262:. Yalbugha began opposing an-Nasir Hasan in his decisions, many of which were unpopular in certain Mamluk circles. Like Ibn Kathir, Ibn Taghribirdi and the other Mamluk-era sources concur that an-Nasir Hasan attempted to arrest Yalbugha, but this backfired when the latter's forces defeated the sultan and ultimately had him sent to Yalbugha's residence. While most of the sources do not elaborate on what happened to an-Nasir Hasan afterward other than that he was never heard from again, al-Maqrizi asserts that Yalbugha had an-Nasir Hasan severely tortured, then killed and buried in a stone bench in his house where Yalbugha normally mounted his horse. Yalbugha's alleged murder of his former master was seen as breaking a
289:(commander in chief), a post which had become the second most influential office in the sultanate, preceded only by the sultan. In the early years of al-Mansur Muhammad's reign, Yalbugha had become the effective strongman of Egypt, although Ibn Taghribirdi suggested that his power was tempered by the other senior emirs, chief among them Taybugha, with whom Yalbugha made joint decisions. At the very least, Yalbugha had become a "first among equals", according to Steenbergen.
315:) whose members had acceded to the Mamluk throne since 1279. Ahmad, the son that Tulubay was rumored to have given birth before the marriage, was likely the son of an-Nasir Hasan, and thus a Qalawunid. In merging his household with the Qalawunids, Yalbugha sought royal legitimacy to supersede his peers in status and power. Yalbugha also proceeded to appropriate the wealth of the Qalawunid estate, using his close relationship with Ibn Qazwina, a
560:, killing numerous inhabitants and bringing ruin to the city. Roads in Upper Egypt were also left insecure due to the frequent nomadic raids against travelers there. In response to the Crusader assault against Alexandria in 1365, Yalbugha punished the Christian inhabitants of Egypt, confiscating valuables and landed property from Christian commoners and monks alike, including some 12,000 crosses.
430:
rebels commandeered vessels from the reconstructed navy and soon after engaged in naval warfare in the Nile (between Cairo and Gaza) with
Yalbugha's other vessels, which were manned by his loyalists. One day during the hostilities, a captain of Yalbugha, Muhammad ibn Bint Labtah, defected with 30
229:. Tensions developed between an-Nasir Hasan and Yalbugha due to the former's concern of the latter's growing power. A number of narratives emerged in the Mamluk-era sources regarding the developments of March 1361, when Yalbugha allegedly killed an-Nasir Hasan. The contemporary narrative told by
520:
in 1364, and his relief of food shortages and resultant starvation in Mecca in 1365. In the latter situation, several relief caravans were sent to Mecca carrying hundreds of tons of wheat to distribute among the inhabitants to stem increasing emigration from the city. He also decreased taxes on
447:
of
Yalbugha attacked his body, "cutting him to pieces" and placing his bleeding head "in a torch for the bleeding to stop" to the point that his entire head became disfigured, according to the Mamluk-era chronicler Ahmad al-Bayruti. At nightfall, one of Yalbugha's loyalists and his
409:
factions of
Yalbugha and Taybugha entered into major clashes in the outskirts of Cairo, ending years of peaceful cooperation between the two emirs as they competed for supremacy in the sultanate. Yalbugha's forces were victorious and Taybugha and his partisans were imprisoned in
238:
confronted and defeated an-Nasir Hasan and his forces at the outskirts of Cairo, prompting an-Nasir Hasan's withdrawal to the citadel. There, he was surrounded by the entire Mamluk army in Cairo, and was arrested and sent to
Yalbugha's residence after he attempted to escape.
402:. In November 1366, Yalbugha held a ceremony in the Nile River to demonstrate the size of his navy and regain the legitimacy that was lost in the aftermath of the invasion of Alexandria. However, the vessels were not put into action against Cyprus as ostensibly intended.
233:
states that an-Nasir Hasan's extravagant spending and unpopular fiscal policies precipitated the confrontation between an-Nasir Hasan and
Yalbugha. The sultan sought to eliminate Yalbugha, but the latter was prepared for such an event. Accordingly, Yalbugha and his
508:
school to the Hanafi school increased significantly, although this trend preceded
Yalbugha, with the emirs Shaykhu and Sirghitmish also having been major patrons of Hanafi institutions. The trend continued after Yalbugha's death through the end of the sultanate.
