68:
107:
393:
152:
1554:, also inhabited the island from 1871 to 2010. They originated from the introduction of five animals by Heurtin during his brief attempt at settlement of the island in 1871, and by 1988 had increased to an estimated 2,000. Following recognition that the cattle were damaging the island ecosystems, a fence was built restricting them to the northern part of the island. In 2007 it was decided to eradicate the population of cattle entirely, resulting in the slaughter of the cattle between 2008 and 2010.
1465:
1405:
522:. A cutter and gig were despatched to the island to search for signs of habitation. There was a flagpole on Hoskin Point and 45–65 m (50–70 yards) north were two huts, one of which had an intact roof and contained three bunks, empty casks, an iron pot and the eggshells and feathers of sea-birds. There was also an upturned serviceable boat in the other hut, believed to belong to the fishermen who visited the island.
262:
592:
616:. It has an area of 55 km (21 sq mi), measuring about 10 km (6 mi) on its longest side, and reaches as high as 867 m (2,844 ft) at the Mont de la Dives. The high central area of the island, at an elevation of over 500 metres (1,600 ft), containing its peaks and caldera, is known as the
663:
origin. There is a magma chamber located at between 20–36 km (12–22 mi) depth below
Amsterdam Island. The plateau which extends north west towards the Nieuw Amsterdam Fracture Zone (Amsterdam Fracture Zone) and south to beyond the island of St Paul with its presently known active area being
655:
There are two stratovolcanoes being Mont De La Dives which dominates and is younger and Le Mount du
Fernand. Vents manifest as either cones or craters include Cratere Antonelli, Le Brulot, Le Chaudron, Le Cyclope, Crateres Dumas, Le Forneau, Cratere Inferieur, Grande Marmite, Cratere Hebert, Museau
543:
The first French base on Île
Amsterdam was established in 1949, and was originally called Camp Heurtin. It is now the Martin-de-Viviès research station, named after Paul de Martin de Viviès who, with twenty-three others, spent the winter of 1949 on the island. The station was originally named Camp
693:
to the north east of the island that
Kerguelen-type source mantle exists beneath the Amsterdam and St. Paul Plateau. Which ever hot spot is responsible is moving south as Île Amsterdam rocks are older than St. Paul rocks. The Amsterdam–St. Paul Plateau while formed in the last 10 million years,
1631:
493:
The islands of Île
Amsterdam and Île Saint-Paul were first claimed by France in June 1843. A decree of 8 June 1843 mandated the Polish captain Adam Mieroslawski to take into possession and administer in the name of France both islands. The decree as well as the ship's log from the
688:
but resolution of this issue is complicated by the recent volcanism on the island due to it being adjacent to the
Southeast Indian Ridge. Recent authors have favoured a separate Amsterdam and St. Paul hotspot. There has been evidence at
432:, in which he describes his experiences, were published in a limited edition, now an expensive collectors' item. However, Île Amsterdam and Île Saint-Paul were often confused at the time, and Péron may have been marooned on Saint-Paul.
642:Île Amsterdam vent, crater and caldera structures. Click on map to enlarge it where upon mouse over is enabled so selected structures can be identified. Zoom out accesses approximate surface projections of nearby submarine structures.
408:
of the world. Elcano called it
Desesperanza (Despair), because he couldn't find a safe place to land and his crew was desperate for water after 40 days of sailing from Timor. On 17 June 1633, Dutch colonial governor and mariner
454:
Sealers are said to have landed on the island, for the first time, in 1789. Between that date and 1876, 47 sealing vessels are recorded at the island, 9 of which were wrecked. Relics of the sealing era can still be found.
2302:
Kumar, P.; Singha, P.; Ghosal, D.; Jacob, J.; Gupta, S. (2023). "Lithospheric architecture beneath the
Amsterdam-St. Paul plateau, Southern Indian Ocean using the integrated gravity, magnetic and seismological study".
2144:
Kumar, P.; Singha, P.; Ghosal, D.; Jacob, J.; Gupta, S. (2023). "Lithospheric architecture beneath the
Amsterdam-St. Paul plateau, Southern Indian Ocean using the integrated gravity, magnetic and seismological study".
2105:
Kumar, P.; Singha, P.; Ghosal, D.; Jacob, J.; Gupta, S. (2023). "Lithospheric architecture beneath the
Amsterdam-St. Paul plateau, Southern Indian Ocean using the integrated gravity, magnetic and seismological study".
582:
and began amateur radio operations from two separate locations using callsign FT5ZM. The DX-pedition remained active until 12 February and achieved over 170,000 two-way contacts with amateur radio stations worldwide.
