1357:
468:
1350:
628:
514:, but was spared incarceration. In November 1357, Shaykhu was killed, and following the latter's death, al-Nasir Hasan made moves, namely through forced exile, to hinder the authority of Shaykhu's partisans, who were led by Khalil ibn Qawsun. Those among Shaykhu's mamluk partisans who were not exiled, were imprisoned in
501:
in 1355. In
October of that year, al-Nasir Hasan was restored to the sultanate. Al-Nasir Hasan's second reign was marked by efforts to monopolize executive power by ridding his administration of its powerful and fractious emirs. His first major action in this regard was to imprison Taz, but after the
677:
The complex's construction was noted to be remarkable by the modern historian Oleg Grabar because in his opinion, the complex's patron, al-Nasir Hasan, was a generally weak leader for much of his reign and construction of the expensive complex occurred at a time of severe economic instability in the
355:
Al-Nasir Hasan was married to
Tulubiyya (d. 1363), a daughter of one of his father's emirs, Abdullah al-Nasiri. With her and possibly other wives or concubines, al-Nasir Hasan had eleven sons and six daughters. His sons were Ahmad (d. 1386), Qasim (d. 1358), Ibrahim (d. 1381), Ali, Iskandar, Sha'ban
690:
contends that the funds likely came from mass appropriations of property by al-Nasir Hasan from plague victims who left no legal heirs. Al-Nasir Hasan chose the complex's site from the two palaces built by his father for his emirs
Altunbugha al-Maridani and Yalbugha al-Yahyawi, demolishing both to
381:
mamluks in
December 1347, al-Nasir Hasan acceded to the sultanate as 'al-Malik al-Nasir Hasan' at the age of 12, having been installed in power by senior Mamluk emirs. The emirs had appointed al-Nasir Hasan in haste, having rejected the nomination of al-Amjad Husayn, another of al-Nasir Muhammad's
709:
Starting in 1360, al-Nasir Hasan commenced other architectural projects in the sultanate, including the Qa'a al-Baysariyya tower at the Cairo
Citadel, described by al-Maqrizi as a structure unique in Mamluk architecture. The Qa'a al-Baysariyya was a high, domed tower decorated with bejeweled gold
270:
to hold office, reigning twice in 1347–1351 and 1354–1361. During his first reign, which he began at age 12, senior Mamluk emirs formerly belonging to al-Nasir
Muhammad, dominated his administration, while al-Nasir Hasan played a ceremonial role. He was toppled in 1351 when he attempted to assert
614:
were "perhaps the exception" among al-Nasir
Muhammad's largely powerless descendants who acceded to the throne because they wielded real power, and al-Nasir Hasan in particular was the only descendant of al-Nasir Muhammad to have "had a significant impact on events" in the sultanate. The Mamluk
653:
a day for the following three years. Construction continued following al-Nasir Hasan's death under the patronage of his senior aide, Bashir Agha al-Jamdar, who oversaw the complex's completion in 1363. The complex was described by al-Maqrizi as a sanctuary with no equals among the mosques and
606:
to positions of authority. In Mamluk-era commentary regarding al-Nasir Hasan's death, it was stated that "his murder ... came at the hands of his closest mamluks and confidants ... he had purchased and fostered them, given them riches and appointed them to the highest offices."
331:
in 1334/35; he changed his given name to 'Hasan' upon his accession to the sultanate in 1347. According to historian Ulrich
Haarmann, his revocation of his Turkish name and replacement with the Arabic 'Hasan' was meant to dissociate himself from the predominantly Turkish
526:
in August 1358, and he was later killed while incarcerated. Al-Nasir Hasan proceeded to purge
Sirghitmish's mamluks from the military and administrative posts they occupied and replaced them with his own mamluks, as well as
352:, the sultanate's administrative headquarters. In 1341, al-Nasir Muhammad died and a succession of his sons acceded to the throne, with real power often being held by the rival emirs of al-Nasir Muhammad's inner circle.