398:. In response, Yalbugha undertook major efforts to reconstruct the Mamluk navy. In less than one year and despite the dearth of building material, Yalbugha managed to oversee the production of one hundred warships, each carrying 150 sailors and a number of
421:
On 8 December, an attempt was made on
Yalbugha's life while he was on a hunting trip in the outskirts of Cairo. He consequently fled to his Cairo residence the next day and attempted to prevent the spread of a rebellion against him by members of his own
278:(r. 1310–1341), ending the series of an-Nasir Muhammad's sons acceding to the sultanate. Yalbugha became the most prominent emir in al-Mansur Muhammad's administration, alongside Emir Taybugha al-Tawil, another of an-Nasir Hasan's senior-most
212:
of the sultanate, a status confirmed by the sultan giving him
Sirghitmish's palatial residence on a hillside overlooking Cairo. From this commanding location and fortified headquarters, Yalbugha began building his own power base of
465:
perceived to be harsh and unjust. His death at their hands precluded any similar initiatives by later Bahri emirs for fear of sharing
Yalbugha's fate. According to historian Amalia Levanoni, while Baybars and Qalawun faced little
208:, he was responsible for overseeing the sultan's governmental meetings and became significantly involved in the sultan's administration. With the elimination of Shaykhu and Sirghitmish, Yalbugha became the senior
304:. Yalbugha's show of force compelled Baydamur's partisans to defect, and Yalbugha achieved a major, albeit symbolic, victory. His return to Egypt with the sultan and the caliph was greeted with celebrations.
366:, who become sultan in 1382. Yalbugha instituted training and educational reforms that rolled back the permissiveness of an-Nasir Muhammad's reign and aimed to restore the discipline and organization of the
64:(emir of 100 mounted horsemen and commander of 1,000 soldiers). Ties between Yalbugha and an-Nasir Hasan deteriorated and the former had the latter, his master, killed in a violent power struggle in 1361.
435:
and enter
Yalbugha's camp, but they were repelled by naphtha artillery and arrows. On 12 December, al-Ashraf Sha'ban and the rebels managed to cross the Nile and rendezvous with their comrades in Cairo.
140:
slave trader, Umar ibn Musafir, prior to the latter's death in 1353. Moreover, Steenbergen believes Yalbugha was purchased by an-Nasir Hasan in 1350, when the young sultan began to establish his own
296:, Baydamur al-Khwarizmi, who declared a rebellion against him in Syria in the summer of 1361. In response, Yalbugha led a Mamluk army from Egypt to Syria that included al-Mansur Muhammad and the
1027:
Steenbergen, Jo Van (September 2011). "The Amir Yalbughā al-Khāṣṣakī, the Qalāwūnid Sultanate, and the Cultural Matrix of Mamlūk Society: A Reassessment of Mamlūk Politics in the 1360s".
474:
had been long accustomed to the laxness of an-Nasir Muhammad's reign and were unwilling to forfeit their material improvement for the sake of disciplinary or organizational reform.
186:
In August 1358, Sirghitmish was arrested by an-Nasir Hasan, thus allowing the sultan to assume actual power in his realm. He subsequently increased the power of his senior
225:
Although information about the three years that followed Yalbugha's 1358 promotions is largely absent, it is clear that Yalbugha had consolidated his own retinue of
254:
who accused Yalbugha of developing close ties with the eunuchs of the sultanate and giving them substantial power, unsanctioned by the sultan, and for distributing
175:, who acted as strongmen and virtual regents of the sultan. Yalbugha returned to an-Nasir Hasan's service and following Shaykhu's murder by one of the sultan's
132:(adjective denoting origin), "an-Nasiri". It is not clear when or from whom Yalbugha was purchased, but historian Jo van Steenbergen suggests that his first
512:
Among his engagements with Mamluk society outside of the realm of politics were his distribution of money and food to Muslim law students and the pupils of
439:
On 14 December, Yalbugha was captured. In an apparent ruse, they brought him a horse to escape their custody, but as soon as he mounted it, one of his
414:. With Taybugha out of the political scene, Yalbugha consolidated his power over the sultanate's affairs, installing his emirs, relatives and junior
75:(commander in chief). His power was tempered by the other senior emirs, namely Taybugha al-Tawil. During these years, Yalbugha built up an enormous
311:, in the fall of 1361. Yalbugha likely married her in a bid to merge his household with that of the royal Qalawunids (descendants of Sultan
1078:
246:, states that an-Nasir Hasan had grown deeply suspicious of Yalbugha as a result of incitement against the latter by the sultan's junior
496:), and oversaw the growth of the Hanafi school in Egypt. He had Hanafi judicial posts established in Cairo and Alexandria, and Hanafi
482:
Throughout his rule in the 1360s, Yalbugha was known for his religious patronage and charitable efforts. He was a strong supporter of
163:
Following the ousting of an-Nasir Hasan in August 1351, Yalbugha likely served an-Nasir Hasan's younger brother and successor, Sultan
87:. That same year, Yalbugha had Taybugha arrested and consolidated his rule. However, in December 1366, Yalbugha was killed by his own
330:
In 1363, Yalbugha, Taybugha and the senior emirs deposed al-Mansur Muhammad and replaced him another grandson of an-Nasir Muhammad,
167:(r. 1351–1354). An-Nasir Hasan returned to the throne in October 1354 after his brother was ousted by the senior Mamluk emirs
68:
274:
Following an-Nasir Hasan's elimination, Yalbugha and the senior emirs selected al-Mansur Muhammad, a grandson of Sultan
954:
179:
in November 1357, Yalbugha had his income increased and was promoted to the middle Mamluk rank of emir of forty (
454:, Tashtamur, retrieved his head and body and had it buried in the mausoleum Yalbugha had built in Rawda Island.
