Amr ibn al-As - Knowledge

1554:. Uthman diluted Amr's power in 645/46 by transferring fiscal responsibilities to Ibn Abi Sarh, his own relative, leaving Amr in charge of military affairs. Amr and Ibn Sa'd lodged complaints to Uthman each alleging the other of incompetence, prompting Uthman to dismiss Amr entirely and replace him in his duties with Ibn Sa'd. Uthman's appointee established an effective fiscal system that largely preserved its Byzantine predecessor. Ibn Sa'd reduced the fiscal privileges of Egypt's original Arab military settlers, who had been shown favor by Amr, and secured the remittance of the surplus to Medina. This led to the consternation of the Arab garrisons and the native officials and elite, all of whom were "deprived of the opportunities for self-enrichment which they had hitherto enjoyed", according to Hinds. Open opposition to Ibn Sa'd and Uthman began under the leadership of the Qurayshite 1313:

superiority in numbers and equipment of the Byzantine army by applying skillful military tactics" and despite the lack of "definite, prepared, long-term plans ... the Arab army moved with great flexibility as the occasion arose". In the absence of siege engines, Amr oversaw long sieges of heavily fortified Byzantine positions, most prominently Babylon, cut supply lines and engaged in long wars of attrition. He made advantageous use out of the nomads in his ranks, who were seasoned in hit-and-run tactics, and his settled troops, who were generally more acquainted with siege warfare. His cavalry-dominated army moved through Egypt's deserts and oases with relative ease. Moreover, political circumstances became more favorable to Amr with the death of the hawkish Heraclius and his short-term replacement with the more pacifist

1455:(al-Ashmunayn) dating from the 640s confirm official orders to forward building materials to Babylon to construct the new city. The city was organized into allotments over an area stretching 5–6 kilometers (3.1–3.7 mi) along the Nile and 1–2 kilometers (0.62–1.24 mi) inland to the east. The allotments were distributed among the components of Amr's army, with priority given to the Quraysh, the Ansar and Amr's personal guard, the 'Ahl al-Rāya' (People of the Banner), which included several Bali tribesmen as a result of their kinship and marital ties to Amr. An opposing theory holds that Amr did not assign the plots; rather, the tribes staked their own claims and Amr established a commission to resolve the ensuing land disputes. At the center of the new capital Amr built a 1928:), who was generally critical of Arab rule, said of Amr that he "had no mercy on the Egyptians, and did not observe the covenant they had made with him", but also says of him that: "He exacted the taxes which had been determined upon but he took none of the property of the churches, and he committed no act of spoliation or plunder, and he preserved them throughout all his days." In the words of Kennedy, "Of his competence as a military commander and politician there can be no doubt—the results speak for themselves—but he also has a reputation for straight dealing and justice." Amr's roughly two-year conquest of Egypt was the quickest in the history of the 1401: 1878: 1711:, to forge an agreement. At Dumat al-Jandal, Amr succeeded in gaining Abu Musa's recognition that Uthman was wrongfully killed, a verdict opposed by Ali and which strengthened Syrian support for Mu'awiya, who had taken up the cause of revenge for the death of his kinsman Uthman. At the last meeting in Adhruh, the office of the caliphate was discussed, but the meeting ended in violence and without agreement; during the brawl, Amr was physically assaulted by a Kufan partisan of Ali, but the latter was fended off by one of Amr's sons. Abu Musa retired to Mecca, while Amr and the Syrians returned to Mu'awiya and recognized him as 1168: 1757:. The latter two requested intervention by Mu'awiya, who dispatched Amr to Egypt with a 4,000–6,000-strong army. Despite his thirteen-year absence from Egypt, Amr nonetheless mustered the support of Egypt's original Arab military settlers and their sons. In July/August 658, his forces defeated Ali's troops at the Battle of al-Musannah between Heliopolis (Ain Shams) and Fustat. He subsequently captured Fustat. Ibn Hudayj pursued and captured Ibn Abi Bakr and had him executed over the objections of Amr, who had been lobbied by Ibn Abi Bakr's brother 1080: 1266: 1353:. The city was heavily fortified by the Byzantines and contained several naval vessels in its harbor. Due to his lack of siege engines, he employed the lengthy siege tactic used in the Egyptian conquest. After about a month, his troops entered Tripoli through a vulnerable point in its walls and sacked the city. Its fall, which entailed the evacuation by sea of the Byzantine garrison and most of the population, is dated to 642 or 643/44. Though the Arab hold over Cyrenaica and 39: 1183:. He had established trading interests there before his conversion to Islam, making him aware of its importance in international trade. The traditional Muslim sources generally hold that Amr undertook the campaign with Caliph Umar's reluctant approval, though a number of accounts hold that he entered the region without Umar's authorization. At the head of 4,000 cavalries and with no siege engines, Amr arrived at the frontier town of 1444: 1383: 1305:) dispatched a naval expedition led by a certain Manuel which occupied the city and killed most of its Arab garrison in 645. Alexandria's elite and most of the inhabitants assisted the Byzantines; medieval Byzantine, Coptic and, to a lesser extent, Muslim sources indicate the city was not firmly in Arab hands during the preceding three years. Byzantine forces pushed deeper into the Nile Delta, but Amr forced them back at the 2059:, while the archaeologist Jeffrey A. Blakely concludes that Ajlan was likely the much larger combined site of Khirbet Tannar and Khirbet Hazzarah located a little over one kilometer to the south of Khirbet Ajlan straddling the banks of the Wadi el-Hesi stream. Blakely further identifies this combined site as the previously unidentified Crusader village "Agelen el Ahsses" and the 16th-century Ottoman-era hamlet "Ajlan". 1609:(d. 1226) also suggest that Ajlan was located in the area of Bayt Jibrin. Amr had likely become owner of the estate through a caliphal grant, though he possibly could have taken possession of it in the course of his conquest of Palestine and his ownership had been confirmed by the caliphs. He lived on the estate, where he derived agricultural revenue, with his sons Muhammad and 1917:(d. 871), commends Amr for his leadership of the Egyptian conquest and as the upholder of the interests of Egypt's troops and their families against the central authorities in Medina and later Damascus. The Egyptian Arab tradition holds that Amr was personally praised by Muhammad and was a man of wisdom and piety on his deathbed. The nearly contemporary Coptic historian 1234:. Though strong resistance was put up by Babylon's defenders, their morale was sapped after news of Heraclius' death in February 641. Amr made an agreement with the Byzantine garrison, allowing their peaceful withdrawal toward the provincial capital Alexandria on 9 April 641. Amr then sent his lieutenants to conquer different parts of the country. One of them, 1621:

ordering Ibn Abi Sarh to punish them, they turned back and assaulted Uthman in his home. In an anecdote cited by al-Baladhuri, Amr is quoted taking partial credit for Uthman's killing. Ali succeeded Uthman, but did not reappoint Amr to his post in Egypt. Amr was one of a number of figures held culpable for Uthman's death by the slain caliph's clan, the

1588:, the insult Uthman cited was likely Amr's public reaction to the Caliph's statement that the mutinous Egyptian troops who had arrived in Medina to protest the Caliph's policies had withdrawn because they were misinformed: "Fear God, Uthman, for you have ridden over abysses and we have ridden over them with you. So repent to God, that we may repent". 1659:

sought to benefit from Amr's political acumen, "practical battle experience and sure judgement of military strategy and tactics", as well as his "expertise" and support base in Egypt. Amr became Mu'awiya's chief adviser. To secure the defense of his Syrian realm from Ali's loyalists in Egypt, Amr counseled Mu'awiya to secure the support of the

1637:, had left Amr on his estate undisturbed. As pressure from the Umayyads increased against him, Amr distanced himself from any role in Uthman's death and wrote Mu'awiya to execute or banish the participating Egyptian troops who had been apprehended when they passed through Mu'awiya's jurisdiction on their way back to Egypt. 1029:, in July. He soon after abandoned the siege upon the approach of a large Byzantine army. After being reinforced by the remainder of the Muslim armies in Syria, including the new arrivals commanded by Khalid ibn al-Walid, Amr, with overall command of the 20,000-strong Muslim forces, routed the Byzantine army at the 1868:

This hadith excerpt recounts an episode wherein Muhammed confronts Amr ibn al-As about leading a prayer without washing according to proper Islamic custom. When he confronts Amr ibn al-As, Amr ibn al-As admits it, and explains why, including a statement he heard Allah say. Muhammed responds only with

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Amr was permitted by the Caliph to retain personally the surplus revenues of the province after the payment of the troops' stipends and other government expenses. He increased the original garrison at Fustat, numbering some 15,000 soldiers, with the Syrian troops he brought with him. According to the

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Wardan and made in Jerusalem, secured Amr's allegiance to Mu'awiya in return for the latter's assistance in gaining control of Egypt from Ali's governor. According to Madelung, the "alliance between Mu'awiya and Amr b. al-As constituted a formidable political force"; in forging the alliance, Mu'awiya

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in Iraq, Mu'awiya, who maintained his opposition to Ali, became the focus of the Caliph's attention. Mu'awiya summoned Amr to discuss an alliance against Ali. In the ensuing negotiations, Amr pressed Mu'awiya for lifetime possession of Egypt, to which Mu'awiya ultimately acceded after being persuaded

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In the northwestern part of Alexandria, Amr built a hilltop congregational mosque, later called after him, before the Byzantine occupation of 645/46, after which he built a second called the Mosque of Mercy; neither mosque has been presently identified. Adjacent to the congregational mosque, Amr took

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In contrast to the disarray of the Byzantine defense, the Muslim forces under Amr's command were unified and organized; Amr frequently coordinated with Caliph Umar and his own troops for all major military decisions. According to the historian Vassilios Christides, Amr "cautiously counterbalanced the

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hills to the east of Fustat. Due to the early Muslims' reticence to mark the graves of their dead, Amr's burial place has not been identified. In a testament to the personal wealth that he accrued, at the time of his death he left seventy sacks of gold dinars. His sons Abd Allah and Muhammad refused

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refused them access to the watering places under their control. After Ali protested, Amr advised Mu'awiya to accept their request as preventing access to water might rally the hitherto demotivated Iraqis to a determined fight against the Syrians. Mu'awiya refused and the Iraqis subsequently defeated

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As the Iraqis gained the battlefield advantage, Amr proposed to Mu'awiya that their men tie leaves from the Qur'an at the tips of their lances in an appeal to Ali's men to settle the conflict peacefully. It served as a successful ruse which ended the fighting as the battle turned in Ali's favor and

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by Amr's Egyptian partisans. The roughly 400–600 Egyptian mutineers had protested Uthman's fiscal centralization policies in Medina and accused him of favoring his relatives over the early Muslim converts. The Caliph persuaded them to withdraw, but after they intercepted a letter on their departure

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for support and the latter pressed Uthman to reappoint Amr to Egypt citing its garrisons' satisfaction with his rule. In a sermon at the mosque in Medina in June 656 and a letter penned to the Muslim leaders in Syria, Uthman mentioned that he had intended to reappoint Amr but did not follow through

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reported: I and Amr ibn al-As went to the Prophet (PBUH). He came out with a leather shield. He covered himself with it and urinated. Then we said: Look at him. He is urinating as a woman does. The Prophet (PBUH), heard this and said: Do you not know what befell a person from amongst Bani Isra'il?

