Broadcast television systems

1961: 147:, using gaps in the video spectrum (explained below) to allow color transmission information to fit in the existing channels allotted. The grafting of the color transmission standards onto existing monochrome systems permitted existing monochrome television receivers predating the changeover to color television to continue to be operated as monochrome television. Because of this compatibility requirement, color standards added a second signal to the basic monochrome signal, which carries the color information. The color information is called 1783:

France. If adjusted incorrectly it would turn bright white picture content dark. Most of the positive modulation television systems ceased operation by the mid-1980s. The French System L continued on up to the transition to digital broadcasting. Positive modulation was one of several unique technical features that originally protected the French electronics and broadcasting industry from foreign competition and rendered French TV sets incapable of receiving broadcasts from neighboring countries.

7485: 1474:'s standing in television technology. Its 819 lines were almost high definition even by today's standards. Like the British system A, it was VHF only and remained black & white until its shutdown in 1984 in France and 1985 in Monaco. It was tested with SECAM standard in the early stages, but later the decision was made to adopt color in 625-lines L system only. Thus, France adopted system L both on UHF and VHF networks and abandoned system E. 2240:(ISDB-H) service. Like the other DTV systems, the ISDB types differ mainly in the modulations used, due to the requirements of different frequency bands. The 12 GHz band ISDB-S uses PSK modulation, 2.6 GHz band digital sound broadcasting uses CDM and ISDB-T (in VHF and/or UHF band) uses COFDM with PSK/QAM. It was developed in Japan with MPEG-2, and is now used in Brazil with MPEG-4. Unlike other digital broadcast systems, ISDB includes 116: 3424: 7495: 124: 7474: 7505: 1873:. They differ significantly in the details of how the transport stream is converted into a broadcast signal, in the video format prior to encoding (or alternatively, after decoding), and in the audio format. This has not prevented the creation of an international standard that includes both major systems, even though they are incompatible in almost every respect. 3148:

Therefore, there has to be a straightforward mathematical relationship between the line and field frequencies, the latter being derived by dividing down from the former. Technology constraints of the 1930s meant that this division process could only be done using small integers, preferably no greater

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system A, unlike all the other systems, suppressed the upper sideband rather than the lower—befitting its status as the oldest operating television system to survive into the color era (although was never officially broadcast with color encoding). System A was tested with all three color standards,

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to only operate during sync pulses and thus get a constant amplitude video signal to drive the rest of the TV set. This was not possible for many years with positive modulation as the peak carrier power varied depending on picture content. Modern digital processing circuits have achieved a similar

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There are several methods used to do this, depending on the desired cost and conversion quality. The simplest possible converters simply drop every 5th line from every frame (when converting from 625 to 525) or duplicate every 4th line (when converting from 525 to 625), and then duplicate or drop

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Aside from the line count being different, it's easy to see that generating 59.94 fields every second from a format that has only 50 fields might pose some interesting problems. Every second, an additional 10 fields must be generated seemingly from nothing. The conversion has to create new frames

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Older televisions for positive modulation systems were sometimes equipped with a peak video signal inverter that would turn the white interference spots dark. This was usually user-adjustable with a control on the rear of the television labeled "White Spot Limiter" in Britain or "Antiparasite" in

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Another parameter of analog television systems, minor by comparison, is the choice of whether vision modulation is positive or negative. Some of the earliest electronic television systems such as the British 405-line (System A) used positive modulation. It was also used in the two Belgian systems

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Following further conferences and the introduction of color television, by 1966 each standard was designated by a letter (A-M) in combination with a color standard (NTSC, PAL, SECAM). This completely specifies all of the monaural analog television systems in the world (for example, PAL-B, NTSC-M,

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Converting between different numbers of lines and different frequencies of fields/frames in video pictures is not an easy task. Perhaps the most technically challenging conversion to make is from any of the 625-line, 25-frame/s systems to system M, which has 525-lines at 29.97 frames per second.

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As interlaced systems require accurate positioning of scanning lines, it is important to make sure that the horizontal and vertical timebase are in a precise ratio. This is accomplished by passing the one through a series of electronic divider circuits to produce the other. Each division is by a

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Impulsive noise, especially from older automotive ignition systems, caused white spots to appear on the screens of television receivers using positive modulation but they could use simple synchronization circuits. Impulsive noise in negative modulation systems appears as dark spots that are less

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with the symbol Y. Monochrome television receivers only display the luminance, while color receivers process both signals. Though in theory any monochrome system could be adopted to a color system, in practice some of the original monochrome systems proved impractical to adapt to color and were

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audio; systems with positive video use AM sound and intercarrier receiver technology cannot be incorporated. Stereo, or more generally multi-channel, audio is encoded using a number of schemes which (except in the French systems) are independent of the video system. The principal systems are

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which are never displayed but which are included in the number of lines per frame defined for each video system. Since the electron beam must be turned off in any case, the result is gaps in the television signal, which can be used to transmit other information, such as test signals or color

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abandoned when the switch to color broadcasting was made. All countries used one of three color standards: NTSC, PAL, or SECAM. For example, CCIR System M was often used in conjunction with NTSC standard, to provide color analog television and the two together were known as NTSC-M.

187:(used in the Netherlands). These systems were mostly experimental and national, with no defined international standards, and didn't resume broadcasting after the war. An exception was the UK 405-line system, that resumed broadcasts and was the first to be standardized by ITU as 1823:

portion of a broadcast is invariably modulated separately from the video. Most commonly, the audio and video are combined at the transmitter before being presented to the antenna, but separate aural and visual antennas can be used. In all cases where negative video is used,

1991:. This system was chosen specifically to provide for maximum spectral compatibility between existing analog TV and new digital stations in the United States' already-crowded television allocations system, although it is inferior to the other digital systems in dealing with 2014:, which was designed as the successor to the original ATSC "1.0", and issued a Report and Order to that effect. Full-power stations will be required to maintain a simulcast of their channels on an ATSC 1.0-compatible signal if they decide to deploy an ATSC 3.0 service. 2108:

to permit the use of COFDM instead of 8-VSB, on the theory that this would improve prospects for digital TV reception by households without outside antennas (a majority in the US), but this request was denied. (However, one US digital station, WNYE-DT in

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and production equipment was designed and ready to be built; System A might have survived, as NTSC-A, had the British government not decided to harmonize with the rest of Europe on a 625-line video system, implemented in Britain as PAL-I on UHF only.

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Historically this required a frame store to hold those parts of the picture not actually being output (since the scanning of any point was not time coincident). In more recent times, conversion of standards is a relatively easy task for a computer.

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version for cable television. While the ATSC standard also includes support for satellite and cable television systems, operators of those systems have chosen other technologies (principally DVB-S or proprietary systems for satellite and

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A number of experimental and broadcast pre-WW2 systems were tested. The first ones were mechanically based and of very low resolution, sometimes with no sound. Later TV systems were electronic, and usually mentioned by their line number:

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is used instead of 7.5 IRE. Although the ITU specified a frame rate of 30 fields, 29.97 was adopted with the introduction of NTSC color to minimize visual artifacts. Discontinued in 2012, when Japan transitioned to

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In a purely analog system, field order is merely a matter of convention. For digitally recorded material it becomes necessary to rearrange the field order when conversion takes place from one standard to another.

2003:. After demodulation and error-correction, the 8-VSB modulation supports a digital data stream of about 19.39 Mbit/s, enough for one high-definition video stream or several standard-definition services. See 1212:) picture quality but uneconomical use of bandwidth. Sound carrier separation +11.15 MHz on odd numbered channels, -11.15 MHz on even numbered channels. Discontinued in 1984 (France) and 1985 (Monaco). 3385:

The division of the 240-line system is academic as the scan ratio was determined entirely by the construction of the mechanical scanning system used with the cameras used with this transmission system.

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VHF system (B&W only). First electronic TV system, introduced in 1936. Vestigial sideband filtering introduced in 1949. Discontinued on 23 November 1982 in Ireland and on 2 January 1985 in the UK.