286:
During his second reign, al-Nasir Hasan maneuvered against the leading emirs, gradually purging them and their supporters from the administration through imprisonment, forced exile and execution. He replaced many
521:
Al-Nasir Hasan's political maneuvers left
Sirghitmish as the most powerful emir in al-Nasir Hasan's court. In order to eliminate the potential of a coup by Sirghitmish, al-Nasir Hasan had him imprisoned in
1100:
Haarmann, Ulrich (1998). "Joseph's law — the careers and activities of Mamluk descendants before the Ottoman conquest of Egypt". In Philipp, Thomas; Haarmann, Ulrich (eds.).
1356:
418:, which peaked in October–December 1348 and ended in February 1349. In 1350, al-Nasir Hasan attempted to assert his executive power by assembling a council of the four
356:(d. 1421), Isma'il (d. 1397), Yahya (d. 1384), Musa, Yusuf and Muhammad. Of his six daughters, only Shaqra (d. 1389) was named in the sources. She married Emir
1349:
459:("The Signs of Prophethood"). Al-Nasir Hasan was also known to be highly skilled in Arabic and compared to his predecessors, he was a more cultured figure.
687:
535:
to high ranks and senior offices was unprecedented in the sultanate's history. Ten of the twenty-four Mamluk generals holding the highest military rank of
422:(chief judges), declaring to them that he had reached adulthood and thus no longer required the emirs' guardianship. He concurrently dismissed Manjak as
382:
sons and the mamluks favorite for succession. Al-Nasir Hasan's role was ceremonial, with actual power being wielded by the following four Mamluk emirs:
295:(descendants of mamluks), who he found to be more reliable, competent and amiable with the public. Al-Nasir Hasan was killed by one of his own mamluks,
395:
1299:
336:, a symbolic act in line with his policy of minimizing the role of mamluks in the state and relying instead on the descendants of mamluks, known as
407:
639:
In line with the favoritism he showed to Muslim scholars in his court, al-Nasir Hasan was responsible for the construction of a massive mosque-
586:. However, historian Ulrich Haarmann asserts that a'-Nasir Hasan's demise "in no way impeded the further strengthening of the position of the
570:
was his strong trust in their reliability and his belief that they were less prone to rebellion than mamluks. Other reasons he integrated the
502:
intervention of Shaykhu, who, along with Sirghitmish, wielded considerable influence Hasan's court, al-Nasir Hasan agreed to appoint Taz as
491:
551:
held numerous senior administrative posts, including the many provincial governorships of the sultanate's Syrian region, including the
271:
executive authority to the chagrin of the senior emirs. He was reinstated three years later during a coup against his brother Sultan
662:
and Ibn Shahin describe the complex as having no equal in the world, while Ibn Habib described it as superior in greatness to the
686:
wrote that most of the funds for the complex derived from a huge treasure of gold found under the site, but Egyptian historian
480:
1292:
1033:
590:
in the military and the administration", but only under the Bahri regime, which ended in the last years of the 14th century.
1718:
1493:
1269:
497:
Under Salih's three-year reign, Taz was the strongman of the sultanate until he was ousted in a coup by Shaykhu and Emir
119:
1626:
649:, in Rumaila, Cairo. Construction of the complex began in 1357 and was worked on daily at the expense of 20,000 silver
1505:
1206:
1185:
1164:
1140:
1109:
1090:
1743:
1733:
1457:
1285:
646:
632:
348:
wife, Kuda, who died while al-Nasir Hasan was an infant. He was raised by his mother-in-law Khawand Urdukin in the
304:
1451:
476:
17:
1728:
578:
and their better comprehension of administrative regulations. Al-Nasir Hasan's recruitment experiment with the
432:. However, al-Nasir Hasan's attempt to assert administrative authority was stifled by Taz a few months later.