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As early as 656/57, Amr and Mu'awiya persuaded Ibn Abi Hudhayfa, who had seized control of Egypt after Uthman's assassination, to meet them in al-Arish, where they took him captive in a ruse. Amr and Mu'awiya did not advance further than this point and Ibn Abi Hudhayfa was executed. Ali's second

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Amr "regulated the government of the country , administration of justice and the imposition of taxes", according to the historian A. J. Wensinck. During his siege of Babylon, Amr had erected an encampment near the fortress. He originally intended for Alexandria to serve as the Arabs' capital in

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Amr acted relatively independent as governor and retained much of the surplus tax revenue of the province for the benefit of its troops despite pressure from Umar to forward proceeds to Medina. He also amassed significant personal wealth in Egypt, part of which was confiscated by

1309:. He besieged and captured Alexandria in the summer of 646; most of the Byzantines, including Manuel, were slain, many of its inhabitants were killed and the city was burned until Amr ordered an end to the onslaught. Afterward, Muslim rule in Alexandria was gradually solidified. 1467:

personal ownership of a fort, which he later donated for government use. This part of the city became the administrative and social core of Arab settlement in Alexandria. Accounts vary as to the number of troops Amr garrisoned in the city, ranging from 1,000 soldiers from the

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on non-Muslim adult males. He imposed other measures, sanctioned by Umar, that entailed the inhabitants' regular provision of wheat, honey, oil and vinegar as a subsistence allowance for the Arab troops. He had these goods stored in a distribution warehouse called

1493:(trousers) and shoes. In a Greek papyrus dated to 8 January 643 and containing Amr's seal (a fighting bull), Amr (transliterated as "Ambros") requests fodder for his army's animals and bread for his soldiers from an Egyptian village. According to the historian 1683:

and on occasion personally participated in direct combat, though without particular distinction. At one point in the battle, he raised a black fabric given to him by Muhammad at the tip of his spear, symbolizing the command role given to him by Muhammad.

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Upon his return to Medina, Amr divorced Umm Kulthum and openly criticized Uthman. The Caliph and Amr engaged in a number of heated public exchanges and, according to a report in the Islamic traditional sources, Amr incited Muhammad's senior companions

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to the far south remained firm for decades except for a short-lived Byzantine occupation in 690, Tripoli was recaptured by the Byzantines a few years after Amr's entry. The region was definitively conquered by the Arabs during the reign of Caliph

1210:, a leading Qurayshite companion of Muhammad, with a 4,000-strong force, which joined Amr's camp in June 640. Amr retained the supreme command of Arab forces in Egypt. In the following month, his army decisively defeated the Byzantines at the 1700:(commander of the faithful), from the preliminary arbitration document drafted on 2 August. The omission effectively placed Ali and Mu'awiya on an equal political footing and thereby weakened Ali's leadership position over the Muslim polity. 738:) due to promises of the governorship of Egypt and its tax revenues. Amr served as Mu'awiya's representative in the abortive arbitration talks to end the war. Afterward, he wrested control of Egypt from Ali's loyalists, killing its governor 902:

and he remained there until being informed of Muhammad's death in 632. Amr was personally chosen by Muhammad to deliver a letter calling the kings of Oman, the Julanda brothers Abd and Jayfa, to convert to Islam while being accompanied by

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before formally pledging allegiance to him in April/May 658. As a result, Amr was among those invoked in a ritual curse issued by Ali during the morning prayers and became the subject of derision among the Kufan core of Ali's supporters.

1463:; the original structure was frequently redesigned and expanded between its foundation and its final form in 827. Amr had his own dwelling built immediately east of the mosque and it most likely served as his government headquarters. 1414:

Egypt, but Umar rejected this on the basis that no body of water, i.e. the Nile, should separate the caliph from his army. Instead, following Alexandria's surrender, in 641 or 642, Amr made his encampment near Babylon the permanent

5439: 1018:. The historian Philip Mayerson considers the troop figures to be "unquestionably exaggerated" but still representing the largest Arab fighting force to have ever been assembled in southern Palestine and the Sinai until then. 1293:

on adult males. The date of the city's surrender was likely November 642. Taking advantage of the uncertain political situation in the wake of Umar's death in 644 and the meager Arab military presence in Alexandria, Emperor

2034:'s objection is a literary motif. The historian Jelle Bruning, nonetheless, surmises that Umar "wanted close contact between the provincial capital and the imperial capital ", citing the importance of the canal connecting 886:

specifically. Amr's paternal grandmother hailed from the Bali, and this may have motivated his appointment to the command by Muhammad as Amr was instructed to recruit tribesmen from the Bali and the other Quda'a tribes of

1061:. Most of these localities surrendered after little resistance due to the flight of Byzantine troops; consequently, there is scant information about them in the traditional accounts of the conquest. Abu Bakr's successor 1667:, by ignoring his seizure of the district treasury; Natil subsequently joined Mu'awiya's cause. Amr then advised Mu'awiya to lead the Syrian army in person against Ali, who began his march toward Syria in late May 657. 1497:, there is "no evidence" that Amr "did anything to streamline the cumbersome fiscal system taken over from the Byzantines; rather, the upheavals of conquest can only have made the system more open to abuse than ever". 923:) accept the witness of truth and pledge obedience to Allah and his Prophet, Amr will be the commander, and Abu Zayd will officiate in prayer. Propagate Islam and teach the Qur'an and the institutions of the Prophet." 4453: 1764:

As per his agreement with Mu'awiya, Amr was installed as governor of Egypt for life and ruled as a virtual partner rather than a subordinate of Mu'awiya, who had become caliph after Ali's assassination and his son

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the Syrians led by Amr and Abu al-A'war in a skirmish known as the "Day of the Euphrates". As head of the Syrian cavalry, Amr held the overall field command for Mu'awiya's forces in the ensuing weeks-long

978:. He arrived near the villages of Dathin and Badan in Gaza's environs where he entered into talks with Gaza's Byzantine commander. After the negotiations broke down, Amr's men bested the Byzantines at the 1119:

gate, the Muslim commanders having each been assigned to block one of the city's entrances. By August–September 635, Damascus surrendered to the Muslims. Amr acquired several residences within the city.

1773:, Kharija ibn Hudhafa, mistaking the latter for Amr. When the Kharijite was apprehended and brought before him, Amr proclaimed "You wanted me, but God wanted Kharija!" and he personally executed him. 693:

at its center. Amr ruled relatively independently, acquired significant wealth, and upheld the interests of the Arab conquerors who formed Fustat's garrison in relation to the central authorities in

1289:. It fell virtually without resistance after Cyrus, who had since been restored to office, and Amr finalized a treaty in Babylon guaranteeing the security of Egypt's inhabitants and imposing a 1956:

from the Umayyads in 750. The estates were restored to Amr's family after the intercession of his great-granddaughter Abida al-Hasna bint Shu'ayb ibn Abd Allah, who married the Abbasid prince

1485:. After taking a census of the Muslims, he further ordered that each Muslim be annually supplied by the inhabitants a highly embroidered wool robe (Egyptian robes were prized by the Arabs), a 796:

tribe. She had been taken captive and sold, in succession, to several members of the Quraysh, one of whom was Amr's father. As such, Amr had two maternal half-brothers, Amr ibn Atatha of the

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hold that Malik was appointed after Ibn Abi Bakr was dismissed. All accounts agree that Malik died before he could assume office, and that Ibn Abi Bakr was in charge until his defeat by Amr.

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inheritance of the sums, which were then confiscated by Mu'awiya. Abd Allah succeeded his father as governor for a few weeks until Mu'awiya replaced him with his own brother Utba.

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sowed uncertainty in Ali's ranks. The Caliph heeded the majority will in his army to settle the matter diplomatically; an arbitration was agreed with Amr representing Mu'awiya and

812:. Amr is physically described in the traditional sources as being short with broad shoulders, having a large head with a wide forehead and wide mouth, long arms and a long beard. 1948:(d. 705) and gave birth to his sons Suhayl and Sahl and daughters Sahla and Umm al-Hakam. The estates in Medina that Amr's descendants inherited from him were confiscated by the 4499: 942:) appointed Amr to rein in the apostate Quda'a tribes, and among those targeted were the Hejazi branches of the Bali. Amr's campaigns, which were supported by the commander 1150:, in which Amr participated, but the city only surrendered after Caliph Umar arrived in person to conclude a treaty with its defenders. Amr was one of the witnesses of the 1940:

Amr's estates in Palestine remained in the possession of his descendants as late as the 10th or 11th centuries. His granddaughter Umm Abd Allah bint Abd Allah married the

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The mother of Amr's eldest son Abd Allah was named Rayta or Hind, the daughter of a certain Munabbih ibn al-Hajjaj. She fought alongside Amr and the Qurayshites against

895:. Following the raid, a delegation of the Bali embraced Islam. Amr further consecrated ties with the tribe by marrying a Bali woman, with whom he had his son Muhammad. 1142:

and the Yarmouk's ravine, in August–September 636, paved the way for the rest of Syria's conquest by the Muslims. Following Yarmouk, the Muslims attempted to capture

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halves of Egypt. Fustat's proximity to Babylon, where Amr also established an Arab garrison, afforded the Arab settlers a convenient means to employ and oversee the

1769:'s abdication in 661. On 22 January of that year, Amr escaped an assassination attempt by the Kharijite Zadawayh or Amr ibn Bakr, who killed Amr's stand-in for the 5156: 962:, to which he had been appointed governor by Abu Bakr before his departure. As a Qurayshite merchant Amr was likely already well-acquainted with the routes to 5654: 5350: 5624: 5432: 847:

in 628. Amr conditioned his conversion on the forgiveness of his past sins and an "active part in affairs", according to a report cited by the historian

5239: 1428:, the first town founded by the Arabs in Egypt. Its location along the eastern bank of the Nile River and at the head of the Nile Delta and edge of the 862:(western Arabia), a lucrative opportunity for Amr in view of the potential war spoils. The purpose of the raid is unclear, though the modern historian 1913:

sources regard Amr positively. The major source of information about the Muslim conquest of Egypt and the province's early Arab military generations,

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representing Ali. Amr met with Ali once and the two exchanged insults, but Ali ultimately agreed to Amr's condition that he omit his caliphal title,

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I informed him of the cause which impeded me from washing. And I said: I heard Allah say: "Do not kill yourself, verily Allah is merciful to you."

