
697:
696:
694:
693:
686:
679:
671:
668:
667:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
642:
641:
634:
633:
632:
631:
626:
621:
613:
612:
605:
604:
603:
602:
601:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
546:
545:
544:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
487:
486:
480:
479:
478:
477:
471:
470:
469:
455:
454:
440:
439:
438:
437:
434:
428:
427:
426:
414:
413:
399:
398:
397:
396:
386:
385:
384:
369:
368:
367:
364:
363:
362:
356:
346:
331:
313:
312:
298:
297:
296:
295:
289:
288:
287:
282:
264:
263:
249:
248:
247:
246:
240:
239:
238:
232:
229:
218:
217:
216:
201:
200:
199:
194:
179:
178:
177:
159:
158:
144:
143:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4857:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:Metastability
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:Design issues
4785:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4761:Digital video
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4739:Digital audio
4737:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4376:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4353:
4345:
4343:
4335:
4333:
4325:
4323:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4067:Code-division
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:Time-division
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:and switching
3976:
3972:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3929:optical fiber
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Coaxial cable
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3834:Radia Perlman
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:Lee de Forest
3722:
3720:
3719:Thomas Edison
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Donald Davies
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:Claude Chappe
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:Smoke signals
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3516:Semiconductor
3514:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3375:Digital media
3373:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Radio program
2886:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2833:
2828:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2814:United States
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:0-521-82624-1
2649:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2447:
2441:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2383:
2377:
2362:
2361:money.cnn.com
2358:
2352:
2337:
2336:money.cnn.com
2333:
2327:
2312:
2306:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2132:. 2008-12-23.
2131:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2102:on 2009-08-17
2101:
2097:
2091:
2077:on 2010-08-09
2076:
2072:
2066:
2051:
2045:
2036:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2002:
2000:1-59033-502-3
1996:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:color banding
1838:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:+19.5 dB
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1522:+7.2 dB
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1486:+19.5 dB
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1457:
1456:
1447:
1444:
1436:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1402:This section
1400:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:mobile phones
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:digital cable
1316:
1314:
1310:
1307:(known as an
1306:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1197:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:Digital cable
1048:
1044:
1040:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:analog signal
998:
996:
992:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:digital video
906:
902:
898:
894:
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867:
860:
856:
852:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:
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813:
810:
806:
802:
801:South America
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
776:
772:
769:
766:
762:
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723:
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569:
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550:
548:
547:
542:
539:
537:
536:AVS+/AVS1-P16
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
511:MPEG-4 Part 2
509:
507:
504:
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81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: β
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4770:
4720:Applications
4034:Multiplexing
3909:Transmission
3874:Nikola Tesla
3864:Henry Sutton
3819:Samuel Morse
3749:Robert Hooke
3714:Amos Dolbear
3649:John Bardeen
3580:
3568:
3548:Telautograph
3452:Mobile phone
3407:Edholm's law
3390:social media
3323:Broadcasting
3219:Occupations
3110:Quiz channel
3033:Pirate radio
3021:Pay-per-view
2996:Campus radio
2987:Broadcasting
2929:
2872:Broadcasting
2719:
2642:
2613:
2601:
2594:Detroit News
2585:
2566:
2555:. Retrieved
2553:. 2010-03-01
2550:
2541:
2530:. Retrieved
2528:. 2013-09-25
2525:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2500:the original
2495:
2485:
2461:
2450:. Retrieved
2440:
2429:. Retrieved
2425:
2416:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2335:
2326:
2314:. Retrieved
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2289:
2280:
2274:: 10/1β10/5.