190:, including Yalbugha, who was promoted to the highest rank of emir of one hundred, commander of one thousand (
1063:
204:(lord of the audience) in place of an-Nasir Hasan's brother-in-law, Tankizbugha, who died in August 1358. As
1000:
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The motive behind Yalbugha's death was attributed to his attempt to return to the traditional methods of
334:. With the abundant financial resources of the sultanate at his disposal, Yalbugha built up a formidable
540:
Road security in Syria deteriorated during Yalbugha's effective rule due to the depredations of nomadic
338:
corps, known in modern sources as the "Yalbughawiyya", whose ranks consisted of different groupings of
1008:
1083:
60:(lord of the audience, a senior administrative official), and achieving the highest military rank of
525:
pilgrims, compensating the Mamluk emirs of Mecca who depended on the pilgrim tax with revenue from
31:
67:
After an-Nasir Hasan's elimination, Yalbugha became the most powerful figure in the sultanate of
1068:
946:
A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310–1341)
944:
615:
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were confiscated by Yalbugha's orders. Nomadic tribesmen also launched major raids against
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92:
8:
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opposition in their training methods, by the time Yalbugha emerged to emulate them, the
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ships to the rebels. Together, the rebels attempted to cross the east bank of the
200:(fief). This promotion occurred almost concurrently with Yalbugha's assignment as
71:(r. 1361–1363), who Yalbugha had a hand in appointing and under whom he served as
1009:"On the Brink of a New Era? Yalbughā al-Khāṣṣakī (d. 1366) and the Yalbughāwīyah"
964:
534:
243:
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to the governor of Mecca. This decree was inscribed on a stone column in the
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regiments. His policy was similar to that introduced by the previous sultans
96:
35:
432:
342:, including those purchased by Yalbugha and those who came from dissipated
374:
and Qalawun. The harshness of his methods and his excessive punishment of
557:
483:
172:
53:
48:(r. 1347–1351, 1354–1361), he rose through the ranks as the senior emirs
1040:
1022:. Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago: 117–152.
505:
426:
faction supported by Sultan al-Ashraf Sha'ban. In the proceeding days,
411:
230:
145:
378:
for minor offenses would later provoke a rebellion against him by his
354:
retinues of the Qalawunid sultans; by 1366 they numbered around 3,000
307:
Yalbugha married an-Nasir Hasan's widow, Tulubay, a wealthy, ethnic
545:
293:
629:(2). Middle East Documentation Center, University of Chicago: 163.
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95:(r. 1363–1377). He is buried in the mausoleum he constructed in
20:
Sayf ad-Din Yalbugha ibn Abdullah al-Umari an-Nasiri al-Khassaki
530:
487:
443:, Qaratamur, beheaded him with his sword. Afterward, the other
405:
Prior to the navy's reconstruction, in late February 1366, the
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40:
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households. He instituted rigorous martial training for his
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292:
Yalbugha's power was challenged by the Mamluk governor of
516:
mystics in 1363, his financing of irrigation networks in
350:, whose numbers rivaled and in some cases exceeded the
136:, "al-Umari", indicates that he was purchased from the
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418:in important administrative and military offices.
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242:A second, non-contemporary narrative, written by
91:in a rebellion that was supported by then-sultan
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79:household of his own, consisting of some 3,000
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504:. During Yalbugha's time, conversion from the
144:power base, according to Mamluk-era historian
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148:. Yalbugha was made part of an-Nasir Hasan's
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1006:
865:
394:, the king of Cyprus, launched a surprise
1035:(3). American Oriental Society: 423–443.
1029:Journal of the American Oriental Society
942:
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529:in Egypt, in addition to 40,000 silver
1051:
327:) of the sultan, to achieve that end.
83:in 1366, including the future sultan,
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613:
500:or teaching posts built in Cairo and
385:
269:
477:
194:) and given a large and high-income
13:
1079:Muslims of the Alexandrian Crusade
973:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14:
1095:
16:Egyptian Mamluk amir (died 1365)
935:
877:
856:
779:
756:
747:
111:
883:Steenbergen 2011, pp. 439–440.
862:Steenbergen 2011, pp. 120–121.
660:Steenbergen 2011, pp. 431–432.
578:Steenbergen 2011, pp. 429–430.
56:were eliminated, becoming the
1:
563:
1007:Steenbergen, Jo Van (2011).