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of the television signal, which puts an ultimate limit on the horizontal resolution possible. When color was introduced, this necessity of limit became fixed. All analog television systems are

1598:" is used for 30 frame/s formats (North America among other countries with 60 Hz mains supply) to match the film frame rate to the video frame rate without speeding up the play back. 1764: 3353: 3346: 1763:(System C, 625 lines, and System F, 819 lines) and the two French systems (System E, 819 lines, and System L, 625 lines). In positive modulation systems, as in the earlier 3317: 3295: 3256: 3234: 3205: 3191: 3177: 3170: 2096:(COFDM), which uses as many as 8000 independent carriers, each transmitting data at a comparatively low rate. This system was designed to provide superior immunity from 1610:(CRT), and so the physics of these devices necessarily controls the format of the video signal. The image on a CRT is painted by a moving beam of electrons which hits a 1658:

for the signal, where the teeth are spaced at line frequency and concentrate most of the energy; the space between the teeth can be used to insert a color subcarrier.

1771:, the maximum luminance value is represented by zero carrier power. All newer analog video systems use negative modulation with the exception of the French System L. 1841:, A2 Stereo, West German Stereo, German Stereo or IGR Stereo), in which case each audio channel is separately modulated in FM and added to the broadcast signal; and 5770: 2059:. This is a fusion system, which is a compromise of different competing proposing standards from different Chinese Universities, which incorporates elements from 1590:

in order to prevent severe motion jitter effects. Typically, for 25 frame/s formats (European among other countries with 50 Hz mains supply), the content is

1527:. A monochrome image is theoretically continuous, and thus unlimited in horizontal resolution, but to make television practical, a limit had to be placed on the 1786:

Another advantage of negative modulation is that, since the synchronizing pulses represent maximum carrier power, it is relatively easy to arrange the receiver

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visible, but picture synchronization was seriously degraded when using simple synchronization. The synchronization problem was overcome with the invention of

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Television images are unique in that they must incorporate regions of the picture with reasonable-quality content, that will never be seen by some viewers.

6749: 5528: 5737: 3563: 3977: 1401:(SECAM-M). Although the ITU specified a frame rate of 30 fields, 29.97 was adopted with the introduction of NTSC color to minimize visual artifacts. 2155: 1629: 1999:

which is especially present on the VHF bands that other countries have discontinued from TV use, but are still used in the U.S. There is also no

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The System I version of the 625-line standard originally used 582 active lines before later changing to 576 in line with other 625-line systems.

1987:; as the name implies, it is a vestigial sideband technique. Essentially, analog VSB is to regular amplitude modulation as 8VSB is to eight-way 1537:: alternate rows of the frame are transmitted in sequence, followed by the remaining rows in their sequence. Each half of the frame is called a 3445: 1224:

to be broadcast on the 7 MHz VHF channels used in those countries, at a substantial cost in horizontal resolution. Discontinued in 1969.

1849:), which multiplexes additional audio channels into the FM audio carrier. All three systems are compatible with monaural FM audio, but only 1724:

enables a flag to indicate that a 16:9 widescreen image is being broadcast, and allows the TV set to switch to the appropriate display mode.

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in which one sideband is partially removed. This reduces the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, enabling narrower channels to be used.

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between the television screen deflection system and nearby mains generated magnetic fields. All digital, or "fixed pixel," displays have

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than 7, for good stability. The number of lines was odd because of 2:1 interlace. The 405 line system used a vertical frequency of 50

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are not constrained to having the scanning in precise ratios. The 1080p high definition system requires 1125 lines in a CRT display.

6197: 5224: 5148: 5092: 5051: 4337: 3725: 3594: 2060: 2033:. ATSC is also used over satellite. While these are logically called ATSC-C and ATSC-S, these terms were never officially defined. 1954: 104: 3929: 5756: 5481: 4480: 4154: 2408: 2232:

ISDB is very similar to DVB, however it is broken into 13 subchannels. Twelve are used for TV, while the last serves either as a

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The situation with worldwide digital television is much simpler by comparison. Most digital television systems are based on the

1804: 1646:). The horizontal retrace is accounted for in the time allotted to each scan line, but the vertical retrace is accounted for as 7451: 4679: 3590: 1478: 2603: 1515:

Ignoring color, all television systems work in essentially the same manner. The monochrome image seen by a camera (later, the

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which can be modulated onto a radio-frequency carrier and transmitted through an antenna. All analog television systems use

5138: 5074: 1543:, and the rate at which field are transmitted is one of the fundamental parameters of a video system. It is related to the 6583: 2100:, and has a choice of system variants which allow data rates from 4 MBit/s up to 24 MBit/s. One US broadcaster, 7508: 7441: 7287: 3789: 3553: 1779:. When these first appeared in Britain in the early 1950s one name used to describe them was "flywheel synchronisation." 1563:

an interlaced source. Use of inexpensive deinterlacing hardware is a typical difference between lower- vs. higher-priced

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In many parts of the world, analog television broadcasting has been shut down completely, or in process of shutdown; see

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of the magnets; the greater the change, the greater the time it takes for the electron beam to settle in the new spot.

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UHF only; used only in Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands. Similar to System G with a 1.25 MHz vestigal sideband.

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Broadcasters later developed mechanisms to transmit digital information on the phantom lines, used mostly for

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The first 625-line system. Used on VHF only in most countries (combined with system K on UHF); VHF and UHF in

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only 625-line systems were adopted, with the difference being transmission parameters like channel bandwidth.

7223: 6247: 6076: 5700: 5512: 5262: 5178: 4865: 4789: 4713: 3946: 3661: 3313:) (designed by Soviet engineers during the mid-late 1940s, introduced to Western Europe by German engineers.) 2291: 2030: 1846: 1528: 1493: 1330: 1294: 5084: 5066: 7498: 7259: 7156: 6699: 6494: 6466: 6319: 6020: 5732: 5445: 5282: 5196: 3695: 3542: 2685: 2485: 2179: 1996: 4870: 4098: 3806: 1992: 1614:

coating on the front of the tube. This electron beam is steered by a magnetic field generated by powerful

80:) - for example PAL-B, NTSC-M, etc.). These analog systems for TV broadcasting dominated until the 2000s. 7488: 6995: 6435: 6217: 5710: 5679: 4473: 4147: 3970: 3053: 1548: 46:

outside the US and Canada) are the encoding or formatting systems for the transmission and reception of

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some of those frames to make up the difference in frame rate. More complex systems include inter-field

3335: 3284: 3263: 3241: 3224: 3218: 3211: 3184: 2148: 2072: 1642: 1632:) during the time it takes to reorient the beam from the end of one line to the beginning of the next ( 1621:

In order to reorient this magnetic steering mechanism, a certain amount of time is required due to the

1459: 1329:. On VHF Band 1 only, the audio is at −6.5 MHz. Discontinued in 2011, when France transitioned to 1220:

Early VHF system used only in Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands and Luxembourg; allowed French 819-line

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UHF only; used in countries with system D on VHF, except China, and identical to it in most respects.

3879:"625-Line Television Broadcast Standards - UK Vintage Radio Repair and Restoration Discussion Forum" 7478: 6720: 6655: 6608: 6568: 5603: 5548: 5505: 5333: 4764: 3434: 2101: 1628:

For this reason, it is necessary to shut off the electron beam (corresponding to a video signal of

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and dates back to 1995. It is used via satellites serving every continent of the world, including

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VHF-only in most Western European countries (combined with system G and H on UHF); VHF and UHF in

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standard was adopted and widely used before WW2 in Continental Europe with different frame rates)

2283: 2000: 5133: 2144: 7239: 7025: 6840: 6785: 6780: 6593: 6558: 6271: 6237: 6232: 6192: 6045: 5985: 5648: 5455: 4809: 4466: 4140: 4067:"625-Line Television System Origins - UK Vintage Radio Repair and Restoration Discussion Forum" 3649: 3532: 3393: 2314: 2097: 1787: 1767:

standard, the maximum luminance value is represented by the maximum carrier power; in negative

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FARWAY IRFC, TV and Radio Transmission, Radio Data System Encoders, Broadcasting Technologies

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Final acts of the European Broadcasting Conference in the VHF and UHF bands. Stockholm, 1961.