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for four months. Amr may have retained overall command of the Muslim armies until this point, though other accounts assign command to Khalid or

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Trombley, Frank R. (2013). "Fiscal documents from the Muslim conquest of Egypt: military supplies and administrative dislocation, ca 639–644".

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Amr died of natural causes over the age of 90. Accounts vary regarding the date of his death, though the most credible versions place it in 43

1033:, the first major confrontation between the Muslims and Byzantium, in July–August 634. Amr occupied numerous towns in Palestine, including 1922: 5634: 5588: 1507:

to return to the city after his years of exile under Cyrus. The patriarch maintained close ties with Amr and restored the monasteries of

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When urine fell on them, they would cut off the place where the urine fell; but that person forbade them, and was punished in his grave.

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Amr launched the conquest of Egypt on his own initiative in late 639, defeating the Byzantines in a string of victories ending with the

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in 2013. The mosque was originally founded by Amr in 641 but was redesigned and expanded significantly over the next several centuries.

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There are conflicting reports about when Amr embraced Islam, with the most credible version placing it in 629/630, not long before the

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After his last exchange with Uthman, Amr retired to his estate in southern Palestine. The estate was called "Ajlan" after one of his

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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XVII: The First Civil War: From the Battle of Siffīn to the Death of ʿAlī, A.D. 656–661/A.H. 36–40

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After the surrender of Alexandria in 642, Amr marched his army westward, bypassing the fortified Byzantine coastal strongholds of

5568: 5553: 1597:(non-Arab, Muslim freedmen) and was located in the vicinity of "al-Sab'", which had conventionally been identified with modern 1881:

A map depicting growth of the Caliphate. The red-lined areas indicate the territories annexed by the Caliphate—namely most of

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historian Clive Foss "Amr ruled the country successfully, and with considerable independence and privilege, until his death".

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bureaucratic officials who inhabited Babylon and proved critical to running the day-to-day affairs of the Arab government.

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The number 22 text details a conversation that occurred between Amr ibn al-As and Muhammed while Muhammed was urinating.

1115:, where the remnants of the Byzantine army from the battles of Ajnadayn and Fahl had gathered. Amr was positioned at the 5268: 5173: 4938: 4917: 4770: 4524: 4474: 5649: 5639: 5302: 4433: 4344: 64: 1550:) initially kept Amr in his governorship and forged marital links with him by wedding to him his maternal half-sister 5644: 5563: 4976: 4805: 4562: 4325: 998:(natives of Medina), who together formed the core of the earliest Muslim converts, dominated his forces according to 831:. According to Amr's own testimony, transmitted by his fourth-generation descendant Amr ibn Shu'ayb, he converted in 5578: 5558: 1601:, but more likely corresponds with Bayt Jibrin, according to the historian Michael Lecker; the medieval historians 1147: 719:, Amr distanced himself from their cause, despite previously instigating opposition against Uthman. In the ensuing 5503: 5490: 448: 5251: 2026:

argues that the Islamic traditional account regarding Amr's intention to establish the Arab capital of Egypt in

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The death of Muhammad prompted several Arab tribes to defect from the nascent Medina-based Muslim polity in the

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Lecker, Michael (1989). "The Estates of 'Amr b. al-'Āṣ in Palestine: Notes on a New Negev Arabic Inscription".

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on Umar's orders. At a certain point, the Caliph separated Upper Egypt from Amr's administration and appointed

1745:, son of the first caliph and a foster son of Ali. Ibn Abi Bakr burned the homes and arrested the families of 1504: 955: 682: 635: 461: 1187:

along the northern Sinai coastline on 12 December 639. He captured the strategic Mediterranean port city of

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The historian Michael Lecker asserts that Ajlan is Khirbet Ajlan, an archaeological mound located north of

1519:, "Benjamin played a major role in the survival of the Coptic Church through the transition to Arab rule". 1451:

Amr had the original tents of Fustat replaced with mud brick and baked brick dwellings. Documents found in

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to Amr ibn al-As and his companion about older Israeli customs of consequences for poor toilet etiquette.

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and Banu Fahm tribes to a quarter of the army which was replaced on a rotational basis every six months.

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in 625. She later embraced Islam with a group of Qurayshite women in the presence of Muhammad after the

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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume VII: The Foundation of the Community: Muḥammad at Madina, A.D. 622–626

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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

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holds that Amr's army consisted of 3,300 Qurayshite and allied horsemen, 1,700 horsemen from the

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speculates that it was to "break up a gathering of hostile tribal groups" possibly backed by the

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The Rebellion of Muḥammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya in 145/762: Ṭālibīs and Early ʿAbbāsīs in Conflict

3937: 1945: 1929: 1794: 1750: 1689: 1207: 1172: 662: 642:, to which he was appointed governor, and helped lead the Arabs to decisive victories over the 598: 568: 5342: 4413: 5424: 5413: 5393: 5334: 5295: 5021:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 4793: 4697:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 4313: 3976: 1985: 1754: 1742: 1572: 1551: 1533: 1456: 1334: 966:, a principle terminal for Meccan caravans. He took the coastal route of the Hejaz, reaching 742:, and assumed the governorship instead. Mu'awiya kept him in his post after establishing the 739: 709: 347: 178: 136: 5102: 4104: 1813: 1616:

At his estate Amr received news of the siege of Uthman's house and the Caliph's subsequent

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in December 634 or January 635. Afterward, Amr and Shurahbil may have been sent to besiege

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Mayerson, Philip (1964). "The First Muslim Attacks on Southern Palestine (A.D. 633–634)".

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Foss, Clive (2009b). "Egypt under Muʿāwiya Part II: Middle Egypt, Fusṭāṭ and Alexandria".

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The narration of two hadiths are attributed to Amr ibn al-Aas. They are collected in the

1734: 1695: 1651: 1646: 1625:(Umayyads), most prominently by Uthman's uterine brother and Amr's former brother-in-law 1235: 1227: 1167: 875: 824: 789: 670: 391: 276: 199: 183: 5220: 946:, succeeded in restoring Medina's authority as far as the northern frontier with Syria. 616:

and was assigned important roles in the nascent Muslim community by the Islamic prophet

5629: 5377: 5140: 5132: 5090: 5050: 5003: 4929: 4904: 4896: 4841: 4740: 4732: 4676: 4668: 4639: 4631: 4519: 4465: 4454:"Miṣr – 1. The Byzantine background, the Arab conquest and the Umayyad period, 602–750" 4379: 4371: 1953: 1882: 1834: 1079: 1030: 959: 762: 647: 639: 472: 415: 387: 1833:

The number 334 text details a conversation between Amr ibn al-As and Muhammed about a

1138:, in which Amr played a key role by confining the Byzantines between the banks of the 5548: 5459: 5455: 5373: 5278: 5226: 5216: 5183: 5152: 5144: 5022: 4972: 4948: 4908: 4848: 4825: 4801: 4780: 4744: 4698: 4680: 4643: 4600: 4579: 4558: 4534: 4484: 4429: 4398: 4383: 4340: 4321: 3957: 2077: 1949: 1941: 1786: 1626: 1318: 1135: 1103:. In any case, the Muslims landed a heavy blow against the Byzantines in the ensuing 1088: 1022: 1021:

Amr conquered the area around Gaza by February or March 634 and proceeded to besiege

844: 816: 743: 329: 4933: 1265: 5403: 5204: 5122: 5114: 4995: 4962: 4888: 4724: 4660: 4623: 4614:

Foss, Clive (2009a). "Egypt under Muʿāwiya Part I: Flavius Papas and Upper Egypt".

4507: 4425: 4421: 4363: 4354:

Blakely, Jeffrey A. (December 2010). "Ajlan: Locating the Estate of Amr b. al-As".

3949: 2035: 1914: 1730: 1680: 1585: 1306: 1270: 1199: 1058: 1026: 979: 867: 828: 643: 534: 521: 466: 2089:

Specific dates cited for Amr's death by the Muslim traditional historians include

5408: 4966: 4863: 4819: 4815: 4594: 4573: 4552: 4503: 4445:

The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text

4392: 1910: 1822: 1790: 1704: 1675: 1622: 1606: 1516: 1277:), but ultimately forced its Byzantine garrison to evacuate in April 641 after a 975: 832: 559: 2118: 874:(d. 833) holds that Amr rallied the nomadic Arabs in the region "to make war on 5263: 5255: 5168: 5164: 4921: 4765: 4761: 4548: 4511: 4469: 4457: 2073: 1770: 1664: 1508: 1429: 1350: 1231: 1215: 1151: 1104: 809: 666: 478: 5136: 4892: 4843:

The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In

4728: 4664: 4627: 4129: 4052: 1349:. Toward the end of the year, Amr launched a second cavalry assault targeting 5603: 5485: 5282: 5259: 5243: 5230: 5187: 5160: 5016: 4784: 4757: 4692: 4688: 4227: 3961: 3936:

Al-Fendi, Dr. Abdel Salam Atwa; Sabri, Dr. Anas Salah Al-Din (17 June 2023).