970:Saracenic Heraldry: A Survey
221:Conflict with an-Nasir Hasan
152:(a master's inner circle of
116:Yalbugha was purchased as a
106:
7:
616:"The Turbah of Tankizbugha"
10:
1100:
285:. Yalbugha was appointed
156:), hence Yalbugha's third
126:, hence Yalbugha's second
943:Levanoni, Amalia (1995).
929:Steenbergen 2011, p. 428.
913:Steenbergen 2011, p. 439.
897:Steenbergen 2011, p. 440.
853:Steenbergen 2011, p. 120.
819:Steenbergen 2011, p. 119.
799:Steenbergen 2011, p. 118.
785:Steenbergen 2011, p. 117.
776:Levanoni 1995, pp. 88–89.
762:Steenbergen 2011, p. 146.
753:Steenbergen, pp. 436–437.
744:Steenbergen 2011, p. 437.
730:Steenbergen 2011, p. 436.
718:Steenbergen 2011, p. 435.
694:Steenbergen 2011, p. 434.
674:Steenbergen 2011, p. 433.
642:Steenbergen 2011, p. 431.
604:Steenbergen 2011, p. 430.
490:school of jurisprudence (
319:convert to Islam and the
396:invasion of Alexandria
192:amir mi'a muqaddam alf
62:amir mi'a muqaddam alf
1016:Mamluk Studies Review
874:Levanoni 1995, p. 90.
623:Mamlūk Studies Review
38:period. Originally a
1064:14th-century regents
839:Steenbergen, p. 438.
614:Hamza, Hani (2006).
461:training, which the
258:to the women in his
28:Yalbugha al-Khassaki
392:Peter I of Lusignan
386:Downfall and death
270:Strongman of Egypt
69:al-Mansur Muhammad
22:, better known as
537:mosque in Mecca.
478:Domestic policies
390:In October 1365,
332:al-Ashraf Sha'ban
276:an-Nasir Muhammad
160:, "al-Khassaki".
93:al-Ashraf Sha'ban
24:Yalbugha al-Umari
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73:atabeg al-asakir
34:emir during the
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30:, was a senior
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165:as-Salih Salih
124:an-Nasir Hasan
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46:an-Nasir Hasan
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1074:Mamluk emirs
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358:. Among his
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112:Early career
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1059:1366 deaths
965:Mayer, L.A.
558:Upper Egypt
484:Sunni Islam
323:(financial
280:khassakiyya
252:khassakiyya
206:amir majlis
202:amir majlis
173:Sirghitmish
150:khassakiyya
58:amir majlis
54:Sirghitmish
1053:Categories
564:References
412:Alexandria
231:Ibn Kathir
146:al-Maqrizi
122:by Sultan
44:of Sultan
949:. Brill.
107:Biography
1041:41380710
967:(1933).
498:madrasas
294:Damascus
546:Turkmen
531:dirhams
506:Shafi'i
472:mamluks
463:mamluks
451:dawadar
445:mamluks
441:mamluks
416:mamluks
400:mamluks
380:mamluks
376:mamluks
372:Baybars
360:mamluks
356:mamluks
348:mamluks
340:mamluks
313:Qalawun
300:caliph
298:Abbasid
283:mamluks
266:taboo.
250:in his
248:mamluks
236:mamluks
227:mamluks
215:mamluks
210:magnate
188:mamluks
177:mamluks
169:Shaykhu
154:mamluks
138:Cairene
89:mamluks
81:mamluks
50:Shaykhu
1039:
953:
488:Hanafi
468:mamluk
459:mamluk
428:mamluk
424:mamluk
407:mamluk
368:mamluk
364:Barquq
352:mamluk
344:mamluk
336:mamluk
325:vizier
317:Coptic
309:Mongol
264:mamluk
142:mamluk
119:mamluk
85:Barquq
77:mamluk
41:mamluk
32:Mamluk
1037:JSTOR
1012:(PDF)
975:(pp.
619:(PDF)
554:Aswan
502:Mecca
362:were
321:wazir
260:harem
158:nisba
134:nisba
129:nisba
101:Cairo
36:Bahri
951:ISBN
550:iqta
544:and
542:Arab
527:iqta
523:Hajj
518:Giza
514:Sufi
493:fiqh
256:iqta
197:iqta
171:and
52:and
1033:131
1001:254
999:*,
997:249
993:228
991:,
989:146
983:5,
556:in
486:'s
183:).
26:or
1055::
1031:.
1020:15
1018:.
1014:.
995:,
987:,
985:90
979:,
977:11
918:^
902:^
888:^
867:^
844:^
824:^
804:^
790:^
767:^
735:^
723:^
699:^
679:^
665:^
647:^
635:^
627:10
625:.
621:.
583:^
571:^
382:.
217:.
103:.
99:,
1043:.
1003:)
981:8
959:.
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