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system. Each country, faced with local political, technical, and economic issues, adopted a

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The defunct MUSE system had a very unusual digital audio subsystem completely unrelated to

2919: 2913: 2772: 2159: 2136: 2122: 1960: 1946: 1921: 1913: 1825: 1808: 1721: 1682: 1447: 287: 3827: 2374: 1837:, which uses a digital audio encoding; double-FM (known under a variety of names, notably 1485:

signals in the late 1980s using an interlaced resolution of 1,125 lines, supported by the

1481:), with design efforts going back to 1979. The country began broadcasting wideband analog 8: 7065: 7005: 6764: 6726: 6524: 6509: 6324: 6286: 6187: 6147: 5430: 5021: 4229: 3607: 3101: 2868: 2677: 2571: 2382: 2010:

On November 17, 2017, the FCC voted 3-2 in favor of authorizing voluntary deployments of

1866: 1595: 1451: 215: 5748: 3153:(Standard AC mains supply frequency in Britain) and a horizontal one of 10,125 Hz ( 2781: 2391: 7292: 7249: 7180: 7050: 6980: 6955: 6890: 6737: 6458: 6212: 6162: 5257: 4884: 4163: 3926: 3537: 3522: 3510: 2966: 2319: 2288: 2205: 2026: 1980: 1564: 338: 5893: 4663: 1937:

replacing VSB for cable). Japan uses a third system, closely related to DVB-T, called

1215: 279: 7332: 7254: 7168: 7151: 7114: 6960: 6790: 6759: 6625: 6519: 6339: 6296: 6157: 6152: 5779: 5323: 5272: 4754: 4512: 4272: 4223: 3498: 2187: 2152: 1776: 1711: 1671: 1544: 1374: 1288:(see system M below). Identical to system M except that a different black level of 0 337:

The following table gives the principal characteristics of each standard. Except for

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and other filmed material shot at 24 frames per second must be transferred to video

7337: 7297: 7277: 7244: 7173: 7131: 7045: 6900: 6885: 6860: 6835: 6795: 6645: 6504: 6489: 6266: 6207: 6050: 6000: 5643: 5470: 4935: 4893: 4434: 3389: 3195: 1820: 1748: 1655: 1607: 1556: 1552: 1533: 1273: 469: 461: 136: 6965: 6820: 6588: 6563: 6551: 6365: 6257: 6182: 6138: 6005: 5465: 5297: 3981: 3933: 2694: 2584: 2395: 2204:

and it is the DVB European consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of

2171: 1314: 1261: 1221: 132: 3214:(early North American system also used in Poland and in Soviet Union before WW2) 3187:(non interlaced) (used in Germany in mid-1930s before switch to 441-line system) 7163: 7035: 7010: 6970: 6940: 6815: 6650: 6603: 6578: 6536: 6344: 6172: 6086: 5975: 5669: 5653: 5558: 5420: 5415: 5318: 5246: 5234: 5029: 4733: 4264: 3701: 3527: 3397: 2512: 2335: 2048: 1974: 1877: 1692: 1568: 1455: 1308: 1253: 1141: 88: 7523: 7312: 7085: 7075: 6990: 6880: 6875: 6865: 6850: 6672: 6531: 6060: 6010: 5889: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5817: 5242: 5107: 5009: 5004: 4659: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4547: 4529: 4024: 3494: 3273: 3227: 2690: 2580: 2462: 2387: 2209: 2140: 2110: 1925: 1885: 1800: 1615: 1560: 1539: 1404: 1362: 1336: 1320: 1300: 1247: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1199: 1187: 1163: 1151: 1135: 326: 320: 314: 308: 302: 273: 263: 257: 251: 245: 144: 65: 61: 4132: 7190: 7030: 6975: 6905: 6870: 6805: 6704: 6694: 6546: 6411: 6202: 6091: 6025: 5995: 5920: 4738: 4705: 4559: 3672: 3142: 2183: 1838: 1516: 407: 396: 152: 4458: 2113:, was temporarily converted to COFDM modulation on an emergency basis for 1685:

scheme to indicate if it exists, and if so what operational mode it is in.

1458:, television broadcasting on VHF has been entirely shut down. The British 7390: 7040: 6950: 6935: 6895: 6855: 6714: 6380: 6375: 6314: 6040: 5980: 5970: 4794: 2114: 1378: 1370: 1177: 444: 148: 1591: 87:(DTT), they were replaced by Five main systems in use around the world: 7395: 7102: 6800: 6709: 6665: 6635: 6613: 6309: 6242: 6177: 5990: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5598: 5593: 5583: 5578: 5568: 5563: 5553: 5543: 5252: 5186: 5097: 5056: 3644: 2490: 2267: 2247: 2233: 1768: 1622: 1583: 1510: 1446:

For historical reasons, some countries use a different video system on

1333:. It was the last system to use positive video modulation and AM sound. 1289: 1181: 447: 436: 428: 388: 342: 151:

with the symbol C, while the black and white information is called the

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The terrestrial ATSC system (unofficially ATSC-T) uses a proprietary

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Analog television signal standards are designed to be displayed on a

1486: 1434: 1414: 1350: 1346: 1269: 1157: 380: 234: 200: 4120: 3423: 2902: 115: 7375: 7365: 7282: 7107: 6930: 6167: 6035: 5885: 5338: 5328: 5219: 5204: 4779: 4718: 4651: 4219: 3807:"C.C.I.R. Report 624-4 Characteristics of television systems, 1990" 3585: 2991: 2435: 2427: 2011: 1829: 1734: 1715: 1702: 1667: 1611: 1587: 1467: 1418: 1394: 1354: 1342: 238: 226: 188: 5497: 2808: 1938: 7370: 7355: 6573: 5940: 5168: 5115: 4631: 4376: 3634: 3288: 2167: 1799:

Given all of these parameters, the result is a mostly-continuous

1678: 1422: 1390: 1366: 1358: 1257: 1169: 1145: 291: 222: 123: 1184:, as a compromise between Systems B and L. Discontinued in 1977. 7400: 7360: 6682: 5915: 4759: 4695: 4555: 4380: 4205: 3710: 3407: 3299: 2787: 2764: 2707: 2703: 2629: 2597: 2593: 2494: 2404: 2400: 2213: 2163: 1942: 1471: 1430: 1382: 1326: 1279: 1205: 295: 218: 4627: 3629: 1426: 7385: 7322: 6630: 6081: 5945: 5935: 5930: 5721: 5715: 4992: 4923: 4723: 4635: 4569: 4563: 4489: 4410: 4405: 4286: 3790:"C.C.I.R - Documents of the Xlth Plenary Assembly Oslo, 1966" 3706: 3678: 3666: 3639: 3624: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3357: 3150: 2977: 2621: 2615: 2523: 2458: 2351: 2347: 2296: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2056: 2022: 1950: 1929: 1917: 1909: 1889: 1870: 1850: 1834: 1410: 1386: 1285: 1265: 1193: 1173: 346: 77: 2047:

DTMB is the digital television broadcasting standard of the

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3 × 3 × 5 × 5 x 5 gives 1,125 lines at 30 frames (used for

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On the beginning of broadcast in 625-lines 60 year s ago,

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2 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 gives 750 lines at 60 frames (used for

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errestrial system used in most of the rest of the world.

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used in People's Republic of China, Hong Kong and Macau.

3392:-based systems is largely academic today because modern 60:(ITU) in 1961, with each system designated by a letter ( 3964: 1519:

component of a color image) is divided into horizontal

207:

designated standards for broadcast television systems (

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used for a while in the late 1940s in the Netherlands)

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effect but using the front porch of the video signal.

3994:"Mark Iosifovich Krivosheev – an engineer's engineer" 3302:

in North America before the 525 standard was adopted)

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information to emergency services personnel in lower

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signaling uses signaling that is nearly identical to

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system operates, to avoid flicker resulting from the

3230:(used in Britain, Ireland and Hong Kong before 1985) 2248:

Comparison of digital terrestrial television systems

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was designed for format compatibility with existing

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uses hidden signaling to transmit information pages.