35:
1656:
1614:
1738:
444:
574:
into the sultanate's administrative hierarchy were the generally better treatment of Mamluk subjects by
1748:
1602:
1680:
1590:
1312:
699:
467:
263:
139:
360:(also known as Aurus), one of the principal emirs of the sultanate during al-Nasir Hasan's reign.
821:
1723:
1632:
1566:
1554:
1308:
1234:
1177:
A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310-1341)
1150:
856:
307:
complex in Cairo, as well as other architectural works, namely religious structures, in Cairo,
1196:
1154:
1080:
1572:
1175:
1120:
1713:
1708:
1499:
703:
679:
611:
439:
and put under house arrest in his mother-in-law Khawand's living quarters in the citadel's
415:
8:
1662:
1463:
1668:
1638:
1608:
1439:
667:
583:
1584:
1578:
1469:
1433:
1421:
1403:
1227:
1202:
1181:
1160:
1136:
1105:
1086:
1029:
627:
599:
374:
341:
296:
267:
237:
162:
74:
31:
822:"The Sons of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and the Politics of Puppets: Where Did It All Start?"
1620:
1409:
1397:
663:
484:
435:
In August 1351, Taz maneuvered to have al-Nasir Hasan replaced by his half-brother
1445:
1379:
1076:
659:
91:
56:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1511:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1254:
1244:
602:, who led a mamluk faction opposed to al-Nasir Hasan's policy of elevating the
436:
272:
109:
84:
1702:
1522:
1365:
1332:
1124:
671:
399:
349:
227:
734:
and other towns. Al-Nasir Hasan also commissioned a major renovation of the
1686:
1128:
735:
1277:
658:
of Egypt, Syria, Iraq, North Africa or Yemen. Likewise, Mamluk historians
411:
30:
This article is about the Mamluk sultan. For the Zaidi imam of Yemen, see
1674:
1026:
Cairo of the Mamluks : a history of the architecture and its culture
498:
378:
280:
706:, is also attributed to Sultan Hassan and was dedicated to this mother.
598:
On 17 March 1361, Hasan was killed at age 27 by one of his own mamluks,
1644:
1427:
1156:
The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 151
616:
523:
515:
452:
448:
835:(1). Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago: 63.
727:
723:
715:
472:
312:
308:
327:
Al-Nasir Hasan's birth name was 'Qamari' (also spelled 'Qumari') in
299:, who headed a faction opposed to al-Nasir Hasan's elevation of the
1385:
731:
683:
582:
was ultimately unsuccessful and short-lived according to historian
387:
357:
316:
1650:
1596:
1391:
1373:
1121:"The Complex of Sultan Hasan in Cairo: Reading Between the Lines"
641:
403:
276:
222:
215:
210:
610:
According to historian Carl F. Petry, al-Nasir Hasan and Sultan
1542:
1530:
1198:
The Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol. 1: Islamic Egypt, 640-1517
694:
A double-mausoleum structure in Cairo's Southern Cemetery (the
650:
548:
507:
488:
424:
345:
333:
288:
635:, commissioned by al-Nasir Hasan in 1357 and completed in 1363
1415:
1338:
1326:
556:
511:
440:
328:
247:
135:
674:
both described it as the finest mosque they had ever seen.
443:. Al-Nasir Hasan spent his confinement in leisure, studying
414:). Al-Nasir Hasan's first year as sultan coincided with the
303:. Throughout his second reign, al-Nasir Hasan commenced the
201:
Al-Malik al-Nasir Badr ad-Din Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun
419:
722:(public fountains attached to open galleries where the
373:
Following the death of al-Nasir Hasan's half-brother,
566:
Al-Nasir Hasan's stated purpose behind elevating the
619:
lauded him as "one of the best kings of the Turks".
256:
Al-Nasir Badr ad-Din Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun
1700:
1023:
1293:
645:complex bearing his name, known today as the
27:Mamluk sultan of Egypt (1347–1351, 1355-1361)
1102:The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society
1049:
1047:
1045:
1010:
1008:
1006:
996:
994:
992:
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806:
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800:
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750:
1307:
942:
940:
921:
919:
917:
915:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
1300:
1286:
1118:
1075:
1042:
1028:. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 214–217.