2023: 2006: 1989: 1918: 1766: 1630: 1139: 1111:, which capitulated after minor resistance. The Muslims proceeded to besiege 1096: 1084: 1073: 1003: 995: 801: 421: 207: 157: 5208: 4881:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

708:) dismissed him in 646 after accusations of incompetency from his successor 4712: 4251: 3953: 2052: 1890: 1877: 1602: 1494: 1330: 1255: 1011: 908: 883: 342: 1670:

When Ali's army set up camp around Siffin, south of the Euphrates town of

5036: 2090: 1857:"Amr, you led your companions in prayer while you were sexually defiled?" 1850: 1584:

as a result of the latter's excessive insult. According to the historian

1433: 1295: 1259: 1243: 1154:. From Jerusalem, Amr proceeded to besiege and capture the city of Gaza. 1034: 1015: 1007: 863: 784:, Amr inherited from him the lucrative al-Waht estate and vineyards near 720: 529: 38: 5225:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. 5094: 4672: 4635: 4375: 4367: 949: 601:

and served as its governor in 640–646 and 658–664. The son of a wealthy

5081:

Scanlon, George T. (June 1968). "Fustat and the Islamic Art of Egypt".

2056: 2027: 1898: 1746: 1475: 1452: 1314: 1247: 1223: 1203: 987: 928: 892: 871: 848: 5127: 5007: 4900: 4736: 3807: 1134:) led a large army in person to confront the Muslims; its rout at the 1095:

The Muslims pursued the Byzantine army northward and besieged them at

4988:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

4416:. In Houtsma, M. Th.; Arnold, T.W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.). 1988:. Other accounts reported by al-Tabari and the 9th-century historian 1977: 1886: 1598: 1580: 1346: 1198:

Amr halted his campaign before the fortified Byzantine stronghold of

1146:, where Amr had previously sent an advance force. Abu Ubayda led the 1143: 1124: 999: 991: 963: 879: 766: 669:

in present-day Libya. In a treaty signed with the Byzantine governor

357: 5105:(October 2014). "An Early Umayyad Papyrus Invitation for the Ḥajj". 3288: 1515:, which functions until the present-day. According to the historian 854:

Indeed, in October 629, Amr was tasked by Muhammad with leading the

823:. According to this account, he converted alongside the Qurayshites 5118: 4999: 4394:

The Rise of a Capital: Al-Fusṭāṭ and Its Hinterland, 18–132/639–750

2069: 1902: 1846: 1188: 1184: 1116: 1112: 932: 899: 820: 797: 785: 624: 617: 594: 409: 231: 4864:"A Note on Early Marriage Links between Qurashīs and Jewish Women" 4155: 4130:"Hadith No. 334, Purification (Kitab Al-Taharah) Sunan Abu Dawood" 2379: 1984:

was appointed governor of Egypt before Amr ibn al-As' predecessor

1179:

From his base in southern Palestine, Amr launched the conquest of

681:-dominated bureaucracy and cordial ties with the Coptic patriarch 673:, Amr guaranteed the security of Egypt's population and imposed a 4156:"Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)" 4079:"Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)" 4078: 4053:"Hadith No. 22, Purification (Kitab Al-Taharah) Sunan Abu Dawood" 3464: 2491: 2039: 2005:

succeeded him as governor of Egypt for a few weeks before Caliph

1845:. I was afraid, if I washed I would die. I, therefore, performed 1486: 1382: 1192: 888: 805: 793: 770: 602: 3929: 3317: 3315: 2692: 2690: 2424: 2349: 2347: 1474:

As per the 641 treaty with Cyrus, Amr imposed a poll tax of two

1206:, and requested reinforcements from Umar. The latter dispatched 5372: 4798:

Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517

1976:

According to one account reported by the 9th-century historian

1738: 1708: 1660: 1645:

After Ali's victory against al-Zubayr, Talha and A'isha at the

1540: 1490: 1425: 1354: 1290: 1251: 1239: 1108: 1054: 983: 970:, a Muslim possession since 630, before breaking west into the 840: 698: 694: 686: 674: 621: 101: 48: 5454: 4174: 3938:"Highlight On Hadith School In Egypt In First Three Centuries" 3919: 3917: 3127: 3010: 1821:

This hadith excerpt is of an episode wherein Muhammed tells a

1579:

pilgrims in Mecca, against Uthman. He lobbied Muhammad's wife

4318:

Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture, Volume 6

3312: 2809: 2782: 2687: 2344: 2285: 1671: 1593: 1437: 1415: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 971: 967: 912: 859: 836: 774: 678: 606: 586: 306: 302: 52: 4314:"Khaṭṭa and the Territorial Structure of Early Muslim Towns" 3819: 3771: 3747: 3684: 3672: 3599: 3488: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2772: 2770: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 1324: 1230:; Emperor Heraclius opposed the talks and recalled Cyrus to 1222:. During the siege, Amr entered truce negotiations with the 1123:

In response to the series of defeats, the Byzantine emperor

4292: 4290: 4275: 4215: 3914: 3737: 3735: 3662: 3660: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3565: 3563: 3416: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2031: 1793:, which was compiled in the 9th-century by Islamic scholar 1741:(Suez) on his way to the province. Malik's replacement was 1576: 1191:(al-Farama) following a month-long siege and moved against 1062: 990:. Most accounts hold that Amr's army was 3,000-strong; the 920: 88: 5035: 4968:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

4257: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 3902: 2532: 2381:

Early Islamic Oman (ca - 622/280-893): a political history

1853:. They mentioned that to the Messenger of Allah. He said: 665:. This was followed by westward advances by Amr as far as 4800:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–85. 4500:"Ṭarābulus al-Gharb – 2. In pre- and early Islamic times" 4097: 4020: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3843: 3831: 3759: 3647: 3645: 3392: 3266: 3264: 3251: 3249: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3049: 3039: 3037: 2914: 2893: 2881: 2767: 2743: 2714: 2650: 2648: 2633: 2609: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2479: 2388: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 1568: 1468: 954:

Amr was one of four commanders dispatched by Abu Bakr to

728: 4287: 4122: 4045: 3878: 3795: 3783: 3732: 3708: 3696: 3657: 3630: 3611: 3587: 3575: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3500: 3428: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3163: 3115: 3093: 3091: 3078: 3076: 3061: 3000: 2998: 2952: 2950: 2845: 2799: 2797: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2302: 2300: 2261: 2214: 1864:

The Messenger of Allah laughed and did not say anything.

4794:"Egypt as a Province in the Islamic Caliphate, 641–868" 4186: 3890: 3452: 3236: 3234: 3232: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2455: 2359: 2334: 2332: 2251: 2249: 2236: 2234: 1087:

where Amr kept the Byzantines confined at the decisive

878:". The tribal groups targeted in the raid included the 4653:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

4616:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

4263: 3855: 3720: 3642: 3524: 3512: 3404: 3380: 3368: 3261: 3246: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3103: 3034: 2935: 2857: 2645: 2503: 2190: 2178: 2151: 1797:. The specific hadiths are numbered 22 and 334 in the 1432:

strategically positioned it to dominate the Upper and

4239: 3989: 3942:

Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture

3476: 3440: 3327: 3276: 3175: 3151: 3088: 3073: 2995: 2962: 2947: 2869: 2833: 2821: 2794: 2755: 2702: 2660: 2621: 2597: 2585: 2568: 2556: 2544: 2520: 2467: 2436: 2412: 2400: 2312: 2297: 1072:) appointed or confirmed Amr as the commander of the 950:

Governor of Palestine and role in the Syrian conquest

4715:(October 1972). "The Murder of the Caliph 'Uthman". 3356: 3300: 3229: 3139: 2974: 2329: 2273: 2246: 2231: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2106: 1713: 1693: 1480: 1419: 573: 3187: 3022: 2202: 746:in 661 and Amr ruled the province until his death. 697:. After gradually diluting Amr's authority, Caliph 4840: 4596:The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab Al-Maghazi 5514:Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam 2130: 1958:al-Husayn ibn Abd Allah ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Abbas 1674:, in early June, Mu'awiya's advance guard led by 749: 16:Arab military commander and governor (c. 573–664) 5601: 4337:The Men of Madina by Muhammad Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2 4148: 4071: 1447:Outline of the Seal of Amr ibn al-As from 643 CE 1901:(663–664 CE). He was buried at the foot of the 1157: 5440: 5358: 5064:Raisuddin, Abu Nayeem Muhammad (April 1981). 3935: 982:on 4 February 634 and set up headquarters at 677:on non-Muslim adult males. He maintained the 4717:International Journal of Middle East Studies 1841:I had a sexual dream on a cold night in the 1828: 1195:, which also fell after a month-long siege. 564:عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ بْنِ وَائِل السَّهْمِي 27: 5655:People of the Muslim conquest of the Levant 5589:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn Musa ibn Nusayr 5157:"Filasṭīn –I. Palestine under Islamic Rule" 5101: 4418:Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1st ed. (1913–1936) 4281: 3981:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 ( 1804: 1723: 1500:After entering Alexandria, Amr invited the 1258:, and an unspecified number of villages in 5447: 5433: 5365: 5351: 5269:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5215: 5174:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5055:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4939:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4771:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4525:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4497: 4475:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4451: 3849: 3825: 2929: 2908: 2887: 2815: 2788: 2776: 2737: 1749:mutineers from the Fustat garrison led by 1654:. The public agreement, composed by Amr's 1522: 1002:(d. 823), while the 9th-century historian 898:Muhammad appointed Amr as the governor of 661:in 641 or 642. It was the swiftest of the 37: 5182:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 910–913. 5126: 5066:"Amr ibn al-As and His Conquest of Egypt" 5063: 4971:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4947:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 552–556. 4779:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 957–959. 4557:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4411: 4105:"English & Urdu, Purification Hadith" 4028:"English & Urdu, Purification Hadith" 2225: 2112: 1640: 1325:Expeditions in Cyrenaica and Tripolitania 1269:Amr initially halted his campaign at the 994:(emigrants from Mecca to Medina) and the 339:Rayta or Hind bint Munabbih ibn al-Hajjaj 5237: 5194: 5014: 4985: 4961: 4533:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 152–160. 4483:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 212–213. 3884: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3753: 3741: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3636: 3624: 3605: 3593: 3581: 3569: 3554: 3506: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3294: 3223: 2749: 2497: 2461: 2430: 2377: 2172: 2124: 1876: 1442: 1264: 1166: 1078: 958:in 633. The focus of Amr's campaign was 5151: 5080: 4838: 4814: 4791: 4687: 4442: 4390: 4353: 4233: 4221: 4209: 3923: 3908: 3896: 3872: 3837: 3765: 3651: 3470: 3458: 3338: 3282: 3270: 3255: 3181: 3169: 3157: 3133: 3121: 3097: 3067: 3043: 3016: 3004: 2968: 2941: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2803: 2761: 2708: 2681: 2654: 2627: 2538: 2514: 2473: 1909:The traditional Egypt-based Arabic and 1561: 1406:The exterior wall of the mosque in 2011 5625:Arab people of the Arab–Byzantine wars 5620:7th-century Umayyad governors of Egypt 5602: 5569:Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami 5554:Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami 4915: 4878: 4861: 4751: 4592: 4547: 4334: 4269: 4245: 4180: 3726: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3494: 3482: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3321: 3306: 3082: 3055: 2956: 2696: 2669: 2639: 2615: 2603: 2591: 2579: 2562: 2550: 2526: 2485: 2449: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2365: 2353: 2338: 2323: 2306: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2240: 2208: 2196: 2184: 1703:Amr and Abu Musa likely met twice, at 1633:—which included Palestine—the Umayyad 634:) appointed Amr as a commander of the 5428: 5346: 4868:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 4711: 4650: 4613: 4311: 3996:Rauf, Muhammad Abdul (8 March 2021). 3362: 3350: 3240: 3211: 3196: 3145: 3109: 3028: 2989: 2384:(Doctoral thesis). Durham University. 2145: 5544:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 5277:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 451. 4824:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. 4571: 4296: 4236:, p. Chapter CXX, paragraph 36. 3995: 1552:Umm Kulthum bint Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt 1162: 5584:Al-Mughira ibn Ubaydallah al-Fazari 5509:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam 1872: 1780: 1171:Map detailing the route of Amr and 911:reports that on their departure to 765:, was a wealthy landowner from the 689:as the provincial capital with the 563: 149:August/September 658 – 664 28: 13: 5635:Generals of the Rashidun Caliphate 5499:Sa'id ibn Yazid ibn Alqama al-Azdi 843:upon the latter's return from the 777:. Following the death of al-As in 575:ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ ibn Wāʾil al-Sahmī 14: 5676: 5564:Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid al-Fahmi 4320:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 22–32. 2378:al-Rawas, Isam Ali Ahmad (1990). 1372: 858:, likely located in the northern 792:from the Banu Jallan clan of the 5579:al-Hawthala ibn Suhayl al-Bahili 5524:Abd al-Malik ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi 2127:, pp. 192 note 228, pp. 265–266. 2093:43 AH/January 664 and March 664. 2083: 2062: 2045: 1893:—as a result of Amr's conquests 1399: 1381: 556:Amr ibn al-As ibn Wa'il al-Sahmi 5504:Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri 5491:Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari 5107:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 5039:(1904–1940). Sachau, E. (ed.). 4847:. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press. 4305: 2371: 2016: 1629:. Nonetheless, the governor of 1545: 1364: 1300: 1129: 1067: 937: 733: 703: 629: 246: 236: 162: 106: 93: 4426:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4763 1995: 1970: 1935: 1074:military district of Palestine 931:. Muhammad's successor Caliph 839:(Najashi) and met Muhammad in 750:Early life and military career 585: – 664) was an 1: 5222:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall 4599:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 3816:, pp. 257, 258 note 440. 2100: 1849:and led my companions in the 808:, and a half-sister from the 778: 755: 691:mosque later called after him 610: 579: 316: 295: 5559:Al-Walid ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi 5539:Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi 5015:McDonald, M.V., ed. (1987). 4420:. Vol. 6. p. 669. 4397:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. 3297:, pp. 62, 112 note 163. 7: 5660:Rashidun governors of Egypt 5197:Revue des Études Byzantines 4796:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). 4554:The Early Islamic Conquests 4443:Charles, Robert H. (1913). 4258:Muhammad ibn Sa'd 1904–1940 1714: 1694: 1481: 1420: 1158:First governorship of Egypt 715:After mutineers from Egypt 574: 540:Battle of al-Musannah (658) 10: 5681: 2009:appointed his own brother 1226:-based Byzantine governor 754:Amr ibn al-As was born in 5650:People of the First Fitna 5640:Companions of the Prophet 5534:Bishr ibn Safwan al-Kalbi 5466: 5399:Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa 5384: 5331: 5324: 5319: 5309: 5300: 5292: 5240:"ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ al-Sahmī" 5042:Kitāb aṭ-Ṭabaqāt al-kabīr 4893:10.1017/S0041977X00023041 4729:10.1017/S0020743800025216 4665:10.1017/S0041977X09000512 4628:10.1017/S0041977X09000019 4316:. In Grabar, Oleg (ed.). 3473:, pp. 211, 213, 217. 1843:battle of Dhat as-Salasil 1829:Book of Purification #334 1556:Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa 915:, Muhammad said to them: 549: 510:Siege of Babylon Fortress 441: 431: 402: 397: 383: 364: 353: 335: 312: 291: 286: 282: 270: 258: 224: 213: 205: 189: 171: 153: 142: 130: 118: 81: 70: 63: 59: 36: 23: 5645:Muslim conquest of Egypt 5519:Qurra ibn Sharik al-Absi 5238:Wensinck, A. J. (1960). 4862:Lecker, Michael (1987). 4356:Near Eastern Archaeology 2500:, p. 195, note 126. 2055:and southwest of modern 1963: 1837:that Amr ibn al-As had. 1805:Book of Purification #22 1724:Reestablishment in Egypt 1539:Umar's successor Caliph 1513:Saint Macarius Monastery 1101:Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah 835:in the presence of King 599:Muslim conquest of Egypt 499:Muslim conquest of Egypt 462:Muslim conquest of Syria 5209:10.3406/rebyz.2013.4989 4498:Christides, V. (2000). 4452:Christides, V. (1993). 4412:Buhl, Fr. (1913–1936). 4391:Bruning, Jelle (2018). 3956:(inactive 8 May 2024). 2433:, p. 160, note 14. 2294:, pp. 65, 101–102. 1954:took over the Caliphate 1635:Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan 1523:Dismissal and aftermath 974:desert or possibly the 905:Sa'id ibn Aws al-Ansari 856:raid on Dhat al-Salasil 790:al-Nabigha bint Harmala 725:Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan 659:surrender of Alexandria 638:. He conquered most of 454:Raid of Dhat al-Salasil 392:Al-Nabigha bint Harmala 5045:. Vol. 5. Leiden. 