127:

Analog color television encoding standards by nation

3903:"World Analogue Television Standards and Waveforms" 3854:"World Analogue Television Standards and Waveforms" 1876:The two principal digital broadcasting systems are 5738:NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories 3349:(proposed but never adopted around 1948 in France) 211:). Each standard is designated by a letter (A-M). 131:Every analog television system bar one began as a 3936:, Official information taken from the DVB website 3621:(color encoding usually used with 625/50 systems) 3564:Australian and New Zealand television frequencies 2135:forward error coding and modulation standard for 1523:, some number of which make up a single image or 7521: 2094:coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 2029:to 38.78 Mbit/s within the same 6 MHz 1636:) and from the bottom of the screen to the top ( 4115:World Analog Television Standards and Waveforms 3947:"FCC Authorizes Next Gen TV Broadcast Standard" 317:– 625-line system, 5.5 MHz video bandwidth 68:) in combination with the color standard used ( 1853:may be used with the French AM audio systems. 6443: 5764: 5513: 4474: 4162: 4148: 1856: 1654:The temporal gaps translate into a comb-like 329:– 625-line system, 6 MHz video bandwidth 323:– 625-line system, 6 MHz video bandwidth 311:– 625-line system, 5 MHz video bandwidth 305:– 625-line system, 5 MHz video bandwidth 4018:"In the vanguard of television broadcasting" 3408:Conversion from one system to another system 2178:in Germany and Austria, TNT Sat/Fransat and 2005:Digital subchannel: Technical considerations 1757: 1699:that is inserted on a non-visible scan line. 1477:Japan had the earliest working HDTV system ( 1454:bands. In a few countries, most notably the 139:standard which was grafted onto an existing 110: 27:Standards for terrestrial television signals 7458:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 4488: 3452:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2216:family digital audio/video stream, using a 1315:French overseas departments and territories 1208:VHF system (B&W only); very good (near 159: 7494: 6450: 6436: 5771: 5757: 5520: 5506: 4481: 4467: 4155: 4141: 2194:delivered by DVB-S is mandated as MPEG-2. 1618:close to the source of the electron beam. 1470:system E was a post-war effort to advance 1160:. Originally known as the Gerber standard. 5369: 5367: 3472:Learn how and when to remove this message 6198:Output power of an analog TV transmitter 4040: 3595:analog high-definition television system 3489:(from the existing input) in real time. 1995:; however, it is better at dealing with 1959: 183:(used in Germany, France, Italy, US) or 122: 114: 4093:Characteristics of television systems. 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3766: 3764: 1496:for a timeline of the analog shutdown. 14: 7522: 6457: 5364: 5361:Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network. 5357: 5355: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3388:The division ratio though relevant to 3248:in North America before the 525-lines 2244:to restrict recording of programming. 6431: 6228:Direct-broadcast satellite television 5752: 5696:Advanced Television Systems Committee 5501: 5399: 4500: 4462: 4371: 4259: 4181: 4178: 4136: 4095:International Telecommunication Union 3559:European cable television frequencies 1953:has developed a fourth system, named 1884:and adopted as a standard in most of 1882:Advanced Television Systems Committee 1777:phase-locked synchronization circuits 1693:Advanced Television Systems Committee 1601: 415:Vision/sound carrier separation (MHz) 205:International Telecommunication Union 191:, remaining in operation until 1985. 58:International Telecommunication Union 7504: 5400: 4127:European Television Stations in 1932 3824:"The UK 405-Line Television Network" 3775: 3761: 3669:(digital, analog pre-emphasis curve) 3450:adding citations to reliable sources 3417: 2859:6 (5.572 + 428 kHz guard band) 1920:standard, and also sees some use in 1499: 6118:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB) 5527: 5352: 4041:Observer, Reflective (2021-12-23). 3841: 3554:Pan-American television frequencies 1661: 24: 4129:a scan from a 1932 French magazine 4087: 4043:"Where did 625-line TV come from?" 3545:for lists by country and language. 3154: 2202:Digital Video Broadcasting - Cable 1916:services in Europe (which use the 1129: 199:On an international conference in 119:Analog television system by nation 25: 7556: 7545:Television transmission standards 4103: 4097:, ITU-R Recommendation BT.470-2. 3951:Federal Communications Commission 3517:Transmission technology standards 3162: 2106:Federal Communications Commission 1429:since 1980), and used briefly in 1232:UHF only; used in countries with 56:systems were standardized by the 32:Broadcast Television Systems Inc. 7503: 7493: 7484: 7483: 7472: 7093:Free-space optical communication 5728:Joint Photographic Experts Group 3422: 194: 6113:Quadrature amplitude modulation 5689:Related standards organizations 4059: 4034: 4010: 3986: 3414:Television standards conversion 3342:) (used in France in the 1950s) 1989:quadrature amplitude modulation 1168:Early VHF system; used only in 364:World analog television systems 6277:Television channel frequencies 4501: 3939: 3920: 3895: 3871: 3816: 3799: 3749:Television systems before 1940 3656:Analog television system audio 3549:Television channel frequencies 3497:, adaptive interpolation, and 2123:September 11 terrorist attacks 1742: 1594:, while a technique known as " 357:television channel frequencies 175:(used in Germany, Italy, US), 166:Television systems before 1940 85:digital terrestrial television 44:terrestrial television systems 13: 1: 6248:Digital television transition 6077:Multichannel television sound 5716:ITU Radiocommunication Sector 4866:Field-sequential color system 3754: 3662:Multichannel Television Sound 3158: 3135: 1983:-developed modulation called 1805:vestigial sideband modulation 1794: 1494:Digital television transition 1413:but not taken up. Adopted by 209:ITU System Letter Designation 7479:Telecommunication portal 7260:Telecommunications equipment 6320:Field strength in free space 6021:Horizontal blanking interval 5733:Moving Picture Experts Group 5722:ITU Telecommunication Sector 5675:Broadcast television systems 5446:Reverse Standards Conversion 3905:. 2012-08-30. Archived from 3856:. 2012-03-06. Archived from 3826:. 2012-02-12. Archived from 3543:Lists of television channels 3190:2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 gives 3176:2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 gives 2656:1080 (typical, not defined) 2550:1080 (typical, not defined) 2017:On cable, ATSC usually uses 1924:satellite dish providers in 1765:white facsimile transmission 1441: 7: 6996:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 6218:Superheterodyne transmitter 5711:European Broadcasting Union 5680:Interoperable Master Format 4121:Analog TV Broadcast Systems 3504: 3266:(used in France before WW2) 3194:(used for the experimental 2375:digital carrier at 1.31 MHz 2212:. This system transmits an 2025:. Both of these double the 1941:, which is compatible with 1728: 361: 18:Broadcast television system 10: 7561: 6700:Telecommunications history 6056:Vertical blanking interval 5706:Digital Video Broadcasting 3686:Digital television systems 3411: 2160:direct broadcast satellite 2133:Digital Video Broadcasting 2073:Digital Video Broadcasting 2070: 2040: 1972: 1951:People's Republic of China 1914:direct broadcast satellite 1857:Digital television systems 1819:In analog television, the 1746: 1732: 1643:vertical blanking interval 1508: 163: 29: 7467: 7409: 7346: 7308:Public Switched Telephone 7268: 7232: 7189: 7130: 7120:telecommunication circuit 7081:Fiber-optic communication 7064: 6826:Francis Blake (telephone) 6773: 6621:Optical telecommunication 6465: 6394: 6358: 6295: 6256: 6126: 6100: 6069: 6031:Nominal analogue blanking 5954: 5903: 5789: 5688: 5662: 5536: 5406: 5395: 5347: 5306: 5233: 5195: 5177: 5124: 5106: 5083: 5065: 5020: 4934: 4892: 4883: 4818: 4747: 4704: 4688: 4672: 4650: 4578: 4538: 4520: 4511: 4507: 4496: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4429: 4421: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4361: 4345: 4342: 4331: 4326: 4316: 4300: 4291: 4276: 4249: 4237: 4234: 4227: 4214: 4202: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4170: 4164:Digital video resolutions 3744:Oldest television station 3602:Analog television systems 3233:2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 11 gives 3198:transmissions in Britain 2324:Single-Frequency Network 2242:digital rights management 1964:DTT broadcasting systems. 