2510:
1503:. There was once possibly a species of rail inhabiting the island, as a specimen was taken in the 1790s (which has been lost), but this was either extinct by 1800 or was a straggler of an extant species. The
647:
No historical eruptions are known, although the fresh morphology of the latest volcanism at Dumas Craters on the NE flank suggests it may have occurred as recently as the late 19th century. All the rocks are
2539:
Mémoires du Capitaine Péron, sur ses Voyages aux Côtes d'Afrique, en Arabie, a l'Île d'Amsterdam, aux Îles d'Anjouan et de Mayotte, aux Côtes Nord-Oeust de l'Amérique, aux Îles Sandwich, a la Chine, etc
1739:
Mémoires du capitaine Péron sur ses voyages aux côtes d'Afrique, en Arabie, à l'île d'Amsterdam, aux îles d'Anjouan et de Mayotte, aux côtes nord-ouest de l'Amérique, aux îles Sandwich, à la Chine, etc
2035:
Doucet, S.; Weis, D.; Scoates, J.S.; Debaille, V.; Giret, A. (2004). "Geochemical and Hf–Pb–Sr–Nd isotopic constraints on the origin of the Amsterdam–St. Paul (Indian Ocean) hotspot basalts".
3005:
2865:
714:, with a mean annual temperature of 14 °C (57.2 °F), annual rainfall of 1,100 mm (43 in), persistent westerly winds and high levels of humidity. Under the
3455:
1954:
3026:
3450:
490:(154 tons) visited the island in November 1838 in search of seals. He returned with a few fish and reported having seen the remains of a hut and the carcass of a whale.
1437:("Great Forest"), which covered the lowlands of the island until forest fires set by sealers cleared much of it in 1825. Only eight fragments remain. Sailors from HMS
2998:
1563:
1578:
106:
1399:
2991:
2356:
508:. After seven months, their attempts to raise cattle and grow crops were fruitless, and they returned to Réunion, abandoning the cattle on the island.
1906:
1705:
1658:
1547:. An eradication campaign of these invasive species was started in 2023, which plans to eradicate all cats and rats from the island by late 2024.
2256:
Johnson, K. T. M.; Graham, D. W.; Rubin, K. H.; Nicolaysen, K.; Scheirer, D. S.; Forsyth, D. W.; Baker, E. T.; Douglas-Priebe, L. M. (2000).
540:
from 21 November 1924 until 6 August 1955 when the French Southern and Antarctic Lands was formed. (Madagascar gained independence in 1958.)
3419:
3414:
1568:
380:, is the only settlement on the island and is the seasonal home to about thirty researchers and staff studying biology, meteorology, and
178:
2954:
2687:
2617:
1682:
2471:
451:, Britain's first ambassador to China, during his voyage to that country, who established that they were not suitable for settlement.
2655:
1869:
1958:
624:). The cliffs that characterise the western coastline of the island, rising to over 700 metres (2,300 ft), are known as the
2340:
67:
84:
2460:
Micol, T. & Jouventin, P. (1995). Restoration of Amsterdam Island, South Indian Ocean, following control of feral cattle.
3114:
2889:
2560:
1838:
498:
ship from 1 and 3 July 1843, stating that the islands had been taken into possession by Mieroslawski, are still preserved.
448:
2494:
447:
for such a settlement. An investigation of those islands was subsequently undertaken in December 1792 and January 1793 by
3077:
2833:
315:
129:
2610:
676:. Helium isotopic compositional studies are consistent with its formation from the combined effects of accretion at the
664:
delimited by the St. Paul Fracture Zone, is a 250 by 200 km (160 by 120 mi) feature of the sea floor near the
2436:
1812:
1573:
2013:
Nougier, Jacques (1982). "Volcanism of St-Paul and Amsterdam islands; some aspects of volcanism along plate margins".
1425:
trees occur on Amsterdam, which is the only place where they form a low forest, although the trees are also found on
694:
started this formation beneath the Australian Plate so the island is built on the components of two tectonic plates.
31:
3097:
1974:
715:
629:
17:
711:
472:
was wrecked at the island. Of the 97 persons aboard, 21 survivors were picked up two weeks later by a US sealing
3384:
2860:
656:
De Tanche, Cratere de l'Olympe, Cratere Superieur, Crateres Venus, and Cratere Vulcain (see map on this page).
346:
2648:
2392:
2182:"The Ninetyeast Ridge and its relation to the Kerguelen, Amsterdam and St. Paul hotspots in the Indian Ocean"
1516:
723:
2367:
3185:
2747:
685:
1992:
BirdLife International. (2012). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Falaises d'Entrecasteaux. Downloaded from
1914:
1697:
1666:
1507:
has been introduced. Both the Plateau des Tourbières and Falaises d'Entrecasteaux have been identified as
3379:
2828:
625:
504:
In January 1871 an attempt to settle the island was made by a party led by Heurtin, a French resident of
533:
in 1893, again took possession of Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island in the name of the French government.
401:
3460:
1488:
613:
544:
Heurtin and has been in operation since 1 January 1981, superseding the first station, La Roche Godon.