4839:Kennedy, Hugh (2007). 4792:Kennedy, Hugh (1998). 4593:Faizer, Rizwi (2011). 4335:Bewley, Aisha (2000). 4183:, p. 29, note 50. 3954:10.59670/jns.v34i.2226 3324:, p. 29, note 49. 3136:, p. 33, note 56. 3019:, p. 24, note 10. 2699:, p. 30, note 61. 2356:, p. 28, note 34. 1946:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan 1930:early Muslim conquests 1894: 1866: 1859: 1819: 1795:Abu Dawud al-Sijistani 1641:Alliance with Mu'awiya 1448: 1345:and reaching Torca in 1341:(Tolmeita), capturing 1282: 1208:al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam 1176: 1173:al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam 1092: 925: 663:early Muslim conquests 5414:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 5296:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 5103:Sijpesteijn, Petra M. 4572:Elad, Amikam (2016). 4312:Akbar, Jamel (1989). 3497:, pp. 31–32, 37. 3425:, pp. 31–32, 36. 1986:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 1880: 1855: 1839: 1811: 1755:Maslama ibn Mukhallad 1743:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 1573:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah 1459:, later known as the 1457:congregational mosque 1446: 1388:The courtyard of the 1268: 1202:, at the head of the 1170: 1082: 986:in the middle of the 919:"If these people (of 917: 740:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 449:Campaigns of Muhammad 432:Years of service 348:Umm Kulthum bint Uqba 179:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 29:عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ 5495:Muhammad ibn Maslama 4339:. Ta-Ha Publishers. 1814:Shurahbil ibn Hasana 1799:Book of Purification 1663:chief in Palestine, 1562:Opposition to Uthman 1530:Muhammad ibn Maslama 1461:Amr ibn al-As Mosque 1390:Amr ibn al-As Mosque 1212:Battle of Heliopolis 1175:'s conquest of Egypt 944:Shurahbil ibn Hasana 504:Battle of Heliopolis 491:Battle of the Yarmuk 45:Amr ibn al-As Mosque 5529:Ayyub ibn Sharhabil 5481:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan 5313:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan 4916:Lecker, M. (1997). 4752:Jomier, J. (1965). 4368:10.1086/NEA41103939 4299:, pp. 156–157. 4224:, pp. 139–140. 4109:Hamariweb.com Islam 4032:Hamariweb.com Islam 3926:, pp. 223–224. 3780:, pp. 254–255. 3756:, pp. 242–243. 3693:, pp. 226–227. 3681:, pp. 225–226. 3608:, pp. 186–187. 3353:, pp. 453–454. 3058:, pp. 957–958. 2818:, pp. 154–155. 2791:, pp. 153–154. 2642:, pp. 133–135. 2618:, pp. 131–132. 2541:, pp. 910–911. 2488:, pp. 118–119. 2397:, pp. 104–105. 2011:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan 1982:Malik ibn al-Harith 1761:to spare his life. 1751:Mu'awiya ibn Hudayj 1735:Malik ibn al-Harith 1729:governor in Egypt, 1690:Abu Musa al-Ash'ari 1652:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan 1647:Battle of the Camel 1337:(Marsa Soussa) and 1287:besieged Alexandria 1250:(el-Ashmunein) and 1236:Kharija ibn Hudhafa 1083:The ravines of the 1027:Byzantine Palestine 882:in general and the 825:Khalid ibn al-Walid 788:. Amr's mother was 717:assassinated Uthman 516:Siege of Alexandria 341:Unnamed woman from 277:Alqama ibn Mujazziz 200:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan 184:Malik ibn al-Harith 5574:Hassan ibn Atahiya 5394:Abdallah ibn Sa'ad 5378:Rashidun Caliphate 5335:Abd Allah ibn Sa'd 5326:Governor of Egypt 5252:Lévi-Provençal, E. 5217:Wellhausen, Julius 3911:, pp. 80, 83. 2270:, pp. 27, 33. 1895: 1534:Abd Allah ibn Sa'd 1449: 1283: 1177: 1148:siege of Jerusalem 1093: 1031:Battle of Ajnadayn 710:Abd Allah ibn Sa'd 646:at the battles of 473:Battle of Ajnadayn 416:Rashidun Caliphate 265:Office established 137:Abd Allah ibn Sa'd 125:Office established 5597: 5596: 5549:Al-Hurr ibn Yusuf 5476:Abd Allah ibn Amr 5460:Umayyad Caliphate 5456:Governor of Egypt 5422: 5421: 5374:Governor of Egypt 5341: 5340: 5332:Succeeded by 5310:Succeeded by 5303:Governor of Egypt 5037:Muhammad ibn Sa'd 5028:978-0-88706-344-2 4963:Madelung, Wilferd 4954:978-90-04-10422-8 4854:978-0-306-81585-0 4831:978-0-582-40525-7 4704:978-0-7914-2393-6 4606:978-0-415-57434-1 4585:978-90-04-22989-1 4578:. Leiden: Brill. 4540:978-90-04-11211-7 4490:978-90-04-09419-2 4404:978-90-04-36635-0 3840:, pp. 68–69. 3828:, pp. 95–96. 3768:, pp. 78–79. 3545:, pp. 31–32. 3437:, pp. 32–33. 3401:, pp. 91–92. 3226:, pp. 29–30. 3214:, pp. 17–18. 3172:, pp. 35–36. 3124:, pp. 33–34. 3112:, pp. 26–27. 3070:, pp. 30–31. 2854:, pp. 40–42. 2752:, pp. 61–62. 2684:, pp. 91–92. 2368:, pp. 27–28. 2199:, pp. 25–26. 2187:, pp. 24–25. 2078:conquest of Mecca 1944:viceroy of Egypt 1787:hadith collection 1627:al-Walid ibn Uqba 1575:, as well as the 1536:over the region. 1285:In late 641, Amr 1163:Conquest of Egypt 1136:Battle of Yarmouk 1089:Battle of Yarmouk 1025:, the capital of 1010:and 200 from the 845:Battle of Khaybar 817:conquest of Mecca 744:Umayyad Caliphate 636:conquest of Syria 572: 553: 552: 485:Siege of Damascus 330:Umayyad Caliphate 323:(aged 90–91) 196:Abd Allah ibn Amr 65:Governor of Egypt 5672: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5426: 5425: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5344: 5343: 5293:Preceded by 5290: 5289: 5286: 5234: 5212: 5191: 5148: 5130: 5098: 5077: 5060: 5054: 5046: 5032: 5011: 4982: 4958: 4930:Heinrichs, W. P. 4912: 4875: 4858: 4846: 4835: 4811: 4788: 4748: 4708: 4684: 4647: 4610: 4589: 4568: 4544: 4520:Heinrichs, W. P. 4494: 4466:Heinrichs, W. P. 4448: 4439: 4408: 4387: 4350: 4331: 4300: 4294: 4285: 4282:Sijpesteijn 2014 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4260:, pp. 9–11. 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3655: 3649: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3325: 3319: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3259: 3253: 3244: 3238: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3200: 3194: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3086: 3080: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2993: 2987: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2912: 2906: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2658: 2652: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2342: 2336: 2327: 2321: 2310: 2304: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2244: 2238: 2229: 2223: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2149: 2143: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2094: 2087: 2081: 2066: 2060: 2049: 2043: 2020: 2014: 1999: 1993: 1974: 1927: 1924: 1915:Ibn Abd al-Hakam 1873:Death and legacy 1781:Narrated Hadiths 1717: 1715:amir al-mu'minin 1699: 1696:amir al-mu'minin 1681:Battle of Siffin 1586:Wilferd Madelung 1571:, al-Zubayr and 1549: 1547: 1511:, including the 1502:Coptic patriarch 1484: 1423: 1403: 1385: 1368: 1366: 1335:Appolonia Sozusa 1333:(Marsa Matruh), 1307:Battle of Nikiou 1304: 1302: 1275:pictured in 2008 1271:Babylon Fortress 1220:besieged Babylon 1133: 1131: 1071: 1069: 980:Battle of Dathin 941: 939: 870:. The historian 868:Byzantine Empire 829:Uthman ibn Talha 783: 780: 760: 757: 737: 735: 707: 705: 654:in 634 and 636. 633: 631: 615: 612: 584: 581: 577: 567: 565: 535:Battle of Siffin 522:Battle of Nikiou 467:Battle of Dathin 398:Military service 322: 318: 300: 297: 287:Personal details 273: 261: 250: 248: 240: 238: 218: 192: 181: 174: 166: 164: 147: 133: 121: 110: 108: 97: 95: 75: 41: 31: 30: 21: 20: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5462: 5453: 5423: 5418: 5409:Malik al-Ashtar 5380: 5371: 5337: 5328: 5315: 5306: 5298: 5070:Islamic Culture 5048: 5047: 5029: 4979: 4955: 4922:Bosworth, C. E. 4855: 4832: 4808: 4705: 4607: 4586: 4565: 4549:Donner, Fred M. 4541: 4512:Bosworth, C. E. 4491: 4458:Bosworth, C. E. 4436: 4405: 4347: 4328: 4308: 4303: 4295: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4208: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4136:. 12 April 2024 4128: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4059:. 12 April 2024 4051: 4050: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4011: 4009: 4002:IIU Law Journal 3994: 3990: 3974: 3973: 3966: 3964: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3856: 3850:Wellhausen 1927 3848: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3826:Wellhausen 1927 3824: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3658: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3328: 3320: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3262: 3254: 3247: 3239: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3203: 3195: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3089: 3081: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2996: 2988: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2930:Christides 2000 2928: 2915: 2909:Christides 1993 2907: 2894: 2888:Christides 1993 2886: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2816:Christides 1993 2814: 2810: 2802: 2795: 2789:Christides 1993 2787: 2783: 2777:Christides 1993 2775: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2738:Christides 1993 2736: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2661: 2653: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2345: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2313: 2305: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2247: 2239: 2232: 2224: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2152: 2144: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2097: 2088: 2084: 2067: 2063: 2050: 2046: 2021: 2017: 2000: 1996: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1938: 1925: 1875: 1831: 1823:cautionary tale 1807: 1791:Sunan Abi Dawud 1783: 1726: 1705:Dumat al-Jandal 1650:by his brother 1643: 1607:Yaqut al-Hamawi 1564: 1544: 1525: 1517:Hugh N. Kennedy 1411: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1386: 1375: 1363: 1327: 1299: 1238:, captured the 1218:soon after and 1181:Byzantine Egypt 1165: 1160: 1128: 1066: 984:Ghamr al-Arabat 952: 936: 781: 763:al-As ibn Wa'il 758: 752: 732: 727:against Caliph 702: 628: 613: 605:, Amr embraced 582: 545: 436: 427: 390: 388:Al-As ibn Wa'il 379: 346: 340: 324: 320: 301: 298: 271: 259: 254: 245: 235: 219: 214: 198: 190: 177: 172: 161: 148: 143: 131: 119: 114: 105: 92: 76: 71: 55: 32: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5678: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5452: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5370: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5347: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5330: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5308: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5248:Kramers, J. H. 5244:Gibb, H. A. R. 5235: 5213: 5192: 5149: 5137:10.1086/677240 5119:10.1086/677240 5113:(2): 179–190. 