2271:
2261:
2250:
2240:
2217:
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2186:
2161:20 September
2159:. Retrieved
2150:
2104:. Retrieved
2100:the original
2090:
2079:. Retrieved
2075:the original
2065:
2054:. Retrieved
2044:
2035:
2023:. Retrieved
2019:the original
2009:
1989:
1982:
1920:
1904:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1864:
1860:Block errors
1858:
1854:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1812:
1804:
1793:
1785:
1774:
1770:cliff effect
1763:
1751:
1728:
1712:
1705:
1662:
1652:β29 dB
1649:β30 dB
1646:β26 dB
1643:β27 dB
1635:β28 dB
1632:β30 dB
1629:β28 dB
1626:β27 dB
1618:β37 dB
1609:β49 dB
1601:β35 dB
1592:β48 dB
1575:β12 dB
1558:β16 dB
1550:+19 dB
1547:+19 dB
1514:+38 dB
1439:
1430:
1415:Please help
1403:
1384:
1356:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1254:
1228:
1177:
1158:
1146:
1131:
1112:
1108:aspect ratio
1101:
1061:. The first
1037:
1012:
999:
960:
944:
925:
890:
848:
785:MPEG-2 video
705:
701:
700:
608:Terrestrial
558:AV3A/AVS3-P3
526:AVS3/AVS3-P2
139:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4450:Memory cell
4234:NPL network
3946:Radio waves
3884:Alfred Vail
3794:Hedy Lamarr
3779:Dawon Kahng
3739:Elisha Gray
3699:Yogen Dalal
3624:Nasir Ahmed
3558:Teleprinter
3422:Heliographs
3193:News ticker
3188:Lower third
3158:and funding
3101:Music radio
2784:Philippines
2779:Netherlands
1742:cell phones
1702:Interaction
1584:β5 dB
1567:β6 dB
1531:+4 dB
1528:+4 dB
1474:ITU-mode M3
1271:offer with
1250:datacasting
1246:subchannels
1171:because of
1154:1920βΓβ1080
1059:Time Warner
1023:progressive
979:video codec
915:. In 1986,
895:released a
887:Development
829:datacasting
803:as well as
541:AVS/AVS1-P2
476:(satellite)
361:(satellite)
323:terrestrial
274:terrestrial
237:(satellite)
231:DVB-T2-Lite
223:(handheld)
169:terrestrial
4814:Categories
4799:Runt pulse
4771:television
4465:Logic gate
4410:Transistor
4402:Components
4280:Antarctica
4239:Toasternet
4161:Television
3644:Paul Baran
3576:Television
3560:(teletype)
3553:Telegraphy
3531:transistor
3509:Phryctoria
3479:Photophone
3457:Smartphone
3447:Mass media
3250:Press pool
3156:Production
3052:Talk radio
2819:transition
2557:2024-01-05
2532:2022-07-22
2452:2014-01-13
2431:2020-09-30
2197:4 November
2106:2010-06-17
2081:2010-06-17
2056:2010-06-17
1974:References
1845:scattering
1359:encryption
1338:(DMB) and
1330:, digital
1328:microwaves
1281:bit budget
1252:services.
1215:1024βΓβ576
1135:1280βΓβ720
1073:standard.
1019:interlaced
845:Background
734:widescreen
710:television
637:Satellite
433:(handheld)
405:standards
304:standards
255:standards
150:standards
69:newspapers
4655:Placement
4445:Flip-flop
4425:Capacitor
4264:Americas
4253:Locations
4224:Internet2
3985:Bandwidth
3689:Vint Cerf
3586:streaming
3564:Telephone
3504:Semaphore
3395:streaming
3245:Press box
3203:Score bug
3179:Graphics
3062:Specialty
2942:Satellite
2903:Satellite
2764:Indonesia
2734:Australia
2506:April 30,
2448:. Pbs.org
2232:0032-4558
1911:DTV radio
1781:subwoofer
1581:β1 ~ β10
1404:does not
1375:CableCard
1299:Reception
1261:multiplex
1205:768βΓβ576
1202:can give
1191:854βΓβ480
1185:640βΓβ480
1067:ONdigital
1043:satellite
1007:simulcast
855:bandwidth
851:computers
750:bandwidth
450:countries
446:standard
409:countries
376:satellite
308:countries
259:countries
186:satellite
154:countries
131:standards
4420:Inductor
4415:Resistor
4332:Category
4219:Internet
4209:CYCLADES
4126:Ethernet
4076:Concepts
4000:terminal
3951:wireless
3774:Bob Kahn
3617:Pioneers
3442:Internet
3333:Cable TV
3064:channels
2915:Teletext
2804:Thailand
2794:Portugal
2774:Malaysia
2739:Bulgaria
2680:Archived
2574:Archived
2474:Archived
2426:ABC News
2405:Archived
2387:9 August
2366:9 August
2341:9 August
2316:9 August
2295:9 August
2252:Compute!
1953:Autoroll
1947:See also
1941:chromium
1766:ghosting
1717:using a
1433:May 2023
1293:bit rate
1273:HD Radio
1238:megabits
1224:bit rate
1198:, while
1175:issues.
938:such as
883:(HDTV).
805:Botswana
349:ISDB-Tsb
344:ISDB-Tmm
338:handheld
292:ATSC-M/H
285:ATSC 3.0
280:ATSC 2.0
138:List of
99:May 2010
4660:Routing
4494:(3D IC)
4352:Commons
4342:Outline
4295:Oceania
4214:FidoNet
4199:ARPANET
4012:circuit
3581:digital
3310:History
2957:Webcast
2930:Digital
2898:Digital
2769:Ireland
2759:Finland
2754:Estonia
2749:Denmark
2193:: 22β33
2189:(251).
2025:28 June
1937:cadmium
1823:Netflix
1465:Canada
1425:removed
1410:sources
1305:antenna
1039:DirecTV
1027:flicker
893:Toshiba
840:History
714:digital
663:Ka band
658:Ku band
382:ISDB-S3
359:MobaHo!