425:
1997:
3190:
2752:
2258:"Boomerang Seamount: The active expression of the Amsterdam–St. Paul hotspot, Southeast Indian Ridge"
1853:
3445:
2414:
617:
3424:
2641:
2582:
1609:
563:
operations from Amsterdam Island. There was a resident radio amateur operator in the 1950s, using
2601:
2587:
2215:"Variable melt production rate of the Kerguelen hotspot due to long‐term plume‐ridge interaction"
2064:"Variable melt production rate of the Kerguelen hotspot due to long-term plume-ridge interaction"
1614:
1551:
548:
350:
111:
417:. The first recorded landing on the island occurred in December 1696, led by the Dutch explorer
3389:
1532:
1512:
665:
392:
3331:
326:
90 km (49 nautical miles) to the south forms one of the five districts of the territory.
3465:
3216:
2983:
2727:
1528:
151:
2621:
2273:
1679:
2468:
2312:
2269:
2154:
2115:
1386:(sun 1961–1990), Meteo Climat (record highs and lows) Time and Date (dewpoints 2005-2015)
8:
3141:
2923:
2511:"Epandage, pièges et tirs sur l'île d'Amsterdam pour éradiquer les chats et les rongeurs"
1752:
1508:
1476:
719:
436:
410:
3180:
2742:
2316:
2158:
2119:
570:
In January 2014 Clublog listed Amsterdam and St Paul Islands as the seventh most-wanted
3346:
690:
512:
440:
418:
2469:
Restoration of Amsterdam Island, South Indian Ocean, following control of feral cattle
2281:
2048:
1720:
659:
The island is located on the mainly undersea Amsterdam–Saint Paul Plateau which is of
3341:
3195:
3092:
3062:
2870:
2818:
2757:
2556:
2549:
2337:
2257:
1834:
1808:
1331:
681:
660:
649:
537:
459:
3107:
2875:
1455:) and cabbages, grown into bushes with stumps several inches thick in the garden..."
435:
Amsterdam and St. Paul islands were recommended in 1786 for a convict settlement by
323:
3409:
3399:
3129:
3072:
2909:
2737:
2320:
2277:
2236:
2226:
2193:
2162:
2123:
2085:
2075:
2044:
1426:
673:
669:
405:
365:
245:
3274:
3146:
3119:
2928:
2899:
2664:
2537:
2498:
2475:
2437:"Climate & Weather Averages in Amsterdam Island, French Southern Territories"
2344:
2001:
1978:
1828:
1737:
1709:
1686:
1446:
1421:
703:
677:
358:
354:
298:
97:
54:
2324:
2166:
2127:
501:
However, the French government renounced its possession of the islands in 1853.
3394:
3336:
3316:
3269:
3231:
3134:
3087:
2915:
2855:
2577:
2491:
2198:
2181:
1757:
A Serious Admonition to the Publick on the Intended Thief Colony at Botany Bay,
1604:
1504:
1492:
1484:
444:
3082:
2849:
2628:
1479:, which breeds only on the Plateau des Tourbières. Other rare species are the
353:(about 3,200 km; 1,700 nautical miles from each). It is the northernmost
3439:
3351:
3259:
3226:
3170:
3124:
3067:
3046:
2904:
2810:
2777:
2697:
1136:
560:
193:
180:
2595:
3243:
1430:
483:
400:
The first person known to have sighted the island was the Spanish explorer
381:
319:
3022:
2767:
2231:
2214:
2080:
2063:
1830:
Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events
1536:
596:
575:
330:
1971:
428:
wrote that he was marooned on the island between 1792 and 1795. Péron's
3404:
3160:
3155:
2966:
2707:
2702:
2618:"South Atlantic & Subantarctic Islands site, Amsterdam Island page"
2241:
2090:
1805:
Imperial Twilight: The Opium War and the End of China's Last Golden Age
1496:
1480:
1451:
342:
334:
3238:
3175:
2717:
1441:, who visited the island on 27 May 1880, described the vegetation as:
505:
3264:
3041:
2972:
1544:
1540:
1257:
338:
1659:"Early History of Amsterdam and St Paul Islands, South Indian Ocean"
3369:
3279:
2523:
Sophie Lautier: "Sur l'île Amsterdam, chlorophylle et miaulements".
1473:
1464:
600:
564:
473:
2633:
1404:
680:
ridge and mantle plume activity of a hot spot. This is either the
443:, when the British government was considering New South Wales and
3374:
3326:
3300:
3221:
3165:
2960:
2712:
1449:
10–15 feet high in sheltered ravines, sedge, ferns (principally
652:
and the oldest basalt sampled is no more than 720,000 years old.
3295:
1500:
466:
267:
3013:
3321:
3211:
2179:
672:
between the Antarctic plate that the island lies on, and the
591:
2255:
735:(Martin-de-Vivies, 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1950–present)
518:
circumnavigated the island searching for a missing ship the
1955:"FT5/Z – Amsterdam / St. Paul Islands and a Special Appeal"
1383:
571:
2180:
Nobre Silva, IG; Weis, D; Scoates, JS; Barling, J (2013).