5099: 5089:(3): 188–195. 5078: 5061: 5033: 5027: 5012: 5000:10.2307/283789 4983: 4977: 4959: 4953: 4926:van Donzel, E. 4913: 4876: 4859: 4853: 4836: 4830: 4812: 4806: 4789: 4749: 4723:(4): 450–469. 4709: 4703: 4691:, ed. (1996). 4689:Hawting, G. R. 4685: 4659:(2): 259–278. 4648: 4611: 4605: 4590: 4584: 4569: 4563: 4545: 4539: 4516:van Donzel, E. 4504:Bearman, P. J. 4495: 4489: 4462:van Donzel, E. 4449: 4440: 4435:978-9004082656 4434: 4409: 4403: 4388: 4362:(4): 210–222. 4351: 4346:978-1897940907 4345: 4332: 4326: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4286: 4284:, p. 183. 4274: 4272:, p. 153. 4262: 4250: 4238: 4226: 4214: 4212:, p. 165. 4185: 4173: 4147: 4121: 4096: 4070: 4044: 4019: 3988: 3928: 3913: 3901: 3899:, p. 157. 3889: 3887:, p. 267. 3877: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3804:, p. 257. 3794: 3792:, p. 256. 3782: 3770: 3758: 3746: 3744:, p. 238. 3731: 3729:, p. 554. 3719: 3717:, p. 237. 3707: 3705:, p. 227. 3695: 3683: 3671: 3669:, p. 224. 3656: 3641: 3639:, p. 197. 3629: 3627:, p. 196. 3610: 3598: 3596:, p. 185. 3586: 3584:, p. 152. 3574: 3572:, p. 187. 3559: 3557:, p. 186. 3547: 3535: 3533:, p. 418. 3523: 3521:, p. 101. 3511: 3509:, p. 107. 3499: 3487: 3475: 3463: 3461:, p. 217. 3451: 3439: 3427: 3415: 3403: 3391: 3379: 3367: 3365:, p. 454. 3355: 3343: 3326: 3311: 3299: 3287: 3275: 3273:, p. 164. 3260: 3258:, p. 163. 3245: 3243:, p. 453. 3228: 3216: 3201: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3148:, p. 271. 3138: 3126: 3114: 3102: 3087: 3085:, p. 958. 3072: 3060: 3048: 3046:, p. 188. 3033: 3021: 3009: 2994: 2992:, p. 268. 2973: 2961: 2959:, p. 957. 2946: 2944:, p. 217. 2934: 2932:, p. 212. 2913: 2911:, p. 156. 2892: 2890:, p. 155. 2880: 2868: 2866:, p. 162. 2856: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2793: 2781: 2779:, p. 154. 2766: 2754: 2742: 2740:, p. 153. 2713: 2701: 2686: 2674: 2672:, p. 151. 2659: 2657:, p. 911. 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2606:, p. 131. 2596: 2594:, p. 137. 2584: 2582:, p. 130. 2567: 2565:, p. 136. 2555: 2553:, p. 153. 2543: 2531: 2529:, p. 129. 2519: 2517:, p. 910. 2502: 2490: 2478: 2466: 2464:, p. 198. 2454: 2452:, p. 115. 2435: 2423: 2421:, p. 114. 2411: 2409:, p. 111. 2399: 2387: 2370: 2358: 2343: 2328: 2326:, p. 104. 2311: 2309:, p. 102. 2296: 2284: 2272: 2260: 2245: 2230: 2228:, p. 277. 2226:Raisuddin 1981 2213: 2201: 2189: 2177: 2175:, p. 451. 2150: 2129: 2117: 2113:Buhl 1913–1936 2104: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2082: 2074:Battle of Uhud 2061: 2044: 2022:The historian 2015: 1994: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1937: 1934: 1926: 680–690 1874: 1871: 1830: 1827: 1806: 1803: 1782: 1779: 1771:Friday prayers 1725: 1722: 1665:Natil ibn Qays 1642: 1639: 1563: 1560: 1548: 644–656 1524: 1521: 1509:Wadi al-Natrun 1489:, a turban, a 1430:Eastern Desert 1405: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1387: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1373:Administration 1371: 1367: 685–705 1326: 1323: 1303: 641–668 1232:Constantinople 1214:. He captured 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1152:Treaty of Umar 1132: 610–641 1105:Battle of Fahl 1070: 634–644 951: 948: 940: 632–634 810:Banu Abd Shams 761:. His father, 751: 748: 736: 656–661 706: 644–656 632: 632–634 589:commander and 551: 550: 547: 546: 544: 543: 542: 541: 538: 527: 526: 525: 519: 513: 507: 496: 495: 494: 488: 482: 479:Battle of Fahl 476: 470: 459: 458: 457: 445: 443: 439: 438: 433: 429: 428: 426: 425: 419: 413: 406: 404: 400: 399: 395: 394: 385: 381: 380: 378: 377: 374: 368: 366: 362: 361: 355: 351: 350: 337: 333: 332: 314: 310: 309: 293: 289: 288: 284: 283: 280: 279: 274: 268: 267: 262: 256: 255: 253: 252: 249: 634–639 242: 239: 634–634 228: 226: 222: 221: 211: 210: 203: 202: 193: 187: 186: 175: 169: 168: 165: 661–664 155: 151: 150: 140: 139: 134: 128: 127: 122: 116: 115: 113: 112: 109: 644–646 99: 96: 640–644 85: 83: 79: 78: 68: 67: 61: 60: 57: 56: 42: 34: 33: 25:Amr ibn al-As 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5677: 5666: 5665:City founders 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5486:Uqba ibn Amir 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5471:Amr ibn al-As 5469: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5443: 5438: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5404:Qays ibn Sa'd 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5389:Amr ibn al-As 5387: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5363: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5336: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5305: 5304: 5297: 5291: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5076:(4): 277–290. 5075: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4978:0-521-56181-7 4974: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4816:Kennedy, Hugh 4813: 4809: 4807:0-521-47137-0 4803: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4713:Hinds, Martin 4710: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4570: 4566: 4564:0-691-05327-8 4560: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4508:Bianquis, Th. 4505: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4327:90-04-09050-9 4323: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4309: 4298: 4293: 4291: 4283: 4278: 4271: 4266: 4259: 4254: 4248:, p. 31. 4247: 4242: 4235: 4230: 4223: 4218: 4211: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4182: 4177: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4135: 4134:ahadith.co.uk 4131: 4125: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4058: 4057:ahadith.co.uk 4054: 4048: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3984: 3978: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3885:Madelung 1997 3881: 3875:, p. 69. 3874: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3852:, p. 96. 3851: 3846: 3839: 3834: 3827: 3822: 3815: 3814:Madelung 1997 3810: 3803: 3802:Madelung 1997 3798: 3791: 3790:Madelung 1997 3786: 3779: 3778:Madelung 1997 3774: 3767: 3762: 3755: 3754:Madelung 1997 3750: 3743: 3742:Madelung 1997 3738: 3736: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3715:Madelung 1997 3711: 3704: 3703:Madelung 1997 3699: 3692: 3691:Madelung 1997 3687: 3680: 3679:Madelung 1997 3675: 3668: 3667:Madelung 1997 3663: 3661: 3654:, p. 78. 3653: 3648: 3646: 3638: 3637:Madelung 1997 3633: 3626: 3625:Madelung 1997 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3607: 3606:Madelung 1997 3602: 3595: 3594:Madelung 1997 3590: 3583: 3582:Madelung 1997 3578: 3571: 3570:Madelung 1997 3566: 3564: 3556: 3555:Madelung 1997 3551: 3544: 3539: 3532: 3527: 3520: 3515: 3508: 3507:McDonald 1987 3503: 3496: 3491: 3485:, p. 37. 3484: 3479: 3472: 3467: 3460: 3455: 3449:, p. 36. 3448: 3443: 3436: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3413:, p. 92. 3412: 3411:Madelung 1997 3407: 3400: 3399:Madelung 1997 3395: 3389:, p. 91. 3388: 3387:Madelung 1997 3383: 3377:, p. 90. 3376: 3375:Madelung 1997 3371: 3364: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3341:, p. 74. 3340: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3309:, p. 29. 3308: 3303: 3296: 3295:Madelung 1997 3291: 3285:, p. 69. 3284: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3225: 3224:Trombley 2013 3220: 3213: 3208: 3206: 3199:, p. 17. 3198: 3193: 3191: 3184:, p. 39. 3183: 3178: 3171: 3166: 3160:, p. 35. 3159: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3135: 3130: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3106: 3100:, p. 31. 3099: 3094: 3092: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3031:, p. 26. 3030: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3007:, p. 24. 3006: 3001: 2999: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2971:, p. 67. 2970: 2965: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2943: 2938: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2889: 2884: 2878:, p. 43. 2877: 2872: 2865: 2860: 2853: 2848: 2842:, p. 40. 2841: 2836: 2830:, p. 27. 2829: 2824: 2817: 2812: 2806:, p. 90. 2805: 2800: 2798: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2764:, p. 65. 2763: 2758: 2751: 2750:Madelung 1997 2746: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2711:, p. 88. 2710: 2705: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2641: 2636: 2630:, p. 96. 2629: 2624: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2564: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2499: 2498:Mayerson 1964 2494: 2487: 2482: 2476:, p. 73. 2475: 2470: 2463: 2462:Mayerson 1964 2458: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2432: 2431:Mayerson 1964 2427: 2420: 2415: 2408: 2403: 2396: 2391: 2383: 2382: 2374: 2367: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2341:, p. 28. 2340: 2335: 2333: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2293: 2288: 2282:, p. 67. 2281: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2258:, p. 27. 2257: 2252: 2250: 2243:, p. 25. 2242: 2237: 2235: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2211:, p. 25. 