1828:is used for the standard 1758:Image signal polarization 1504: 1409:Originally developed for 1236:on VHF, except Australia. 282:– Belgian 819-line system 260:– Belgian 625-line system 111:Analog television systems 83:With the introduction of 7219:Orbital angular-momentum 6656:Satellite communications 6495:Communications satellite 3352:3 × 3 × 5 × 5 x 5 gives 3316:2 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 gives 3283:3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 gives 3255:2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 gives 3223:3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 gives 3204:3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 gives 3183:2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 gives 2254:World television systems 2143:. DVB-S is used in both 2121:in the aftermath of the 1814: 1651:identification signals. 1549:electricity distribution 455:Vision/sound power ratio 276:– French 819-line system 160:Pre–World War II systems 7098:Molecular communication 6921:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 6750:Undersea telegraph line 6485:Cable protection system 6350:Television interference 6223:Television receive-only 4490:Broadcast video formats 3356:at 25 frames (used for 3320:at 50 frames (used for 2668:1.7, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 10 2227: 2036: 2001:hierarchical modulation 1968: 1928:), and there is also a 468:Assumed display device 241:systems could be used: 7540:Television terminology 7530:Broadcasting standards 7240:Communication protocol 7026:Charles Sumner Tainter 6841:Walter Houser Brattain 6786:Edwin Howard Armstrong 6594:Information revolution 6272:Microwave transmission 6238:Terrestrial television 6233:Television transmitter 6193:Intermediate frequency 5986:Chrominance subcarrier 5456:Television transmitter 3975:magazine (in Russian). 3570:Defunct analog systems 3533:Channel (broadcasting) 2980:, PAL-N, PAL-Nc, NTSC 2327:Predecessor format(s) 2170:in the British Isles, 2098:multipath interference 2066: 2007:for more information. 1993:multipath interference 1965: 1865:standard, and use the 1788:automatic gain control 1222:television programming 128: 120: 48:terrestrial television 7535:Television technology 7214:Polarization-division 6946:Narinder Singh Kapany 6911:Erna Schneider Hoover 6831:Jagadish Chandra Bose 6811:Alexander Graham Bell 6542:online video platform 6144:Broadcast transmitter 5441:MPEG transport stream 5268:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 4831:Mechanical television 4739:Zweikanalton (A2/IGR) 4071:www.vintage-radio.net 3883:www.vintage-radio.net 3739:History of television 3334:3 × 3 × 7 × 13 gives 2778:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 2192:MPEG transport stream 2102:Sinclair Broadcasting 2063:, ADTB-T and TiMi 3. 1963: 1863:MPEG transport stream 1483:high-definition video 126: 118: 30:For the company, see 7056:Vladimir K. Zworykin 7016:Almon Brown Strowger 6986:Charles Grafton Page 6641:Prepaid mobile phone 6569:Electrical telegraph 6386:Zero reference pulse 6371:Field strength meter 6108:Frequency modulation 6016:Horizontal scan rate 5476:Widescreen signaling 5451:Standards conversion 5436:Moving image formats 4193:Progressive (frames) 4030:on 21 February 2007. 4006:on 30 December 2004. 3720:ISDB-T International 3698:transport technology 3446:improve this section 3345:3 × 7 × 7 × 7 gives 3305:5 × 5 × 5 × 5 gives 3269:3 × 5 × 5 × 7 gives 3240:3 × 3 × 7 × 7 gives 3217:3 × 5 × 5 × 5 gives 3169:2 × 3 × 3 × 5 gives 2556:Up to 31.668 Mbit/s 2137:satellite television 2021:, although some use 1809:amplitude modulation 1722:Widescreen signaling 1697:anti-ghosting signal 1691:was modified by the 1557:progressive scanning 1450:than they do on the 1341:Used in most of the 7006:Johann Philipp Reis 6765:Wireless revolution 6727:The Telephone Cases 6584:Hydraulic telegraph 6325:Noise (electronics) 6188:Intercarrier method 6148:Transmitter station 5783:broadcasting topics 5431:Display motion blur 4190:Interlaced (fields) 3830:on 12 February 2012 3608:Intercarrier method 2662:Up to 50.34 Mbit/s 2486:H.265/Scalable HEVC 2320:Digital subchannels 2256: 1880:, developed by the 1867:H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 1565:flat panel displays 1489:line of equipment. 366: 7204:Frequency-division 7181:Telephone exchange 7051:Charles Wheatstone 6981:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 6956:Innocenzo Manzetti 6891:Reginald Fessenden 6626:Optical telegraphy 6459:Telecommunications 6213:Split sound system 6163:Differential phase 5482:Analogue TV Topics 4411:24, 30, 60; 25, 50 4396:24, 30, 60; 25, 50 4182:Definition (lines) 3980:2016-03-04 at the 3953:. 16 November 2017 3932:2011-03-20 at the 3538:Display resolution 3523:Amateur television 3511:Television antenna 3294:5 × 11 × 11 gives 2252: 2206:digital television 1966: 1656:frequency spectrum 1634:horizontal retrace 1602:Viewing technology 421:Vestigial sideband 362: 345:, other units are 179:(used in the UK), 129: 121: 40:television systems 7517: 7516: 7255:Store and forward 7250:Data transmission 7164:Network switching 7115:Transmission line 6961:Guglielmo Marconi 6926:Internet pioneers 6791:Mohamed M. Atalla 6760:Whistled language 6425: 6424: 6340:Radiation pattern 6158:Differential gain 5780:Analog television 5746: 5745: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5273:MPEG Multichannel 4879: 4878: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4416: 4415: 4356: 4355: 4311: 4310: 4244: 4243: 4197: 4196: 4117:by Alan Pemberton 3909:on 30 August 2012 3499:phase correlation 3482: 3481: 3474: 3262:5 × 7 × 13 gives 3200: 3133: 3132: 2923: 2284:Hierarchical Mod. 2188:Bell Satellite TV 2158:, as well as for 2153:broadcast network 2104:, petitioned the 1712:Closed Captioning 1672:closed captioning 1545:utility frequency 1500:Technical aspects 1127: 1126: 472: 464: 456: 451: 440: 432: 429:Vision modulation 424: 416: 411: 403: 400: 392: 383: 377: 372: 254:– 625-line system 248:– 405-line system 54:Analog television 16:(Redirected from 7552: 7507: 7506: 7497: 7496: 7487: 7486: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7348:Notable networks 7338:Wireless network 7278:Cellular network 7270:Types of network 7245:Computer network 7132:Network topology 7046:Thomas A. Watson 6901:Oliver Heaviside 6886:Philo Farnsworth 6861:Daniel Davis Jr. 6836:Charles Bourseul 6796:John Logie Baird 6505:Data compression 6500:Computer network 6452: 6445: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6267:Frequency offset 6208:Residual carrier 6153:Cavity amplifier 6051:Television lines 5773: 5766: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5724:(formerly CCITT) 5663:Related articles 5644:SMPTE color bars 5522: 5515: 5508: 5499: 5498: 5471:Video processing 5401:Technical issues 5397: 5396: 5374: 5371: 5362: 5359: 4890: 4889: 4622:(Color systems: 4550:(Color systems: 4518: 4517: 4509: 4508: 4498: 4497: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4427: 4426: 4369: 4368: 4324: 4323: 4257: 4256: 4212: 4211: 4176: 4175: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4123:by Paul Schlyter 4081: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4023:. Archived from 4022: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 3999:. Archived from 3998: 3990: 3984: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3943: 3937: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3850: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3786: 3773: 3768: 3694:systems all use 3477: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3426: 3418: 3259:(non interlaced) 3237:(non interlaced) 3210:7 × 7 × 7 gives 3199: 3180:(non interlaced) 3173:(non interlaced) 3164: 3160: 3156: 2917: 2769:H.264/MPEG-4 AVC 2257: 2251: 2220:modulation with 2131:is the original 1749:Interlaced video 1683:hidden signaling 1662:Hidden signaling 1638:vertical retrace 1608:cathode ray tube 1274:Falkland Islands 467: 459: 454: 443: 437:Sound modulation 435: 427: 419: 414: 406: 401: 395: 387: 381: 375: 370: 367: 137:color television 21: 7560: 7559: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7473: 7471: 7463: 7405: 7342: 7264: 7228: 7185: 7134: 7126: 7067: 7060: 6966:Robert Metcalfe 6821:Tim Berners-Lee 6769: 6589:Information Age 6461: 6456: 6426: 6421: 6390: 6366:Distortionmeter 6354: 6291: 6252: 6183:Frequency mixer 6139:Antenna (radio) 6122: 6096: 6065: 6006:Composite video 5950: 5899: 