1993:
2034:
1564:
List of volcanoes in French Southern and Antarctic Lands
2364:
Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records
1579:
List of French islands in the Indian and Pacific oceans
30:"Amsterdam Island" redirects here. For other uses, see
3025:
but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see
2301:
2143:
2104:
1400:
Amsterdam and Saint-Paul Islands temperate grasslands
3456:
Volcanoes of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
1854:
Jones, A,G.E., “John Balleny and Amsterdam Island,”
1535:
breed on the island. Introduced mammals include the
1468:
Terrain map of the island showing the research base.
1785:, Cambridge, Scott Polar Research Institute, p.166.
1499:, as are the local breeding populations of several
3451:Islands of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
2602:French Colonies—Saint-Paul & Amsterdam Islands
2548:
2395:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2212:
2061:
486:in command of the exploration and sealing vessel
413:sighted the island, and named it after his ship,
3437:
2393:"Climate Normals for Martin de Vivies 1961–1990"
1907:"Amsterdam/St Paul: Discovery and early history"
1653:
1651:
1735:
1515:, the latter for its large breeding colony of
2999:
2649:
2213:Bredow, E; Steinberger, B (16 January 2018).
2139:
2137:
2062:Bredow, E; Steinberger, B (16 January 2018).
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
1648:
551:still maintains a presence on Île Amsterdam.
3420:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3415:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
1952:
46:
2799:
2407:
1911:The South Atlantic and Subantarctic Islands
1569:French overseas departments and territories
3014:Outlying territories of European countries
3006:
2992:
2656:
2642:
2456:
2454:
2295:
2134:
2021:
1942:. No. 109. 12 August 1880. p. 4.
1933:
1931:
1680:Het Scheepvaartmuseum – Maritieme Kalender
150:
105:
2676:
2366:(in French). Meteo France. Archived from
2240:
2230:
2197:
2089:
2079:
1972:Clublog Most wanted list, updated Monthly
1894:. Nouvelles Éditions Latines. p. 32.
2503:
1463:
1445:"Rough ground, grass several feet high,
1403:
628:after the 18th-century French navigator
590:
391:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2451:
2012:
1928:
1904:
718:the island is well inside the maritime
559:From 1987 to 1998, there were frequent
439:, the Examiner of Sea-Journals for the
14:
3438:
2598:(photos from a tourist's recent visit)
1988:
1986:
525:In 1892, the crew of the French sloop
3115:Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean
2987:
2798:
2675:
2637:
2546:
2535:
1889:
1783:Historical Antarctic Sealing Industry
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
458:The island was a stop on the British
297:
2480:
2385:
1833:. Cambridge University Press. 1989.
1626:
1624:
578:landed on Amsterdam Island using MV
3078:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
2663:
2611:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
2492:Amsterdam Island – Introduced fauna
2262:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2037:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1983:
316:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
130:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
27:Island in the southern Indian Ocean
24:
2529:
2015:IIIth Symp. Antarct. Geol. Madison
1698:Statewide County HI Archives: News
1590:
1574:Administrative divisions of France
1527:There are no native land mammals.
1393:
733:Climate data for Amsterdam Island
158:and north coasts of Île Amsterdam.
25:
3477:
2570:
2517:
1772:London, Murray, 1908, pp.197-210.
1621:
1550:A distinct breed of wild cattle,
32:Amsterdam Island (disambiguation)
3098:Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands
716:Trewartha climate classification
603:from Île Amsterdam (lower left).
554:
465:On 11 October 1833, the British
462:on its voyage to China in 1793.
322:that together with neighbouring
260:
66:
2866:French domains of the Holy Land
2536:Péron, Pierre François (1824).
2429:
2349:
2331:
2249:
2206:
2173:
2098:
2055:
2006:
1965:
1946:
1898:
1883:
1862:
1847:
1821:
1797:
1788:
1775:
1517:Indian yellow-nosed albatrosses
536:The island was attached to the
404:, on 18 March 1522, during his
213:55 km (21 sq mi)
3385:British Indian Ocean Territory
2861:French domains of Saint Helena
1770:Our First Ambassador to China,
1762:
1746:
1729:
1714:
1691:
1673:
586:
347:British Indian Ocean Territory
13:
1:
2282:10.1016/s0012-821x(00)00279-x
2049:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00636-8
1858:, 8 (2) October 1886, pp.73-4
1759:London, Sewell, October 1786.
1584:
1415:
724:diurnal temperature variation
712:Köppen climate classification
630:Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux
574:entity. On 25 January 2014 a
2219:Geophysical Research Letters
2068:Geophysical Research Letters
1905:Carroll, Paul (2003-06-29).
1781:Headland, R.K. (ed.) (2018)
686:Amsterdam-Saint Paul hotspot
607:
144:Nickname: Nouvelle Amsterdam
85:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
7:
3380:British Antarctic Territory
3021:Territories under European
2836: and Antarctic Lands
2325:10.1016/j.tecto.2023.229989
2167:10.1016/j.tecto.2023.229989
2128:10.1016/j.tecto.2023.229989
1953:R. M. Holoch (2012-09-16).