1003:
985:
891:
747:
394:(chief of staff) and Baybugha's brother,
258:(1334/35–17 March 1361), better known as
1173:
1099:
937:
912:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
767:
626:
510:instead. In effect, Taz was exiled from
475:commissioned by sultan Al-Hasan for his
466:
322:
266:sultan of Egypt, and the seventh son of
14:
1701:
819:
559:. Among those who reached the rank of
1281:
1194:
839:
1149:
563:were two of al-Nasir Hasan's sons.
487:Qur'an Manuscripts inscribed in the
531:. His promotion and installment of
24:
1159:. Addison Wesley Longman Limited.
1017:
854:
363:
25:
1760:
1082:Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths
710:bands. Other projects included a
622:
479:. This manuscript is part of the
291:(manumitted slave soldiers) with
157:Tulubiyya bint Abdullah al-Nasiri
1428:Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir
1355:
1348:
1024:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007).
1068:
1056:
976:
967:
958:
949:
928:
647:Sultan Hasan Mosque and Madrasa
633:Sultan Hasan Mosque and Madrasa
462:
447:, particularly the work of the
1458:Imad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il
1201:. Cambridge University Press.
1119:Al-Harithy, Howyda N. (1996).
1104:. Cambridge University Press.
903:
882:
873:
813:
368:
13:
1:
741:
471:Illuminated opening from the
857:"The Qalawunids: A Pedigree"
539:(emir of one hundred ) were
492:Memory of the World Register
101:October 1355 – 17 March 1361
7:
1719:14th-century Mamluk sultans
909:Al-Harithy 1996, pp. 70–71.
481:National Library of Egypt's
340:. He was the son of Sultan
305:Sultan Hasan Mosque-Madrasa
66:December 1347 – August 1351
10:
1765:
1603:Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf
1239:December 1347–August 1351
1133:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
726:was taught) in Jerusalem,
691:make way for the complex.
555:(provinces) of Aleppo and
377:, in a confrontation with
29:
1521:
1364:
1346:
1319:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1241:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1174:Levanoni, Amalia (1995).
820:Bauden, Frédéric (2009).
243:
233:
221:
209:
200:
195:
191:
161:
153:
145:
129:
125:
115:
105:
97:
90:
80:
70:
62:
55:
48:
43:
34:. For Sultan Hassan, see
1591:Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad
593:
1744:People of Tatar descent
1734:Murdered Mamluk sultans
1195:Petry, Carl F. (1998).
1062:Armstrong 1997, p. 314.
1053:Al-Harithy 1996, p. 79.
1014:Al-Harithy 1996, p. 68.
1000:Al-Harithy 1996, p. 69.
925:Al-Harithy 1996, p. 72.
862:. University of Chicago
810:Al-Harithy 1996, p. 70.
344:(r. 1310–1341) and his
1633:Sayf al-Din Khushqadam
1555:Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz
1131:; J. van Lent (eds.).
955:Levanoni 1995, p. 103.
636:
494:
149:17 March 1361 (age 27)
1729:14th-century Kipchaks
1494:Salah al-Din Muhammad
1434:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
1422:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
1404:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
900:Haarmann 1998, p. 68.
829:Mamluk Studies Review
764:Haarmann 1998, p. 67.
680:Black Plague in Cairo
630:
499:Sirghitmish al-Nasiri
470:
323:Early life and family
1675:Sayf al-Din Tumanbay
1651:Sayf al-Din Qa'itbay
1440:Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr
1410:Zayn al-Din Kitbugha
1386:Badr al-Din Salamish
1380:Nasir al-Din Barakah
1085:. Ballantine Books.