5785: 5777: 5747: 5742: 5718:(formerly CCIR) 5684: 5658: 5532: 5526: 5496: 5487: 5466:Video on demand 5411:14:9 compromise 5402: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5365: 5360: 5353: 5343: 5302: 5298:MPEG-H 3D Audio 5229: 5191: 5173: 5120: 5102: 5079: 5061: 5016: 4930: 4875: 4814: 4743: 4700: 4684: 4668: 4646: 4574: 4534: 4503: 4492: 4487: 4457: 4452: 4417: 4363: 4357: 4318: 4312: 4251: 4245: 4204: 4198: 4166: 4161: 4106: 4090: 4088:Further reading 4085: 4084: 4075: 4073: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4051: 4049: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3982:Wayback Machine 3969: 3965: 3956: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3934:Wayback Machine 3925: 3921: 3912: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3887: 3885: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3863: 3861: 3860:on 6 March 2012 3852: 3851: 3842: 3833: 3831: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3776: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3650:TV transmitters 3507: 3478: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3443: 3427: 3416: 3410: 3398:plasma displays 3138: 3001: 2916: 2871: 2827: 2695:MPEG-1 Layer II 2640: 2585:MPEG-1 Layer II 2534: 2446: 2396:MPEG-1 Layer II 2373: 2294: 2273: 2250: 2230: 2190:in Canada. The 2186:in the US, and 2172:Sky Deutschland 2087: 2071:Main articles: 2069: 2045: 2039: 1977: 1971: 1859: 1845:(also known as 1817: 1797: 1760: 1751: 1745: 1737: 1731: 1664: 1604: 1513: 1507: 1502: 1444: 1262:Southern Africa 1132: 1130:Notes by system 450:frequency (MHz) 408:Video bandwidth 270:625-line system 197: 168: 162: 143:system such as 133:black-and-white 113: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7558: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7501: 7491: 7481: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7419: 7413: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7352: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7274: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7199:Space-division 7195: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7149: 7144: 7138: 7136: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7078: 7072: 7070: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7036:Camille Tissot 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7011:Claude Shannon 7008: 7003: 7001:Tivadar Puskás 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6971:Antonio Meucci 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6941:Charles K. Kao 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6916:Harold Hopkins 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6816:Emile Berliner 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6755:Videotelephony 6752: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6740: 6730: 6723: 6718: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6658: 6653: 6651:Radiotelephone 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6537:Internet video 6529: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6471: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6455: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6432: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6263: 6261: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6173:Dipole antenna 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6087:Sound-in-Syncs 6084: 6079: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5976:Blanking level 5973: 5968: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5883: 5841: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5795: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5776: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5670:Broadcast-safe 5666: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5654:SMPTE timecode 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5525: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5502: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5421:Digital cinema 5418: 5416:Broadcast-safe 5413: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5363: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5319:Broadcast flag 5316: 5310: 5308: 5307:Hidden signals 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5239: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5183: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5112: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5007: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4940: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4898: 4896: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4751: 4749: 4748:Hidden signals 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4734:Sound-in-Syncs 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4710: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4584: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4544: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4515: 4505: 4504: 4494: 4493: 4486: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4463: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4367: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4344: 4341: 4330: 4322: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4275: 4255: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4233: 4226: 4210: 4208: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4179:Usage examples 4174: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4160: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4105: 4104:External links 4102: 4101: 4100: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4058: 4033: 4009: 3985: 3963: 3938: 3919: 3894: 3870: 3840: 3815: 3798: 3774: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3730: 3729: 3723: 3713: 3704: 3702:ATSC standards 3699: 3683: 3682: 3675: 3670: 3664: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3599: 3598: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3528:Broadcast safe 3525: 3514: 3513: 3506: 3503: 3480: 3479: 3430: 3428: 3421: 3412:Main article: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3365: 3350: 3343: 3332: 3325: 3314: 3303: 3292: 3287:(Developed by 3281: 3267: 3260: 3253: 3238: 3231: 3221: 3215: 3208: 3202: 3188: 3181: 3174: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3108: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3069: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 2996: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2910: 2909: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2880: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2785: 2775: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2701: 2688: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2635: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2618: 2609: 2606: 2601: 2591: 2578: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2562:5, 6, 7, or 8 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2456: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2398: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2341: 2339: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2317: 2315:Interactive TV 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2286: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2270: 2264: 2263:Year ratified 2261: 2249: 2246: 2229: 2226: 2222:channel coding 2162:services like 2068: 2065: 2049:Mainland China 2041:Main article: 2038: 2035: 1975:ATSC standards 1973:Main article: 1970: 1967: 1922:direct-to-home 1878:ATSC standards 1858: 1855: 1816: 1813: 1796: 1793: 1759: 1756: 1747:Main article: 1744: 1741: 1733:Main article: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1719: 1706: 1700: 1695:to support an 1686: 1663: 1660: 1630:zero luminance 1616:electromagnets 1603: 1600: 1569:Plasma display 1509:Main article: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1456:United Kingdom 1443: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1407: 1402: 1381:(all NTSC-M), 1339: 1334: 1323: 1318: 1311: 1306: 1303: 1298: 1282: 1277: 1250: 1245: 1242: 1237: 1230: 1225: 1218: 1213: 1202: 1197: 1190: 1185: 1166: 1161: 1154: 1149: 1142:United Kingdom 1138: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 995: 994: 991: 988: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 952: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 908: 907: 904: 901: 899: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 865: 864: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 825: 821: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 777: 776: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 737: 733: 732: 729: 