1557:
1209:Average precipitation days
995:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
855:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
599:cloud formation, caused by
538:French colony of Madagascar
10:
3482:
2547:Cleef, Alfred van (2004).
2415:"Station Martin de Vivies"
2357:"Nouvelle Amsterdam (984)"
2343:November 19, 2012, at the
1708:November 25, 2012, at the
1522:
1489:western rockhopper penguin
1472:The island is home to the
1397:
1381:
1376:
732:
702:Île Amsterdam has a mild,
697:
684:or a potentially separate
635:
614:potentially active volcano
387:
156:The south, west, northwest
29:
3362:
3309:
3288:
3252:
3204:
3191:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3055:
3034:
3029:for further information).
3019:
2949:
2888:
2844:
2827:
2809:
2805:
2794:
2766:
2753:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2726:
2686:
2682:
2671:
2613:at the CIA World Factbook
2474:February 1, 2014, at the
2417:(in French). Meteo Climat
1977:October 31, 2013, at the
1807:. Alfred A. Knopf. 2018.
1329:
1255:
1208:
1134:
1064:
994:
924:
854:
784:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
722:zone due to its very low
280:
275:
256:
251:
241:
237:867 m (2844 ft)
233:
225:
217:
209:
172:
167:
163:
149:
142:
124:
104:
91:
79:
63:
39:
3425:Turks and Caicos Islands
2892: the Indian Ocean
2583:Global Volcanism Program
2199:10.1093/petrology/egt009
1892:Aurore sur l'Antarctique
1736:Péron (captain) (1824).
1610:Global Volcanism Program
1459:
626:Falaises d'Entrecasteaux
402:Juan Sebastián de Elcano
396:Martin-de-Viviès in 2008
2800:Uninhabited territories
2588:Smithsonian Institution
2462:Biological Conservation
2274:2000E&PSL.183..245J
1994:http://www.birdlife.org
1685:March 26, 2014, at the
1615:Smithsonian Institution
1552:Amsterdam Island cattle
1533:southern elephant seals
1377:Source 1: Météo France
549:Global Atmosphere Watch
529:, followed by the ship
351:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
314:), is an island of the
229:7 km (4.3 mi)
112:Orthographic projection
3390:British Virgin Islands
2730: collectivities
2000:June 30, 2007, at the
1890:Reppe, Xavier (1957).
1529:Subantarctic fur seals
1513:BirdLife International
1469:
1457:
1412:
666:Southeast Indian Ridge
618:Plateau des Tourbières
604:
397:
333:to the land masses of
329:The island is roughly
234:Highest elevation
221:10 km (6 mi)
47:
3217:Caribbean Netherlands
2677:Inhabited territories
2497:May 11, 2013, at the
1726:, Antiquariaat Forum
1467:
1443:
1407:
1398:Further information:
668:, which is an active
594:
449:George Lord Macartney
426:Pierre François Péron
395:
299:[ilamstɛʁdam]
295:French pronunciation:
2955:overseas departments
2890:Scattered Islands in
2771: collectivity
2629:Antipodes of the USA
2373:on February 26, 2018
2232:10.1002/2017GL075822
2186:Journal of Petrology
2081:10.1002/2017GL075822
1877:jubilotheque.upmc.fr
1669:on October 23, 2012.
1509:Important Bird Areas
1433:. It was called the
785:Record high °C (°F)
726:keeping means high.
3332:Plazas de Soberanía
3142:Juan de Nova Island
2924:Juan de Nova Island
2811:North Pacific Ocean
2596:Ile Amsterdam visit
2317:2023Tectp.86329989K
2159:2023Tectp.86329989K
2120:2023Tectp.86329989K
1753:Alexander Dalrymple
1477:Amsterdam albatross
1065:Record low °C (°F)
925:Daily mean °C (°F)
437:Alexander Dalrymple
411:Anthonie van Diemen
190: /
139:
3347:Chafarinas Islands
3027:inclusion criteria
2829:Overseas territory
2578:"Amsterdam Island"
1768:Helen H. Robbins,
1742:. Brissot-Thivars.
1663:www.btinternet.com
1605:"Amsterdam Island"
1470:
1413:
691:Boomerang Seamount
605:
441:East India Company
419:Willem de Vlamingh
398:
312:Nouvelle-Amsterdam
242:Highest point
137:
3461:Dormant volcanoes
3433:
3432:
3342:Alhucemas Islands
3196:Wallis and Futuna
3108:Saint Paul Island
3093:Kerguelen Islands
3063:Clipperton Island
2981:
2980:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2880:Amsterdam Islands
2871:Kerguelen Islands
2819:Clipperton Island
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2758:Wallis and Futuna
2562:978-0-8050-7225-9
1840:978-0-521-30903-5
1390:
1389:
736:
682:Kerguelen hotspot
650:tholeiitic basalt
460:Macartney Embassy
345:– as well as the
302:), also known as
288:
287:
194:37.833°S 77.550°E
135:
134:
16:(Redirected from
3473:
3410:Pitcairn Islands
3400:Falkland Islands
3181:Saint Barthélemy
3130:Glorioso Islands
3103:Amsterdam Island
3073:French Polynesia
3008:
3001:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2910:Glorioso Islands
2891:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2795:
2770:
2743:Saint Barthélemy
2738:French Polynesia
2729:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2625:
2620:. Archived from
2591:
2566:
2554:
2543:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2501:
2489:
2478:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2234:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2083:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2043:(1–2): 179–195.