2210: 2205: 2198: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2174: 2173:Wensinck 1960 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2126: 2125:Madelung 1997 2121: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2092: 2086: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2024:Albrecht Noth 2019: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1969: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1931: 1920: 1919:John of Nikiu 1916: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1810: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1759:Abd al-Rahman 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731:Qays ibn Sa'd 1721: 1718: 1716: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1618:assassination 1614: 1612: 1608: 1605:(d. 892) and 1604: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1416:garrison town 1402: 1391: 1384: 1370: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1280: 1279:lengthy siege 1276: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1174: 1169: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1140:Yarmouk River 1137: 1126: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1090: 1086: 1085:Yarmouk River 1081: 1077: 1075: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 956:conquer Syria 947: 945: 934: 930: 924: 922: 916: 914: 910: 906: 901: 896: 894: 890: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 803: 802:Uqba ibn Nafi 799: 795: 791: 787: 776: 772: 768: 764: 747: 745: 741: 730: 726: 723:, Amr joined 722: 718: 713: 711: 700: 696: 692: 688: 685:. He founded 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 626: 623: 619: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 576: 570: 561: 557: 548: 539: 536: 533: 532: 531: 528: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 501: 500: 497: 492: 489: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 464: 463: 460: 455: 452: 451: 450: 447: 446: 444: 440: 434: 430: 423: 420: 417: 414: 411: 408: 407: 405: 401: 396: 393: 389: 386: 382: 375: 373: 370: 369: 367: 363: 359: 356: 352: 349: 344: 338: 334: 331: 327: 315: 311: 308: 304: 294: 290: 285: 281: 278: 275: 269: 266: 263: 257: 243: 233: 230: 229: 227: 223: 217: 212: 209: 204: 201: 197: 194: 188: 185: 180: 176: 170: 159: 156: 152: 146: 141: 138: 135: 129: 126: 123: 117: 103: 100: 90: 87: 86: 84: 80: 74: 69: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 40: 35: 22: 19: 5470: 5388: 5325: 5320: 5301: 5274: 5267: 5221: 5200: 5196: 5179: 5172: 5110: 5106: 5086: 5082: 5073: 5069: 5041: 5017: 4991: 4987: 4967: 4944: 4937: 4887:(1): 24–37. 4884: 4880: 4871: 4867: 4842: 4820: 4797: 4776: 4769: 4720: 4716: 4693: 4656: 4652: 4619: 4615: 4595: 4574: 4553: 4530: 4523: 4480: 4473: 4444: 4417: 4393: 4359: 4355: 4336: 4317: 4306:Bibliography 4277: 4265: 4253: 4241: 4234:Charles 1913 4229: 4222:Kennedy 2007 4217: 4210:Kennedy 2007 4176: 4164:. 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Retrieved 3945: 3941: 3931: 3924:Hawting 1996 3909:Kennedy 2004 3904: 3897:Hawting 1996 3892: 3880: 3873:Kennedy 1998 3845: 3838:Kennedy 1998 3833: 3821: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3766:Kennedy 2004 3761: 3749: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3652:Kennedy 2004 3632: 3601: 3589: 3577: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3471:Blakely 2010 3466: 3459:Blakely 2010 3454: 3442: 3430: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3339:Kennedy 2004 3302: 3290: 3283:Kennedy 2004 3278: 3271:Kennedy 2007 3256:Kennedy 2007 3219: 3182:Bruning 2018 3177: 3170:Bruning 2018 3165: 3158:Bruning 2018 3153: 3141: 3134:Bruning 2018 3129: 3122:Bruning 2018 3117: 3105: 3098:Bruning 2018 3068:Bruning 2018 3063: 3051: 3044:Scanlon 1968 3024: 3017:Bruning 2018 3012: 3005:Bruning 2018 2969:Kennedy 2004 2964: 2942:Kennedy 2007 2937: 2883: 2876:Bruning 2018 2871: 2864:Kennedy 2007 2859: 2852:Bruning 2018 2847: 2840:Bruning 2018 2835: 2828:Bruning 2018 2823: 2811: 2804:Bruning 2018 2784: 2762:Kennedy 2004 2757: 2745: 2709:Kennedy 2007 2704: 2682:Kennedy 2007 2677: 2655:Sourdel 1965 2635: 2628:Kennedy 2007 2623: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2558: 2546: 2539:Sourdel 1965 2534: 2522: 2515:Sourdel 1965 2493: 2481: 2474:Kennedy 2007 2469: 2457: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2390: 2380: 2373: 2361: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2148:, p. 3. 2120: 2108: 2085: 2064: 2053:Tell el-Hesi 2047: 2018: 2013:to the post. 1997: 1972: 1939: 1908: 1896: 1891:Tripolitania 1867: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1840: 1835:sexual dream 1832: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1784: 1775: 1763: 1727: 1712: 1702: 1686: 1676:Abu al-A'war 1669: 1655: 1644: 1615: 1603:al-Baladhuri 1592: 1590: 1565: 1538: 1526: 1499: 1495:Martin Hinds 1473: 1465: 1450: 1412: 1360:Abd al-Malik 1328: 1311: 1284: 1274: 1256:Middle Egypt 1197: 1178: 1122: 1094: 1020: 953: 926: 918: 909:Al-Baladhuri 907:. Historian 897: 853: 814: 769:clan of the 753: 714: 656: 620:. The first 597:who led the 555: 554: 442:Battles/wars 272:Succeeded by 264: 215: 206:Governor of 191:Succeeded by 144: 132:Succeeded by 124: 72: 18: 5264:Pellat, Ch. 5256:Schacht, J. 5169:Schacht, J. 5165:Pellat, Ch. 5153:Sourdel, D. 5083:Archaeology 4994:: 155–199. 4934:Lecomte, G. 4766:Schacht, J. 4762:Pellat, Ch. 4754:"Al-Fusṭāṭ" 4622:(1): 1–24. 4479:Volume VII: 4470:Pellat, Ch. 4270:Bewley 2000 4246:Lecker 1989 4181:Lecker 1989 4162:(in Arabic) 4085:(in Arabic) 3948:: 669–689. 3727:Lecker 1997 3543:Lecker 1989 3531:Faizer 2011 3519:Faizer 2011 3495:Lecker 1989 3483:Lecker 1989 3447:Lecker 1989 3435:Lecker 1989 3423:Lecker 1989 3322:Lecker 1989 3307:Lecker 1989 3083:Jomier 1965 3056:Jomier 1965 2957:Jomier 1965 2697:Lecker 1989 2670:Donner 1981 2640:Donner 1981 2616:Donner 1981 2604:Donner 1981 2592:Donner 1981 2580:Donner 1981 2563:Donner 1981 2551:Donner 1981 2527:Donner 1981 2486:Donner 1981 2450:Donner 1981 2419:Donner 1981 2407:Donner 1981 2395:Donner 1981 2366:Lecker 1989 2354:Lecker 1989 2339:Lecker 1989 2324:Donner 1981 2307:Donner 1981 2292:Donner 1981 2280:Donner 1981 2268:Lecker 1989 2256:Lecker 1989 2241:Lecker 1987 2209:Lecker 1989 2197:Lecker 1989 2185:Lecker 1989 2091:Eid al-Fitr 2030:and Caliph 1952:after they 1936:Descendants 1851:dawn prayer 1623:Banu Umayya 1558:in 654/55. 1482:dār al-rizq 1476:gold dinars 1331:Paraetonium 1296:Constans II 1260:Upper Egypt 1246:(Bahnasa), 1244:Oxyrhynchus 1035:Bayt Jibrin 1008:Banu Sulaym 864:Fred Donner 851:(d. 1176). 721:First Fitna 530:First Fitna 321:(664-00-00) 260:Preceded by 173:Preceded by 120:Preceded by 5615:664 deaths 5610:573 births 5604:Categories 5178:Volume II: 5128:1887/85169 4943:Volume IX: 4775:Volume II: 4414:"Muḥammad" 4160:Sunnah.com 4083:Sunnah.com 3363:Hinds 1972 3351:Hinds 1972 3241:Hinds 1972 3212:Foss 2009a 3197:Foss 2009a 3146:Foss 2009b 3110:Akbar 1989 3029:Akbar 1989 2990:Foss 2009b 2146:Foss 2009a 2101:References 2080:in 629/30. 2057:Kiryat Gat 2028:Alexandria 2007:Mu'awiya I 2001:Amr's son 1990:al-Mas'udi 1960:(d. 758). 1869:laughter. 1747:pro-Uthman 1737:, died in 1453:Hermopolis 1315:Heraklonas 1248:Hermopolis 1224:Alexandria 1204:Nile Delta 1004:Ibn A'tham 988:Wadi Araba 929:Ridda wars 893:Banu Udhra 872:Ibn Hisham 849:Ibn Asakir 782: 622 759: 573 644:Byzantines 614: 629 603:Qurayshite 583: 573 422:Mu'awiya I 403:Allegiance 299: 573 158:Mu'awiya I 5630:Banu Sahm 5321:New title 5283:495469456 5273:Volume I: 5260:Lewis, B. 5231:752790641 5188:495469475 5161:Lewis, B. 5145:162233422 5051:cite book 4909:163092638 4785:495469475 4758:Lewis, B. 4745:159763369 4681:160796986 4644:159785219 4529:Volume X: 4384:166401071 4297:Elad 2016 3962:2197-5523 2003:Abd Allah 1978:al-Tabari 1887:Cyrenaica 1885:, Egypt, 1883:Palestine 1801:section. 1707:and then 1661:Judhamite 1611:Abd Allah 1599:Beersheba 1347:Cyrenaica 1339:Ptolemais 1254:, all in 1144:Jerusalem 1125:Heraclius 1014:tribe of 1000:al-Waqidi 992:Muhajirun 960:Palestine 806:Banu Fihr 773:tribe of 767:Banu Sahm 640:Palestine 591:companion 569:romanized 518:(641–642) 512:(640–641) 424:(658–664) 418:(632–658) 412:(629–632) 384:Parent(s) 372:Abd Allah 358:Banu Sahm 354:Relations 336:Spouse(s) 216:In office 208:Palestine 145:In office 73:In office 5329:640–646 5307:658–664 5266:(eds.). 5219:(1927). 5203:: 5–38. 5171:(eds.). 5155:(1965). 5095:41667856 4965:(1997). 4936:(eds.). 4918:"Ṣiffīn" 4874:: 17–40. 4818:(2004). 4768:(eds.). 4673:40379004 4636:40378842 4551:(1981). 4522:(eds.). 4472:(eds.). 4376:25769690 4166:28 March 4140:12 April 4114:12 April 4089:28 March 4063:12 April 4037:12 April 4012:12 April 3967:12 April 2070:Muhammad 1950:Abbasids 1903:Muqattam 1847:tayammum 1505:Benjamin 1291:poll tax 1189:Pelusium 1185:al-Arish 1117:Bab Tuma 1113:Damascus 1059:Sebastia 1023:Caesarea 1016:Madh'hij 1012:Yemenite 933:Abu Bakr 821:Muhammad 798:Banu Adi 683:Benjamin 675:poll tax 650:and the 648:Ajnadayn 625:Abu Bakr 618:Muhammad 595:Muhammad 435:657–658 410:Muhammad 376:Muhammad 365:Children 232:Abu Bakr 225:Monarchs 82:Monarchs 5458:during 5376:during 4945:San–Sze 4481:Mif–Naz 3998:"About" 2072:at the 2040:Red Sea 2038:to the 2036:Babylon 1942:Umayyad 1789:called 1487:burnous 1351:Tripoli 1319:Martina 1242:oasis, 1216:Memphis 1200:Babylon 1193:Bilbeis 889:Balqayn 804:of the 771:Quraysh 667:Tripoli 571:: 437:629–646 220:634–639 154:Monarch 77:640–646 5281: 5262:& 5229: 5186: 5167:& 5143: 5135: 5093: 5025: 5008:283789 5006: 4975: 4951: 4932:& 4907: 4901:617911 4899: 4851: 4828: 4804: 4783: 4764:& 4743: 4737:162492 4735: 4701: 4679: 4671: 4642: 4634: 4603: 4582: 4561: 4537: 4518:& 4487: 4468:& 4432: 4401: 4382: 4374: 4343: 4324: 3960: 1911:Coptic 1739:Qulzum 1709:Adhruh 1594:mawālī 1581:A'isha 1541:Uthman 1491:sirwal 1438:Coptic 1426:Fustat 1355:Zawila 1252:Akhmim 1240:Fayyum 1109:Beisan 1091:in 636 1055:Nablus 880:Quda'a 841:Medina 699:Uthman 695:Medina 687:Fustat 679:Coptic 652:Yarmuk 622:caliph 560:Arabic 360:(clan) 244:Umar ( 102:Uthman 49:Fustat 5242:. In 5159:. In 5141:S2CID 5133:JSTOR 5091:JSTOR 5004:JSTOR 4920:. In 4905:S2CID 4897:JSTOR 4756:. In 4741:S2CID 4733:JSTOR 4677:S2CID 4669:JSTOR 4640:S2CID 4632:JSTOR 4502:. In 4456:. 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