726: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 690: 689: 686: 683: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 647: 646: 643: 640: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 604: 603: 600: 597: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 561: 560: 557: 554: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 518: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 474: 473: 465: 462:color standard 457: 452: 441: 433: 425: 417: 412: 404: 393: 385: 378: 373: 360: 359: 331: 330: 324: 318: 312: 306: 284: 283: 277: 271: 261: 255: 249: 196: 193: 164:Main article: 161: 158: 112: 109: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7557: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7510: 7502: 7500: 7492: 7490: 7482: 7480: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7459: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7224:Code-division 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7209:Time-division 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7182: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7135:and switching 7133: 7129: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7087: 7086:optical fiber 7084: 7083: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7076:Coaxial cable 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6991:Radia Perlman 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6881:Lee de Forest 6879: 6877: 6876:Thomas Edison 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6866:Donald Davies 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6851:Claude Chappe 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6695:Smoke signals 6693: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6673:Semiconductor 6671: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6532:Digital media 6530: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6448: 6446: 6441: 6439: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6061:White clipper 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6011:Frame (video) 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904:Color systems 5902: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5774: 5769: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5511: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5483: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5398: 5394: 5370: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5108:MPEG-4 Visual 5105: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4479: 4477: 4472: 4470: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4447: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4240: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4207: 4201: 4188: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4026: 4019: 4013: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3967: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3808: 3802: 3791: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3760: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3680: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3495:interpolation 3490: 3486: 3476: 3473: 3465: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3431:This section 3429: 3425: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3298:(proposed by 3297: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2691:Dolby Digital 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2581:Dolby Digital 2579: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2430:in the works 2429: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388:Dolby Digital 2386: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2363:19.39 Mbit/s 2362: 2359: 2356: 2354:in the works 2353: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311:Audio Coding 2310: 2308:Video Coding 2307: 2305:Audio offset 2304: 2301: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2236:, or for the 2235: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141:North America 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997:impulse noise 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1926:North America 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886:North America 1883: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801:analog signal 1792: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1755: 1750: 1740: 1736: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1649: 1648:phantom lines 1645: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1547:at which the 1546: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1497: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363:French Guiana 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1325:Used only in 1324: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313:Used only in 1312: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 996: 992: 989: 987: 984: 981: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 953: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 910: 909: 905: 902: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 866: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 822: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 778: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 734: 730: 727: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 691: 687: 684: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 648: 644: 641: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 605: 601: 598: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 563: 562: 558: 555: 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 519: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 475: 471: 466: 463: 458: 453: 449: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 409: 405: 398: 394: 390: 386: 384: 379: 374: 369: 368: 365: 358: 355: 352: 351: 350: 348: 344: 340: 335: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 300: 299: 297: 293: 289: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 265: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 247: 244: 243: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 217: 212: 210: 206: 203:in 1961, the 202: 195:ITU standards 192: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 167: 157: 154: 150: 146: 145:CCIR System M 142: 138: 134: 125: 117: 108: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 81: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 49: 45: 41: 38: 33: 19: 7191:Multiplexing 7066:Transmission 7031:Nikola Tesla 7021:Henry Sutton 6976:Samuel Morse 6906:Robert Hooke 6871:Amos Dolbear 6806:John Bardeen 6725: 6705:Telautograph 6609:Mobile phone 6564:Edholm's law 6547:social media 6480:Broadcasting 6412:Hanover bars 6203:Pre-emphasis 6127:Transmission 6092:Zweikanalton 5996:Color killer 5921:Clear-Vision 5790: 5701:BBC Research 5674: 5022:MPEG-2 Video 4560:Clear-Vision 4446:60, 120, 180 4074:. Retrieved 4070: 4061: 4050:. Retrieved 4046: 4036: 4025:the original 4012: 4001:the original 3988: 3972: 3966: 3955:. Retrieved 3950: 3941: 3922: 3911:. Retrieved 3907:the original 3897: 3886:. Retrieved 3882: 3873: 3862:. Retrieved 3858:the original 3832:. Retrieved 3828:the original 3818: 3801: 3732: 3731: 3685: 3684: 3673:Zweikanalton 3655: 3654: 3601: 3600: 3569: 3568: 3516: 3515: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3468: 3459: 3444:Please help 3432: 3147: 3143:prime number 3139: 2253: 2231: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2184:Dish Network 2128: 2127: 2089: 2088: 2046: 2016: 2009: 1978: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1875: 1860: 1839:Zweikanalton 1821:analog audio 1818: 1807:, a form of 1798: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1761: 1752: 1738: 1665: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1620: 1605: 1596:3:2 pulldown 1577: 1538: 1532: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1491: 1476: 1465: 1445: 1252:Used in the 363: 353: 336: 332: 285: 213: 208: 198: 169: 130: 82: 52: 43: 39: 36: 35: 7391:NPL network 7103:Radio waves 7041:Alfred Vail 6951:Hedy Lamarr 6936:Dawon Kahng 6896:Elisha Gray 6856:Yogen Dalal 6781:Nasir Ahmed 6715:Teleprinter 6579:Heliographs 6381:VIT signals 6376:Vectorscope 6315:Earth bulge 6297:Propagation 6260:& bands 6258:Frequencies 6041:Raster scan 5981:Chrominance 5971:Black level 5966:front porch 5480:Templates ( 5197:MPEG-H HEVC 4936:Progressive 4171:Designation 3645:Transposers 3354:1,125 lines 3347:1,029 lines 2755:6, 7, or 8 2467:Up to 120p 2277:Frame rate 2200:stands for 2182:in France, 2115:datacasting 1904:roadcast – 1743:Interlacing 1592:PAL speedup 1584:frame rates 1561:deinterlace 1540:video field 1466:The