2032:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2004:
1990:
1981:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1957:. Archived from
1950:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1913:. Archived from
1902:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1870:"fonds geolhist"
1866:
1860:
1856:The Great Circle
1851:
1845:
1844:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1801:
1795:
1794:Headland, p.166.
1792:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1727:
1722:Forum Rare Books
1718:
1712:
1695:
1689:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1665:. Archived from
1655:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1601:
1427:Tristan da Cunha
1212:
734:
730:
729:
674:Australian Plate
670:spreading center
661:volcanic hotspot
612:The island is a
406:circumnavigation
370:Martin-de-Viviès
366:research station
318:in the southern
304:Amsterdam Island
301:
296:
266:
264:
263:
246:Mont de la Dives
205:
204:
202:
201:
200:
195:
191:
188:
187:
186:
183:
154:
140:
136:
109:
70:
58:
50:
41:Amsterdam Island
37:
36:
21:
18:Amsterdam Island
3481:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3358:
3305:
3284:
3275:Queen Maud Land
3248:
3200:
3147:Tromelin Island
3120:Bassas da India
3051:
3030:
3015:
3012:
2982:
2977:
2959:Claimed by the
2933:
2929:Tromelin Island
2900:Bassas da India
2884:
2834:French Southern
2823:
2801:
2782:
2762:
2722:
2690: regions
2678:
2667:
2665:Overseas France
2662:
2616:
2606:Discover France
2576:
2573:
2563:
2551:The Lost Island
2532:
2530:Further reading
2527:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2499:Wayback Machine
2490:
2481:
2476:Wayback Machine
2459:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2439:. Time and Date
2435:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2345:Wayback Machine
2336:
2332:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2254:
2250:
2211:
2207:
2192:(6): 1177–210.
2178:
2174:
2142:
2135:
2103:
2099:
2060:
2056:
2033:
2022:
2011:
2007:
2002:Wayback Machine
1996:on 2012-01-08.
1991:
1984:
1979:Wayback Machine
1970:
1966:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1903:
1899:
1888:
1884:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1751:
1747:
1734:
1730:
1719:
1715:
1710:Wayback Machine
1696:
1692:
1687:Wayback Machine
1678:
1674:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1603:
1602:
1591:
1587:
1560:
1525:
1462:
1422:Phylica arborea
1418:
1409:Phylica arborea
1402:
1396:
1394:Flora and fauna
1391:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
704:oceanic climate
700:
678:mid-ocean ridge
645:
644:
643:
638:
622:Plateau of Bogs
610:
589:
557:
478:General Jackson
424:French mariner
415:Nieuw Amsterdam
390:
372:, first called
359:Antarctic Plate
355:volcanic island
294:
271:
261:
259:
199:-37.833; 77.550
198:
196:
192:
189:
184:
181:
179:
177:
176:
159:
157:
145:
120:
114:
98:La Marseillaise
75:
72:
71:
59:
52:
44:
43:(New Amsterdam)
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3479:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3395:Cayman Islands
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3363:United Kingdom
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3337:Alboran Island
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:Canary Islands
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3270:Peter I Island
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3232:Sint Eustatius
3229:
3224:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3095:
3090:
3088:Crozet Islands
3085:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2953:Also known as
2950:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:Banc du Geyser
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2856:Crozet Islands
2853:
2845:
2839:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2624:on 2010-01-10.
2614:
2608:
2599:
2593:
2572:
2571:External links
2569:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2544:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2502:
2479:
2450:
2428:
2406:
2384:
2348:
2330:
2305:Tectonophysics
2294:
2268:(1): 245–259.
2248:
2205:
2172:
2147:Tectonophysics
2133:
2108:Tectonophysics
2097:
2054:
2020:
2005:
1982:
1964:
1961:on 2014-03-03.
1945:
1940:The Cornishman
1927:
1897:
1882:
1861:
1846:
1839:
1820:
1814:978-0307961730
1813:
1796:
1787:
1774:
1761:
1745:
1728:
1713:
1690:
1672:
1647:
1620:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1524:
1521:
1505:common waxbill
1493:Amsterdam duck
1485:Antarctic tern
1461:
1458:
1417:
1414:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1332:sunshine hours
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
852:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
782:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
738:
737:
728:
699:
696:
641:
640:
639:
637:
634:
609:
606:
588:
585:
556:
553:
445:Norfolk Island
389:
386:
378:La Roche Godon
324:Île Saint-Paul
286:
285:
282:
278:
277:
273:
272:
257:
254:
253:
252:Administration
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
211:
207:
206:
174:
170:
169:
165:
164:
161:
160:
155:
147:
146:
143:
133:
132:
126:
122:
121:
110:
102:
101:
89:
88:
77:
76:
73:
65:
64:
61:
60:
45:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3478:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Île Amsterdam
3444:
3443:
3441:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3352:Velez Islands
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Bouvet Island
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:New Caledonia
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:Europa Island
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:French Guiana
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3047:Faroe Islands
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:Europa Island
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2793:
2779:
2778:New Caledonia
2776:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:French Guiana
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2558:
2555:. Macmillan.