704:Sultaniyya Mausoleum
666:. Western travelers
416:Black Death in Egypt
1627:Shihab al-Din Ahmad
1615:Fakhr al-Din Uthman
1597:Sayf al-Din Barsbay
1500:Zayn al-Din Sha'ban
1464:Sayf al-Din Sha'ban
1452:Shihab al-Din Ahmad
1398:Salah al-Din Khalil
1392:Sayf al-Din Qalawun
1374:Rukn al-Din Baybars
1151:Holt, Peter Malcolm
982:Petry 1998, p. 268.
973:Petry 1998, p. 287.
964:Petry 1998, p. 253.
946:Petry 1998, p. 637.
682:. Mamluk historian
457:dala'il al-nubuwwah
1739:Royalty from Cairo
1669:Al-Ashraf Janbalat
1639:Sayf al-Din Bilbay
1609:Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq
1573:Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
1567:Al-Musta'in Billah
1561:Nasir al-Din Faraj
1549:Nasir al-Din Faraj
1543:Sayf al-Din Barquq
1531:Sayf al-Din Barquq
1512:Salah al-Din Hajji
1482:Salah al-Din Salih
1446:Ala'a al-Din Kujuk
1416:Husam al-Din Lajin
1270:Al-Mansur Muhammad
1264:October 1355–1361
934:Holt 1986, p. 140.
879:Holt 1986, p. 123.
855:Bauden, Frédéric.
688:Howayda Al-Harithy
668:Pietro Della Valle
637:
584:Peter Malcolm Holt
495:
388:Baybugha al-Qasimi
358:Baybugha al-Qasimi
120:Al-Mansur Muhammad
1749:Qalawunid dynasty
1696:
1695:
1657:An-Nasir Muhammad
1585:Sayf al-Din Tatar
1579:Al-Muzaffar Ahmad
1488:Badr al-Din Hasan
1476:Badr al-Din Hasan
1470:Sayf al-Din Hajji
1339:Sayf al-Din Qutuz
1276:
1275:
1267:Succeeded by
1242:Succeeded by
1228:Al-Muzaffar Hajji
1127:; E. van Donzel;
1035:978-1-84511-549-4
888:Levanoni, p. 119.
678:aftermath of the
612:al-Ashraf Sha'ban
600:Yalbugha al-Umari
404:Shaykhu al-Nasiri
402:), and the emirs
375:al-Muzaffar Hajji
342:al-Nasir Muhammad
297:Yalbugha al-Umari
268:al-Nasir Muhammad
253:
252:
238:Al-Nasir Muhammad
205:
204:
75:Al-Muzaffar Hajji
50:Al-Malik al-Nasir
32:an-Nasir al-Hasan
16:(Redirected from
1756:
1681:Qansuh al-Ghawri
1663:Abu Sa'id Qansuh
1621:Sayf al-Din Inal
1506:Ala'a al-Din Ali
1359:
1352:
1327:Izz al-Din Aybak
1302:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1252:Preceded by
1225:Preceded by
1217:
1216:
1212:
1191:
1170:
1146:
1115:
1096:
1077:Armstrong, Karen
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1040:
1039:
1021:
1015:
1012:
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983:
980:
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868:
867:
861:
852:
837:
836:
826:
817:
811:
808:
765:
762:
702:), known as the
700:City of the Dead
664:Pyramids of Giza
445:Islamic theology
396:Manjak al-Yusufi
384:na'ib al-saltana
193:
192:
140:Mamluk Sultanate
41:
40:
21:
1764:
1763:
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1036:
1022:
1018:
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840:
824:
818:
814:
809:
768:
763:
748:
744:
660:Ibn Taghribirdi
625:
596:
547:and non-mamluk
465:
371:
366:
364:Sultan of Egypt
325:
186:
184:
182:
180:
178:
176:
174:
172:
170:
168:
134:
92:Sultan of Egypt
57:Sultan of Egypt
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:An-Nasir Hassan
15:
12:
11:
5:
1762:
1752:
1751:
1746:
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1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1537:As-Salih Hajji