French 1379:Philippines 1371:South Korea 1178:Netherlands 1077:NTSC/PAL-M 445:Chrominance 343:frame rates 149:chrominance 7524:Categories 7437:Antarctica 7396:Toasternet 7318:Television 6801:Paul Baran 6733:Television 6717:(teletype) 6710:Telegraphy 6688:transistor 6666:Phryctoria 6636:Photophone 6614:Smartphone 6604:Mass media 6310:Distortion 6243:Transposer 6178:Dummy load 6134:Amplifiers 6101:Modulation 5991:Colorburst 5962:Back porch 5639:SMPTE 2117 5634:SMPTE 2071 5629:SMPTE 2067 5624:SMPTE 2059 5619:SMPTE 2022 5614:SMPTE 424M 5609:SMPTE 421M 5604:SMPTE 377M 5599:SMPTE 372M 5594:SMPTE 367M 5589:SMPTE 360M 5584:SMPTE 356M 5579:SMPTE 344M 5574:SMPTE 330M 5569:SMPTE 296M 5564:SMPTE 292M 5559:SMPTE 291M 5554:SMPTE 274M 5549:SMPTE 268M 5544:SMPTE 259M 5324:Captioning 5126:MPEG-4 AVC 4894:Interlaced 4819:Historical 4755:Captioning 4714:BTSC (MTS) 4689:1250 lines 4673:1125 lines 4502:Television 4439:2160, 4320 4422:Ultra-high 4402:1080, 1440 4332:480, 540 ( 4317:Enhanced, 4250:Standard, 4239:24, 30; 25 4228:240, 288 ( 4076:2021-12-31 4052:2021-12-31 3957:2017-11-18 3913:2021-12-31 3888:2021-12-31 3864:2021-12-31 3834:2021-12-31 3755:References 3136:Line count 3054:Channel 55 2853:23 Mbit/s 2850:Up to 60p 2746:Up to 50p 2659:Up to 50p 2553:Up to 50p 2491:Dolby AC-4 2470:57 Mbit/s 2360:Up to 60p 2302:Video B/W 2280:Data rate 2272:Resolution 2268:Modulation 2234:guard band 2151:modes for 2027:throughput 1795:Modulation 1769:modulation 1718:signaling. 1623:inductance 1534:interlaced 1521:scan lines 1511:Film frame 1182:Luxembourg 1072:3.58/3.56 947:SECAM/PAL 772:PAL/SECAM 642:SECAM/PAL 556:PAL/SECAM 516:2.5 - 2.0 448:subcarrier 389:Frame rate 376:Introduced 141:monochrome 7421:Americas 7410:Locations 7381:Internet2 7142:Bandwidth 6846:Vint Cerf 6743:streaming 6721:Telephone 6661:Semaphore 6552:streaming 6417:Sparklies 6402:Dot crawl 6395:Artifacts 6335:Path loss 6330:Null fill 6305:Beam tilt 6046:Safe area 5649:SMPTE DCP 5537:Standards 5531:standards 5461:Test card 5134:ATSC A/72 5040:DVB 3D-TV 4652:819 lines 4580:625 lines 4540:525 lines 4522:405 lines 4185:Rate (Hz) 3586:819 lines 3581:441 lines 3576:405 lines 3433:does not 3336:819 lines 3318:750 lines 3307:625 lines 3296:605 lines 3285:567 lines 3271:525 lines 3264:455 lines 3257:450 lines 3244:(used by 3242:441 lines 3235:440 lines 3225:405 lines 3219:375 lines 3212:343 lines 3206:243 lines 3192:240 lines 3185:180 lines 2710:, DVB-SI 2600:, DVB-SI 2426:Not yet, 2119:Manhattan 2053:Hong Kong 2031:bandwidth 1575:, etc.). 1559:and must 1529:bandwidth 1517:luminance 1487:Sony HDVS 1442:Evolution 1435:Venezuela 1415:Argentina 1351:Argentina 1347:Caribbean 1270:Hong Kong 1158:Australia 399:bandwidth 354:Also see: 347:megahertz 201:Stockholm 153:luminance 50:signals. 37:Broadcast 7489:Category 7376:Internet 7366:CYCLADES 7283:Ethernet 7233:Concepts 7157:terminal 7108:wireless 6931:Bob Kahn 6774:Pioneers 6599:Internet 6490:Cable TV 6407:Ghosting 6168:Diplexer 6036:Overscan 6001:Color TV 5894:System F 5890:System E 5886:819-line 5880:System N 5876:System L 5872:System K 5868:System I 5864:System H 5860:System G 5856:System D 5852:System C 5848:System B 5844:625-line 5838:System M 5834:525-line 5829:455-line 5824:441-line 5818:System A 5814:405-line 5809:375-line 5804:343-line 5799:180-line 5373:Defunct. 5339:Teletext 5205:ATSC 3.0 4861:567-line 4856:455-line 4851:441-line 4846:375-line 4841:343-line 4836:180-line 4826:Pre-1940 4780:Teletext 4660:System E 4588:System B 4548:System M 4530:System A 4336:), 576 ( 4281:), 576 ( 3978:Archived 3930:Archived 3615:(525/60) 3505:See also 3462:May 2023 3371:but not 3360:but not 3274:System M 3228:System A 3178:96 lines 3171:90 lines 2992:MediaFLO 2903:ISDB-Tmm 2436:ATSC 3.0 2428:ATSC-M/H 2274:(Lines) 2266:Digital 2180:CanalSat 2111:New York 2012:ATSC 3.0 1830:monaural 1735:Overscan 1729:Overscan 1716:teletext 1703:Teletext 1668:teletext 1612:phosphor 1588:telecine 1586:using a 1468:819 line 1460:405-line 1419:Paraguay 1395:Cambodia 1355:Paraguay 1349:(except 1343:Americas 1284:Used in 1234:System B 842:+5.9996 439:(AM, FM) 292:Bands IV 268:I.B.T.O. 239:819-line 189:System A 185:567-line 181:441-line 177:405-line 173:375-line 97:VKSravan 7509:Commons 7499:Outline 7452:Oceania 7371:FidoNet 7356:ARPANET 7169:circuit 6738:digital 6467:History 6359:Testing 5941:PALplus 5791:Systems 5220:ISDB-S3 5169:MobaHo! 5116:MobaHo! 4885:Digital 4632:PALplus 4435:UHD BRD 4334:NTSC-HQ 4319:HMP@HML 3927:DVB.org 3733:History 3722:(SBTVD) 3635:PALplus 3454:removed 3439:sources 3373:1080p30 3369:1080i60 3362:1080p25 3358:1080i50 3289:Philips 2914:ISDB-Tb 2723:DVB-NGH 2641:(QPSK, 2453:4096QAM 2417:Partial 2330:Mobile 2260:System 2168:Freesat 1955:DMB-T/H 1896:igital 1681:uses a 1679:PALplus 1423:Uruguay 1391:Vietnam 1367:Myanmar 1359:Uruguay 1331:digital 1295:digital 1258:Ireland 1170:Belgium 1146:Ireland 668:±11.15 397:Channel 349:(MHz). 334:etc.). 219:bands I 7447:Europe 7417:Africa 7401:Usenet 7361:BITNET 7298:Mobile 7174:packet 6683:MOSFET 6678:device 6475:Beacon 5916:NTSC-J 5293:HE-AAC 5215:HD DMB 4760:CGMS-A 4696:HD-MAC 4556:NTSC-J 4513:Analog 4442: 4406:60; 50 4392: 4381:HD DVD 4362:High, 4347:24, 30 4343: 4338:PAL-HQ 4302:24, 30 4235: 4047:Medium 3711:DVB-T2 3329:720p60 3322:720p50 3300:Philco 3111:HE-AAC 2961:HE-AAC 2809:ISDB-T 2784:, DRA 2765:MPEG-2 2719:DVB-T 2708:MHEG-5 2704:DSM-CC 2699:HE-AAC 2651:256QAM 2630:DVB-T2 2598:MHEG-5 2594:DSM-CC 2589:HE-AAC 2495:MPEG-H 2405:MHEG-5 2401:DSM-CC 2214:MPEG-2 2083:, and 2019:256QAM 1981:Zenith 1949:. The 1943:Brazil 1939:ISDB-T 1935:256QAM 1892:, the 1888:, and 1869:video 1505:Frames 1472:France 1431:Brazil 1383:Brazil 1375:Taiwan 1327:France 1206:French 1204:Early 1176:, the 1140:Early 1034:SECAM 990:SECAM 460:Usual 431:(+, -) 371:System 290:bands 7430:South 7425:North 7386:JANET 7323:Telex 7313:Radio 7152:Nodes 7147:Links 7068:media 6646:Radio 6631:Pager 6559:Drums 6525:video 6520:image 6510:audio 6082:NICAM 6070:Sound 5955:Video 5946:SECAM 5936:PAL-S 5931:PAL-M 5529:SMPTE 5235:Audio 5187:ABS-S 5159:SBTVD 5098:ABS-S 5057:ABS-S 5000:UHDTV 4993:1080p 4924:1080i 4724:NICAM 4706:Audio 4636:SECAM 4628:PAL-N 4570:B-MAC 4564:PAL-M 4431:UHDTV 4364:MP@HL 4287:SECAM 4277:480 ( 4252:MP@ML 4206:MP@LL 4203:Low, 4028:(PDF) 4021:(PDF) 4004:(PDF) 3997:(PDF) 3810:(PDF) 3793:(PDF) 3707:DVB-T 3679:NICAM 3667:NICAM 3640:SECAM 3630:PAL-N 3625:PAL-M 3380:Notes 3196:Baird 3106:H.264 3102:H.262 3076:DQPSK 3065:T-DMB 3025:5.55 3008:16QAM 2983:Yes, 2978:PAL-M 2967:Ginga 2965:Yes, 2956:H.264 2934:1080 2920:SBTVD 2901:Yes, 2873:H.264 2869:H.262 2847:1080 2838:DQPSK 2821:64QAM 2813:1999 2743:1080 2734:2006 2686:H.265 2682:H.264 2678:H.262 2647:64QAM 2643:16QAM 2638:COFDM 2634:2008 2622:DVB-H 2620:Yes ( 2616:SECAM 2576:H.264 2572:H.262 2545:64QAM 2541:16QAM 2532:COFDM 2528:1997 2524:DVB-T 2459:2160p 2444:COFDM 2440:2016 2383:H.262 2357:1080 2352:E-VSB 2348:A-VSB 2210:cable 2208:over 2198:DVB-C 2156:feeds 2129:DVB-S 2092:uses 2090:DVB-T 2085:DVB-C 2081:DVB-S 2077:DVB-T 2061:DMB-T 2057:Macau 2023:16VSB 1985:8-VSB 1947:SBTVD 1930:DVB-C 1918:DVB-S 1910:DVB-T 1900:ideo 1890:DVB-T 1871:codec 1851:NICAM 1835:NICAM 1815:Audio 1580:films 1525:frame 1427:PAL-N 1425:(all 1411:Japan 1387:PAL-M 1286:Japan 1266:Macau 1194:China 1174:Italy 1115:3.58 1106:0.75 1103:+4.5 1088:1951 1063:0.75 1060:+4.5 1045:1941 1028:4.43 1019:1.25 1016:-6.5 1001:1961 985:4.43 976:1.25 973:+6.5 958:1964 941:4.43 932:0.75 929:+6.5 914:1961 903:NTSC 898:3.58 889:0.75 886:+4.5 871:1953 854:4.43 845:1.25 827:1962 810:4.43 801:1.25 798:+5.5 783:1961 766:4.43 757:0.75 754:+5.5 739:1961 728:none 723:none 714:0.75 711:+5.5 696:1953 685:none 680:none 671:2.00 653:1949 637:4.43 628:0.75 625:+6.5 610:1948 599:none 594:none 585:0.75 582:+5.5 567:1953 551:4.43 542:0.75 539:+5.5 524:1950 513:none 507:none 498:0.75 495:−3.5 480:1936 470:gamma 423:(MHz) 410:(MHz) 402:(MHz) 391:(fps) 382:Lines 339:lines 78:SECAM 7442:Asia 7328:UUCP 7288:ISDN 6345:Skew 6026:Luma 5964:and 5911:NTSC 5329:CPCM 5283:LPCM 5253:AC-4 5243:AC-3 5225:DTMB 5179:AVS2 5164:1seg 5149:DTMB 5139:CMMB 5093:DTMB 5085:AVS+ 5075:CMMB 5052:DTMB 5047:ISDB 5030:ATSC 4988:720p 4983:HDTV 4976:576p 4971:480p 4966:EDTV 4959:288p 4954:240p 4949:1seg 4944:LDTV 4919:HDTV 4912:576i 4907:480i 4902:SDTV 4871:OSKM 4800:VITC 4790:VEIL 4719:EIAJ 4680:MUSE 4552:NTSC 4373:HDTV 4328:EDTV 4279:NTSC 4265:SVCD 4261:SDTV 4216:LDTV 3726:DTMB 3718:and 3716:ISDB 3709:and 3696:MPEG 3692:HDTV 3613:NTSC 3591:MUSE 3437:any 3435:cite 3396:and 3340:737i 3311:576i 3278:480i 3250:NTSC 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Knowledge

Broadcast television systems

Index