2553:
2552:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2520:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2467:(3): 199–206.
2466:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2438:
2432:
2416:
2410:
2394:
2388:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:Ile Amsterdam
2334:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2225:(1): 126–36.
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2074:(1): 126–36.
2073:
2069:
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1938:"Editorial".
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1917:on 2012-10-23
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1330:Mean monthly
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561:amateur radio
555:Amateur radio
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520:Knowsley Hall
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308:New Amsterdam
305:
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292:
291:Île Amsterdam
283:
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269:
255:
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175:
171:
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148:
141:
138:Île Amsterdam
131:
127:
123:
118:
117:Île Amsterdam
115:centred over
113:
108:
103:
100:
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
69:
62:
56:
49:
48:Île Amsterdam
38:
33:
19:
3466:Seal hunting
3244:Sint Maarten
3186:Saint Martin
3135:Geyser Shoal
3102:
2914:
2879:
2848:
2748:Saint Martin
2622:the original
2605:
2592:</ref>
2581:
2550:
2538:
2519:
2505:
2464:
2461:
2441:. Retrieved
2431:
2419:. Retrieved
2409:
2399:February 28,
2397:. Retrieved
2387:
2377:February 26,
2375:. Retrieved
2368:the original
2363:
2351:
2333:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2287:24 September
2285:. Retrieved
2265:
2261:
2251:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2150:
2146:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2040:
2036:
2014:
2008:
1967:
1959:the original
1948:
1939:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:the original
1910:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1829:
1823:
1804:
1799:
1790:
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1756:
1748:
1738:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1701:
1693:
1675:
1667:the original
1662:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:
1608:
1549:
1526:
1471:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1431:Gough Island
1420:
1419:
1408:
1139:mm (inches)
707:
701:
658:
654:
646:
621:
611:
579:
569:
558:
546:
542:
535:
530:
526:
524:
519:
514:
511:In May 1880
510:
503:
500:
495:
492:
487:
484:John Balleny
482:
477:
469:
464:
457:
453:
434:
429:
423:
414:
399:
382:geomagnetics
377:
374:Camp Heurtin
373:
369:
363:
328:
320:Indian Ocean
311:
307:
303:
290:
289:
276:Demographics
258:
128:District of
116:
96:
92:
81:Motto:
80:
3205:Netherlands
3083:Adélie Land
3023:sovereignty
2971:Claimed by
2965:Claimed by
2850:Adélie Land
2768:Sui generis
2421:November 5,
2242:10852/70913
2091:10852/70913
1537:house mouse
720:subtropical
597:Kelvin wake
587:Environment
576:DX-pedition
527:Bourdonnais
488:Eliza Scott
357:within the
331:equidistant
197: /
173:Coordinates
3440:Categories
3405:Montserrat
3161:Martinique
3156:Guadeloupe
2967:Madagascar
2876:Saint Paul
2708:Martinique
2703:Guadeloupe
2311:: 229989.
2153:: 229989.
2114:: 229989.
2017:: 755–765.
1921:2011-04-25
1641:2024-01-25
1632:"Stations"
1585:References
1545:feral cats
1481:brown skua
1452:polypodium
1435:Grand Bois
1416:Vegetation
1382:Source 2:
1211:(≥ 1.0 mm)
710:under the
580:Braveheart
470:Lady Munro
343:Antarctica
335:Madagascar
281:Population
125:Government
3265:Jan Mayen
3042:Greenland
2973:Mauritius
2832: (
2443:9 January
1704:Archives
1541:brown rat
1258:dew point
608:Geography
601:lee waves
513:HMS
376:and then
339:Australia
168:Geography
3370:Anguilla
3289:Portugal
3280:Svalbard
2728:Overseas
2688:Overseas
2542:. Paris.