1534:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1333:Nur al-Din Ali
1330:
1323:
1321:
1320:Salihi Mamluks
1317:
1316:
1309:Mamluk sultans
1305:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1261:Mamluk Sultan
1258:
1255:Al-Salih Salih
1253:
1249:
1248:
1245:Al-Salih Salih
1243:
1240:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1220:Regnal titles
1214:
1213:
1207:
1192:
1186:
1171:
1165:
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49:
1714:1361 deaths
1709:1335 births
1689:(1516–1517)
1687:Tumanbay II
1683:(1501–1516)
1671:(1500–1501)
1665:(1498–1500)
1659:(1496–1498)
1653:(1468–1496)
1647:(1467–1468)
1635:(1461–1467)
1623:(1453–1461)
1611:(1438–1453)
1599:(1422–1438)
1593:(1421–1422)
1575:(1412–1421)
1563:(1405–1412)
1551:(1399–1405)
1545:(1390–1399)
1539:(1389–1390)
1533:(1382–1389)
1514:(1381–1382)
1508:(1377–1381)
1502:(1363–1377)
1496:(1361–1363)
1490:(1354–1361)
1484:(1351–1354)
1478:(1347–1351)
1472:(1346–1347)
1466:(1345–1346)
1460:(1342–1345)
1448:(1341–1342)
1436:(1310–1341)
1430:(1309–1310)
1424:(1299–1309)
1418:(1296–1299)
1412:(1294–1296)
1406:(1293–1294)
1400:(1290–1293)
1394:(1279–1290)
1382:(1277–1279)
1376:(1260–1277)
1341:(1259–1260)
1335:(1257–1259)
1329:(1250–1257)
714:complex in
369:First reign
281:Sirghitmish
106:Predecessor
71:Predecessor
1703:Categories
1645:Timurbugha
866:2016-02-25
742:References
617:al-Maqrizi
615:historian
524:Alexandria
516:Alexandria
453:al-Bayhaqi
386:(viceroy)
379:Circassian
262:, was the
1180:. Brill.
1135:. BRILL.
716:Jerusalem
561:amir mi'a
537:amir mi'a
309:Jerusalem
275:by emirs
175:Iskandar
116:Successor
81:Successor
1153:(1986).
1079:(1997).
732:Damascus
684:Ibn Iyas
656:madrasas
451:scholar
317:Damascus
244:Religion
216:Qalawuni
187:Muhammad
179:Isma'il
177:Sha'ban
171:Ibrahim
712:madrasa
651:dirhams
642:madrasa
549:eunuchs
477:Complex
449:Shafi'i
430:ustadar
392:ustadar
334:mamluks
289:mamluks
277:Shaykhu
223:Dynasty
133:1334/35
1677:(1501)
1641:(1467)
1629:(1461)
1617:(1453)
1605:(1438)
1587:(1421)
1581:(1421)
1569:(1412)
1557:(1405)
1454:(1342)
1442:(1341)
1388:(1279)
1205:
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724:Qur'an
696:Qarafa
553:niyaba
508:Aleppo
489:UNESCO
485:Mamluk
473:Qur'an
264:Mamluk
234:Father
185:Yusuf
181:Yahya
169:Qasim
167:Ahmad
154:Spouse
1313:Cairo
1123:. In
860:(PDF)
825:(PDF)
594:Death
557:Safad
512:Cairo
504:na'ib
441:harem
425:wazir
420:qadis
346:Tatar
329:Cairo
248:Islam
228:Bahri
211:House
196:Names
183:Musa
163:Issue
136:Cairo
98:Reign
63:Reign
44:Hasan
1203:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1087:ISBN
1030:ISBN
728:Gaza
670:and
631:The
406:and
315:and
313:Gaza
279:and
173:Ali
146:Died
130:Born
1311:of
698:or
506:of
412:com
400:com
283:.
1705::
1044:^
1005:^
987:^
939:^
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833:13
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827:.
769:^
749:^
730:,
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1301:e
1294:t
1287:v
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1038:.
869:.
410:(
398:(
38:.
20:)
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