227:DVB-NGH
197:DVB-S2X
83:scholar
4637:Design
4573:Theory
4559:(ASIC)
4553:(FPOA)
4547:(FPGA)
4541:(CPLD)
4506:(EPLD)
4290:Europe
4260:Africa
4244:Usenet
4204:BITNET
4141:Mobile
4017:packet
3526:MOSFET
3521:device
3318:Beacon
2920:Analog
2879:Medium
2799:Sweden
2789:Poland
2744:Canada
2650:
2230:
1997:
1933:barium
1796:MPEG-2
1309:aerial
1139:pixels
1092:ISDB-T
987:
983:
877:Gbit/s
874:
868:for a
866:Mbit/s
863:
809:Angola
653:C band
648:S band
578:E-AC-3
563:HE-AAC
553:MPEG-H
549:Audio
492:Video
484:Codecs
467:HD-DMB
425:DTMB-A
389:ISDB-C
372:ISDB-S
319:ISDB-T
235:DVB-SH
214:DVB-C2
192:DVB-S2
175:DVB-T2
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4744:radio
4565:(TPU)
4535:(GAL)
4529:(PAL)
4523:(PLD)
4517:(PLA)
4500:(ECL)
4483:(HIC)
4273:South
4268:North
4229:JANET
4166:Telex
4156:Radio
3995:Nodes
3990:Links
3911:media
3489:Radio
3474:Pager
3402:Drums
3368:video
3363:image
3353:audio
2989:niche
2953:radio
2925:Cable
2893:Cable
2477:(PDF)
2470:(PDF)
1837:steps
1289:DVB-T
1229:Each
1160:1080i
1151:) or
1113:With
1071:DVB-T
474:S-DMB
461:T-DMB
393:cable
353:radio
243:DVB-I
221:DVB-H
208:cable
204:DVB-C
182:DVB-S
165:DVB-T
90:JSTOR
76:books
4477:(IC)
4285:Asia
4171:UUCP
4131:ISDN
2951:and
2648:ISBN
2508:2010
2389:2018
2368:2018
2343:2018
2318:2018
2297:2018
2228:ISSN
2199:2019
2163:2019
2027:2014
1995:ISBN
1939:and
1929:lead
1886:The
1833:flat
1826:VMAF
1738:HDTV
1734:ISDB
1730:1seg
1725:1seg
1408:any
1406:cite
1322:and
1257:HDTV
1220:16:9
1212:and
1196:16:9
1180:NTSC
1165:16:9
1148:720p
1125:and
1096:NTSC
1057:and
971:ETSI
951:MUSE
947:HDTV
940:MPEG
919:and
917:Sony
879:for
807:and
787:and
775:8VSB
738:16:9
583:AC-3
573:AC-4
531:AVS2
521:VC-1
431:CMMB
420:DTMB
403:DTMB
334:1seg
302:ISDB
270:ATSC
253:ATSC
62:news
4176:WAN
4146:NGN
4136:LAN
3417:Fax
3358:DCT
1471:EBU
1468:US
1419:by
1373:or
1218:in
1210:4:3
1208:in
1200:PAL
1194:in
1141:in
1055:TCI
1021:or
975:RAI
963:DCT
955:NHK
831:to
742:4:3
706:DTV
629:SHF
624:UHF
619:VHF
598:MP2
593:MP3
588:DRA
568:AAC
444:DMB
148:DVB
45:by
4816::
3103:/
3079:/
3035:/
2640:,
2549:.
2524:.
2494:.
2472:.
2424:.
2359:.
2334:.
2288:.
2270:.
2249:.
2216:.
2185:.
2171:^
2154:.
2138:^
2128:.
2115:^
1943:.
1935:,
1802:.
1744:.
1683:^
1671:^
1377:.
378:)
340:)
325:)
210:)
188:)
171:)
4386:e
4379:t
4372:v
4303:)
4299:(
3294:e
3287:t
3280:v
2979:)
2955:(
2864:e
2857:t
2850:v
2712:e
2705:t
2698:v
2666:)
2560:.
2535:.
2510:.
2455:.
2434:.
2391:.
2370:.
2345:.
2320:.
2299:.
2234:.
2201:.
2165:.
2109:.
2084:.
2059:.
2029:.
2003:.
1446:)
1440:(
1435:)
1431:(
1427:.
1413:.
811:.
704:(
690:e
683:t
676:v
452:)
448:(
411:)
407:(
395:)
391:(
374:(
355:)
351:(
336:(
321:(
310:)
306:(
272:(
261:)
257:(
206:(
184:(
167:(
156:)
152:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:Β·
80:Β·
73:Β·
66:Β·
39:.
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