2495:Archived
2472:Archived
2341:Archived
1998:Archived
1975:Archived
1706:Archived
1702:USGenWeb
1683:Archived
1558:See also
1260:°C (°F)
1256:Average
1204:(41.65)
1135:Average
595:A large
565:callsign
474:schooner
430:Memoires
349:and the
3375:Bermuda
3327:Melilla
3301:Madeira
3239:Curaçao
3222:Bonaire
3176:Réunion
3166:Mayotte
3035:Denmark
2961:Comoros
2718:Réunion
2713:Mayotte
2313:Bibcode
2270:Bibcode
2155:Bibcode
2116:Bibcode
1523:Mammals
1501:petrels
1497:extinct
1495:is now
1474:endemic
1439:Raleigh
1199:(2.76)
1194:(3.03)
1189:(2.98)
1184:(2.94)
1179:(3.46)
1174:(4.41)
1169:(4.52)
1164:(4.78)
1159:(3.67)
1154:(3.94)
1149:(2.47)
1144:(2.69)
1130:(35.1)
1125:(35.1)
1120:(40.5)
1115:(37.6)
1110:(35.8)
1105:(35.4)
1100:(35.2)
1095:(37.4)
1090:(38.8)
1085:(39.7)
1080:(42.8)
1075:(40.1)
1070:(43.0)
1060:(53.1)
1055:(55.8)
1050:(52.3)
1045:(50.0)
1040:(49.1)
1035:(48.0)
1030:(48.6)
1025:(50.2)
1020:(52.7)
1015:(55.8)
1010:(58.1)
1005:(59.0)
1000:(58.1)
990:(57.7)
985:(61.0)
980:(57.2)
975:(54.5)
970:(53.4)
965:(52.3)
960:(52.7)
955:(54.1)
950:(56.8)
945:(60.3)
940:(63.0)
935:(64.2)
930:(63.7)
920:(62.4)
915:(66.2)
910:(61.9)
905:(59.0)
900:(57.7)
895:(56.5)
890:(56.8)
885:(58.3)
880:(61.2)
875:(64.6)
870:(68.0)
865:(69.6)
860:(69.1)
850:(79.2)
845:(76.6)
840:(72.3)
835:(66.6)
830:(75.0)
825:(63.9)
820:(64.8)
815:(68.5)
810:(69.8)
805:(74.1)
800:(76.6)
795:(79.2)
790:(79.0)
698:Climate
636:Geology
567:FB8ZZ.
515:Raleigh
506:Réunion
388:History
185:77°33′E
182:37°50′S
93:Anthem:
3296:Azores
3253:Norway
3056:France
2559:
1837:
1811:
1543:, and
1491:. The
1447:myrtle
1372:1,581
1251:161.9
741:Month
531:L'Eure
496:Olympe
467:barque
341:, and
268:France
265:
218:Length
95:
55:French
51:
3322:Ceuta
3310:Spain
3212:Aruba
2371:(PDF)
2360:(PDF)
1873:(PDF)
1460:Birds
1411:grove
1325:(49)
1320:(52)
1315:(48)
1310:(45)
1305:(43)
1300:(45)
1295:(46)
1290:(46)
1285:(50)
1280:(52)
1275:(55)
1270:(55)
1265:(55)
1248:10.1
1245:11.7
1242:13.8
1239:14.7
1236:16.9
1233:18.3
1230:17.9
1227:16.8
1224:12.4
1221:11.1
1202:1,058
1172:112.1
1167:114.8
1162:121.5
1152:100.0
780:Year
226:Width
3227:Saba
2878:and
2557:ISBN
2445:2022
2423:2017
2401:2013
2379:2018
2289:2016
1835:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1531:and
1487:and
1429:and
1384:NOAA
1369:170
1366:150
1363:141
1360:123
1357:121
1354:104
1348:107
1345:110
1342:134
1339:145
1336:177
1218:9.1
1215:9.3
1197:70.0
1192:77.0
1187:75.7
1182:74.8
1177:87.8
1157:93.3
1147:62.7
1142:68.3
1058:11.7
1053:13.2
1048:11.3
1043:10.0
1023:10.1
1018:11.5
1013:13.2
1008:14.5
1003:15.0
998:14.5
988:14.3
983:16.1
978:14.0
973:12.5
968:11.9
963:11.3
958:11.5
953:12.3
948:13.8
943:15.7
938:17.2
933:17.9
928:17.6
918:16.9
913:19.0
908:16.6
903:15.0
898:14.3
893:13.6
888:13.8
883:14.6
878:16.2
873:18.1
868:20.0
863:20.9
858:20.6
848:26.2
843:24.8
838:22.4
833:19.2
828:23.9
823:17.7
818:18.2
813:20.3
808:21.0
803:23.4
798:24.8
793:26.2
788:26.1
777:Dec
774:Nov
771:Oct
768:Sep
765:Aug
762:Jul
759:Jun
756:May
753:Apr
750:Mar
747:Feb
744:Jan
572:DXCC
547:The
364:The
306:and
210:Area
74:Flag
2321:doi
2309:863
2278:doi
2266:183
2237:hdl
2227:doi
2194:doi
2163:doi
2151:863
2124:doi
2112:863
2086:hdl
2076:doi
2045:doi
2041:218
1636:EPB
1511:by
1351:99
1128:1.7
1123:1.7
1118:4.7
1113:3.1
1108:2.1
1103:1.9
1098:1.8
1093:3.0
1088:3.8
1083:4.3
1078:6.0
1073:4.5
1068:6.1
1038:9.5
1033:8.9
1028:9.2
708:Cfb
368:at
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2136:^
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1930:^
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